3080 

F48c      Filsinger    - 


CoF-TTiercial   travel- 


Southern  Branch 
pfjthe.       ,. 

University  of  California 

Los  Angeles 

Form  L-1  «« 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


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MAY   3  0  192«^ 
JAN ---18* 
JAN  24^92^ 

JAM  5  -i.  1.097 


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MAY  2  2  ib.jA 
MAY  I  0  1934 

JUN  7  — nii 
^^^  3  1  1935 
JUN  1 7  1935 
J^iV  2  7  mi 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/commercialtravelOOfils 


DEPARTMENT    OF    COMMERCE 

BUREAU  OF  FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE 

ROY  S.  MACELWEE,   Director 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES— No.  89 


COMMERCIAL  TRAVELERS'  GUIDE 
TO  LATIN  AMERICA 


By 

ERNST  B.  FILSINGER 


WITH  MAPS  IN  SEPARATE  PORTFOLIO 


PRICE,  WITH  MAPS,  $1.25 

Sold  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Government  Printing  OfiSce 
Washington,  D.  C. 

WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT   PRINTING   OFFICE 

1920 


50^0 


?  CONTENTS 

"1 


Page. 

Letter  of  submittal 7 

■Introduction 9 

(-;  I'aijt  I. — CJknerai.  Information  kok  thk  Sai.ksman. 

The  salesman's  equipment 11 

Miscellaneous  requirements 11 

Documents  for  salesmen 16 

Salesmen's  samples 19 

Cables  and  mails : 21 

Funds  for  travel  expenses 24 

Wardrobe . 25 

Healtli  precautions 27 

Transportation 29 

Steamsbip  companies  and  ofRce  addresses 20 

Steamship  fares  and  itineraries 31 

Bluefields  Fruit  &  Steamship  Co 31 

Booth  Steamship  Co 31 

Clyde  Santo  Domingo  Line 31 

Companfa  Sudanicricana  Line 31 

Compania  Trasatirmtica  de  Barcelona 32 

Cuyamel  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service 32 

Gulf  Mail  Steamship  Co 32 

Independent  Steamship  Line 33 

^i                Lamport  &  Holt  Line 33 

Lloyd  Brasileiro L  33 

CT                Mallory  Steamship  Co 33 

Munson  Steamship  Line 34 

ti  New  York  &  Cuba  IMail  Steamship  Co.  (Ward  Line)_      '  34 

*i                 New  York  &  Porto  Rico  Steamship  Co 34 

r-r                Norton   Line 34 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co 35 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co 36 

Panama    Railroad    Steamship    Line 37 

Peninsula  «&  Occidental   Steamship  Co 37 

Peruvian   Steamship  Co 37 

Quebec   Steamship  Co 38 

Red  D   Line 38 

3 


4  CONTENTS. 

Transportation — Contiuuetl. 

Steamship  fares  and  itineraries — Continued.  Page. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail 39 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co 39 

Southern  Pacihc  Co 39 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha 40 

Trinidad    Line 40 

United  Fruit  Co.   Steamship   Service 40 

United  States  and  Pacilic  Line 43 

General   information 43 

What  to  do  on  arrival 50 

Advance  work  for  travelers 50 

Movements  on  arrival 51 

Hotels,  boarding  houses,  and  fees 54 

Interior  transportation 56 

,Pai;t  II. — Detailed  Information  ioi:  Canvassing  Latin 
America. 

Subdivision  of  the  territory 59 

Mexico 64 

Central  America 103 

Guatemala ^___  103 

British   Honduras 116 

Honduras 120 

Salvador 134 

Nicaragua 145 

Costa  Rica 156 

Panama 165 

West    Indies 172 

Cuba 172 

Jamaica 1S7 

Haiti 194 

Dominican  Republic 201 

Porto  Rico 210 

Bermuda  Islands 225 

Bahama  Islands 227 

Virgin  Islands  of  the  United  States 230 

Leeward   Islands 233 

Guadeloupe ■ 242 

Martinique 245 

Barbados 248 

Windward  Islands 251 

Trinidad 256 

Curacao 261 


CONTENTS.  6 

Page. 

North  const  of  South  America 264 

Colombia 264 

Venezuela 298 

British  Guiana 315 

Dutch  Guiiinu 320 

Froncli  Guiana 323 

West  coast  of  South  America 326 

Ecuador 326 

Peru 340 

Bolivia ;^.59 

Chile 374 

East  coast  of  South  America 404 

Argentina 404 

Uruguay ^___^l_:,^. j: 437 

Para{,'uay 4.50 

Brazil 4.50 

Appendixes. 

1.  Trade  statistics .503 

Central  American  countries 503 

West  Indies 319 

North-coast  countries  of  South  America 547 

West-coast  countries  of  South  America ■ 5.54 

East-coast  countries  of  South  America '' :j65 

2.  United  States  consular  oflicers  in  Latin  America 575 

3.  Bibliography 580 

Works  on  Latin  America  by  countries 580 

Works  on  Latin  America  in  general 589 

Books  on  lanjniages  used  in  Latin  America 591 

Books  relating  to  export  in  general 592 


MAPS  OF  LATIN  AMERICA. 

Maps  of  Latin  America  accompanying  this  guide  have  been  placed 
in  a  separate  portfolio  for  the  convenience  of  the  traveler.  They 
consist  of  a  general  map  of  the  whole  area  and  a  reproduction  of 
the  29-sectiou  map  prepared  by  the  Colonel  House  Inquiry  for  use  at 
the  Peace  Conference.  The  latter  map  is  reproduced  on  a  scale  of 
1 :  4,000,000.  It  shows  boundaries,  cities,  towns  of  commercial  im- 
portance, railroads,  wagon  roads,  trails,  rivers,  lakes,  etc. 

References  made  in  the  text  are  to  the  Colonel  House  Inquiry  map, 
each  section  of  which  has  been  given  a  number  and  a  key  supplied 
for  convenience  in  selecting  any  particular  section. 
6 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL. 


Department  of  Commerce, 
RuRFAi'  OK  iwiKKKiv  \M>  Domestic  Commerce, 

Washington,  July  1,  1920. 

Sir:  Submitted  herewith  is  a  Cuiuiuercial  Travelers'  Guide  to 
Latin  America,  by  Ern«t  B.  Filsinger.  The  cliaracter  of  this  pub- 
lication is  indicated  by  its  title.  Mr.  Filsinger  is  well  known  as  a 
writer  and  authority  on  Latin  Amei'ican  trade,  being  the  author  of 
"  Exporting  to  Latin  America,"  a  volume  of  more  than  500  pages, 
and  other  publications.  His  exijerience  as  an  export  manager  and 
knowledge  gained  by  extensive  travel  in  the  Latin  American  coun- 
tries qualifies  him  particularly  to  write  a  guide  for  commercial  trav- 
elers who  may  canvass  the.se  countries  for  the  sale  of  United  States 
products. 

This  volume  contains,  besides  considerable  general  advice  for  the 
.salesman,  a  great  amount  of  information  in  full  detail  for  canvass- 
ing every  country  and  island  lying  south  of  the  United  States.  It 
gives  transportation  routes,  baggage  re.strictions  and  regulations,  ad- 
vice as  to  clearing  samples  at  ports  of  entry,  fees  and  licenses  for 
commercial  travelers,  indicates  practical  itineraries,  cost  and  time  of 
travel,  character  and  volume  of  business,  and  contains  much  useful 
comment  that  can  be  given  only  by  one  who  has  intimate  knowledge 
of  local  conditions  in  these  countries. 

Latin  America  purchased  about  one  l)illion  dollars'  worth  of 
United  States  goods  last  year,  or  more  than  .ISIO  worth  per  capita. 
The  Bureau  feels  conlident  that  this  publication  will  be  of  di.stinct 
service  to  business  men  in  fostering  and  extending  our  trade  in  this 
prosperous  territory. 
Respectfully. 

Roy  S.  MacElwee,  Director. 

To  Hon.  J.  W.  Alexander, 

Secretary  of  Covinierce. 

7 


PREFACE. 


The  need  for  a  guide  for  commercial  travelers  to  Latin  America 
has  long  been  felt.  In  this  volume  an  effort  has  been  made  to 
supply  practical,  concrete  facts  and  information  which  will  be 
useful  to  business  men  in  planning  trips  to  the  territory  south  of 
the  United  States. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  is  not  a  handbook.  Many 
phases  of  commerce  and  industry  vv'hich  would  obviously  require 
treatment  in  a  handbook  can  only  be  touched  upon  in  a  guide.  It 
is  deemed  necessary  to  make  this  explanation  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  might  otherwise  expect  a  more  extended  treatment  of 
certain  subjects  merely  referred  to  in  this  publication. 

The  bulk  of  the  information  herein  supplied  has  been  obtained 
at  first  hand.  Not  only  is  it  based  on  the  actual  experience  of 
numerous  travelers,  but  the  latest  and  most  reliable  Government 
and  other  authorities  have  been  consulted.  There  is  included  only 
such  information  as  will  be  of  definite  value  to  those  who  seek 
trade  relations  with  the  regions  that  are  treated. 

No  efforts  have  been  spared  to  verify  all  the  statistics  and  figures 
of  every  sort  that  are  quoted.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  conditions  are  changing  rapidly ;  hence,  allowance  must  neces- 
sarily be  made  for  discrepancies  v/hich  may  be  discovered  in  the 
actual  use  of  the  guide.  Furthermore,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  the 
coming  of  peace  will  materially  influence  the  conditions  of  travel, 
sailings,  time  tables,  etc. 

As  the  Bureau  contemplates  issuing  from  time  to  time  revised  edi- 
tions of  this  guide  it  will  welcome  suggestions  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  book,  for  additions  or  changes  which  may  add  to  its 
usefulness,  and  for  corrections  which  will  insure  its  accuracy. 

Eenst  B.  Filsingeb. 
8 


COMMERCIAL  TRAVELERS'  GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Purpose. — This  guide  has  beon  written  to  supply  the  need  for  a 
Kiiiilt!  boolv  fur  riunim'rciiil  travelers  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and 
Central  and  South  America.  Wlule  compiled  primarily  for  business 
men,  its  convenience  for  casual  travelers  has  not  been  overlooked. 

Time  in  Each  Country. — An  attemj)t  has  btvn  made  to  supply  the 
traveler  wifli  suliicieiit  data  to  estimate  the  time  necessary  to  reach 
the  important  places  in  the  region  described;  the  approximate  time 
refjuired  to  go  Ij-om  point  to  point  has  also  been  speciiied.  Obvi- 
ously, the  contlitions  governing  the  sale  of  different  kinds  of  mer- 
chandise vary  so  greatly  that  no  time  can  be  fixed  for  a  stay  in  any 
one  city  or  country.  Nevertheless,  by  a  study  of  the  time-tables, 
descriptions  of  the  cities,  suggested  routes,  and  otlier  <lata  suftiilied, 
it  should  not  be  dillicult  for  the  traveler  to  determine,  with  some 
degree  of  accuracy,  the  time  that  should  be  devoted  to  each  place. 

Probable  Expenses. — In  giving  information  regarding  rates,  routes, 
expenses,  etc.,  it  has  been  the  endeavor  to  show  how  to  ol>tain  the 
best  results  in  the  shortest  possible  time  and  at  mininmm  expanse. 
The  executive,  sales  manager,  or  commercial  traveler,  by  referring 
to  the  routes,  distances,  and  means  of  travel  scattered  throughout 
the  book,  can  estimate  quite  accurately  the  expense  involved  in  a 
trip  whose  object  may  be  the  making  of  sales,  the  placing  of 
agencies,  or  the  inspection  of  agencies  already  established. 

General  Scheme  of  the  Guide. — For  the  convenience  of  the  reader, 
and  for  easy  consultation,  the  book  has  been  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions. The  first  part  deals  with  general  matters,  such  as  salesmen's 
etiuipment,  transportation,  suggestions  for  procedure  upon  arrival 
at  destination,  etc.  The  experienced  traveler  may  find  superlluous 
many  of  the  suggestions  contained  in  this  section,  but  those  who 
have  not  heretofore  traveled  in  Latin  America  will  find  in  con- 
venient form  some  suggestions  regarding  many  items  which,  despite 
their  importance,  are  often  overlooked.  This  section  will  be  found 
of  particular  value  to  the  beginner,  and  attention  is  directed  to 
various  details,  such  as  documents  needefl,  cables,  wardrobe,  health 
precautions,  etc.  Of  great  importance  also  are  the  details  of  trans- 
portation, including  tickets,  baggage,  clearing  of  samples,  overland 
routi's,  etc. 

Advance  Reading. — The  reader's  attention  is  directed  to  a  classi- 
fietl  bibliography  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  In  that  list  will  be 
found  the  must  important  books,  pampldets.  reports,  etc.,  of  general 
use  in  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  Latin-American  conditions  ami  in 
preparing  salesmen  for  the  competition  which  they  must  be  ready  to 
meet.  Special  attention  is  drawn  to  the  reports  by  agents  of  the 
United    States   Government.     These  cover   a   variety   of   trades   or 

9 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

lines  of  business,  and  careful  advance  study  thereof  will  not  only 
help  the  salesman  to  better  prepare  his  samples  but  give  him  a 
more  complete  idea  of  the  conditions  he  will  face  in  his  particular 
line  of  work. 

These  reports  are  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic Commerce.  A  complete  list  thereof,  with  prices,  may  be  had 
by  application  to  the  office  of  the  Bureau  in  Washington,  or  to  its 
branch  and  cooperative  offices.  They  are  sold  by  the  Superintendent 
of  Documents,  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  and  by  the 
district  offices  of  the  Bureau. 

Statistics  of  imports  from  the  United  States  into  the  territory 
covered  within  this  volume  may  be  obtained  in  the  same  manner. 
Commerce  Reports,  a  publication  issued  daily  by  the  Bureau  of  For- 
eign and  Domestic  Commerce,  likewise  contains  valuable  informa- 
tion, compiled  by  American  consuls,  commercial  attaches,  trade 
commissioners,  etc.  Commerce  Reports  may  be  found  in  almost  any 
public  library.  The  subscription  price  is  $2.50  per  j/ear.  Of  par- 
ticular interest  to  students  of  foreign  trade  are  the  annual  reports 
of  American  consuls  in  foreign  countries,  which  are  published  as 
supplements  to  Commerce  Reports.  The  various  statistical  publica- 
tions of  the  Bureau  also  supply  valuable  assistance.  See  list  in 
Appendix. 

Books  About  Countries. — The  traveler  who  has  familiarized  himself 
in  advance  with  the  commercial,  social,  and  geographical  conditions 
of  the  country  he  proposes  to  visit  will  enjoy  a  decided  advantage. 
It  is  especially  desirable  to  have  some  familiarity  with  the  character 
of  the  people,  their  customs,  political  and  economic  conditions,  etc. 
These  vary  greatly  in  the  different  Republics. 


Part !. ^GENERAL  INFORMATION  FOR  THE  SALESMAN. 


THE  SALESMAN'S  EQUIPMENT. 
MISCELLANEOUS  REQUIREMENTS. 

What  may  be  teriiiwl  the  salesman's  "  tools  "  should  be  carefully 
prepared  and  checked  before  leaving.  An  omi.s.si(m  of  Home  im- 
portant item  may  result  in  needless  expense  after  the  traveler  has 
reached  liis  destination.  The  most  essential  items  in  the  average 
equipment  are  enumerated  in  the  following  pages.  Remarks  re- 
garding these  have  been  made  where  it  was  deemed  advisable.  The 
list  should  be  checkwl  befoj'e  departure. 

Catalogues. — Several  copies  should  be  carried.  If  possible,  they 
should  be  packed  in  different  units  of  the  baggage  to  guard  against 
inconvenience  in  the  event  of  loss  of  a  ))art  of  the  baggage.  If  cata- 
logues have  been  published  in  other  languages  than  English,  they 
should  also  be  included.  Arrangement  should  be  made  to  keep  the 
traveler  fully  informed  of  withdrawals  of  items  listed,  additions  to 
samples  carried,  etc. 

Price  Lists, — Several  copies  of  the  price  list  .should  be  carried  and 
in  different  pieces  of  the  baggage.  This  is  very  important,  especially 
when  a  traveler  visits  the  remote  places  in  the  interior,  as  baggage 
is  easily  lost.  The  loss  of  a  grip  from  a  mule's  back  is  not  infre- 
quent. The  units  in  which  prices  are  quoted  should  be  accompanied 
by  their  equivalents  in  the  metric  system.  The  quantities  of  pack- 
ings to  the  case,  bale,  barrel,  etc.,  should  be  clearly  expresse«l  to 
avoid  misunderstanding  and  to  save  cabling  for  explanations. 

Firm  Prices  Important. — An  immensely  valuable  factor  in  develop- 
ing foreign  trade  is  stability  of  prices.  If  possible,  the  commercial 
traveler  should  l)e  given  the  privilege  of  quoting  prices  that  hold 
firm  for  at  least  30  or  40  days  from  date  of  quotation,  or  a  sufficient 
time  in  which  orders  can  be  received  at  the  home  office  and  acknowl- 
edged by  cable.  If  this  system  is  followed,  cable  expenses  can  be 
materially  reduced.  This  plan  also  helps  to  obviate  one  of  the  most 
serious  complaints  against  American  business  houses,  that  is,  the 
frequency  of  price  changes  before  the  Latin  American  buyer  has 
au  opportunity  of  covering.  Obviously,  the  traveler's  work  is  often 
for  naught  if  confirriiation  is  refused  (because  of  price  changes) 
after  the  salesman's  deiiarture. 

Prices  in  Foreign  Currencies. — Generally  speaking,  prices  quoted 
in  American  gold  are  Siitisfactory.  However,  if  the  prospective 
buyer  de.sires  the  quotati(m  in  the  money  of  his  own  country,  it 
usually  can  be  given  without  much  difficulty. 

Stationery. — Business  cards  bearing  the  names  of  the  firm  and 
the  traveler  are  indispensable.  They  should  preferably  be  en- 
graved. Latin  Anierieans  are  keen  observers  and  are  influenced  In 
their  estimates  of  the  manufacturer  by  his  attention  to  such  details. 

11 


12  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

While  a  large  supply  of  writing  paper  need  not  be  taken,  the  trav- 
eler should  carry  a  sufficient  quantity  to  make  him  independent  of 
hotel  paper  in  the  event  that  certain  business  matters  require  cor- 
respondence on  his  firm's  stationery. 

Private  Stationery. — The  traveler  who  wisely  prepares  to  make 
the  most  of  the  social  opportunities  afforded  him  should  carry  a 
certain  amouut  of  personal  stationery.  This  should  preferably  be 
of  good  quality  and  bear  his  name  or  monogram.  Personal  visiting 
cards  are  likewise  indispensable.  Foreigners  ai'e  quite  punctilious 
in  this  regard,  and  the  American  traveler  should  not  be  at  a  disad- 
vantage. 

Order  Blanks. — A  properly  prepared  order  blank  for  export  orders 
is  highly  essential.  In  the  initial  stages  of  foreign  trade  develop- 
ment, it  may  be  inadvisable  to  supply  the  traveler  with  a  printed 
form,  but  he  should  be  compelled  to  note  certain  details  on  every 
order.  The  chief  items  concerning  which  almost  every  exporter 
requires  information  may  be  printed  on  a  separate  sheet  to  accom- 
pany the  order  blank.     The  most  important  are  the  following: 

Commercial  references. 

Shipping  directions:  (a)  Name  of  agent  or  forwarder  (American 
port)  ;  (h)  name  of  customs  agent  or  consignee's  representative  at 
the  port  or  entry. 

Customs  declaration :  Exact  description  of  each  item ;  how  it  is  to 
be  declared  on  consular  invoice. 

Packing  directions:  Detailed  instructions  as  to  packing,  whether 
in  cases,  bales,  barrels.  Lining  material  to  xise :  Waterproof  papei*, 
oilcloth,  burlap,  or  tin. 

Weights  required :  Whether  gross,  legal,  or  net ;  whether  to  be 
specified  in  pounds  or  kilos. 

Marks  and  numbering:  Whether  on  goods  as  well  as  on  cases. 

Labels :  Whether  or  not  to  use. 

Papers :  How  many  copies  of  Invoice  required.  Documents  cover- 
ing goods ;  how  handled  ;  to  whom  papers  are  to  be  delivered. 

Terms :  Full  details  concerning  this  item  with  definite  under- 
standing as  to  the  payment  of  collection  charges ;  whether  interest 
is  to  be  collected  for  the  time  that  remittance  is  in  transit  from 
Latin  America  to  the  United  States. 

Special  Pamphlets. — Salesmen  will  find  it  desirable  to  carry  with 
them  the  pamphlets  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domes- 
tic Commerce  covering  tariffs  and  consular  regulations  in  Latin 
America.  Those  travelers  who  do  not  speak  Spanish  or  Portuguese 
will  find  them  particularly  useful.  Tariff  information  must  be 
readily  available  in  order  to  make  sales. 

Suggestions  for  Gifts. — It  may  prove  valuable  for  the  traveler  to 
carry  a  limited  quantity  of  small  gifts,  such  as  calendars,  pencils, 
or  other  novelties,  which  can  be  used  for  advertising  purposes. 
These  can  be  replenished  from  time  to  time  by  arranging  for  addi- 
tional lots  to  come  by  mail  at  various  addresses.  Caution  must  be 
exercised  in  carrying  these  articles,  as  they  are  subject  to  duty  in 
some  countries.  Postage  must  also  be  fully  paid  when  packages 
containing  this  material  are  sent  to  the  traveler  en  route,  or  else  he 
may  not  receive  the  package. 

New  Year's  Greetings. — Salesmen  will  find  it  highly  desirable  to 
rem.yraber  their  customers  and  the  friends  whom  they  have  made  in 


THE    SALESMAN'S    EQIIPMENT.  13 

Latin  America  at  Now  Year's  with  carils  or  calendars.  This  is  an 
oid-established  custom,  and  a  renionii)nin(e  in  tlie  form  of  a  card  or 
calendar  is  much  appreciated.  If  cards  are  sent  Uiey  should  prefer- 
ably he  entrraved.  In  Latin  America  cards  are  not  sent  at  ("hrist- 
ma's,  but  at  New  Year's. 

Definitions  of  Export  Quotations.— The  following  deflnitlons  were 
adopted  at  a  confereiur  held  r>eceniher  KJ,  IDIO,  by  the  National 
Foreitm  Trade  Council;  ('hamber  of  f'ouimerce  of  the  United  States 
of  America  ;  National  Asso'iation  of  Manufacturers;  American  Man- 
ufacturers' Exi)ort  Association;  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  the  State 
of  New  York  ;  New  Y'ork  Produce  Exchange  ;  and  the  New  York  Jler- 
chants'  Association.  Thev  are  so  important  that  they  are  given  in 
full. 

1.  When  the  price  quoted  applies  only  at  inland  shipping  point  and 
the  seller  merely  undertakes  to  load  the  goods  on  or  in  cars  or 
lighters  furnished  by  the  railroad  company  serving  tlie  industry,  or 
most  conveidently  located  to  the  industi-y,  without  other  designation 
as  to  routinir.  the  proper  term  is  :  "  F.  O.  B.  (named  point)."  Under 
this  quotation : 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  place  goods  on  or  in  cars  or  lighters.  (2)  se- 
cure railroad  bill  of  lading,  (;?)  be  responsible  for  los.s  and/or  dam- 
age until  goods  have  been  placed  in  or  on  cars  or  lighters  at  for- 
warding point,  and  clean  bill  of  lading  has  been  furnished  by  the 
railroad  company. 

(h)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  pay  all  transportation  cliarges,  including 
taxes,  if  any,  (3)  handle  all  subsequent  movement  of  the  goods. 

2.  \\'hen  the  seller  quotes  a  price  including  transportaiion  ciiarges 
to  the  port  of  exportation  without  assuming  responsibility  for  tlie 
goods  after  obtaining  a  clean  bill  of  lading  at  point  of  origin,  the 
proper  term  is:  "  F.  O.  B.  (named  point)  freight  prepaid  to  (named 
point  on  the  seaboard)."    Under  this  quotation: 

in)  Seller  must  (11  place  goods  on  or  in  cars  or  lighters,  (2) 
secure  railroad  bill  of  lading,  (3)  pay  freight  to  named  port,  (4)  be 
responsible  for  loss  and /'or  damage  until  goods  have  been  placed  in 
or  on  cars  or  lighters  at  forwarding  point,  and  clean  bill  of  lading 
has  been  furnished  by  the  railroa<l  company. 

(i))  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  handle  all  subseciuent  movement  of  tlie  goods. 
(3 1  tndoad  goods  fi'om  cars,  (4i  transport  goods  to  vessels,  (5t 
jiay  all  demuriage  and/or  storage  charses,  (6)  arrange  for  .storage 
in^^■arehou.se  or  on  wharf  where  necessary. 

3.  ■\Yhcre  the  seller  wishes  to  note  a  price,  from  which  the  l»uyer 
may  deduct  the  cost  of  transportation  to  a  given  point  on  the  sea- 
board, without  the  seller  assuming  responsibility  for  the  goods  after 
obtaining  a  clean  bill  of  lading  at  point  of  origin,  the  proper  terra 
is  :  "  F.  O.  B.  (named  point)  freight  allowed  to  (named  point  on  the 
seaboard)."     Under  this  quotation: 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  place  goods  on  or  in  cars  or  lighters,  (2) 
.secure  railroad  bill  of  lading,  (3)  be  responsible  for  loss  aiul/'or 
damage  until  goods  have  been  placed  in  or  on  cv.rs  or  lighters  at  for- 
warding point.  aTid  clean  bill  of  lading  has  been  furnished  by  the 
railroad  company. 


14  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

(&)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  pay  all  transportation  charges  (buyer  is  then 
entitled  to  deduct  from  the  amount  of  the  invoice  the  freight  paid 
from  primary  point  to  named  port),  (3)  handle  all  subsequent 
movement  of  the  goods,  (4)  unload  goods  from  cars,  (5)  trans- 
port goods  to  vessel,  (6)  pay  all  demurrage  and/or  storage  charges, 
(7)  arrange  for  storage  in  warehouse  or  on  wharf  where  necessary. 

4.  The  seller  may  desire  to  quote  a  price  covering  the  transporta- 
tion of  the  goods  to  seaboard,  assuming  responsibility  for  loss  and/or 
damage  up  to  that  point.  In  this  case,  the  proper  term  is :  "F.  O.  B. 
cars  (naming  point  on  seaboard)."    Under  this  quotation: 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  place  goods  on  or  in  cars,  (2)  secure  railroad 
bill  of  lading,  (3)  pay  all  freight  charges  from  forwarding  point  to 
port  on  seaboard,  (4)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  until 
goods  have  arrived  in  or  on  cars  at  the  named  port. 

(b)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  unload  goods  from  cars,  (3)  handle  all  sub- 
sequent movement  of  the  goods,  (4)  transport  goods  to  vessel,  (5) 
pay  all  demurrage  and/or  storage  charges,  (6)  arrange  for  storage 
in  warehouse  or  on  wharf  where  necessary. 

5.  It  may  be  that  the  goods,  on  which  a  price  is  quoted  covering 
the  transportation  of  the  goods  to  the  seaboard,  constitute  less  than 
a  carload  lot.  In  this  case,  the  proper  term  is:  "F.  O.  B.  cars 
(named  port)  L.  C.  L."    Under  this  quotation: 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  deliver  goods  to  the  initial  carrier,  (2)  se- 
cure railroad  bill  of  lading,  (8)  pay  all  freight  charges  from  for- 
warding point  to  port  on  seaboard,  (4)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or 
damage  until  goods  have  arrived  on  cars  at  the  named  port. 

(&)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  handle  all  subsequent  movement  of  the  goods, 
(3)  accept  goods  from  the  carrier,  (4)  transport  goods  to  vessel, 
(5)  pay  all  storage  charges,  (6)  arrange  for  storage  in  warehouse  or 
on  wharf  where  necessary. 

6.  Seller  may  quote  a  price  which  will  include  the  expense  of 
transportation  of  the  goods  by  rail  to  the  seaboard,  including  light- 
erage. In  this  case  the  proper  term  is :  "  F.  O.  B.  cars  (named  port) 
lighterage  free."    Under  this  quotation  : 

(fl)  Seller  must  (1)  place  goods  on  or  in  cars,  (2)  secure  railroad 
bill  of  lading,  (3)  pay  all  transportation  charges  to,  including  light- 
erage at,  the  port  named,  (4)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage 
until  goods  have  arrived  on  cars  at  the  named  port. 

(&)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  in- 
curred thereafter,  (2)  handle  all  subseuent  movement  of  the 
goods,  (3)  take  out  the  insurance  necessary  to  the  safety  of  the 
goods  after  arrival  on  the  cars,  (4)  pay  the  cost  of  hoisting  goods 
into  vessel  where  weight  of  goods  is  too  great  for  ship's  tackle,  (5) 
pay  all  demurrage  and  other  charges,  except  lighterage  charges. 

7.  The  seller  may  desire  to  quote  a  price  covering  delivery  of  the 
goods  alongside  overseas  vessel  and  within  reach  of  its  loading 
tackle.  In  this  case  the  proper  term  is:  "  F.  A.  S.  vessel  (named 
port)."     Under  this  quotation: 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  transport  goods  to  seaboard,  (2)  store  goods 
in  wai-ehouse  or  on  wharf  if  necessary,  iniless  buyer's  obligation  in- 
cludes provision  of  shipping  facilities,    (3)   place  goods  alongside 


THE    SALKSMAN's    KQUIl'MENT.  15 

vessel  either  in  a  lighter  or  on  the  wharf,  (4)  be  responsible  for  losg 
and/or  dauiage  until  goods  have  l>een  delivered  alongside  Mie  ship 
or  on   wharf. 

(b)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  there- 
after, and  for  insurance,  (li)  handle  all  subsequent  inovoinent  of  the 
goods,  (3)  pay  cost  of  hoisting  goods  into  vessel  where  weight  of 
goods  is  too  great  for  ship's  tackle. 

8.  The  seller  may  desire  to  (luoto  a  price  covering  all  expenses  up 
to  and  including  delivery  of  tlie  goods  upon  the  ov«'rseas  vessel  at  a 
named  port.  In  this  case  the  proper  term  is :  "  F.  O.  B.  vessel 
(named  port)."     Under  this  quotation: 

(a)  Seller  must  (1)  meet  a-U  charges  incurred  in  placing  goods 
actually  on  board  the  vessel,  (2)  be  responsible  for  all  loss  and/or 
dtimage  until  goods  have  been  placed  on  b«jard  the  vessel. 

(l>)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  lesponsible  lor  loss  and/or  damage  there- 
after, (2)  handle  all  subsetiuent  movement  of  the  goods. 

9.  The  seller  may  be  r^ady  to  go  further  than  the  delivery  of  his 
goods  upon  the  overseas  vessel  and  be  willing  to  pay  transportation 
to  a  foreign  point  of  delivery.  In  this  case  the  proper  terra  is :  "  C. 
&  F.  (named  foreign  port)."     Under  this  quotation: 

(o)  Seller  must  (1)  make  freight  contract  and  pay  transportation 
charges  sufficient  to  carry  go<ids  to  agreed  destination.  (2)  deliver 
to  buyer  or  his  agent  proper  bills  of  lading  to  the  agreed  destina- 
tion, (3)  be  responsible  for  loss  and/or  damage  until  goods  have 
been  delivered  alongsi<le  the  ship  and  dean  ocean  bill  of  lading  ob- 
tained (seller  is  not  resjionsible  for  delivery  of  goods  at  destination). 

(b)  Buyer  must  (1)  l)e  ri'sponsilile  for  loss  and/or  damage  there- 
after and  must  take  out  all  necessary  insurance,  (2)  handle  all  sub- 
sequent movement  of  the  goods,  (3)  take  delivery  and  pay  costs  of 
discharge,  lighterage,  and  landing  at  foreign  port  of  destination  in 
accordance  with  bill  of  lading  clauses,  (4)  pay  foreign  customs 
duties  and  wharfage  charges,  if  any. 

10.  The  seller  may  desire  to  quote  a  price  covering  the  cost  of 
the  goods,  the  marine  insurance  on  the  goods,  and  all  transporta- 
tion charges  to  the  foreign  point  of  delivery.  In  this  case,  the 
proper  term  is :  "  C.  I.  F.  (named  foreign  port)."  Under  this  quota- 
tion : 

(rt)  Seller  must  (1)  make  freight  contract  and  pay  freight 
charges  sufficient  to  carry  goods  to  agreed  destination.  (2)  take  out 
and  pay  for  necessary  marine  insurance,  (3)  be  responsible  for  loss 
and/or  damage  until  goods  have  been  delivered  alongside  the  ship, 
and  clean  ocean  bill  of  lading  and  insurance  policy  have  been  deliv- 
ered to  the  buyer  or  his  agent  (seller  is  not  responsible  for  the  de- 
livery of  goods  at  destination,  nor  for  payment  by  the  underwriters 
of  insurance  claims),  (4t  provide  war-risk  insurance  where  neces- 
sary for  buyer's  account. 

(b)  Buyer  must  (1)  be  responsilde  for  loss  and /or  damage  there- 
after, and  must  make  all  claims  to  which  he  may  be  entitled  under 
insurance  directly  on  the  underwriters,  (2)  take  delivery  and  pay 
costs  of  discharge,  lighterage,  and  landing  at  foreign  ports  of  des- 
tination in  accordance  with  bill  of  lading  clauses,  (3)  pay  foreign 
customs  duties  and  wharfage  charges,  if  any. 

Explanations  of  abbreviations  are:  F.  O.  B.,  free  on  board;  F.  A. 
S.,  free  alongside  ship;  C.  &  F.,  cost  and  freight;  C.  I.  F.,  cost,  in- 
surance, and  freight ;  L.  C.  L.,  less  than  carload  lot. 


16  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Packing'. — Salesmen  should  arrange  witli  their  firms  to  pack 
properly.  The  following  suggestions  will  be  found  useful  to  note 
on  order  sheets  sent  to  the  home  office: 

Bales :  For  baling  use  a  good  quality  of  burlap.  Straps  of  painted 
iron  or  steel,  at  least  1^  inches  wide,  should  be  securely  fastened 
not  more  than  8  inches  apart.  The  straps  are  readily  sold  to  black- 
smiths. Galvanized  straps  are  worthless.  Narrow  straps  are  likely 
to  cut  into  the  g«ods. 

Box  shipments:  Remember  that  the  duty  very  often  is  collected 
on  the  gross  weight.  In  such  cases  warn  the  shippers  against 
heavy  boxes  or  cases ;  otherwise  there  luay  be  a  loss.  If  cases  have 
to  be  used  when  shipping  to  countries  exacting  duties  on  packing 
as  well  as  contents,  they  should  be  of  the  lightest,  toughest  wood, 
and  not  of  the  common  kind  used  In  the  United  States. 

Size  of  packages:  If  bales  are  required,  unless  otherwise  in- 
structed by  the  dealer,  the  packages  should  weigh  not  to  exceed 
12.5  pounds.  Remember  that  a  mule  load  is  250  pounds,  and  it 
should  be  evenly  divided.  Packages,  however,  should  not  be  too 
small,  as  the  expense  then  is  too  great. 

DOCUMENTS  FOR  SALESMEN. 

'v'ommercial  travelers  require  certain  documents  which  in  ordinary 
lhi:es  are  desirable,  and  during  the  war  absolutely  essential.  For 
"convenience,  the  documents  chiefly  needed  are  listed  below,  with 
explanations  where  necessary. 

Photographs. — It  is  desirable  to  carry  photographs,  which  in  case 
of  necessity  may  help  to  identify  the  traveler.  Although  not  of 
primary  importance,  these  may  sometimes  be  found  very  helpful. 

Letters  of  Authority. — The  representative  who  is  entrusted  with 
certain  authority  will  find  it  desirable  to  be  supplied  with  the 
necessary  documents  which  will  enable  him  to  prove  it.  Under 
certain  conditions  a  full  power  of  attorney  is  not  essential. 

Power  of  Attorney. — This  document  is  often  required  to  properly 
complete  certain  transactions.  However,  it  is  ineffective  in  most 
countries  unless  properly  viseed  by  certain  officials,  not  only  of  the 
city  and  State  Y<-herein  the  manufacturer  is  located,  but  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  and  the  representative  of 
the  country  in  which  the  power  of  attorney  is  to  be  used.  For 
example,  a  power  of  attorney  issued  by  a  manufacturer  in  New  York 
Avould  require:  (a)  The  signature  of  the  exporter;  (b)  the  signa- 
ture of  a  notary  public;  (c)  the  recognition  of  the  notary's  signa- 
ture by  a  court  of  record ;  (d)  the  official  recognition  of  the  court  of 
recoi'd  by  the  secretary  of  the  State  of  New  York;  (e)  the  vis§  of 
the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States  certifying  to  the  signa- 
ture of  the  Secretary  of  the  State  of  New  York;  if)  the  signature 
of  the  Ambassador  or  Minister  of  the  Latin  American  Republic. 

Packing  Memorandum  of  the  traveler's  baggage,  when  the  sam- 
ples carried  are  of  a  commercial  value,  is  very  desirable  for  the  pur- 
pose of  expediting  clearance  of  the  baggage.  By  handing  this  docu- 
ment to  the  customs  officials,  or  brokers,  when  these  are  necessary, 
much  time  can  be  saved.  The  presentation  of  this  memorandum 
inspires  the  customs  officials  with  such  confidence  that  their  prompt 
cooperation  is  more  easily  obtained. 


THE    salesman's    EQUIPMENT.  17 

Consular  Invoices. — In  certain  countries,  notnl>ly  lirazil,  consular 
invoices  covoiIhk  smnplt's  of  value  carrii'd  by  thr  travclt'i-  are  indls- 
l)ensal)le.  Tlie.sc  should  be  obtained  before  the  dei)iirturo  of  the 
represfutalive.  If  they  are  not  carried,  serious  ditliculty  may  hft 
incurred.  lUxiuirenienl.s  for  entering  and  cleariog  samples  are  given 
under  each  counti'y  heading. 

Passport. — This  Ls  absolutely  requisite.  Steamship  companies 
will  not  sell  tickets  unless  tlie  prospectivi:  traveler  can  exhibit  this 
dticunicnt.  Pa.s.sports  may  be  obtained  upon  application  to, the 
iJepartment  of  State,  Wasldngton  (New  York  oflice.  Customhouse). 
If  the  traveler  can  satisfactorily  answer  the  questions  askii*!,  th";» 
pas.sport  is  issued,  for  which  the  fee  is  $2.  When  leaving  for  certain 
counti'ies,  it  is  essential  to  have  tlie  passport  visaed  by  a  consul  of 
the  country  next  to  be  visited.  This  ctlicial  usually  can  be  found 
in  the  capital  or  the  principal  port  of  tlie  country  from  which  the 
journey  to  the  nest  port  begins.  Thus,  for  example,  in  visiting 
Venezuela  from  New  York  City,  the  vis6  of  the  con.sid  general  of 
Venezuela  in  New  York  City  is  obtained  before  leavinrj.  Applicji- 
tion  for  passports  should  be  made  three  weeks  in  advance  of  de- 
parture.    Full  details  are  given  in  the  succeeding  paragraphs. 

All  passengers  must  produce  passports  and  other  documentaiT 
evidence  of  their  nationality  with  photographs  ot  identity,  before 
tickets  can  be  issued  to  them. 

Citizens  of  the  United  States  are  not  permitted  to  depart  from  the 
United  States  as  passengers  oi  ocean-going  vessels  to  a  foreign  port, 
unless  each  is  in  posse.ssion  of  a  valid  passport  issued  b>  the  Secre- 
tary of  State ;  siniihirly  aliens  are  uot  permitted  to  depart  from  the 
United  States  as  passengers  on  ocean-going  vessels  to  a  foreign  port 
unless  each  is  in  possession  of  a  valid  passport  or  olHcial  document 
in  the  nature  of  a  pa.ssport  issued  by  a  diplomatic  or  consular 
officer  of  the  country  of  which  the  alien  is  a  citizen  or  subject,  satis- 
factorily establishing  his  or  her  identity  and  nationality. 

Passports  and  consular  documents  in  the  hands  of  pas.sengers 
from  the  port  of  New  York  w'ill  be  inspected  and  tlieir  validity 
determined  by  inspectors  of  customs  at  tiie  steamer's  gangway 
before  embarkation. 

A  person  entitled  to  receive  a  passport,  if  within  the  United  States, 
must  submit  a  written  application  in  duplicate  in  the  form  of  an 
affidavit  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  accompanied  by  three  unmounted 
photographs  of  th<'  applicant.  The  application  .should  be  made  by 
the  person  to  whom  the  passport  is  to  he  issued,  and  signed  by  him. 

The  affidavit  must  be  made  before  a  clerk  ot  a  Federal  court  or  of 
a  State  court  authorized  to  naturalize  aliens,  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  which  the  applicant  or  hi.s  witness  resides,  unless  there  is  in  such 
place  an  agent  of  the  Department  of  State,  in  v\hich  case  tlie  ay- 
plication  should  be  made  before  .such  agent. 

The  applicant  must  state  from  which  point  he  intends  to  leave 
the  United  States,  date  of  intended  departure,  and  by  what  ship  he 
intends  to  sail.  Eacli  application  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  De- 
partment of  State  or  its  agent  at  least  live  days  before  the  appli- 
cant's departux'e  fi-om  the  United  States. 

A  person  who  applies  for  a  passport  in  order  to  go  abroad  on 
commercial  business  must  .support  his  application  with  a  lette;'  from 
144297'— 20 2 


18  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

the  head  of  the  firm  in  the  interest  of  which  he  intends  to  make  the 
journey. 

All  persons  coming  to  the  United  States  must  carry  passports  or 
other  satisfactory  documents  showing  their  identity  and  nationality. 
Aliens  leaving  a  foreign  country  for  the  United  States  must  have 
their  passports  or  other  official  documents  visaed  at  the  American 
consulate  at  the  port  of  embarkation,  and  each  alien  will  be  required 
to  execute  at  the  consulate  a  form  of  "  declaration  of  alien  about  to 
depart  for  the  United  States." 

Sailing  Permits  and  Income  Tax. — All  aliens  and  United  States 
citizens  must  present  themselves  at  the  customhouse  at  port  of  em- 
barkation, with  their  passports,  and  show  satisfactory  proof  that 
income  tax  has  been  paid.  Sailing  permits  will  then  be  issued 
stating  that  passengers  have  complied  with  all  requirements  of  the 
revenue  act. 

Passport  Requirements  of  Other  Countries. — Travelei's  are  re- 
quested to  note  the  follov\'ing  special  requirements  in  certain  coun- 
tries : 

Argentina. — Passports  are  essential.  Birth  certificates  should 
also  be  carried,  particularly  if  the  traveler  intends  to  remain  in 
Argentina,  even  if  only  for  a  short  period..  It  is  also  desirable  to 
obtain  from  an  American  consul  a  certificate  of  nationality,  which 
will  serve  to  identify  the  traveler.  If  residence  is  anticipated,  such 
a  certificate  v^-ill  also  secure  exemption  from  military  service, 

Brazil. — Passengers  must  provide  themselves  with  passports 
viseed  at  a  Brazilian  consulate.  If  residence  in  Brazil  is  antici- 
pated, registration  should  be  filed  with  the  nearest  American  consul. 

Bfltish  Government. — Travelers  who  embark  on  ships  that  touch 
English  ports  must  have  their  passports  viseed  by  the  British  con- 
sul at  the  port  of  departure.  This  vise  must  be  obtained  before 
the  ticket  is  sold  by  the  steamship  agent.  The  traveler  is  also 
expected  to  give  a  full  account  of  his  movements  and  explain  to  the 
proper  officials  the  object  of  his  visit. 

Colombia. — Travelers  should  provide  themselves  with  passports 
visaed  by  the  Colombian  Minister  or  by  a  consul  of  Colombia  in 
the  United  States. 

Guatemala. — If  an  American  intends  to  become  a  resident,  he  must 
present  at  the  Guatemalan  Foreign  Office  a  passport  visaed  by  the 
diplomatic  or  consular  official  of  the  United  States  in  Guatemala. 

Haiti. — Passengers  must  provide  themselves  with  passports 
issued  by  the  Haitian  consul  at  New  York  (31  Broadway)  before 
tickets  can  be  issued.  An  unmounted  picture  of  each  passenger  is 
required  by  the  consul. 

Mexico. — United  States  citizens  must  present  to  steamship  com- 
pany valid  passports  issued  by  State  Department,  Washington, 
I).  C,  visaed  by  a  United  States  collector  of  customs  (and  upon 
arrival  at  I\Iexican  port  register  permanent  address  with  the 
American  consul).  Aliens  must  present  to  steamship  company  valid 
passports  visaed  by  a  Mexican  consul  and  United  States  collector  of 
customs. 

Nicaragua.— K  passport  must  be  obtained  from  the  Minister  of 
War  in  order  to  leave. 

Salvador. — A  passport  should  be  carried.  A  local  passport  from 
the  Government  of  Salvador  is  often  also  obtained. 


I 


Tiir,  salesman's  equipment.  19 

Venezuela. — N()  tickets  arc  issued  before  passengers  present  bag- 
gajio  list  in  triplicate,  certitieato  of  vaccination,  anil  passjiort,  all 
siirne<l  or  vis^eri  by  Venezuelan  consul  at  port  of  enii)arkation. 

Letters  of  Introduction. — Tliest!  arc  highly  ust>ful  and  of  far 
greater  value  in  Latin  America  than  in  the  United  States.  Below 
are  some  sufrgestions : 

A  letter  of  introduction,  written  on  the  stationery  of  the  manu- 
facturer, "To  whom  it  may  concern,"  and  with  the  seal  of  the  jn-in- 
cfpal,  is  particularly  useful.  The  letters  will  be  far  more  valuable 
if  written  in  Spanish  or  Portuguese,  if  the  addressees  use  either  of 
these  tongues. 

Letters  from  the  manufacturer  to  American  consuls  and  commer- 
cial attaches,  also  commercial  organizations  such  as  chambers  of 
conunerce,  etc.,  are  also  valuable. 

Of  still  greater  importance  are  specific  letters  of  introduction  to 
prominent  business  men  or  ofiicials  in  Latin  America  from  friends 
in  this  country.  Letters  of  introduction  are  often  the  means  of 
establishing  relations  which  otherwise  it  would  be  difTicult  to  create. 

When  possible,  letters  from  the  consular  or  dii)Ioniatic  representa- 
tives of  the  Latin  American  Republics  in  the  Uniteii  States  to  their 
correspondents  at  home  will  be  fi-und  highly  etTf>ctive. 

Letters  of  introduction  by  trade  bodies,  merchanls'  associations, 
and  similar  organizations,  eiiher  to  specific  individuals  in  Latin 
America  or  of  a  general  nature,  likewise  are  useful. 

Letters  introducing  the  traveling  representative  to  banks  and 
bankers  are  particularly  valuable.  They  will  (>nablf  the  traveler 
to  obtain  information  regarding  the  credit  of  prospective  customers, 
business  conditions  in  general,  and,  when  sufficiently  strong,  obtain 
entree  to  the  most  d(  sirable  business  circles. 

Letters  of  intioduction  to  the  publishers  of  newspapers,  maga- 
zines, and  trade  papers  have  a  special  value.  Tlie  publicity  which 
the  traveler  can  obtain  when  such  letters  are  rightly  used  will  help 
materially  toward  the  success  of  his  trip. 

Seals  affixed  to  a  letter  have  an  unusual  value  in  Latin  America; 
they  are  impressive,  and  when  they  can  be  obtained  should  be 
used. 

Defore  departure  the  salesman  should  obtain  letters  of  introduc- 
tion to  the  branch  offices  of  the  mercantile  agency  to  which  his  firm 
subscribes.  When  contemplating  business  in  a  eit.v  where  these 
firms  have  agents  or  offices,  it  is  advisable  to  confer  with  such 
agencies  as  to  the  credit  to  be  extended  to  the  different  buyers. 
Arrangements  can  b(  made  before  departure  from  the  United  States 
for  the  purchase  of  specific  reports  on  foreign  mechants. 

Letters  of  introduction  in  Latin  America  (as  almost  anywhere 
else)  have  a  higher  value  if  tlie  recipient  is  requested  to  put  the 
bearer  in  touch  with  some  particular  person  or  to  perform  some 
specific  .service.  Thus,  a  request  to  a  banker  to  introduce  the 
traveler  to  the  principal  importers  of  hardware  will  be  far  more 
effective  than  a  mere  letter  of  introduction,  after  presenting  which 
the  traveler  is  compelled  to  ask  for  the  service  he  desires. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. 

Samples  With  or  Without  Value. — Samples  carried  are  usually  of 
two  classes,  "  without  value  "  or  "  with  value."     The  regulations  of 


20  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

customhouses  in  Latin  Aniei'ica  and  the  West  Intlies  differ  greatly. 
In  certain  countries  the  oflicials  are  far  more  strict  than  in  others. 
The  regulations  of  the  different  countries  regarding  samples  should 
be  studied  before  samples  are  packed. 

Memorandum  of  Samples. — Whether  samples  carried  are  with  or 
without  value,  they  should  be  carefully  listed.  A  memorandum 
which  is  easily  understood  by  customs  officials  will  aid  raateriaily 
in  clearing  baggage.  Where  samples  have  a  value,  that  is,  when 
they  can  be  sold  as  merchandise,  it  is  necessary  to  be  supplied  with 
a  consular  invoice  when  making  application  for  admission  to  a 
foreign  country.  For  full  details  concerning  the  admission  of  sam- 
ples, consult  the  pages  relating  to  the  different  countries. 

Packing-  Samples. — As  many  transportation  companies,  particu- 
larly in  South  America,  make  a  charge  for  baggage  carried,  mini- 
mum w'eiglit  and  space  are  desirable.  Samples  should  therefore  be 
packed  with  the  utmost  care.  The  rough  handling  to  wluch  they 
are  subjected  makes  this  absolutely  necessary.  Samples  likely  to 
be  affected  by  moisture  or  water  should  be  carefully  protected.  A 
wise  precaution  is  the  use  of  oilcloth  on  the  inside  of  the  trunk. 
This  is  particularly  important  in  the  Tropics  during  the  rainy  sea- 
son, and  in  the  mountains  where  baggage  is  carried  by  mules. 
Some  traveJers  have  waterproof  oiled  canvas  covers,  into  which 
trunks  or  traveling  bags  are  fitted. 

Packing  for  Mountain  Transportation. — In  preparing  samples  for 
traveling  in  the  interior  over  mountainous  country,  precautions 
should  be  taken  in  the  matter  of  size  of  trunks.  The  maximum 
weight  that  a  mule  can  carry  is  130  kilos  (kilo=2.2  pounds).  The 
load  should  preferably  be  divided.  Thus,  if  trunks  with  samples 
weigh  about  140  to  150  pounds,  there  should  be  two  of  them,  each 
weighing  70  or  75  pounds.  They  should  be  easily  adjustable  to  a 
mule's  back.  If  this  contingency  is  not  foreseen,  new  trunks  may 
have  to  be  bought  before  the  inland  journey  can  be  made,  and  such 
a  purchase  may  be  both  difficult  and  expensive.  Any  ordinary  size 
trunk  may  be  used  when  the  traveler  visits  only  the  seaports  and 
points  accessible  by  railroad. 

Insuring  Samples, — Steamship  companies  assume  no  responsibility 
for  samples,  except  for  damage  while  in  their  possession.  The  loss 
of  samples  by  fire,  war,  damage  by  sea  water  ( as  a  i-esult  of  a  storm, 
falling  overboard,  etc.),  should  be  provided  for  by  marine  insurance. 
The  most  liberal  policy  obtainable,  providing  for  this  and  all  other 
possible  losses  (theft,  fire,  pilferage,  damage,  etc.),  is  desirable. 
Such  a  policy  can  be  obtained  from  insurance  companies  specializ- 
ing in  marine  insurance.  Some  steamship  lines  undertake  to  insure 
the  baggage  of  their  passengers  according  to  published  schedules  of 
rates.  AH  baggage  carried  should  be  insured  against  all  risks  on 
land   and   sea. 

Cheeking  Samples. — In  most  of  the  southern  countries  the  check- 
ing system  has  not  reached  the  perfect  stage  that  is  so  well  known 
in  the  United  States.  The  traveler  will  find  it  advisable  constantly 
to  keep  an  eye  on  his  baggage.  A  wise  precaution,  vrhen  traveling 
by  train,  is  to  make  sure  before  departure  r'nat  the  samples  are  on 
board.  A  "follow  up"  of  the  baggage  in  checking  it  to  and  from 
hotels  is  also  desirable.  To  count  on  "  close  connections,"  or  to 
depend  upon  narrow  margins  of  time,  is  not  advisable  under  any 
circumstances. 


THE  salksiman's  kquipmf.nt.  21 

Payment  of  Duties. — In  certain  countrlps,  ok  In  Cuba,  for  instanoo, 
tlip  duty  oil  sainplos  must  Vic  paid  In  rash.  Bond  can  not  bo  given. 
Howf^'er,  if  5<ainple!^  are  roni(»ved  within  a  certain  period,  tlie  cash 
is  refunded,  less  a  certain  percenta'_'e.  To  provide  for  such  emer- 
gencies, the  traveicr  should  be  sup[)lied  with  suHieient  money.  In 
mf)Rt  of  the  Kv-^publics  bond  can  be  given  for  the  samples,  anil  tliis 
is  canceled  when  tlio  traveler  leaves. 

.  Aid  of  Customs  Brokers. — The  most  expeditious  means  of  clearinir 
samples  is  by  tiic  emidoyment  of  custonilionso  l)roiccrs.  In  certain 
pla-es  tliey  arc  unt  neecled.  The  names  of  reliable  firms  who  can 
look  after  such  details  are  given  for  all  important  places,  Th;^ 
l)ond.'3  for  salesmen's  samples  are  usually  signed  by  resident  mer- 
chants. A  letter  of  introduction  or  credentials  M-hich  will  enable 
the  traveler  to  obtain  such  accommodations  are  very  essential.  The 
new  salesman's  first  visit,  after  arrival  in  a  port,  should  be  to  the 
American  consul,  who  can  advise  him  regarding  customhouse  broli- 
ers  and  many  other  items. 

CABLES  AND  MAILS. 

Cable  Codes. — Almost  all  business  liou.ses  have  code  words  to 
identify  tlieir  protiucts  and  to  simplify  telejrraphlc  business.  In 
developing  foreign  trade  it  is  desirable  to  supply  a  code  word  for 
every  item.  These  words  should  be  used  in  tlie  catalogues  as  well 
as  on  the  samples. 

Selecting  Code. — It  is  highly  important  to  decide  on  the  code  best 
adapted  to  tht>  requirements  of  the  business.  Tl\e  traveler  should 
I  e  supplied  with  a  copy  thereof.  No  matter  what  co<le  is  selected. 
<  ertain  phrases,  which  apply  to  general  business  transactions,  and 
are  not  covered  In  the  body  of  the  book,  may  be  added.  In  most 
c'jdos  space  has  been  left  for  thift  purpose. 

Calde  Addresses. — If  no  cable  address  has  been  previously  nsed, 
it  is  important  to  select  an  address  and  file  it  with  the  cable  com- 
panies. jNIention  of  this  name  should  be  made  on  all  stationery  and 
printed  matter  issued  thereafter.  By  following  this  rule,  many 
^^drds  may  be  avoided,  as  a  charge  is  made  for  the  address  in  all 
cal)iegrams. 

Registering  Name. — The  traveling  salesman  should  be  instructed 
to  call  at  the  cable  olhce  of  every  city  visited  immediately  upon 
arrival.  He  should  register  liis  name,  and,  M'hen  possible,  his  tele- 
graphic code  address.  He  should  give  tlie  name  of  the  hotel  at 
which  he  is  stopping  in  order  that  messages  from  his  principals  m.ay 
be  delivered  v\ithout  delay. 

Reversing  Charges. — American  manufacturers  can  arrange  for  the 
payment  by  them  at  their  offices  in  the  United  States  for  the  cable 
messages  sent  by  their  repr(;sentatives.  This  is  done  by  notifying 
the  cable  companies  before  the  salesman  departs  of  their  desire  to 
effect  sucli  an  arrangement.  The  cable  companies  tlien  supply  the 
traveler  with  a  letter,  tlie  presentation  of  which  at  the  cable  ofRces 
abroad  is  the  authority  for  the  acceptance  of  messages  under  this 
condition. 

Travelers'  Mail. — One  of  the  most  fruitful  causes  of  difficulties  is 
the  failure  of  the  traveler  to  receive  mail  promptly.     Too  much 


22  GUIDE   TO    I^ATIN    AMERICA. 

Stress  can  not  be  laid  upon  the  injportance  of  propei-ly  posting  let- 
ters. It  is  better  to  anticipate  a  traveler's  arrival  in  a  place  than 
to  calculate  too  closely.  This  can  be  done  by  consulting  the  table 
on  page  23.  The  average  or  approximate  time  required  for  letters 
to  be  delivered  is  there  specified.  The  traveler's  route  list  should 
show  the  approximate  time  of  arrival  and  departux*e  at  the  various 
points  in  his  itinerary.  The  place  at  which  mail  is  to  be  received 
should  be  specified. 

Delivery  Address. — ^The  sending  of  mail  in  care  of  hotels,  espe- 
cially in  small  towns,  is  not  generally  advisable,  owing  to  the  care- 
lessness with  which  it  is  handled.  The  selection  of  a  bank,  custom- 
house broker,  or  mercantile  firm  is  preferable.  Owing  to  the  uncer- 
tainties of  transportation  and  the  possible  danger  of  loss,  extra 
copies  should  be  made  of  all  communications  to  be  sent  to  a  later 
address  by  a  steamer  following  the  one  on  which  the  original  Is 
carried.  This  will  avoid  much  unnecessary  corx'espondence,  loss  of 
time,  and  assure  more  satisfactory  relations.  The  registration  of 
important  letters  or  documents  is  recommended.  Ten  days  to  two 
weeks'  time  (occasionally  a  longer  period,  determined  by  the  fre- 
quency of  sailings)  should  be  allowed  before  the  duplicates  of  let- 
ters are  mailed,  to  avoid  their  being  placed  on  the  same  steamer  as 
the  originals. 

^Vllen  Intended  for  passengers  on  steamers,  letters  and  telegrams 
may  be  addressed  in  care  of  agencies  of  steamship  companies  at 
various  ports  of  call.  In  addition  to  address  and  port  of  call,  in 
the  lower  left-hand  corner  of  the  envelope  should  be  written  "  Pas- 
senger on  board  S.  S. ."     The  address  of  the  sender  should  be 

clearly  indicated  on  all  such  letters  in  order  to  insure  their  return 
in  case  of  nondelivery. 

Wireless  Telegrams. — Practically  all  steamers  are  now  equipped 
with  wireless,  which  makes  it  possible  for  passengers  to  communi- 
cate with  their  friends  on  shor^  and  advise  them  of  impending 
arrival  some  days  before  the  steamer  docks.  Radiotelegrams  are 
accepted  at  any  telegraph  office  for  transmission  to  steamers  at  sea. 
The  address  of  a  radiotelegram  to  be  delivered  to  a  steamer  through 
a  coast  station  should  be :  "  Jolm  Jones,  steamer  Vestris,  wireless." 

The  charges  for  radiotelegrams  sent  through  any  coast  station 
abroad  can  be  ascertained  at  any  telegraph  office.  The  rate  on 
board  for  communication  v,dth  the  coast  can  be  obtained  from 
operators  on  board  steamers. 

Forwarding  of  Letters. — Passengers  on  leaving  a  steamer  should 
put  their  names  and  addresses  in  the  book  which  is  usually  pro- 
vided on  board  for  this  purpose.  This  will  enable  steamship  com- 
panies to  forward  any  mail  which  may  be  received  for  passengers 
after  leaving  the  steamer. 

Advising  Safe  Arrival  Abroad. — Steamship  companies  receive  cable 
advice  of  the  safe  arrival  of  steamers  at  various  ports.  This  in- 
formation they  ai-e  generally  glad  to  pass  on  to  the  friends  of  pas- 
sengers. Special  post  cards  are  usually  provided  for  this  purpose, 
on  which  the  names  and  addresses  of  friends  may  be  written  and 
the  cards  posted  to  steamship  company's  office  or  handed  to  the 
company's  office  representative  on  board  before  sailing. 

Parcels  by  Mail.— It  is  often  necessary  to  send  samples,  printed 
matter,  etc.,  to  traveling  representatives  while  they  are  en  route 


THE    SALESMAN  S    EQUll'MENT. 


23 


from  one  point  to  another.  The  foUowinj?  precautions  re{,'arding 
the  sendiiiL,'  of  stuh  iiarcels  Avill  !.o  fotin*!  helpful: 

Make  .sure  that  sullkient  time  is  allowed  lor  delivery.  C3onsult 
the  tahle  Ik-Iuw.  Verily  tlie  sailiii;:  of  vessels  by  couinmnifatinj; 
with  the  Post  Olliee  Deinutuieut  or  by  reference  to  the  ollicial 
aunouncenu'Uts  in  ne\vyi>aper.s,  .shippintj  journals,  etc. 

Notify  the  salesman  i)y  letter  of  the  siMidint?  of  the  parcel  and 
fc'ive  full  details  of  what  it  contains.  Give  price  and  other  par- 
ticulars. 

Make  sure  that  the  parcel  is  sent  in  care  of  some  one  who  will 
not  misplace  it  or  furpet  to  make  delivery.  If  duty  is  to  be  paid, 
notify  the  person  iu  whose  care  the  parcel  is  sent  and  arranf^e  for 
his  reimbur.souient. 

See  that  the  i)ackage  is  mailable  and  that  it  can  be  delivered 
under  the  rules  of  the  country  to  which  it  is  sent.  Consult  postal 
reculations  before  forwarding. 

I'ack  carefully  to  protect  against  damage  by  water,  moisture, 
breakage,  or  loss.  If  of  value,  see  that  the  parcel  is  properly 
insured. 

Use  the  sample  post  in  preference  to  the  parcel  post,  if  the  sample 
post  is  available.     iSee  Postal  Guide. 

Mail  Time-Table. — The  time  shown  in  the  following  table  Is  that 
usually  required  for  letters  to  be  transmitted  from  New  York  to  the 
places  specified  iu  Latin  America,  Mexico,  and  the  "West  Indies: 


Days. 

Antigiia,  Wpst  Indies,  direct 7 

Antofngastu,  Chile,  diroct lG-20 

Arii^a.  <'1iil<\  via   Panama 14—20 

Balila,  Hiazil,  direct 15 

Barbados.  West  Indios,  direct 8 

Barranquilla,  Colombia,  direc-t 9 

Belize,  British  Honduras,  via  New 

Orleans T 

Buonos    Airi's.    diro«t 2."5 

Caldcra,  Chile,  via  I'anuma 29 

Callao.  Peru,  via  Panama 11-16 

Cape  Haitieu,  Haiti,  direct 7 

Cartaj^eua,   Colombia,   direct 11 

Ciudad     Bolivar,    Venezuela,    via 

Trinidad 11 

Colon,   Panama,  direct 7 

Cura<;ao,    West   Indies,   direct 8 

Itituerara,  Briti.sh  (iuiaua,  direct-   11 

Dominica,  West  Indies,  direct 8 

Grenada,  West  Indies,  direct 9 

Greytown,  Nicaragua,  via  New  Or- 
leans      7 

Guadeloupe,  West  Indies,  direct-  8 
Guat'  innla  City,  via  New  Orleans-  7 
Guayaquil.  Ecuador,  via  Panama-   12 

llabuu.M.  Cuba,   direct 4 

li|ir;q\U',  Chile,  vi.a  Panama 15—26 

Jacmel,    llalii,   direct 12 

Kins;stOD.  Jamaica,  direct 5 

I.a   (Juaiva,   Venezuela,  direct 7 

Livingston,    Guatemala,    via    New 

Orb-ans 7 

Maceio.   Br.'-.zil,  direct 17 

Maracaibo.   Venezuela,  direct 10 

Maranhao,  Binzil,  direct 18 


Day.*, 

Martinique,  West  Indies,  direct 0 

Maya;iuez,  Porto  Rico,  direct 7 

Mazatlan,  Mexico,  via  San  Frari- 

cisco 10 

Moliendo,  Peru,  via  Panama--   13-2o 

Montevideo,  IJruKuay,  direct ~'> 

Nas.sau,  Bahamas,  direct 4 

Panama  City,  Panama,  via  Colon-     7 

I'ara,  Brazil,  direct 14 

I'aita,  I'eru,  via  i'anama 14 

Pornambuco,  Brazil,  direct l^> 

Port  au  Prince.  Haiti,  direct 7 

Port  Limon,  Costa  Itica,  via  New 

Orleans 7 

Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela,  direct-   10 
I'uerto    Plata,    Dominican   Repub- 
lic, direct 7 

Rio  do  Janeiro,  Brazil,  direct 19 

St,  Kitts,  West  Indies,  direct 6 

St.  Lucia,  West  Indies,  direct .*! 

St,  Thomas,  West  Indies,  direct 0 

St.  Vincent,  West  Indii-s.  direct 8 

Samana,   Dominican  Republic,  di- 
rect      8 

Santo  Domingo  City,  Dominican  Re- 
public,   direct 7 

San  Juan.  Porto  Rico,  direct 5 

Santa  Marta,  Colombia,  direct 15 

Saiuiaco.  Chile,  via  I'anam.i 32 

Santos.  Brazil,  direct 21 

Tampico,  Mexico,  by  rail t> 

Valparaiso,  Chile,  via  Panama-  20-30 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  by  rail 6 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  by  steamer '.     8 


24  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

FUNDS  FOR  TRAVEL  EXPENSES. 

Adequate  Funds  Needed. — ^Before  departure  adequate  provision  for 
expenses  should  be  made.  It  reflects  seriously  on  the  principals  of 
the  traveler  if  the  latter  is  embarrassed  by  lack  of  money.  Peri- 
odical remittances  may  be  made,  but  it  is  important  to  have  a 
thorough  understanding  on  this  point  before  departure.  Tlie  ques- 
tion of  remittances  to  travelers  is  one  likely  to  cause  much  friction 
and  misunderstanding.  An  initial  letter  of  credit  for  a  definite  sura 
may  be  given,  and  renewals  thereof  may  be  arranged  by  cable.  It 
is  best  to  supply  the  traveler  with  a  letter  of  credit  sufficiently  large 
to  carry  him  to  his  destination  and  return.  By  this  means  he  can 
also  sa\e  money  on  exchange.  He  can  draw  against  the  letter  ac- 
cording to  conditions — more  freely  when  exchange  is  favorable. 

Letter  of  Credit. — ^This  document  enables  the  traveler  to  make 
drafts  from  time  to  time  as  funds  are  required.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory  and  least  expensive  methods  of  obtaining  money. 
Letters  of  credit  are  procurable  from  banks,  express  companies, 
steamship  lines,  tourist  agencies,  etc.  If  it  is  desired  to  place  a 
limit  upon  the  credit,  so  that  too  large  a  sum  may  not  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  salesman,  arrangements  can  be  made  with  the  bank 
from  which  the  letter  of  credit  is  bought  to  provide,  by  cable, 
renewals  of  the  credit  from  time  to  time  as  the  requirements  may 
demand.  The  traveler,  before  his  departure,  merely  leaves  his 
signature  with  the  bank.  When  so  instructed,  the  bank  cables  to  its 
representatives  in  the  Latin-American  city,  advising  of  the  opening 
of  the  credit  for  the  additional  sum. 

New  York  Exchange. — This  is  a  desirable  method  of  supplying 
the  salesman  with  funds.  It  is  done  by  furnishing  him  with  a  num- 
ber of  drafts  on  New  York  banks. 

American  Bankers'  Association  Checks. — These  afford  a  convenient 
means  of  carrying  funds.  These  checks  can  be  bought  of  almost  all 
banks. 

Express  Money  Orders, — These  are  issued  by  the  various  express 
companies  and  are  cashed  without  difficulty.  In  most  instances  the 
express  companies  have  branch  offices  in  the  principal  cities  and  are 
well  known  to  local  banks  throughout  Latin  America. 

Travelers'  Checks. — Travelers'  checks,  payable  in  most  parts  of  the 
world,  are  issued  by  several  of  the  steamship  companies,  express 
companies,  banks,  etc.,  and  can  also  be  negotiated  readily. 

Gold. — Some  experienced  travelers  like  to  carry  a  certain  amount 
of  American  gold  eagles.  These  are  accepted  anywhere.  Often  they 
are  found  very  useful  in  the  interior,  oft  the  beaten  track,  where 
documents,  such  as  drafts  and  bills  of  exchange,  are  regarded  with 
more  or  less  suspicion.  The  vessels  of  certain  steamship  companies 
also  carry  a  limited  amount  of  money  of  the  countries  reached  by 
their  ships. 

Concerning  Exchange. — The  traveler  v.ho  carries  drafts,  letters  of 
credit,  money  orders,  or  bankers'  checks  '^vill  find  that  at  certain 
times  he  is  able  to  make  the  exchange  for  the  local  currency  at  more 
favorable  rates  than  at  others.  This  is  governed  by  the  demand  in 
the  Republic  for  bills  of  exchange  on  the  United  States.  At  times 
there  are  more  remittances  to  be  made  to  New  York  than  at  other 
periods,  and  this,  naturally,  affects  the  rate  at  which  the  exchange 


THE    salesman's    EQUII'MENT.  25 

is  made.  If  the  exports  luivo  bt-eii  heuvy  and  U\e  amount  due  from 
the  United  States  is  considonible,  the  fact  will  be  nflectod  in  the 
rate  of  ex<-hanf,'o.  Very  heuvy  f<hipnieiits  «if  cuffeo,  rubber,  copper, 
or  other  iiru'hKts  frequently  affect  tin?  exchanfre  rate. 

Some  Suggestions. — There  are  oite'i  flu<uiation.s  in  the  values  ol' 
the  rauuey  of  tiie  Latin  American  countries,  due  to  tlie  Instability 
of  the  currency  systems,  which  are  also  influenced  by  exports  and 
imports,  as  well  as  l)y  certain  local  conditions.  The  traveler  should 
always  inform  himself  thorouj,'hly  reganlin,^  the  values  of  money 
and  watch  the  tluctuations  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  results.  Like- 
wise, lie  will  find  it  advantapeous  to  make  inquiries  of  banks  or 
money  brokers  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  rate.  He  should  endeavor 
to  be  rid  of  the  money  of  one  country  before  departing;  otherwise 
he  may  tind  it  necessary  to  make  a  considerable  sacrliice  to  obtain 
the  conversion  of  the  funds  ho  curries  to  the  currency  of  the  country 
at  which  he  next  arrives. 

WARDROBE. 

Importance. — The  selection  of  proper  clothing  is  of  greater  impor- 
tance than  that  usually  accorded  it.  This  is  due  to  two  facts:  The 
great  variations  in  climatic  conditions,  and,  second,  the  Latin  Ameri- 
cans base  their  estim;iles  of  the  iiuijortance  of  the  representative 
and  his  principals  in  larije  measure  on  his  personal  appearance.  As 
social  life  idays  an  important  part  in  South  ^^merican  business, 
the  proper  dress  for  functii.>us  other  than  busint-ss  must  receive  con- 
sideration. l'^>r  greater  convenience,  the  subject  of  dress  has  been 
divided  into  several  paragraphs  to  accentuate  the  difference  between 
tlie  various  climates,  altitudes,  seasons,  travel  routes,  etc  Altitude 
especially  must  be  considered. 

Clothing  for  the  Tropics. — Light-woight  clothing  such  as  Ls  gen- 
erally used  in  the  waiinest  suumier  period  in  the  United  States 
should  be  carried  in  sufTicieut  quantity  to  provide  changes,  as  laun- 
dering may  sometimes  be  delayed.  Despite  the  Iieat,  blue  serges 
are  often  worn,  and  black  clothes  are  always  correct.  Light-weight 
suits  of  Shantung  silk,  mohair.  Palm  Beach  cloth,  etc.,  are  much 
used.  For  extended  visits,  white  suits  (obtainable  where  most 
needed)  are  indispensal>le.  Fabrics  v\hich  require  unusual  care 
are  not  so  desirable.  A  traveling  cap  is  essential.  A  durable  auto- 
mobile coat  or  duster  is  useful.  V/ith  wliite  clothes,  white  shoes, 
of  course,  must  be  worn.  As  a  rule,  \s  hite  suits  can  be  bought  more 
reasonably  iu  tiie  countries  where  they  are  worn  than  in  the  United 
States  and  may  be  purchased  on  arrival  there.  Paciut-leather  shoes 
for  dres.s,  higli  and  low  shoes  of  dull  calf  or  dark  tan  leather,  such 
as  are  worn  in  the  United  States,  should  also  be  carried,  as  they 
can  be  bought  more  reasonably  liere  than  abroad. 

Dress  Wear. — Evening  clothes  are  absolutely  indispensable.  A 
"  tuxedo  "  should  be  included.  A  frock  ct>at  for  afternoon  functions 
is  also  highly  desirable.  A  silk  hat  is  a  necessary  item  for  the  juan 
wlio  wishes  to  be  corn  ctly  dressed  at  functions  of  a  formal  nature. 

Dress  for  Uplands  a.nd  Temperate  Climate. — Clothing  which  is  suit- 
able during  the  fall  period  of  the  temi)erate  X'egious  of  the  United 
States  will  serve  adequately.  Vv'ooleu  or  semiwoolen  underwear 
and  socks  are  desirable  and  should  be  included  iu  the  baggage.    A 


26  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

medium-weight  overcoat  is  essential  for  use  on  tlie  ocean,  as  well  as 
for  wearing  at  night  in  the  upland  regions,  where  tlie  temperature 
falls  very  rapidly.  In  the  interior  of  Bolivia,  Ecuador,  Peru,  and 
Colombia  the  houses  are  often  cold,  hence  the  need  for  heavy  under- 
wear. A  good  raincoat  will  be  found  useful,  as  rain  is  almost  cei-- 
tain  to  be  encountered.  A  raincout  that  is  not  too  lieavy  in  weight, 
but  effective  in  excluding  moisture,  is  desirable.  In  the  colder- 
regions  a  heavy  overcoat  is  necessary,  particularly  at  night.  A  well- 
made  sweater  or  sweater  vest  or  jacket  will  be  found  an  excellent 
addition  to  the  wardrobe.  It  is  also  desirable  to  carry  some  light 
flannels  and  fine  woolen  socks.  Soft  shirts  are  desirable,  particu.- 
larly  those  with  soft  collars.  One  should  always  aim  to  be  per- 
fectly comfortable. 

Travel  on  Horse  or  Mule  Back  and  Over  Mountains. — Heavy  woolen 
underwear,  outing  shirts,  suits  of  corduroy  (or  similar  material  to 
Avithstand  rough  usage),  very  heavy  waterproof  (poncho)  or  black 
rubber  coat  and  cap  to  withstand  the  torrential  tropical  rains,  leg- 
gings, highlaced  boots,  and  one's  own  saddle  should  be  carried. 
Woolen  socks  are  also  desirable. 

Steamer  Trips  on  Rivers  in  the  Tropics. — A  folding  mosquito  can- 
opy is  absolutely  necessary.  One  that  can  be  compressed  into  the 
smallest  space  is  best.  Other  requisites  are  gloves  which  will  pro- 
tect the  hands  against  mosquitoes  while  on  deck ;  high  shoes  to  pro- 
tect the  ankles  against  the  same  pests;  a  gauze  mosquito  canopy 
for  the  face  and  neck;  several  changes  of  bed  linen  (primitive  con- 
ditions on  certain  steamers  make  this  highly  desirable)  ;  and  air 
pillow.  One's  own  blanket  or  steamer  rug  will  be  found  useful. 
Some  travelers  recommend  an  air  mattress,  especially  for  long  trips, 
because  of  insanitary  conditions  which  are  often  found. 

Waterproof  Bag. — It  is  highly  desirable  to  carry  a  strong  water- 
proof bag,  in  which,  Vv'hile  riding  overland,  one's  outfit  can  be  placed. 

Outfit  for  Mountain  Trips. — It  is,  of  course,  necessary  for  the 
traveler  to  carry  his  own  outfit,  especially  saddle,  blankets,  etc. 
The  saddle  is  particularly  important,  and  only  the  best  should  bo 
used.  Care  should  be  exercised  in  adjusting  the  straps,  which  are 
often  subjected  to  severe  strains.  The  traveler  who  provides  him- 
self with  a  good  outfit  and  is  able  to  meet  unusual  conditions  Avill 
suffer  far  less  inconvenience  than  the  one  who  is  less  foresighted. 
In  addition,  he  will  enjoy  to  a  far  greater  degree  the  magnificence 
of  the  scenery.  The  suggestions  made  for  river  trips  also  apply  in 
large  measure  to  mountain  travel,  particularly  as  concerns  the  outfit 
and  supplies. 

Other  Items. — One  or  two  umbrellas  of  good  quality  to  withstand 
heavy  rain  and  hard  usage  should  be  included  in  the  baggage.  Rub- 
])er-s*oled  shoes  to  wear  on  deck  will  be  found  more  comfortable  tlian 
the  ordinary  kind.  A  bath  robe  should  be  carried  for  obvious  rea- 
sons. Some  travelers  like  to  include  an  automatic  electric  lamp  for 
use  at  night  where  other  light  is  not  available,  or  where,  because  of 
insects,  a  flashlight  is  more  effective.  A  steamer  rug  of  good 
quality  may  take  the  place  of  a  blanket  while  in  the  highlands. 
Flannel  shirts  for  hard  journeys  may  be  used  to  advantage.  A 
vacuum  bottle  or  two  will  frequently  prove  a  great  comfort,  espe- 
cially in  remote  places  and  while  traveling  overland. 

Wardrobe  for  Women. — The  hints  for  dress  given  above,  although 
intended  for  the  male  traveler,  may  also  be  applied  to  the  attire  of 


TKE    S^VUiSMAN's    KQl  li'MENT.  27 

^ronien.  The  latter  an*  advised  to  supply  tlnMuselvcH  adequately 
■with  shirt  waists,  including;  some  of  silk,  and  li«ht  us  well  as  dark 
shades.  A  capt'  should  |je  taken,  while  sw»  att-rs  of  silk  and  w<x»l,  or 
vests  oi  these  materials,  also  will  be  desirable,  i'eltieoats  of  a  dark 
luatcrial,  kimonos,  rugs,  and  shawls  should  be  included.  In  addi- 
tion, there  should  be  a  dark  anil  a  liKht  parasol  of  jjjood  quality,  so 
that  they  will  not  hi'  easily  (ianiaij;td.  l'\>r  formal  ofcashuis  the 
toilets  suitable  for  like  affairs  at  home  are  ueeded.  In  the  tropical 
regions  winie  is  worn  very  extensively. 

Purchasing  iu  United  States  Kecommended. — It  is  recommended 
that  the  traveU'r's  wardrobe  be  c<auiili>le  before  he  leaves  the  United 
States.  A  sullicieut  quantity  of  coUar.s,  underwear,  socks,  etc., 
especially  should  be  purchased.  All  tliese  artifles  may  be  had  iu 
the  Latin  American  Republics,  but  the  cost  is  necessarily  higher  and 
often  excessive. 

Laundering. — One  reason  for  taking  a  good  supply  of  linen  is  the 
wear  and  tear  on  such  articles  by  laundering.  In  many  places, 
particularly  those  that  are  remote,  the  niosr  primitive  methods  are 
used,  with  rather  disastrous  effects  on  the  clothing. 

Books  on  Equipihent  for  Travelers. — For  travelers  who  wish  more 
<Jetaile<l  descriptions  and  suggestions  for  equipment,  etc.,  the  fol- 
lowing books  are  suggested : 

Outfit  and  Equipment  for  the  Traveler,  Explorer,  and  Sportsman, 
by  Eustace  Reynolds  l>all,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  and  others.  144  pages. 
Reynolds  Rail's  Guide,  London,  1912. 

Scientific  American  Handbook  of  Travel,  edited  by  A.  A.  Hopkins. 
503  pages.     G.  Muiui  iV  Co..  New  Yf>rk,  1910. 

The  Art  of  Travel,  by  Francis  Galtou,  F.  R.  S.  300  pages.  J. 
Murray,  London,  1876. 

Harvard  Boole  of  Travel.     Harvard  L'niversity  r-i^---,  1018. 

HEALTH  PRECAUTIONS. 

Important  Caution.— The  advice,  constantly  reiterated  by  experi- 
enced traveler;",  against  the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  is  founded  on 
fact.  Particularly  is  this  advice  applicable  when  traveling  in  Ingh 
altitudes.  No  hard  and  fast  rules  regarditig  food  need  be  laid  dovm. 
The  wise  traveler  will  be  temperate  in  all  hi.s  habits.  Generally 
siieaking,  the  drinking  of  imboiled  v.a'er  is  unwise,  except  in  the 
larger  places  where  the  purity  of  the  supply  is  unquestioned.  The 
insanitary  conditions  in  many  of  the  .small  places  make  it  necessary 
to  observe  the  utmost  caution.  "Where  satisfactory  evidence  of  the 
purity  of  the  water  can  not  be  obtained,  the  traveler  should  confine 
himself  to  well-known  brands  of  mineral  waters.  The  indiscrimi- 
nate use  of  locally  bottled  waters  may  load  to  illness,  as  there  is  no 
assurance  that  such  water  is  \\ithout  germs.  The  lack  of  .-sanitary 
appliances  and  .sewers  is  frequently  the  cause  of  contamination. 
I"^ncooked  vegetables,  salads,  etc.,  may  well  be  regarded  with  suspi- 
cion wliere  modern  sanitation  has  not  been  introduced. 

Medical  Equipment. — Although  all  the  large  steamship  companies 
furnish  medical  attendance,  the  wise  traveler  will  not  depend  on 
that  service  exclusively.  It  is  important  to  include  in  the  basrgage 
a  kit  containing  certain  simple  remedies  and  some  first-aid  appli- 
ances.    These  are  available  already  i>acked.     Soine  siujple  cathar- 


28  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

tics,  quinine  pills,  etc.,  should  also  be  carried.  Certain  compounds 
to  ward  off  mosquitoes  are  desirable.  The  most  commonly  used  is 
oil  of  citronella. 

Items  for  medicine  chest:  Bicarbonate  of  soda  (for  indigestion), 
pepsin  tablets,  menthol,  bismuth,  witchhazel,  cholera  mixture,  A'ase- 
liue,  Epsom  salts,  Listerine,  New-skin,  Antipiilogistine,  boracic  acid, 
court  plaster,  .Jamaica  ginger. 

Personal  Comforts. — Adequate  supplies  of  the  following  articles 
should  be  carried.  They  may  be  purchased  far  more  reasonably  in 
the  United  States  than  abroad :  Toilet  soap,  tooth  powder  or  paste, 
soothing  lotions  (for  sunburn),  shaving  soap,  cold  cream,  talcum 
powder,  sea-water  soap  (to  be  used  when  bathing  in  sea  v/ater), 
automobile  goggles  (for  use  in  sandy  country  where  the  wind  is 
high),  spectacles  of  colored  glass  (to  be  "used  where  the  light  is 
very  blinding). 

Mosquitoes. — ^While  vessels  are  at  dock  in  tropical  ports  it  is 
advisable  to  keep  cabin  doors  and  windows  closed.  Some  heat  is 
preferable  to  the  mosquito  pest,  as  sickness  often  follows  bites. 

Vaccination. — To  some  countries,  for  instance,  Venezuela,  it  is 
impossible  to  gain  admission  unless  satisfactory  eVidence  of  success- 
ful vaccination  is  shown.  For  this  reason  it  is  important  that  the 
prospective  traveler  be  vaccinated  before  departure.  Under  any 
conditions  it  is  a  wise  precaution,  and  the  traveler  will  feel  a 
gi-eater  security  against  possible  infection  from  smallpox,  particu- 
larly in  the  rural  communities.  As  regards  being  immunized  against 
other  diseases,  this  is  a  matter  which  should  be  decided  by  the  indi- 
vidual in  consultation  with  hi^  physician. 

Avoiding  Colls. — The  traveler  will  find  that  in  many  of  the 
tropical  places  there  is  a  marked  difference  in  temperature  between 
the  interior  of  the  old  massive  buildings,  such  as  churches,  cathe- 
drals, etc.,  and  the  outer  air.  In  the  higher  altitudes,  particularly, 
colds  may  be  contracted  by  entering  these  buildings,  and  as  the  dan- 
ger from  pulmonary  diseases  is  greater  because  of  the  rarity  of  the 
atmosphere,  a  light  overcoat  should  be  carried.  Care  should  be 
taken  against  sudden  changes  in  temperature. 

High  Altitudes. — When  making  sudden  ascents  from  the  lower  to 
the  higher  altitudes,  travelers  sometimes  suffer  from  "  sorocha,"  or 
mountain  sickness.  Those  who  have  weak  hearts  are  cautioned 
against  a  too  rapid  change.  Travelers  who  wish  to  avoid  this  sick- 
ness usually  divide  the  trip  from  the  lowlands  of  Chile  or  Peru  to 
the  uplands  of  Peru  or  Bolivia  into  two  stages,  stopping  off  en  route 
at  Arequipa,  or  some  other  point  that  may  be  decided  upon. 

Quarantine  Hegulations. — As  a  rule,  there  is  nothing  to  fear  on 
this  score.  Port  sanitation  has  improved  greatly,  and  only  in 
exceptional  instances  do  Latin-American  ports  declare  quarantines 
against  each  other.  When  travelers  are  detained  in  quarantine  the 
expense  is  usually  for  their  own  account.  In  calculating  the  period 
of  exposure,  the  time  spent  on  shipboard  after  the  departure  from 
the  port  quarantined  against  is  taken  into  consideration. 


TRANSPORTATION. 

The  Expense.— Whetlier  it  I"?  practicable  to  visit  certain  points  Is 
determined  .ilniost  invarinbly  bj'  the  expense  involved  and  tlie  time 
required.  Thi.s  ;;nide  i.s  written  for  ilit-  iiurjio.-^o  of  wiiuidifylnj?  the 
decision.  On  the  foliowinf;  page.s  it  has  been  the  aim  to  p:ivp 
specific  information  regarding,'  expense  of  trav»Minir.  The  rates 
given  are  of  two  kinds:  First,  to  .specific  ports  in  Latin  Americ?a 
from  specific  ports  in  tlio  United  States;  second,  combination  trips 
which  may  be  utilized  l>y  tlie  busines.s  man  for  purposes  of  inspec- 
tion. Obviously,  all  rates  can  not  be  given.  It  is  believed,  how- 
ever, that  those  which  have  been  specifitnl  v/ill  be  found  helpful. 

Steamship  Fares. — The  rates  of  fare  given  for  tlie  various  lines 
are  fnibject  to  chnnge.  The  aim  has  been  to  provide  rates  which 
cover  the  cost  of  passage  to  all  ports  which  are  likely  to  be  visite<l 
by  American  travelers.  Further  data  can  be  obtained  by  applica- 
tion to  the  .steamship  offices. 

The  rates  given  on  following  pages  are  chiefly  for  one-way  trips, 
first-class  accommodations,  from  the  Unite<l  States  to  the  ports 
named.  In  addition,  certain  round  trips  and  conibinatlon  trips  have 
been  specified  for  business  men  who  wish  to  make  merely  tours. 
Local  steamship  service  and  the  service  of  foreign  steamship  lines 
which  operate  between  different  couniries  are  treated  nndf>r  the 
resiiective  territorial  divisions  or  countries.  Many  such  lines  do  not 
reach  the  United  States,  but  can  be  iised  for  local  traveling. 

STEAMSHIP  COMPANIES  AND  OFFICE  ADDRESSES. 

Bluefields  Fruit  &  Steamship  Co.,  Wliilney  Central  Building,  New 
Orleans,  La. 

Booth  Steamship  Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York  City. 

Clyde  Santo  Domingo  Line,  11  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Conipnnfa  PeruaTia.     See  Peruvian  Line. 

Conipufiia  Snd-Americana  de  \'tinores,  24  State  Street,  New  York 
City. 

CompnfiTa  Trasatlantica  de  Bareelonn.  Pier  8,  East  River.  New- 
York  City. 

Cuynmel  Fruit  Co.,  Whitney  Central  Building.  New  Orelans,  La. 

Gull  Mail  Steamship  Co.,  1  Drumm  Street.  San  Francisco.  Calif. 

Independent  Steamship  Line,  Queen  and  Crescent  Building,  New 
Orleans,  La. 

Lami)ort  &  Holt  Line,  42  Broadw'ay,  New  York  City;  814  Gravier 
Street,  New  Orleans,  La.  •    •  .  ^ 

Lloyd  Erasileiro.  44  Whitehall  Street.  New  York  City. 

Mallory  Steamship  Co.,  foot  of  Houston  Street,  New  York  <,^it.r. 

INIunsoii  Steam.^hin  Line,  82  Beaver  Street.  New  York  Ciiy. 

Nelson  Line.  2G  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

New  York  &  Cuba  Jlsiil  Steamship  Co.  OVard  Line),  foot  of  Wall 
Street.  New  York  City ;  192  Washington  Street.  Boslon.  Mass. ; 
.533  Marquette  Bnildinsr,  Chicaeo,  111.;  701  Chestnut  Street,  I'iiila- 
delphia.  Pa. ;  1208  F  Street  N"\V.,  Washington,  I>.  C. 


30  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

New  York  &  Porto  Rico  Steamship  Co.,  11  Broadway,  New  York 
City ;  192  Washiugton  Street,  Boston,  Mass. ;  701  Chestuut  Street 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Norton  Line,  Produce  Exchange  Building,  New  York  City. 

Pacific  aiail  Steamship  Co.,  507  California  Street,  San  Francisco, 
Calif. ;  31  West  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. ;  345  Broadway, 
New  York  City. 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  26  Broadway,  New  York  City;  230 
South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  III. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line,  24  State  Street,  New  York 
Calif. ;  31  West  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. ;  345  Broadway, 
San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Peninsular  &  Occidental  Steamship  Co.,  26  Broadway,  New  York 
City  ;  Key  "West,  Fla. :  Port  Tampa,  Fla. 

Peruvian  Line  (CompaGia  Peruana),  29  Broadway,  New  York  City; 
510  Battery  Street,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co.,  34  Whitehall  Street,  New  York  City ;  206  Old 
South  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 

Red  D  Line,  82  Wail  Street,  New  York  City. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail,  10  Bridge  Street,  New  York  City. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  26  Broadway,  New  York  City;  230 
South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  III. 

Santo  Domingo  (Clyde)  Line,  11  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

South  American  Steamship  Co.  (Compania  Sudamericana  de  Yapo- 
res),  24  State  Street,  New  York  City. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.,  366  Broadway,  New  York  City;  227  Charles 
Street,  New  Orleans,  La. ;  53  West  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicairo, 
111. ;  12  Milk  Street,  Beaton,  Mass. ;  1600  Chestnut  Street,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. ;  Flood  Building,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Spanish  Line  (Compafiia  Trasatlantica  de  Barcelona),  Pier  8.  East 
River,  New  York  City. 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha,  625  Market  Street,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Trinidad  Line  (Trinidad  Shipping  &  Trading  Co.),  29  Broadway, 
New  York  City. 

United  Fruit  Co.,  17  Battery  Place,  New  York  City ;  131  State  Street, 
Boston,  Mass. ;  680  Common  Street,  New  Orleans,  La. ;  1801  Con- 
tinental &  Commercial  Bank  Building,  Chicago,  111. 

United  States  and  Pacific  Line,  104  Pearl  Street,  New  York  City  ; 
209  Canal  Bank  Building,  New  Orleans,  La. ;  180  North  Dearborn 
Street,  Chicago,  111. ;  332  Pine  Street,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 

Ward  Line.     See  New  York  &,  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Co. 

TOURIST  AGENCIES. 

Thos.  Cook  &  Son,  245  Broadway,  New  York  City  ;  336  Washington 
Street,  Boston,  Mass. ;  225  South  Broad  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ; 
15  East  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. ;  689  Market  Street.  San 
Francisco,  Calif. ;  515  South  Spring  Street,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Raymond  &  Whitcomb  Co.,  225  Fifth  Avenue.  New  York  City ;  300 
Washington  Street,  Boston,  Mass. ;  1005  Chestnut  Street,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. ;  2033  East  Ninth  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  632  South 
aiichigan  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. ;  307  Crocker  Building,  San 
Francisco,  Calif. ;  509  South  Spring  Street,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 

Frank  Tourist  Co.,  489  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

American  Express  Co.,  65  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

Foster  &  Reynolds,  220  West  Forty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 


TRANSPORTATION.  31 

STEAMSHIP  FARES  AND  ITINERARIES. 

BLUEFIELDS  FRUIT  &  STKAMSUIP  CO. 

Pares. — Xew  Orleans  to  liUielit-Ms.  :?6();  New  Orleans  to  T'ape 
Gi-jK'las,  .$60;  Cape  (Jraciiis  to  I'.hu-lieltls,  .<1.'5. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  Orleans,  lirst  day;  arrive  Tape  Gracias, 
sixtji  (lay;  arrive  Hluetields,  seventh  day. 

Baggage. — AlUtwance.  2.")0  pounds;  in  addition  to  allowance,  not 
more  Llian  2.jU  pounds  excess  bafrirai,^'  may  be  carried. 

BOOTH   STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares  from  New  York.— Barbados,  .$00;  Para,  .$160;  Manaos, 
S;200;  Ceara.  .i;i7.";  I'eruanibuco,  .$250;  Bahia,  .$27.t  ;  lUo  de  .Taneiro, 
.$;;()0;  Santos.  .$310. 

Baggage. — Passengers  are  allowed  20  cubic  feet  of  baggage  free; 
excess  to  P.arbados,  3.5  cents  per  cubic  foot ;  to  Brazil.  50  eents  per 
cubic  foot. 

CLYDE  SANTO  DOMINGO  LINE. 

Fares  from  New  York. — To  Turks  Island,  .$40;  Mf>nte  Cri.sti.  $.50; 
Puerto  Plata,  .$.55;  Sanchez.  $65;  Saniana,  .$65;  Macoria.  .$75;  La 
Itomana,  .$75;  Santo  Domingo  City,  $80;  Azna,  ^85.  The  rate  for 
the  entire  cruise,  whicii  includes  every  exi>en.se  of  the  voyage  to  and 
returning  from  the  island  and  while  aboard  at  the  iKjrts,  is  $1.50. 

Itinerary. — Leave  Xew  York,  first  day;  arrive  Turks  Island,  fiflh 
day;  Monte  Cristi.  sixth  day;  Puerto  Plata,  seventh  day;  Sanchez, 
ninth  day;  Macoris,  tenth  day;  Santo  Domingo  City,  eleventh  day. 

Baggage. — Each  passenger  may  take  free  of  charge  25  cubic  feet 
of  bagj^age;  in.  addition,  15  cubic  feet  more  may  be  taken,  for  which 
25  cents  per  cubic  foot  is  charged.  Articles  needed  during  the  voy- 
age shoulil  be  placed  in  a  valise  or  steamer  trunk  not  more  than 
13  inches  high.  Passengers  have  access  to  their  hold  baggage  at 
11  a.  m.  daily. 

COMPANIA   SUDAMERICANA   DE   VAPORES. 

Fares  from  Balboa,  Panama. — To  GuayaqHil.  Ecuador,  $sO;  Paita, 
Peru.  $100:  Kten.  ,$105;  P.icasmayo,  .$105:  Salavorry,  $11.5.  Callao. 
.$135;  Pisco.  145;  Mollendo,  .$160;  lio.  .S;160;  Arica.  Chile,  165; 
Pisagua.  $170;  Caleta  IVuena,  $175;  T(iuique.  $175;  Tcn^opilla.  $190; 
Gatico,  $190;  Antofagasta,  .$200;  Taital,  .$205;  Chanaral.  .$205: 
Caldera,  .*^2lO:  Huasco,  .$210:  Coquinibo.  Si'lO:  Valparai.s(.  215; 
Talcahuano,  $230;  Lota,  $230;  between  Balboa  and:  Cristobal  and 
vice  versa,  $5. 

Itinerary. — Steamer  Imperial:  I^eave  Cristobal,  first  day :  arrive 
Balboa,  first  day;  Paita.  Peru,  fifth  day;  Eten,  sixth  day:  Pacas- 
mayo,  sixth  day ;  Salaverry,  seventh  day ;  Callao.  eighth  day ;  leave 
Callao.  ninth  day;  arrive  Mollendo.  eleventh  day:  Arica,  Cliile. 
twelfth  day;  Iquique,  thirteenth  day;  Antofagas.ta,  fourteenth  day; 
Coquimbo.  fifteeiUh  day:  Valparaiso,  sixteenth  day;  leave  Valpa- 
raiso, eighteenth  day ;  arrive  TVnro,  nineteenth  day  ;  Tome,  twen- 
tieth day;  Talcahuano,  twentieth  day;  Lota,  twenty-first  day. 

Steamer  Maipo:  Leave  Paita,  first  day;  arrive  Kten,  second  day; 
Pacasraayo,  second  day ;  Chimbote,  third  day ;  Samanco,  third  day ; 


32  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMEEICA. 

Casma,  third  day ;  Supe,  fourtli  day ;  Huacho,  fourth  day ;  Callao, 
fifth  day ;  leave  Callao,  sixth  day ;  arrive  Cerro  Azul,  seventh  day ; 
Tambo  de  Mora,  eighth  day ;  Pisco,  eighth  day ;  Lomas,  ninth  day ; 
Chala,  ninth  day ;  Mollendo,  tenth  day ;  Ilo,  tenth  day ;  Arica,  elev- 
enth day;  Pisagua,  eleventh  day;  Iquique,  twelfth  day;  Tocopilln, 
thirteenth  day ;  Gatico,  thirteenth  day ;  Antofagasta,  fourteenth 
day;  Taltal,  fifteenth  day;  Chanaral,  fifteenth  day;  Caldera,  six- 
teenth day ;  Huasco,  sixteenth  day ;  Coquimbo,  seventeenth  day ; 
Valparaiso,  eighteenth  day ;  leave  Valparaiso,  twenty-second  day ; 
arrive  Lota,  twenty-third  day. 

COMPANIA  TRASATLANTICA  DE  BARCELONA. 

Pares. — New  York  to  Habana,  $70 ;  New  York  to  Vera  Cruz,  $90. 

Itinerary. — New  York-Cuba-Mexico  monthly  service:  Leave 
Genoa  on  the  21st,  Barcelona  25tii-26th,  Malaga  28th,  Cadiz  30th, 
direct  to  New  York,  Habana,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Puerto  Mexico.  Re- 
turn from  Vera  Cruz  on  the  27th  and  fi'om  Habana  on  the  30th  of 
each  month  direct  for  New  York,  Cadiz,  Barcelona,  and  Genoa. 

Venezuela-Colombia  monthly  service:  Leave  Barcelona  on  tiie 
10th,  Valencia  11th,  Malaga  13th,  Cadiz  loth  of  each  month  direct 
for  Las  Palmas,  Santa  Cruz  de  Tenerife,  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Palma, 
Porto  Rico,  Puerto  Plata,  Habana,  Port  Limon,  and  Colon.  Steamer 
leaves  Colon  12th  of  each  month  for  Puerto  Colombia,  Curacao, 
Puerto  Cabello,  La  Guaira,  etc.  Passengers  and  freight  for  Vera 
Cruz  and  Tampico  transshipped  at  Habana. 

Buenos  Aires  monthly  service:  Leave  Genoa  on  the  1st,  Barce- 
lona 4th,  Malaga  5th,  Cadiz  7th  of  each  month  direct  for  Santa  Cruz 
de  Tenerife,  Montevideo,  and  Buenos  Aires.  Return  trip  begins  at 
Buenos  Aires  on  the  2d,  Montevideo  8d  of  each  month  direct  to  the 
Canaries,  Cadiz,  etc. 

Brazil-La  Plata  montlily  service:  i^eave  Bilboa  on  the  16th, 
Santander  16th,  Gijon  17th,  Coruna  18th,  Viego  19th,  Lisbon  20th, 
Cadiz  23d  of  each  month  direct  for  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santos,  Monte- 
video, and  Buenos  Aires.  Returning,  leave  Buenos  Aires  on  the  16th 
for  Montevideo,  Santos,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe,  etc. 

Baggage. — Each  first-cabin  passenger  is  allowed  200  pounds  or  20 
cubic  feet  of  baggage.     No  merchandise  will  be  accepted  as  baggage. 

CUYAMEL  FRUIT  CO.  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Eares.^ — New  Orleans  to  Puerto  Cortes,  ^40;  New  Orleans  to 
Omoa,  $40. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  Orlean.^.  first  day ;  arrive  Puerto  Cortes, 
fourth  day ;  arrive  Omoa,  fourth  day. 

Baggage. — Allowance,  150  pounds. 

GULF  MAIL  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Pares  from  San  Prancisco. — To  Ensenada.  $16;  San  .lose  del  Cabo, 
$45;  La  Paz,  $50:  Guaymas,  $55;  Topolobampo,  $55;  Mazatlan, 
$50;  San  Bias,  $60;  Manzanillo,  $68;  Acapulco,  $75;  Salina  Cruz, 
$80.    Round-trip  tickets  are  computed  by  deducting  10  per  cent  fi-om 


TRANSPORTATION.  3.'i 

double   fare;    pood   for   six   niDiillis.     stop-over   privllejies   will   be 
granti'tl  (»n  npplicjitiun  to  purser. 

Baggage. — Full-ticki't  bajijrape  carrii'd  without  extra  charKe  is 
limited  to  wearing  apparel  and  articles  for  personal  use  of  pas- 
senger on  voyage  not  exceeding  1.">(J  pounds  in  weight  and  ^100 
in  value.     All  exceeding  such  weight  or  value  will  be  charged  for. 

INDEPENDENT  STEAMSHIP  LINE. 

Fares. — New  Orleans  to  Ceiba,  Honduras,  .$40. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  Orleans,  tirst  day  ;  arrive  Ceiba,  fourth  d.iy. 

Baggage. — Allowance,  150  pounds. 

LAMPORT  &  HOLT  LINE. 

Fares  from  New  York. — To  Barbados  and  Trinidad,  $110;  Pernaui- 
buco,  ."fSOO;  IJahia,  .i^Su.l ;  Rio  <le  Janeiro,  $325 ;  Santos,  X.335;  Monte- 
video, $370 :  Buenos  Aires,  $.385. 

Single  and  return  tickets  are  interchangeable  between  Brazilian 
and  River  Plate  ports  for  travel  by  steamers  of  the  Royal  Mail 
Steam  Packet  Co..  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  or  Nelson  Line,  on 
payment  of  the  difference  in  single  fares,  if  any. 

Itinerary. — I^eave  New  York,  first  day;  arrive  Barbados,  sixth 
day :  Bahia,  fourteenth  day ;  Rio  de  Janeiro,  seventeenth  day ;  Santos, 
nineteenth  day ;  Montevideo,  t\Aenty-fourth  day ;  Buenos  Aires, 
twenty-third  day. 

Baggage. — Each  first-class  passenger  is  allowed  20  cubic  feet  of 
baggage  without  charge.  Any  excess  to  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of 
75  cents  per  cubic  foot,  but  no  merchandise  or  specie  is  to  be  taken 
as  baggage.  Heavy  baggage  miist  reach  the  loading  dock  at  least 
two  days  prior  to  the  date  of  departure.  All  baggage  should  bear 
the  company's  labels,  which  may  be  obtained  on  application.  Pack- 
ages for  the  stateroom  should  not  exceed  3  feet  in  length.  21  inches 
in  width,  and  15  inches  in  depth. 

LLOYD  BRASILEIRO. 

Fares  from  New  York. — To  Barbados,  $110 ;  Para.  $225 ;  Fortaleza, 
.$300;  Pernambuco,  $3.35;  Bahia,  $3.30;  Rio  de  Janeiro.  $360. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  tirst  day ;  arrive  Barbados,  ninth 
day ;  Para,  fourteenth  day ;  Ceara,  sixteenth  day ;  Pernambuco, 
eigiiteenth  day ;  Bahia,  twenty-first  day ;  Rio  de  Janeiro,  twenty- 
fifth  day;  Santos,  twenty-sixth  day. 

Baggage. — Each  passenger  is  permitted  to  carry  20  cubic  feet  of 
baggage  free :  any  excess  to  be  charged  for  at  the  rate  of  about  50 
cents  per  cubic  foot. 

MALLORT  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares. — New  York  to  Key  West,  $36;  New  York  to  Galveston. 
$o2..50;  Key  West  to  Galveston,  $32. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York  first  day;  arrive  at  Key  West  fifth 
day.  Galveston  seventh  day. 

Baggage. — Free  baggage  allowance,  1.50  pounds.  Exce.ss  rate,  per 
100  pounds :  To  Key  West,  $G ;  to  Galveston,  $9. 

144207°— 20 3 


34  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

MUNSON    STEAMSHIP    LINE, 

Fares,— New  York  to  Antilla,  Cuba,  $65-$175. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  Saturday ;  arrive  Antilla,  Wednes- 
day. 

Baggage. — Passengers  are  allowed  20  cubic  feet  of  baggage.  Addi- 
tional baggage,  20  cents  per  cubic  foot.  Passengers  should  arrange 
for  delivery  of  their  baggage  to  Pier  9,  East  River,  in  ample  time 
before  sailing,  and  claim  same  before  boarding  steamer. 

NEW  YORK  &  CUBA  IVIAIL  STEAMSHIP  CO.    (WARD  LINE). 

Fares. — The  following  rates  of  fare  are  for  first-class  accommoda- 
tions, two  persons  in  a  room : 

New  York  to :  Habana,  $70 ;  Nassau,  $71 ;  Progreso,  $85 ;  Vera 
Cruz,  $90;  Tampico,  $95. 

Nassau  to  :  New  York,  $71 ;  Habana,  $33. 

Habana  to :  New  York,  $87 ;  Nassau,  $33 ;  Progreso,  $60 ;  Vera 
Cruz,  $65;  Tampico,  $65. 

Progreso  to :  Habana,  $60 ;  Vera  Cruz,  $50 ;  Tampico,  $55 ;  New 
York,   $85. 

Vera  Cruz  to :  Tampico,  $30 ;  Progreso,  $50 ;  Habana,  $65 ;  New- 
York,   $90. 

Tampico  to:  Vera  Cruz,  $30;  Progreso,  $55;  Habana,  $65;  New 
York,  $95. 

Itinerary. — Habana  express  service :  Leave  New  York,  first  day ; 
arrive  Habana,  fifth  day.  Weekly  sailings  (Saturdaj's).  New  York- 
Mexico  service :  Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Nassau,  fourth 
day ;  Habana,  fifth  day ;  Progreso,  seventh  day ;  Vera  Cruz,  ninth 
day;  Tampico,  twelfth  day.     Fortnightly  sailings   (Thursdays). 

Baggage. — Personal  baggage  consists  of  wearing  apparel,  toilet 
articles,  and  similar  effects  in  actual  use  and  necessary  and  appro- 
priate for  the  wear,  use,  comfort,  and  convenience  of  the  passenger 
on  the  journey  and  not  intended  for  other  persons  or  for  sale. 

Two  hundred  (200)  pounds  or  20  cubic  feet  of  personal  baggage 
will  be  allowed  free  for  each  passenger  holding  a  full-fare  first-cabin 
ticket. 

NEW  YORK  &  PORTO  RICO  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares  from  New  York. — To  San  Juan,  $65  and  up,  according  to 
size  and  location  of  stateroom. 

Itinerary: — Leave  New  York,  first  day  ;  arrive  San  Juan,  fifth  day  ; 
leave  San  Juan,  seventh  day;  arrive  Ponce,  seventh  day;  arrive 
Mayagnez,  eighth  day. 

Baggage. — Each  first-cabin  adult  passenger  is  allowed  25  cubic 
feet  of  baggage;  second-cabin  passengers  are  allowed  15  cubic  feet. 
Rate  for  excess  baggage,  50  cent  per  cubic  foot.  Baggage  may  be 
sent  to  the  company's  pier  two  or  three  days  in  advance  of  sailing. 
It  will  not  be  put  aboard  steamer  unless  claimed  and  checked,  and 
passengers  are  urged  to  attend  to  this  shortly  after  their  arrival  at 
the  pier  on  the  morning  of  sailing. 

NORTON  LINE. 

Fares  from  New  York. — To  ^Montevideo,  one  passenger  in  state- 
room, $350-$450;  two  passengers  in  stateroom,  $225-$300  each.     To 


TRANSPORTATION.  35 

Buenos  Aires,  one  passenper  in  stateroom,  $.S7;'>-.'?.">< »o ;  two  passen- 
gers in  stateroom,  $250-J?32r)  each. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  first  (lay;  arrive  Montevideo, 
twenty-third  <hiy  ;  arrive  IJuenos  Aires,  twenty-tifth  day. 

Baggage. — Forty  euhie  feet  of  personal  ha^traKe  is  carried  free 
for  each  adult  passenger.  All  hatr^atre  mnst  he  jdainly  marked 
with  tlie  name  of  tlie  pas.senj?er,  name  of  steamer,  nnmher  of  state- 
room, and  destination.  Tat,'s  and  lahels  will  he  s\ipplied  hy  the 
company  on  application. 

PACIFIC  MAIL  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares  from  San  Francisco. — To  Mazatlan,  IVfexico.  .S77 :  f^an  I'.las, 
.?90;  Manzanillo.  .^OS :  Acapuloo.  .SlOi ;  Salina  Cruz.  .'?104 ;  Ocos, 
Guatemala,  .'^1.32 ;  Champerieo,  .$139..";0 ;  San  Jose,  .i;i39.r>0 ;  Acajutla, 
Salvador,  .$].Sfi..=iO;  La  Lihertad,  $142.50;  La  Union.  .?146.50;  Ama- 
pala,  Honduras.  $14(j.."iO;  Corinto,  Nicaragua,  $153.50;  San  Juan  del 
Sur.  $1.5.3..50:  Punliirenas.  ('..sta  Itico.  .^Um  ;  Balboa,  Canal  Zone, 
."^IGT.     Fare  through  the  Panama  Canal,  ciilior  direction,  $6. 

Fares  Between  Balboa  and  Ports  North. — Puntareaa-s.  .?34.70; 
San  Juan  del  Sur,  $48.30;  Corinto,  $63.10;  Amapala.  $69.30:  La 
Union,  $76.70:  La  Lihertad,  $84.20;  Aeajutla,  $90.30;  San  .To.«e. 
$104;  Champerieo,  $111..30;  Ocos.  $118.80;  Salina  Cruz,  .$132.40; 
Acnpulco,  $1.".3.."0;  JIanzanillo,  $1.59.60;  San  Bla.s,  .$1.59.60;  Mazatlan, 
.•^167;  San  Francisco.  $167. 

Fares  Between  Mexican  and  Central  American  Ports. — From 
Mazatl'in.— To  S.iu  Bias.  $14  :-Manzanillo.  $21:  Acapuko,  $41.8U : 
Salina  Cruz.  .$62.60;  Ocos.  .$83..50;  Champerieo.  .$90.40;  San  Jose  de 
Gu'itemala.  .$97..")(t;  Aeajutla.  $104.40;  La  Lihertad.  $111.30;  La 
Union,  $125.40;  Amapala,  $132.30;  Corinto,  $139.30;  San  Juan  del 
Sur.  $139.30;  Puntarenas.  $148.20. 

From  iSfl/i  Bias.— Tit  Manzanillo.  $14;  Acapulco,  $27.80;  Salina 
Cruz,  $5.5.70;  Ocos,  $83.-50 ;  Champerieo.  $83.-50;  San  Jose  de  Guate- 
mala, $90.40;  x\cajutla,  $97.50;  La  Lihertad,  $104.40;  La  Union, 
$118.30;  Amapala,  $12.5.20;  Corinto,  $132.-30;  San  Juan  del  Sur, 
$139.30;  Puntarenas,  $140.20. 

From  .\[an:;(iniUo.— To  Acapulco,  .$20.90;  Salina  Cruz.  .$41.80; 
Ocos,  69.60;  Champerieo,  $76.60;  San  Juan  de  Guatemala,  $83.50; 
Acaiutla,  .$83.50;  La  Lihertad,  .$97.40;  La  Union.  $ni..30;  Amapala, 
$111.30;  Corinto,  $118.30:  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $132.30;  Puntarenas, 
$146.20. 

From  Acapulco.— To  Salina  Cruz,  $27.80;  Ocos.  $55.70;  Cham- 
perieo, $62.60;  San  Juan  de  Guatemala,  $69.60;  Aca.julta,  $69.60; 
La  Lihertad,  $83.50;  La  Union.  $ft0.40:  Amapala.  $97.40;  Corinto, 
$104.40;  San  Junu  del  Sur.  $111.30:  Puntarenas.  $132.30. 

From-  Salina  Cm-.— To  Occs.  .$27.80;  Champerieo,  .$41.80;  San 
Juan  de  Guatemala,  $41.80;  Aeajutla,  $41.80;  La  Lihertad.  $.55.7n: 
T>a  Union.  $62.60;  Amapala.  $69.50;  Corinto,  $76.60;  San  Juan  del 
Sur,  .$83.50;  Puntarenas,  $104.40. 

From  Ocos. — To  Champerieo,  $14;  San  Juan  de  Guatemala,  $20.90; 
Aeajutla,  $27.80;  La  Lihertad,  $34.80;  La  T'nion.  .$48.70;  Amapala, 
.$55.70;  Corinto,  $69.60;  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $83.50;  Puntarenas, 
$90.40. 

From  Champerieo. — To  S;in  Juan  de  Guatemala.  $14;  Aeajutla, 
$20.90;  La  Lihertad,  $27.80;  La  T'niou,  $41.80;  Amapala.  $48.70; 
Corinto,  $55.70;  San  Junn  del  Sur,  $69.60;  Puntarenas,  $83.50. 


I 

36  GUIDE  TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

From  San  Juan  dc  Guatemala. — To  Acajutla,  $14;  La  Libertad, 
$20.90;  La  Union,  $27.80;  Amapala.  $34.80;  Corinto,  $48.70;  San 
Juan  del  Sur,  $55.70 ;  Puntarenas.  $69.60. 

.  From  Acajutla. — To  La  Libertad.  $14;  La  Union,  $20.90;  Ama- 
pala. $27.80;  Corinto,  $34.80;  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $41.80;  Puntarenas, 
$62.60. 

From  La  Libertad.— To  La  Union,  $14 ;  Amapala.  $20.90 ;  Corinto, 
$27.80 ;  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $34.80 ;  Puntarenas,  .$55.70. 

From  La  Uuion.— To  Amapala,  $6.90;  Corinto,  $20.90;  San  Juan 
del  Sur,  $34.80 ;  Puntarenas,  $42. 

From  Amapala. — To  Corinto,  $14;  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $27.80; 
Puntarenas,  $41.80. 

Itinerary. — Leave  San  Francisco,  first  day ;  arrive  Mazatlan,  sev- 
enth day  ;  San  Bias,  eighth  day  ;  Manzanillo,  ninth  day  ;  Champerico. 
thirteenth  day ;  San  Jose,  fourteenth  day ;  Acajutla,  fifteenth  day ; 
La  Libertad,  seventeenth  day ;  La  Union,  eighteenth  day ;  Amapala. 
nineteenth  day ;  Corinto,  tvs'entieth  day ;  San  Juan  del  Sur,  twenty- 
first  day ;  Puntarenas,  twenty-second  day ;  Balboa,  twenty-fourth 
day ;  Cristobal,  twenty-fifth  day. 

Baggage. — Between  ports  and  Balboa,  200  pounds  allowed  to  each 
full  cabin  fare;  excess  baggage,  3  cents  per  pound. 

PACIFIC  STEAM  NAVIGATION  CO. 

Pares  from  New  York. — First-class  minimum  rates  per  person  are : 
To  Kingston,  Jamaica,  $85;  Cristobal.  $120;  Callao.  $260;  Mollendo. 
$285;  Arica,  $290;  Iquique,  $300;  Antofagasta.  $325;  Coquimbo, 
$325 ;  Valparaiso,  $340 ;  Talcahuano,  $355 ;  Coronel,  $355. 

Fares  Between  Balboa  and  North  Pacific  Ports. — Puntarenas, 
$34.70;  Corinto,  $03.10;  Amapala,  $69.30;  La  Union,  $76.70:  La 
Libertad,  $84.20;  Acajutla,  $90.30;  San  Jose  de  Guatemala,  $104: 
Champerico,  $111.30;  Salina  Cruz,  $132.40.  For  passage  through 
the  Panama  Canal  add  $6. 

Pares  Between  Balboa  and  Ports  South. — Buenaventura,  Colombia. 
$35;  Tumaco,  $45;  Esmeraldas,  Ecuador,  $50;  Bahia  and  Manta. 
$60;  Cayo,  Machalilla,  and  Manglar  Alto.  $65;  Ballenita,  $70: 
Guavaquil,  $80;  Paita,  Pern,  $100;  Eten  and  Pacasmayo,  $105: 
SalaVerry,  $115 ;  Callao,  $135 ;  Pisco,  $145 ;  Jlollendo  and  Ilo,  $160 : 
Arica,  Chile,  $165;  Pisagua  and  Junin,  $170;  Caleta  Buena  and 
Iquique,  $175 ;  Tocopilla  and  Gatico,  $190 ;  A.ntofagasta,  $200 ;  Tal- 
tal  and  Chanaral,  $205 ;  Caldera,  Huasco,  and  Coquimbo,  $210 ;  Val- 
paraiso, $215 ;  Talcahuano  and  Coronel,  $230.  Fares  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  above-named  ports  may  be  found  by  adding  the  fare  from 
San  Francisco  to  Balboa  ($167)  to  the  fare  from  Balboa  to  these 
ports. 

Connecting  Lines. — Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line,  between 
New  York  and  Cristobal.  $75 ;  United  Fruit  Co.,  between  New  York 
and  Cristobal,  $120;  United  Fruit  Co.,  between  New  Orleans  and 
Cristobal,  direct,  $92 ;  United  Fruit  Co.,  between  New  Orleans  and 
Cristobal,  via  Habana,  $106;  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.,  between 
San  Francisco  and  Balboa,  $167. 

Itinerary. — Leave  Colon,  first  day ;  arrive  Guayaquil,  fifth  day ; 
leave  Guayaquil,  sixth  day;  arrive  Paita,  seventh  day;  Eten, 
eightii  day;  Pacasmayo,  eighth  day;  Salaverry,  ninth  day;  Callao, 


TRANSFORTATION.  37 

tenth  (lay ;  leave  Callao,  twelfth  day ;  arrive  I'isco,  thirteenth  day ; 
MoUendo,  fifteenth  day ;  Arica,  sixteenth  day ;  Iquique,  seventeenth 
day;  Aiitofa;rasta,  eighteenth  day;  CNiquinibo,  twentieth  day;  Val- 
paraiso, tweiity-tirst  day. 

Baggage. — Tlu'  tree  allowance  to  pa.ssenpers  paying  through  lirst- 
cla.s.s  rate  is  HUO  i)ounds.  ILxcess  between  New  York  and  Cristobal, 
li  tent.s  per  pound ;  between  New  York  and  lialboa,  5  eent.s  per 
p.ound ;  between  New  Y'ork  and  w-est-coast  ports,  C  cents  per  pound. 

PANAMA  RAILROAD  STEAMSHIP  LINE. 

Fares. — Between  New  York  and  Cri.stobal,  $7.5 ;  between  New  York 
and  I'ort  au  Prince,  Haiti,  .$75 ;  bi*tween  Cristobal  and  Tort  au 
Prince,  $45. 

Tliis  line  has  service  as  far  as  Colon  only,  but  .sells  tickets  to 
west-coast  ports,  connecting  with  steamers  of  the  I'acilic  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  Peruvian  Steamship  Co.,  and  Companfu  Sud-Ameri- 
cana  de  Vapores. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Port  au  I'rince, 
fifth  day ;  arrive  Colon,  seventh  day. 

Baggage. — Allowance  for  each  adult:  New  York  to  Cristobal,  250 
pounds ;  through  canal  to  west-coast  ports,  200  pounds.  Excess  bag- 
gage: New  York  to  Cristobal,  2  cents  per  pound;  Cristobal  through 
canal  to  west-coast  ports,  3  cents  per  pound. 

PENINSULAR  &  OCCIDENTAL  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares. — Between  Habana  and  Key  West,  $15  ;  between  Habana  and 
Port  Tampa,  $30 ;  between  Key  West  and  Port  Tampa,  $15 ;  includes 
meals  and  berth  while  at  sea. 

Itinerary. — Key  West-Habana  line:  Leave  Key  West,  Mondays, 
Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  Fridays,  and  Saturdays  at  8.30  a.  m. ;  arrive 
Habana  at  5.30  p.  m. ;  leave  Habana,  Mondays,  Tuesdays,  Wednes- 
days, Fridays,  and  Saturdays  at  9.30  a.  ra. ;  arrive  Key  West  at 
5.30  p.  m.  Port  Tampa-Key  West-Habana  line :  Leave  Port  Tampa, 
Sundays  and  Thurstlays  at  3  p.  m. ;  arrive  Key  West,  Mondays  and 
Fridays  at  7  a.  m. ;  leave  Key  West  at  8.30  a.  m. ;  arrive  Habana 
at  5.30  p.  m.  Leave  Habana,  Tuesdays  and  Saturdays  at  9.30  a.  m. ; 
arrive  Key  West  at  5.30  p.  ni. ;  leave  Key  West  at  7  p.  m. ;  arrive 
Port  Tampa,  Wednesdays  and  Sundays  at  11  a.  ni. 

Baggage. — Personal  baggage  (wearing  apparel)  of  not  over  150 
pounds  will  be  checked  free  for  each  passenger  holding  a  whole 
ticket,  and  75  pounds  for  each  passenger  holding  a  lialf  ticket. 
Under  present  ruling  of  the  Cuban  customs  authorities,  all  baggage 
must  be  itemized  on  the  purser's  baggage  entry ;  therefore  you  are 
required  to  give  the  purser  a  full  list  of  your  baggage  of  every 
description  to  insure  its  delivery  at  the  customhouse  at  the  time 
of  your  landing.  The  Southern  Express  Co.  will  have  a  representa- 
tive on  each  ship  to  Habana,  who  will  exchange  your  baggage  checks 
and  make  delivery  to  any  address  in  Habana. 

PERUVIAN  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares  from  Cristobal. — To  Guayaquil,  $85;  Paita,  $105;  Eten, 
$110;   Paeasmayo,  $110;    Salaverry,  $120;    Callao,  $140;    Mollendo, 


38  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

$165;  IIo,  $165;  La  Paz,  Bolivia  (via  Molleudo),  $185.  Fare  from 
Balboa,  Panama,  $5  less  than  above. 

Itinerary.— Leave  CrLstobal,  first  tlay ;  Balboa,  second  day- 
Guayaquil,  fifth  day;  Paita,  sixth  day;  Eten,  seventh  day;  Pacas- 
mayo,  seventh  day;  Salaverry,  eighth  day;  arrive  Callao,  ninth 
day;  arrive  MoUendo,  thirteenth  day.  Steamers  connect  at  Mol- 
lendo  with  international  train  for  La  Paz,  Bolivia. 

Baggage.— The  free  allowance  to  passengers  paying  through  rate 
is  200  pounds ;  excess,  3  cents  per  pound, 

QUEBEC  STEAMSHIP  CO. 

Fares.— The  following  are  the  rates  of  fare  per  berth  from  New 
York  to  Demerara.  British  Guiana,  and  intermediate  islands,  or 
vice  versa:  Steamer  Guiana,  to  Barbados,  $95;  to  Demerara,  $100; 
steamer  Parima  or  Korona,  to  Barbados,  $85;  to  Demerara  $95'. 
New  York  to  Bermuda,  round  trip,  $75 ;  time  about  40  hours. 

Itinerary.— Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  St.  Thomas,  sixth 
clay ;  St.  Croix,  seventh  day ;  St.  Kitts,  eighth  day ;  Antigua,  eighth 
day;  Guadeloupe,  ninth  day;  Dominica,  tenth  day;  Martinique 
eleventh  day;  St.  Lucia,  twelfth  day;  St.  Vincent,  twelfth  day; 
Barbados,  thirteenth  day;  Demerara,  sixteenth  day.  Steamers 
spend  about  one  day  in  each  port.  Returning  north,  steamers  call 
at  most  of  the  above  islands  but  remain  less  time  in  port. 

Steamship  Connections.— From  St.  Thomas:  To  San  Juan,  Porto 
Rico,  Santo  Domingo,  Haiti,  and  Jamaica.  From  Martinique:  To 
Trinidad,  Paramaribo,  Cayenne,  La  Guaira,  Porto  Cabello,  Puerto 
Colombia,  Cartagena,  Colon,  and  Havre.  From  Barbados:  To 
Trinidad,  La  Guaira,  Puerto  Colombia,  Cartagena,  Colon,  Limon, 
Jamaica,  Cherbourg,  and  Southampton, 

Baggage.— P'irst-class  passengers  are  allowed  20  cubic  feet  of 
baggage.  Excess  at  the  rate  of  18  cents  per  cubic  foot,  plus  5  per 
cent  primage  and  25  per  cent  surcharge. 

RED  D   LINE, 

Fares. — Steamers  Caracas  and  Philadelphia:  New  York  to  San 
Juan,  $4.5-$60;  New  York  to  Curacao,  $70-$85:  New  York  to  La 
Guaira,  $70-$85 ;  New  York  to  Puerto  Cabello,  $75-$90 :  La  Guaira 
to  New  York  (via  Puerto  Cabello),  $S0-.$95 ;  Puerto  Cabello  to  New- 
York,  $70-.$8o;  San  .Juan  to  Curacao,  $25:  San  Juan  to  La  Guaira, 
$25 ;  San  Juan  to  Puerto  Cabello,  $30 ;  Puerto  Cabello  to  San  Juan.' 
$25 ;  La  Guaira  to  San  Juan  (via  Puerto  Cabello), $35  ;  Curacao  to  La 
Guaira,  $11;  Curacao  to  Puerto  Cabello  (via  La  Guaira),  $15;  La 
Guaira  to  Curacao  (via  Puerto  Cabello),  $15;  La  Guaira. to  Puerto 
Cabello,  $7 ;  Puerto  Cabello  to  Curacao,  .$8. 

Steamers  Z^ilia  and  Maracaibo:  New  York  to  Mayaguez,  $55;  New 
Y^ork  to  La  Guaira,  $80;  New  York  to  Curacao,  $80;  New  York  to 
Maracaibo,  $95;  Mayaguez  to  La  Guaira  or  Curacao,  $25;  Mayaguez 
to  Maracaibo,  $40;  La  Guara  to  Curacao,  $11;  La  Guaira  to  Mara- 
caibo, $2G ;  Curacao  to  Maracaibo,  $15. 

Round-trip  tickets  good  for  12  months  are  issued  at  a  reduction 
of  10  per  cent. 

Typical  Itinerary. — Steamer  Philadelphia :  Leave  New  York,  Jan- 
uary 9;  arrive  San  Juan,  January  14;  leave  San  Juan,  January  14; 


TR\N.SI'()1{TATI(»X.  89 

arrive  Curacao,  January  1(5;  lejivc  Curacao,  January  IT;  arrive 
La  Guaira,  January  18;  leave  La  Guaira,  January  1!);  arrive  I'ucrto 
Cabello,  January  20;  leave  I'uertD  ^'altfllo,  January  --:  arrive 
Curacao,  January  2;^ ;  leave  Curacao.  January  23;  arrive  San  Juan, 
Janaurv  25;  leave  San  Juan,  January  2G;  arrive  New  York,  Janu- 
ary 31. 

Steamer  Zulia:  Leave  New  York,  January  16;  call  at  Mayasuez, 
January  22;  arrive  La  Guaira,  January  24;  leave  La  Guaira,  Jaini- 
ary  25;  arrive  (Juracao.  January  26;  leave  Curacao,  Jtinuary  31; 
call  at  Maya^iuez,  February  2 ;  arrive  New  York.  February  8. 

Baggage. — First-class  passenger.s  are  allowed  40  cubic  feet  of  per- 
.sonal  l)a;:ga};e.  For  excess  of  that  amount  the  charge  is  25  cents 
per  cubic  foot. 

ROYAL  DUTCH  WEST  INDIA  MAIL. 

Fares  from  New  York. — Aquin,  Haiti,  $105;  Aux  Cayes,  Haiti, 
$105;  Cape  Haitien,  Haiti,  $90;  Curacao,  $90;  Gonaives,  Haiti,  $90; 
Jacmel.  Haiti,  $105;  Jeremie.  Haiti,  $90;  Mira^oane,  Haiti,  $90; 
I'aramaribo.  Dutch  Guiana,  $125;  Petit  <;nave.  Haiti,  S;90;  Port  au 
Prince,  Haiti,  $90;  Port  tie  Paix,  Haiti,  $90;  St.  Marc.  Haiti,  $90. 
No  round-trip  tickets  issued.  Tliis  line  does  not  maintain  direct 
service  between  New  Yorlc  and  Venezuelan  port.s,  but  passengers 
may  tran.sship  at  Curacao  for  such  ports. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Cape  Haitien, 
seventli  day ;  Port  de  Paix,  eighth  day ;  Gonaives,  ninth  day ;  St. 
Marc,  tenth  day;  Port  au  Prince,  eleventh  day;  Petit  Goave, 
twelfth  day;  Jt^remie,  thirteenth  day;  Aux  Cayes,  fourteenth  day; 
Jacmel.  fifteenth  day ;  Curacao,  sixteenth  day ;  leave  Curacao, 
ei?:hte<'nth  day;  arrive  Pnranuiribo,  twenty-fourth  day.  Occasion- 
all.v  steamer.s  do  not  stop  at  all  these  ports. 

Baggage. — Allowance,  30  cubic  feet.  For  excess,  60  cents  per 
cubic  foot  is  charged  from  and  to  New  York  and  24  cents  per  cubic 
foot  intercolonial. 

ROYAL  MAIL  STEAM  PACKET  CO. 

Before  the  war  the  Pioy.il  IMail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  had  regular 
sailings  from  New  York  to  Bennuda  and  from  New  York  to  Cuba, 
Jamaica.  Panama  Canal,  Colombia.  Trinidad,  Barbados,  and  Eng- 
land. This  .service  lias  not  been  resumed.  Tlie  company  maintains 
a  fortnightly  service  from  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  to  all  the  British 
West  Indies  except  Jamaica  and  the  Bahamas. 

SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  CO. 

Fares. — New  York  to  New  Orleans,  $54;  New  Orleans  to  Habana, 
$41. 

Itineraries. — Leave  New  York,  Saturdays  and  Wednesdays  ;  arrive 
New  Orleans.  Wednesdays  and  Sundays.  Leave  New  Orleans,  Sat- 
urdays; arrive  Habana.  Afondays. 

Baggage. — P>agga!:re  on  tlie  New  York-Habana  line  will  be  checked 
throuiiii  to  destination  of  ticket.  Each  full  ticket  entitles  passenger 
to  150  pounds  free.  Excess  baggage  will  be  charged  for  at  rates 
shown  in  tarifE  on  file  at  offices  of  the  company.    A  single  piece 


40  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

weighing  over  250  pounds  can  not  be  checked  as  baggage.  For  a 
piece  of  baggage  any  dimension  of  which  exceeds  45  inches  there 
will  be  a  charge  for  each  inch  in  excess  equal  to  the  charge  for  5 
pounds  of  excess  weight. 

Upon  personal  application  to  any  office  of  the  New  York  Transfer 
Co.  in  New  York  City  or  Brooklyn,  or  upon  telephone  request,  bag- 
gage will  be  called  for  at  any  hotel  or  residence  in  Greater  New 
York  and  checked  from  such  hotel  or  residence  to  destination  of 
ticket. 

Only  regulation  steamer  trunks  not  exceeding  13  inches  high  will 
be  allowed  in  staterooms  or  suites.  All  other  trunks  will  be  stored 
in  baggage  room. 

On  the  New  Orleans-Habana  line  the  free  allowance  of  baggage  is 
150  pounds  in  weight  and  $100  in  value.  All  excess  baggage  will  be 
charged  for  at  the  rate  of  $4.20  per  100  pounds. 

TOYO  KISEN  KAISHA   (ORIEhfTAL  STEAMSHIP  CO.). 

Tares  from  San  Francisco. — Salina  Cruz,  Mexico,  $75;  Balboa, 
Panama.  $125 ;  Callao,  Peru,  $185 ;  Iquique,  Chile,  $210 ;  Valparaiso, 
Chile,  $235. 

Itinerary. — Leave  San  Francisco,  first  day ;  arrive  Los  Angeles, 
third  day ;  leave  Los  Angeles,  fifth  day ;  arrive  Salina  Cruz,  six- 
teenth day ;  leave  Salina  Cruz,  sixteenth  day  ;  arrive  Balboa,  twenty- 
second  day ;  leave  Balboa,  twenty-third  day ;  arrive  Callao,  twenty- 
ninth  day ;  leave  Callao,  thirty-fourth  day ;  arrive  MoUendo,  thirty- 
eighth  day ;  leave  MoUendo,  thirty-eighth  day ;  arrive  Arica,  thirty- 
ninth  day ;  leave  Arica,  thirty-ninth  day ;  arrive  Iquique,  fortieth 
day ;  leave  Iquique,  fortieth  day ;  arrive  Valparaiso,  forty-fourth 
day. 

TRINIDAD  LINE. 

Fares  from  New  York.— Grenada,  $80;  Trinidad,  $80;  Demerara, 
British  Guiana,  $100. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Grenada,  eighth 
day ;  remain  in  port  about  6  hours ;  arrive  Trinidad  about  10  hours 
after  leaving  Grenada  ;  remain  at  Trinidad  about  three  days  ;  arrive 
Demerara  about  36  hours  after  leaving  Trinidad. 

Baggage. — First-class  passengers  are  allowed  20  cubic  feet  of 
space  free.     Excess  baggage  20  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

UNITED  FRUIT  CO.  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Hew  YorK,  Cuba,  Canal  Zone,  Costa  Rica  Service. — Fares  from  New 
yorfc.— Habana,  $70;  Cristobal,  $120;  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica, 
$120;  Port  Limon,  via  Cristobal,  $141;  Port  Limon  and  return  (via 
Cristobal),  cruise  limited  to  three  months  from  date  of  sale,  $255. 

Fares  from  Habana. — New  York,  $70;  Cristobal,  $63;  Port  Limon, 
direct,  .$63 ;  Port  Limon,  via  Cristobal,  $85. 

Fares  from  Cristobal. — New  York,  direct,  $120;  New  York,  via 
Port  Limon,  $141;  Port  Limon,  $21;  Habana,  direct,  $63;  Habana 
via  Port  Limon,  $85. 

Fares  from  Port  Limon. — Cristobal,  $21 ;  Habana,  direct,  $63 ;  New 
York,  direct,  $106 ;  New  York,  via  Cristobal,  $125. 


TRANSPORTATION.  4 1 

New  York,  Jamaica,  Canal  Zone,  Colombia  Service. — Fares  from 
New  York. — Kirifrston,  Jamaica,  ."^Sn ;  rristol)al,  $120;  Cartayena, 
Colombia,  $141;  ruorto  ('nloniltia,  Colombia,  $141;  Santa  Maita, 
Coloniltia,  $141  ;  Santa  Mai'ta  ami  return,  cruise  limited  to  three 
months  from  date  of  sale,  .$255. 

Fares  from  Khu/stmi. — New  York,  .$.S5;  Cri.stobal,  .$43;  Cartapena, 
.$63;  Puerto  Colombia,  .$78;  Santa  Marta,  .$85;  Santiago,  Cuba.  $17. 

Fares  from  CristoliuJ. — New  York,  $120;  Kingston,  .Jamaica,  $43; 
Cartagena,  $21;  Puerto  Colombia,  $43;  Sauta  Marta,  $50;  Santiago, 
Cuba.  .$60. 

Fares  from  CarUigena. — New  York.  $141;  Puerto  Colombi.M.  $17; 
Santa  Marta,  .$28;  Cristobal,  via  Santa  Marta,  $50;  Kingston, 
.Jamaica,  via  Santa  JIarta,  $85;  Santiago,  Cuba,  via  Santa  Marta. 
$102. 

Fares  from  Puerto  Colombia. — New  York,  $141 ;  Santa  Marta,  $17  ; 
Kingston,  Jamaica,  via  Santa  Marta,  .$85 ;  Cristobal  via  Santa 
Marta,  .$50;  Santiago,  Cuba,  via  Santa  Marta,  $102. 

Fares  from  Santa  Marta. — New  York,  $141;  Cristobal,  $.50;  Kings- 
ton. Jamaica,  $85 ;  Santiago,  Cuba.  $102. 

Fares  from  Saiitia</o. — New  York.  $102. 

New  York,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Guatemala.  Honduras  Service. — Fares 
from  Neio  York. — Santiago,  Cuba.  .$71;  Port  Antonio.  .Jamaica,  .$85; 
Kingstori.  Jamaica.  .$85;  Puerto  Barrios,  CTuatemala,  $141;  Puerto 
Cortes,  Honduras,  $141 ;  Tela,  Honduras,  .$141 ;  Belize,  British  Hon- 
duras, $141.  Puerto  Barrios  and  return,  cruise  limited  to  three 
mouths  from  date  of  sale,  .$255. 

Fares  from  Santkiyo. — New  York,  $71;  Port  Antonio,  $17;  King- 
ston, $17;  Puerto  Barrios.  $71;  Puerto  Cortes,  $71;  Tela,  $71; 
Belize,  $71. 

Fares  from  Port  Antonio. — New  York,  $85;  Kingston  (transporta- 
tion and  luncheon  only,  $7;  Santiago,  .$17;  Puerto  Barrios,  $63; 
I'uerto  Cortes,  $63;  Tela,  .$63;  Belize,  $63. 

Fares  from  Kingston. — New  York,  $85;  Santiago.  $17;  Puerto, 
Barrios,  .$63;  Puerto  Cortes,  .$63;  Tela,  $63;  Belize,  $63. 

Fares  from  Puerto  Barrios. — New  York.  $141;  I'ort  Antonio,  $63; 
Santiago,  $71  ;  I'uerto  Cortes  (does  not  include  l)erth  in  stateroom), 
$9;  Tela,  $17;  Belize,  via  Tela,  $29;  Belize,  direct,  $17. 

Fares  from  Puerto  Cortes. — Tela  (does  not  include  berth  in 
stateroom),  .$9;  Belize,  $21;  Puerto  Barrios,  $35. 

Fares  from  Tela. — Belize,  $21 ;  Puerto  Barrios,  $35. 

Fares  from  Beli::e. — Puerto  Barrios.  $15. 

New  Orleans,  Canal  Zone,  Panama.  Cuba  Service. — Fares  from 
New  Orleans. — Cristoi)al,  dircrt,  .$'.t2;  Bocas  del  Torn,  Panama, 
$106;  Port  Linion,  $113 ;  Bocas  del  Toio  and  return,  cruise  limited  to 
three  mouths  from  date  of  sale,  $191. 

Fares  from  Cristobal. — New  Orleans,  via  Panama,  $106;  Bocas  del 
Toro,  $21 ;  Port  Limon.  via  Bocas  del  Toro.  .$35 ;  Habana.  $85. 

Fares  from  Boeas  del  Toro. — New  Orleans,  .$99 ;  Port  Limon,  $21 ; 
Habana,  $09. 

Fare  from  Habana. — New  Orleans,  $43. 

Fares  from  Port  Limon. — New  Orleans.  .$09;  Habana,  .$63. 

New  Orleans,  Cuba,  Panama,  Canal  Zone  Service. — Fares  from 
New  Or?ea«.s\— Habana,  .$43;  Bocas  del  Toro,  $99;  Bocas  del  Toro 
and  return,  cruise  limited  to  three  months  from  date  of  sale,  .$191; 
Cristobal,  $113. 


42  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Fares  from  Halana. — Bocas  del  Toro,  $63;  Cristobal,  via  Bocas 
del  Toro,  $85 ;  New  Orleans,  direct,  $43. 

Fares  from  Bocas  del  Toro. — Cristobal,  $21 ;  New  Orleans,  via 
Cristobal,  $99. 

Fare  from  Cristobal. — New  Orleans,  direct,  $92. 

New  Orleans,  Cuba,  Panama  Service. — Fares  from  New  Orleans. — 
Habana,  $43 ;  Bocas  del  Toro,  via  Habana,  $99 ;  Bocas  del  Toro  and 
return,  cruise  limited  to  three  m<mths  from  date  of  sale,  $191. 

Fares  from  Habana. — New  Orleans,  direct,  $43;  Bocas  del 
Toro,  $63. 

Fares  from  Boeas  del  Toro. — New  Orleans,  $99 ;  Habana,  $63. 

New  Orleans,  Cuba,  Hondtiras  Service. — Fares  from  Neiv  Or- 
leans— Habana,  $43;  Puerto  Barrios,  direct,  $63;  Puerto  Barrios, 
via  Habana,  $99;  Belize,  direct,  |.70;  Puerto  Cortes,  direct,  $71; 
Tela,  direct,  $71. 

Fares  from  Habana. — Puerto  Barrios,  $63 ;  New  Orleans,  43. 

Fares  from  Puerto  Barrios. — ^New  Orleans  direct,  $63;  New  Or- 
leans, via  Habana,  $99. 

Itineraries. — New  Yorl;  Cuba,  Canal  Zone,  Costa  Rica  Service. — 
Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  tirrive  Habana,  fourth  or  fifth  day ; 
leave  Habana,  sixth  day ;  arrive  Cristobal,  ninth  or  tenth  day ; 
leave  Cristobal,  tenth  day ;  arrive  Bocas  del  Toro,  tenth  day ;  leave 
Bocas  del  Toro,  tenth  day ;  arrive  Port  Limon,  tenth  day. 

Neio  York,  Jamaica,  Canal  Zone,  Colombia  Service. — Leave  New 
York,  first  day ;  arrive  Kingston,  sixth  day ;  leave  Kingston,  sixth 
daj' ;  arrive  Cristobal,  eighth  day  ;  leave  Cristobal,  ninth  day ;  arrive 
Cartagena,  tenth  day ;  leave  Cartagena,  eleventh  day ;  arrive  Puerto 
Colombia,  twelfth  day ;  leave  Puerto  Colombia,  twelfth  day ;  arrive 
Santa  Marta,  thirteenth  day. 

Ne^o  York,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Guatemala,  Honduras  Service. — Leave 
New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Santiago,  sixth  day ;  leave  Santiago, 
sixth  day ;  arrive  Port  Antonio,  seventh  day ;  leave  Port  Antonio, 
seventh  day ;  arrive  Kingston,  seventh  day ;  leave  Kingston,  seventh 
day ;  arrive  Puerto  Barrios,  tenth  day ;  leave  Puerto  Barrios,  elev- 
enth daj' ;  arrive  Puerto  Cortes,  twelfth  day ;  leave  Puerto  Cortes, 
twelfth  day ;  arrive  Tela,  twelfth  day ;  leave  Tela,  twelfth  day ; 
arrive  Belize,  thirteenth  day  ;  leave  Belize,  thirteenth  day. 

New  Orleans,  Cuba,  Panama,  Canal  Zone  SerPice. — Leave  New 
Orleans,  first  day ;  arrive  Habana,  third  day ;  leave  Habana,  fourth 
day;  arrive  Cristobal,  eighth  day;  leave  Cristobal,  ninth  day;  arrive 
Bocas  del  Toro,  tenth  day. 

Nei'j  Orleans,  Canal  Zone,  Costa  Rica  Service. — ^Leave  New 
Orleans,  first  day ;  arrive  Cristobal,  sixth  day ;  leave  Cristobal, 
eighth  day ;  arrive  Port  Limon,  ninth  day ;  leave  Port  Limon,  tenth 
day ;  arrive  Bocas  del  Toro,  eleventh  day. 

New  Orleans,  Guatemala,  Honduras  Service. — Leave  New  Orleans, 
first  day ;  arrive  Belize,  fourth  day ;  leave  Belize,  fifth  day ;  arrive 
Puerto  Barrios,  sixth  day ;  leave  Puerto  Bari'ios,  sixth  day ;  arrive 
Tela,  seventh  day ;  leave  Tela,  eighth  day ;  arrive  Puerto  Cortes, 
eighth  day. 

Baggage.— Baggage  allovv'ance,  first  class,  200  pounds ;  excess,  5 
cents  per  pound.  Baggage  must  reach  the  pier  at  least  5  hours 
before  sailing,  but  will  not  be  accepted  earlier  than  one  day  prior 
to  sailing.     Passengers  must  reach  the  pier  at  least  2  hours  before 


TRANSPORTATION-.  43 

sailiiifr,  as  bii^Kafrc  will  not  In'  plinvd  i;ii  board  \intil  claimc<l  and 
chocked.  All  ba;r^'aj.'e  must  be  plairdy  marked  with  jiasst'nKer'.s 
iianii',  steamer,  and  room  number.  P.tigpiL'e  to  be  placed  in  state- 
room nuist  l)e  not  more  than  14  iuches  lH;;h,  'i  feet  10  inches  long, 
to  permit  placing  under  berth.  I'asseiisii'rs  !)ave  access  to  baggage 
placed  in  hold  at  certain  times,  and  should  apply  to  purser  for 
permission.  Merchandise,  specie,  wines,  or  stores  will  not  be  ac- 
tepted  as  baggage. 

UNITED  STATES  AND  PACIFIC  LINE, 

Fares  from  New  York.— Cristobal,  $120;  Balboa.  .S125;  Callao. 
$2(;o;  Arica,  .$200:  Iquique,  .$300;  Antofagasta,  $32.j ;  Coquirabo. 
J?3n.">;  Valparaiso.  $310. 

Fares  from  Cristobal. — Callao,  $140;  Arica,  $170;  Iquique.  $180; 
Antofagasta.  ,$20.^.;   \'all>araiso,  $220. 

Itinerary. — Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  Cristobal,  sixth 
(lay  ;  leave  Balboa,  seventh  day ;  arrive  Callao,  twelfth  day ;  Arica. 
fifteenth  day ;  Iquique,  sixteenth  day ;  Antofagasta,  seventeentli 
day;  A'alparaiso,  nineteenth  day.  Buenos  Aires,  by  way  of  Val- 
jiaraiso  and  the  Transandine  Bailway,  may  be  reached  in  21  days 
from  New  York.  Connections  are  made  at  Cristobal  with  the  var- 
ious lines  to  and  from  the  West  Indies  and  at  Balboa  with  San 
Francisco  and  other  west-coast  steamei's. 

Baggage. — Two  hundred  pounds  carried  free  for  each  adult  pas- 
senger. Excess  baggage  will  be  charged  as  follows:  New  York  to 
Cristobal,  3  cents  per  pound ;  New  York  to  Balboa,  5  cents  per 
jiound ;  New  York  to  west-coast  ports,  6  cents  per  pound.  Baggage 
may  be  sent  to  the  pier  (Pier  33,  Atlantic  Terminal,  Brooklyn)  a 
day  or  two  before  sailing.  It  will  be  kept  on  the  dock  pending  claim 
of  passenger.  Baggage  to  bi^  placed  in  stateroom  should  be  not  more 
than  14  inches  Idgh,  24  inches  wide,  and  3G  inches  long.  ^lerchau- 
dise,  specie,  bullion,  valuables,  wines,  or  stores  will  not  be  accepted 
as  baggage. 

GENERAL  INFORMATION. 

TICKETS. 

Buying  Tickets. — After  the  route  has  been  selected  and  pa.ss- 
ports  obtained,  the  ticket  may  be  purchased  at  the  local  ticket 
office  of  the  steamship  company.  Where  the  steamship  lines  are 
not  directly  represented,  such  purchase  may  generally  be  made 
through  the  loovA  passenger  agent  of  a  railroad  company  or  at 
branch  offices  of  tourist  agencies. 

Ticket  Agencies. — l\<v  the  convenience  of  the  traveler  there  is 
given  on  p.age  20  a  list  of  the  steamship  companies  which  offer  pas- 
senger service  between  the  United  States  and  the  countries  covered 
In  this  guide.  The  names  of  some  of  the  leading  tourist  agencies 
and  express  companies  which  sell  tickets  are  also  included. 

Tickets  for  Entire  Trip. — The  traveler  who  has  a  definite  trip  in 
view  should  endeavor  to  arrange  for  a  ticket  covering  the  entire 
ti'ip.  By  purchasing  this  in  advance,  the  carrying  of  large  sums  of 
money  or  drafts  is  avoided,  and  the  traveler  is  also  able  to  save 
the  cost  of  exchange  in  going  from  country  to  country.     The  exces- 


44  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

sive  rates  for  short  steamship  trips  which  might  be  necessary  can 
thus  be  guarded  against. 

Eeturn  Tickets. — The  time  limit  on  return  tickets  varies  with  the 
different  steamship  companies.  Some  companies  allow  twelve 
months,  while  others  have  a  six-month  limit. 

Unused  Return  Tickets. — If  tlie  return  portion  of  a  ticket  be  not 
used  and  notice  is  given  within  the  period  of  availability,  most 
steamship  companies  will  make  a  refund  equal  to  the  difference  be- 
tween the  amount  paid  for  ticket  and  single  fare,  less  10  per  cent. 

Reservations. — Reservations  may  generally  be  made  upon  pay- 
ment of  half  the  passage  money.  Steamship  companies  usually 
require  that  full  passage  money  be  paid  and  tickets  taken  a  fort- 
night before  date  of  sailing. 

Stop-Over  Privileges. — The  conditions  regarding  this  matter  vary 
with  the  different  lines.  Passengers  desiring  to  stay  over  at  cer- 
tain ports  should  make  inquiry  regarding  this  point  when  purchas- 
ing tickets. 

Special  Rates. — If  a  group  of  salesmen  or  a  commission  of  busi- 
ness men  anticipate  making  a  trip  together,  it  is  sometimes  possible 
to  obtain  a  special  rate  for  the  party.  This  likewise  applies  to  a 
party  made  up  of  several  families.  Applications  for  such  rates 
should  be  made  to  the  individual  steamship  companies  or  tourist 
agencies. 

No  Responsibility  for  Belays, — Practically  all  steamship  com- 
panies disclaim  any  responsibility  for  loss  of  connections  due  to 
delays  in  ports,  fumigation,  or  the  refusal  of  the  authorities  to 
allow  passengers  to  be  received,  disembarked,  or  transshipped. 
Steamsliip  companies  will  not  be  responsible  for  the  exactness  of 
dates  showTi  in  the  itineraries,  and  they  generally  reserve  the  right 
to  omit  or  add  to  any  ports  scheduled  and  cancel  or  postpone  the 
sailings  indicated  thereon. 

Postponement. — In  case  of  postponement  of  sailing  of  a  steamer 
or  the  suppression  of  a  port  of  call,  those  passengers  v/ho  bought 
tickets  prior  to  the  publication  of  the  postponement  or  suppression 
will  be  returned  the  value  of  the  passage  paid,  but  beyond  this 
steamship  companies  will  accept  no  responsibility. 

Undesirable  Passengers. — Persons  suffering  from  any  serious  ill- 
ness, any  infectious  or  contagious  disease,  or  those  who  are  men- 
tally or  physically  incapacitated  •VYill  not  be  accepted  for  passage  by 
any  steamship  company. 

Tax  on  Railway  and  Coastwise  Steamship  Tickets. — A  war  tax  of 
8  per  cent,  payable  in  cash,  will  apply  on  one-way  and  round-trip 
tickets  to  points  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico,  where 
fare  is  over  35  cents,  and  on  commutation  tickets  between  points  30 
miles  or  more  apart.  The  8  per  cent  tax  also  applies  to  additional 
tickets  or  fares  for  exclusive  occupancy  of  drawing  room  or  com- 
partments. 

Parlor,  sleeping  car,  and  stateroom  tickets:  The  tax  will  be  10 
per  cent  of  the  amount  paid  for  such  accommodations. 

Excess  baggage :  Articles  other  than  baggage  forwarded  in  bag- 
gage cars,  for  which  charge  is  made,  such  as  public  entertainment 
paraphernalia,  dogs,  etc.,  8  per  cent. 

As  the  law  requires  that  the  tax  must  be  paid  by  the  purchaser 
of  the  ticket  and  that  it  must  be  collected  by  the  agent  at  the  time 


TRANSIT  )I{TATU)N.  45 

of  purchase,  the  public  is  urged  to  be  prepared  to  pay  the  tax  when 
applying  for  tickets. 

On  each  ratlii)  or  telephone  message,  where  the  charge  is  15 
cents  or  more,  a  tax  of  5  cents  is  levied,  to  be  paid  by  party  sending 
message. 

On  each  telegram  a  tax  of  5  cents  is  levied. 

United  States  Revenue  Tax. — A  tux  must  be  paid  on  all  outward 
passage  tickets  sold  in  the  United  States  for  passage  by  any  vessel 
from  a  United  States  port  to  a  foreign  port  or  place.  The  rates  are 
as  follows:  ?1  on  tickets  costing  over  .'jJlO  but  not  excee<ling  $3<); 
$3  on  tickets  costing  over  $3<j  but  not  exceeding  .$G0 ;  .'fG  on  tickets 
costing  over  $60.  This  tax  nuist  be  borne  by  passenger  and  is  pay- 
able with  passjige  money  at  the  time  of  purcliase  of  ticket. 

Alien  Head  Tax. — A  tax  of  .$8  is  imposed  on  every  passenger 
entering  tlie  country  who  is  not  a  United  States  citizen.  In  the 
case  of  passengers  in  transit,  receipt  f<)r  the  tax  will  be  given,  and 
such  payments  will  be  refunded  by  steamship  companies,  in  ex- 
change for  such  receipts,  if  passengers  leave  the  United  States 
within  30  days  of  arrival,  provided  they  have  been  declared  as 
transit  passengers  and  have  signed  the  necessary  certificate. 

Brazilian  Embarkation  Tax. — The  Brazilian  Government  levies 
an  embarkation  tax  of  5  per  cent  on  all  single  tickets  and  on  half 
the  cost  of  return  tickets.  This  applies  to  passengers  going  to 
ports  outside  of  Brazil.  For  ports  in  Brazil  the  tax  is  3  per  cent 
of  the  cost  of  the  ticket,  the  maximum  payment  being  .^2. 

Peruvian  Tax. — In  addition  to  passage  money,  a  tax  of  $5  per 
person  is  charged  on  all  prepaid  first-class  tickets  for  passage  from 
Peruvian  ports. 

BAGGAGE. 

Steamship  Company  Labels. — All  baggage,  trunks,  grips,  etc., 
should  bear  the  steam.ship  company's  labels  or  tags,  which  may  be 
obtained  on  application  at  agencies. 

Heavy  Baggage. — Heavy  baggage  must  be  sent  to  the  dock  in  ad- 
vance, and  steamship  companies  generally  require  that  such  bag- 
gage reach  the  loading  bertli  not  later  than  two  days  prior  to  the 
date  of  departure.  Advice  of  its  dispatcli,  with  full  particulars 
and  name  of  railway  or  express  company,  should  be  sent  to  the 
steamship  company's  office.         v    , 

Baggage  in  Cabin. — As  only  small  packages  can  be  taken  into  the 
cabin,  all  large  pieces  of  baggage  whicli  are  for  use  on  the  voyage 
are  stored  in  tlie  baggage  room,  acce.ss  to  which  is  generally  avail- 
al)le  at  a  certain  hour  each  day  during  the  voyage.  Packages  for 
the  stateroom  should  not  exceed  3  feet  in  length,  21  inches  in 
■^^■idth,  and  15  inches  in  depth.  Baggage  which  is  wanted  on  the 
Voyage  should  be  so  labeled,  or  it  may  not  be  accessible  during 
voyage.  All  baggage  must  pass  tiirough  the  customhouse  at  pas- 
sengers port  of  destination. 

Name  on  Baggage. — The  name  of  passenger  should  be  painted  in 
good-sized  letters  on  each  piece  of  baggage. 

Marking  Baggage. — Always  obtain  labels  from  the  steamship  com- 
pany's ollice  to  indicate  whether  trunks  are  desired  in  "  cabin,"  "not 
wanted,"  or  "  wanted."  Trunks  which  are  wanted  during  the  trip 
should  be  so   labeled.     Those  which  are  to  be  placed  in  the  hold 


46  GUIDE   TV   LATIN    AMERICA. 

should  be  marked  accordiugiy.  Most  steamship  companies  permit 
travelers  to  visit  the  hold  at  certain  hours  and.  examine  trunks 
which  are  marked  "  wanted."  If  trunks  are  marked  "  not  wanted," 
they  will  be  stowed  in  such  a  manner  that  access  thereto  is  im- 
possible. 

Protection  Against  Dampness. — Travelers  who  expect  to  spend  any 
length  of  time  in  Latin  America  should  take  precautions  against 
damage  to  their  baggage,  samples,  etc.,  by  dampness.  In  some  of 
the  Latin  American  countries  during  the  rainy  season,  particularly 
from  March  to  August,  many  kinds  of  goods  are  easily  ruined.  For 
instance,  footwear  will  become  covered  with  a  white  mold.  When 
leaving  clothing  in  wardrobes,  it  is  often  the  custom  to  hang  inside 
an  electric  bulb,  the  heat  of  which  will  counteract  the  moisture. 

Size  of  Trunks.— A  good  size  for  a  steamer  trunk  is  36  by  22  by  14 
inches;  such  a  trunk  can  easily  be  placed  in  the  cabin,  under  the 
berth.  Many  travelers  report  that  light,  strong,  water-tight  trunks, 
well  locked,  are  best.  The^'  should  not  weigh  over  100  pounds 
packed,  and  all  should  weigh  alike. 

Excess  Baggage. — Travelers  should  bear  in  mind  that  on  many 
railroad  lines,  especially  those  which  traverse  mountains,  the 
amount  of  baggage  which  is  transported  free  is  very  small.  The 
charge  for  excess  is  a  very  considerable  one. 

Insurance  of  Baggage. — Passengers  should  insure  their  baggage 
(including  samples)  against  all  marine  risks.  Risk  conditions  in- 
clude loss  or  damage  caused  by  fire,  sea  perils,  and  forcible  theft 
(not  pilferage)  while  on  board  the  steamer,  but  excepting  breakage, 
unless  caused  by  the  vessel  being  stranded,  sunk,  on  fire,  or  in  col- 
lision. Certain  companies  are  prepared  to  insure  baggage  of  their 
passengers.  In  case  the  steamship  company  itself  is  not  in  a  posi- 
tion to  insure  baggage,  such  insurance  can  be  obtained  on  application 
to  a  marine  insurance  broker. 

Traveling  salesmen  should  insure  all  baggage.  If  possible,  the 
policy  should  cover  all  losses  on  sea  or  land,  including  theft,  pilfer- 
age, etc. 

LANDING  AND  CLEARING  BAGGAGE. 

Customs  Inspection.— The  method  followed  by  the  customhouses 
of  the  different  countries  in  the  matter  of  inspection  of  baggage  is 
given  in  detail  under  each  country.  The  traveler  is  cautioned  to 
exercise  patience  in  dealing  with  customs  officials.  It  will  be  found 
that  it  is  far  more  expeditious  to  pursue  this  policy  than  to  display 
anger  and  make  complaints,  even  though  circumstances  may  justify 
such  attitude.  If  the  traveler's  baggage  contains  a  considerable 
percentage  of  new  clothes  which  have  not  been  worn,  there  is  usually 
no  difficulty  in  passing  tliem  if  it  cnn  be  plainly  seen  that  they  are 
for  personal  use.  Anything  that  is  dutiable  should  always  be  called 
to  the  attention  of  the  inspector.  A  willingness  to  display  what  one 
is  carrying  and  alacrity  in  opening  the  trunks  is  always  appreciated. 

Transporting  Baggage  from  Customhouse  to  Conveyance. — The  con- 
ditions governing  this  vary  greatly.  Sometimes  this  work  is  per- 
formed by  the  attendants  at  the  customhouse.  More  often,  after 
the  inspection  is  made  and  the  traveler  has  closed  his  trunks,  he  is 
compelled  to  call  a  cab  or  taxi,  or  arrange  to  have  the  baggage 


TILVNSI'OHTATION.  47 

transforred  to  hotel  l)y  a  "peon,"  "  inozo,"  or  "  cargador."  At  this 
stapro  of  handlinir  the  baggage,  as  at  all  others,  the  traveler  must  be 
on  the  alert. 

From  Customhouse  to  Hotel. — If  the  baggage  can  bo  rarrierl  f>n  a 
taxi  or  other  conveyniico,  tluTe  is  no  likelihood  of  any  iiarticular 
difficultie-s.  On  tiie  other  hand,  if,  as  fre<|uently  happens  In  Latin 
American  countries,  a  "peon"  must  be  engaged,  the  traveler  shouhl 
be  sure  to  note  tlie  number  of  the  latter's  license;  otherwise  an 
unscrupulous  individual  may  make  off  with  tlie  baggage.  It  i.s  also 
essential  to  strike  a  bargain  for  tiio  cost  of  trau.sportlng  baggage  to 
the  hotel  in  order  to  guard  against  overcharges. 

Checking  Baggage. — In  many  parts  of  Latin  America  the  system 
of  checking  baggage  is  not  so  highly  developed  as  in  th<>  United 
States,  When  a  traveler  wishes  to  go  from  one  pkice  to  another,  he 
should  allow  sufficient  time  to  transport  his  baggage  to  the  station, 
with  a  margin  of  time  for  checking.  Not  infre(|uently  the  baggage 
agent  is  insufficiently  equipped,  and  it  is  essential  to  allow  time  for 
the  "  revision  "  or  weighing  of  the  baggage,  writing  out  of  the  bag- 
gage ticket,  the  payment  cf  any  excos.s,  etc. 

Excess  Baggage  Charges. — The  cost  of  carrying  baggage  is.  gen- 
erally speaking,  nnich  higher  in  Latin  America  than  in  the  United 
States.  On  many  railroads  the  amount  carried  free  is  .small ;  on 
others  no  baggage  whatever  is  carried  free,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  hand  luggage.  The  matter  of  excess  baggage  must  be  in- 
vestigated in  each  instance. 

"  Cargadores." — The  traveler  will  find  it  advisable  to  bargain 
with  the  "  cargadores."  or  porters,  for  carrying  baggage  to  the 
steamship  piers,  and  likewise  with  the  boatmen  who  lighter  it  from 
the  pier  to  the  steamer.  This  is  e.'^pecially  important  in  the  small 
towns,  and  should  be  done  some  hours  in  advance  of  departure. 
In  this  way  a  good  deal  of  money  can  be  saved. 

"  Fleteros." — Tliese  are  boatmen  who  operate  small  boats  in  many 
ports.  In  the  port  of  Callao  the  "  tletero,"  like  the  "  cargador  "  in 
other  places,  has  a  brass  license  tag.  The  traveler  can  ascertain 
from  the  purser  or  other  official  the  correct  price,  and  should  not 
permit  himself  to  be  overcharged  for  the  removal  of  his  baggage  to 
the  shore. 

Express  Companies. — In  some  of  the  larger  cities  express  com- 
l)anies  are  now  taking  the  place  of  the  "  cargadores,"  Care  .should 
be  taken  to  ascertain  the  reliability  of  the  express  company,  as 
here,  too,  there  is  danger  of  inferior  service  and  possible  loss. 

Duty  on  Souvenirs. — Travelers  who  wish  to  carry  back  to  the 
United  States  .souvenirs  or  other  articles  purchased  in  Latin- 
American  countries  should  remember  the  regulations.  Before  their 
arrival  in  the  United  States,  whether  by  train  or  on  ship,  they  will 
be  furnished  with  a  blaidc,  on  which  should  be  listed  all  articles  for 
which  adnnssion  is  wanted. 

Allowances. — Americans  (foreigners  are  not  permitted  to  bring  in 
more  than  their  actual  clothing)  are  allowed,  free  of  duty,  $100 
worth  of  goods,  exclusive  of  cigars  and  cigarettes.  The  number  of 
cigars  that  may  be  admitted  free  of  duty  is  50  and  of  cigarettes 
3C)0  for  each  traveler.  Although  foreigners  are  not  entitled  to 
free  admission  of  .SlUU  worth  of  goods,  they  are  permitted  to  bring 
in  the  quantities  specified  of  cigars  and  cigarettes. 


48  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

ON  SHIPBOARD. 

Prohibited  Articles. — Passengers  are  strictly  prohibited  from  tak- 
ing on  board  gunpowder,  either  in  cartridges  or  otherwise,  lucifer 
matches,  or  any  article  of  explosive,  inflammable,  dangerous,  or 
damaging  nature.  Passengers  disregarding  this  regulation  are  lia- 
ble not  only  to  prosecution  and  to  the  penalty  imposed  by  statute, 
but  also  for  all  damage  resulting  from  taking  on  board  such 
articles. 

Wines,  Spirits,  etc. — The  regulations  of  most  lines  prohibit  pas- 
sengers from  bringing  on  board  wines,  spirits,  malt  liquors,  or  min- 
eral waters.     These  are  usually  obtainable  on  shipboard. 

General  Dress.— At  the  beginning  of  a  trip  ordinary  clothing  is 
worn.  As  soon  as  the  Tropics  are  reached,  this  gives  place  to 
negligee,  including  white  duck  suits,  low  shoes,  etc.  In  the  Tropics, 
even  if  passengers  do  not  dress  for  dinner,  it  is  customary  to  ap- 
pear in  suits  of  some  dark  material. 

Dress  for  Dinner. — On  the  larger  vessels,  particularly  the  English 
ships,  it  is  the  custom  to  dress  for  dinner.  The  traveler  who  wishes 
to  make  the  best  impression  should  abide  by  all  the  customs. 

Steamer  Chairs. — These  can  be  hired  from  purser  on  board.  The 
charge  varies  with  the  different  steamship  lines.  Most  of  the 
steamship  companies  charge  $1  per  trip.  The  chairs  should  be  prop- 
erly tagged,  so  that  they  may  be  occupied  at  the  traveler's  pleasure. 

Valuables. — Passengers  are  warned  against  keeping  valuables  in 
their  staterooms.  It  is  customary  to  place  same  in  the  care  of  the 
purser.  Steamship  companies  make  no  charge  for  this  service,  and 
they  accept  no  responsibility  for  loss  or  damage. 

Dogs  and  Pets. — Passengers  intending  to  take  pets  with  them 
should  make  arrangements  with  steamship  company  when  purchas- 
ing tickets,  otherwi.se  the  pets  may  not  be  allowed  on  board.  The 
rules  of  most  lines  do  not  permit  pets  in  saloon  or  staterooms. 

Quarantine. — All  quarantine  expenses  must  be  borne  by  passengers 
themselves. 

Care  while  in  Port. — Travelers  should  exercise  unusual  care  while 
ships  lie  in  port.  Doors  of  staterooms  should  be  carefully  locked 
in  order  to  prevent  theft. 

Doctor. — An  experienced  doctor  is  usually  attached  to  the  staff  of 
each  steamer.  His  services  are  free  for  sickness  developed  on  board. 
Medicines  are  also  provided  free  of  charge  by  most  of  the  steamship 
lines. 

Seasickness. — There  is  no  universal  remedy  for  seasickness.  The 
traveler  who  is  affected  by  the  rolling  of  the  vessel  is  urged  to 
remain  out  of  doors  as  much  as  possible.  When  threatened  with 
seasickness,  tea,  crackers,  and  toast  should  be  the  chief  diet  until 
the  traveler  is  accustomed  to  the  motion  of  the  ship.  As  a  rule,  the 
seasickness  will  disappear  after  a  few  days. 

Tips  on  Shipboard, — The  persons  who  must  be  tipped  are  the  table 
steward,  the  deck  steward,  the  bar  attendant,  the  bath  steward,  and 
the  stewardess.  For  short  trips,  to  the  West  Indies  or  Central 
America,  the  tips  vary  according  to  service  rendered.  They  range 
from  $2  to  $7.  For  a  longer  trip,  as  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Buenos 
Aires,  or  Valparaiso,  larger  tips  are  customary.  They  then  range 
from  $3  to  $10  or  $15,  depending  on  service  received. 


TRANSroRTATloX.  49 

Laundering. — On  th*^  new  siml  laiK*'  ships  lauiKlt-ring  is  now  no 
longer  so  inferior  as  it  was  in  tlu-  jiast  on  tlie  sinailor  vessels.  On 
tiie  latter,  unfortunately,  tlie  rliaracter  of  this  work  still  leaves 
niiK'li  to  he  desired,  ll  is  w<'ll,  thrn'ftjre,  to  have  a  siiHicii'iitly  larye 
wardrohe  to  he  ahsohitely  iiulei^endent  of  this  service. 

Sailing  Chart. — Tins  is  usumII.v  jiosted  each  day  at  noon,  either  in 
the  sin«>kinf;  room  oi-  in  thi>  main  eahiii.  It  shows  the  distance  cov- 
ered hy  the  ship  during  the  previous  24  hours. 

'  Knots  and  Miles. — The  .statm*-  mile  is  .".'JSO  fiJ^i  ;  t'c  nautical  mile 
or  Ilritlsh  Admiralty  knot  is  0,080  feet.     One  kuot  etiuuls  l.lol  miles. 
144297°— 20 4 


WHAT  TO  DO  ON  ARRIVAL. 
ADVANCE  WORK  FOR  TRAVELERS. 

Preparing  Ground  for  the  Traveler. — Careful  preliminary  work 
will  save  much  time  for  the  traveler.  The  ground  can  be  tilled  to 
such  an  extent  that  little  time  need  be  wasted  by  him  after  arrival. 
In  many  cases  excellent  "  leads  "  can  be  developetl  and  good  pros- 
pects found  by  correspondence.  These  can  then  be  turned  over  to 
the  traveler  so  that  the  business  may  be  closed  with  the  minimum 
of  expense.  Some  of  the  methods  of  tilling  the  field  are  given  in 
the  following  paragraphs. 

list  of  Buyers. — Obtain  a  list  of  buyers  w^ith  whom  business  is 
possible. 

Circularizing. — Circularize  this  list  with  carefully  prepared  let- 
ters or  advertising  matter.  This  matter  should  convey  some  idea 
of  the  character  or  importance  of  the  firm.  It  will  familiarize  the 
prospective  buyer  with  the  standing  of  the  house,  thereby  making  it 
possible  for  the  traveler  to  economize  both  time  and  energy. 

Announce  Saleman's  Visit. — Befoi-e  salesman  departs,  mail  an- 
nouncements of  Iris  prospective  visit.  Such  announcements  may  be 
printed  cards  or  written  letters.  Personally  written  letters  will  be 
found  far  more  effective.  If  necessary,  this  may  be  confined  to  a 
comparatively  small  number  of  the  best  houses. 

Salesman's  Personal  Letters. — The  representative  may  address 
personal  letters,  before  his  departure,  to  the  prospective  customers. 
This  is  a  courtesy  that  is  generally  appreciated.  If  merchants  an- 
ticipate placing  orders,  they  are  more  likely  to  hold  them  nntil  the 
visit  of  the  salesman. 

Timing  the  Announcements. — The  traveler  will  find  it  advan- 
tageous to  notify  customers  not  more  than  several  weeks  in  ad- 
vance, else  the  effect  of  the  notification  is  likely  to  be  lost.  For 
example,  if  he  visits  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  intending  to 
stop  at  Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Chile,  on  a  foui'-months'  trip, 
it  would  be  better  to  mail  letters  to  Chile  from  Bolivia  or  Peru. 
Arrangements  may  be  made  with  his  principal  to.  send  such  letters 
from  the  American  office  at  the  time  which  seems  most  appro- 
priate. 

Obtaining  "  Prospects." — "  Prospects  "  for  the  traveler  may  be 
developed  by  the  sending  of  catalogues  or  other  printed  matter  to 
a  selected  list  of  dealers  some  months  in  advance  of  the  salesman's 
departure.  The  sending  of  such  printed  matter  often  interests 
prospective  buyers  to  such  an  extent  that  correspondence  results. 
Such  correspondence  may  be  turned  over  to  tlie  traveler,  who  will 
find  it  much  easier  to  obtain  a  hearing  for  his  goods  than  would  be 
the  ease  if  the  catalogues  had  not  been  mailed. 

Advertising  in  Trade  Journals. — Very  frequently  some  advance 
advertising  is  done  in  trade  .i^^urnals,  export  papers,  and  other  me- 
diums of  that  character.  Such  advertisements  are  usually  cal- 
culated to  awaken  interest  among  prospective  buyers  and  to  create 
an  atmosphere  for  the  goods.    They  often  serve  to  give  an  idea 

50 


WHAT   TO   DO   ON    ARRIVAL.  51 

of  the  exporter's  standjiij;  aud  the  relinbility  mid  thf  variety  of 
the  poods  carried.  Not  infrequently  this  advertising  will  result  In 
inquiries  fur  sniii|ilcs.  whicli  may  Ix'  turii'd  ovtT  to  the  salesman 
for  f(ill<)\v-up  worlv.  As  a  rule,  tlie  seudintc  of  samples  can  be  nt- 
tendetl  to  at  reasonable  cost.  If  the  line  is  of  such  a  character 
tliat  samples  can  be  properly  forwarded,  this  Is  highly  desirable. 
In  irmumerahle  cases  they  help  to  arouse  interest  before  the  sale.s- 
inan's  arrival.  Reference  can  be  made  to  the  fact  that  a  .salesman 
will  call  at  a  certain  date. 

Work  While  Traveler  Is  on  the  Ground. — A  .salesman  can  often  b© 
aided  while  he  is  on  the  j^round  in  the  larger  places,  such  as  liuenos 
Aires,  Ilio  de  .Janeiro,  or  Santiago.  His  visit  in  these  places  may  be 
I)rolonged,  permitting  considerable  cooperation  with  1dm.  This  fo- 
eperation  may  be  of  the  following  character: 

Letters  to  dealers  advising  them  that  the  salesman  is  in  a  certain 
cit5'  and  that  he  carries  full  line  of  samples,  etc. 

"  Write-ups  "  in  the  local  papers.  If  the  salesman  is  clever  he 
can  frequently  obtain  invaluable  publicity  for  himself  and  for  his 
house  through  a  good,  newsy  interview.  When  well  conceived,  this 
is  extremely  effective. 

The  salesman  himself  can  send  out  letters,  accompanied  by  adver- 
tising matter,  pamphlets,  or  leaflets,  to  help  pave  the  way.  All  these 
things  are  very  effective. 

MOVEMENTS  ON  ARRIVAL. 

Suggestions. — The  representative  who  has  already  "  covered  "  a 
given  territory  may  not  find  it  necessary  to  observe  the  following 
suggestions.  For  a  traveler  who  has  not  visited  the  countries  pre- 
viously, the  following  hints  may  be  found  useful.  They  are  offered 
merely  as  suggestions. 

1.  Immediately  upon  arrival  engage  rooms  at  a  representative 
hotel.  Make  arrangements  for  sample  room.  (In  some  places, 
especially  in  smaller  towns,  it  may  be  necessary  to  rent  a  store- 
room. ) 

2.  Arrange  with  the  customhouse  broker  for  clearance  of  samples 
through  customhoiise. 

3.  Visit  the  American  consul  for  an  exchange  of  views  and  sug- 
gestions. If  an  American  commercial  attach<5  is  available,  he 
should  be  consulted.    Visit  American  bank,  if  any. 

4.  Make  a  preliminary  survey  of  the  business  district  to  determine 
what  firms  seem  most  likely  to  be  interested  and  worth  calling 
upon.  This  is  desirable  in  order  to  get  tlie  "lay  of  the  land."  If  a 
list  of  prospective  purchasers  is  carried,  these  can  be  checla-d  to  be 
sure  that  there  are  no  omissions.     Consult  the  local  directory. 

5.  Visit  one  or  two  of  the  leading  banks  or  banking  houses.  If 
letters  of  introduction  to  banking  houses  are  carried,  they  will  be 
found  valuable.  Submit  the  list  of  prospective  customers  to  bankers 
and  obtain  an  idea  of  the  credit  to  which  the  dealers  are  entitled. 
This  system  will  save  much  time  and  obviate  sales  to  people  whose 
orders  would  not  be  approved  by  the  credit  man  at  home. 

6.  If  the  mercantile  agencies  are  represented  in  that  community, 
a  conference  with  the  manager  of  the  ofhce  will  be  found  desirable, 
as  it  will  also  serve  to  avoid  misdirected  effort. 


52  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

7.  Present  letters  of  introduction  to  any  mercantile  organizations, 
business  lionses,  etc. 

8.  A  preliminary  visit  to  the  customers  for  tlie  purpose  of  making 
an  appointment  to  inspect  samples  is  desirable.  In  many  Latin 
American  cities  it  is  almost  impossible  to  obtain  an  immediate  hear- 
ing, as  merchants  are  not  accustomed  to  accommodate  a  traveler  by 
going  immediately  to  a  hotel. 

9.  If  merchants  fail  to  keep  appointments  (which  is  oft^n  tlie 
case),  the  traveler  should  visit  them  again.  If  necessary,  some 
samples  should  be  taken  to  the  stores  and  every  art  of  salesmanship 
employed  to  obtain  orders.  The  habits  of  the  buyers  vary  as  greatly 
in  Latin  America  as  in  the  United  States,  and  the  foregoing  hints 
are  merely  suggested  to  simplify  the  procedure.  There  are  no  hard 
and  fast  rules. 

Social  Life. — The  social  amenities  are  much  more  carefully  ob- 
served in  Latin  America  than  in  the  LTnited  States.  The  traveler 
will  find  it  highly  advantageous  to  be  so  armec>  with  letters  of  intro- 
duction that  he  may  obtain  entree  to  the  clubs,  to  commercial  organ- 
izations, etc.  Much  business  is  transacted  in  that  manner,  and  the 
traveler  who  has  not  taken  the  precaution  of  obtaining  the  necessary 
credentials  entitling  him  to  be  "  put  up  "  at  the  clubs,  may  be  at 
some  disadvantage.  Whenever  possible,  invitations  to  social  affairs 
should  be  gratefully  accepted,  as  they  often  lead  to  business. 

Languages. — So  much  has  been  written  and  said  on  this  subject 
that  it  requires  no  extended  discussion.  The  traveler  who  visits 
Latin  America  will  find  a  knowledge  of  Spanish  invaluable  in  all 
countries  except  Haiti,  where  French  is  spoken,  and  in  Brazil,  where 
Portuguese  is  the  accepted  tongue.  Even  though  the  language  may 
be  spoken  only  imperfectly,  an  elTort  to  converse  therein  is  greatly 
appreciated,  and  errors  or  slips  of  speech  are  overlooked.  In  certain 
communities  the  French  merchants  are  very  important  factors ;  in 
others.  Italian.  The  traveler  who  speaks  these  tongues  also  will 
find  it  advantageous  to  use  them  in  his  relations  with  the  dealers. 

Business  Customs. — The  methods  of  transacting  business  in  Latin 
America  differ  A^ery  widely  in  the  various  Republics.  The  observant 
traveler  will  quickly  recognize  these  differences  and  interpret  the 
spirit  which  prevails  in  the  various  comnuinities.  With  only  rare 
exceptions  will  he  find  the  conditions  like  those  in  the  United  States, 
and  he  should  be  prepared  to  adapt  himself  to  the  changes.  The 
traveler  who  is  a  fault  finder,  grumbler,  unwilling  to  overlook  cer- 
tain discomforts  and  the  primitive  conditions  associated  with  pio- 
neering, is  imsuited  to  develop  business,  and  he  will  find  himself 
more  succes.sful  in  another  field  or  at  home. 

Duty  on  Samples. — The  customs  tariff  laws  of  the  West  Indies, 
Mexico,  and  Central  and  South  American  countries  differ  widely. 
The  procedure  regarding  admission  of  samples  also  varies,  but,  as  a 
general  rule,  not  so  much  as  the  tariff  on  imports.  Under  each 
country  have  been  listed  the  rules  applicable  to  duties  on  samples 
and  the  procedure  to  be  followed  in  getting  them  into  and  out  of  the 
country.  Suggestions  regarding  giving  bond,  etc.,  will  be  found  in 
the  proper  divisions. 

Travelers'  Licenses. — Many  efforts  have  been  mode  to  obtain  the 
remission  of  these  imposts.  In  some  countries  the  traveler  requires 
no  license,  while  in  others  the  taxes  vary  in  each  State  or  Province. 


WHAT   TO    DO    OX    AUKIVAL.  53 

The  lequireiuents  will  be  found  carefully  btt  l<;rUi  uuik-r  each 
couutry. 

Sales  Policy. — Salesmen  who  visit  Latin  America  for  the  first  time, 
especially  the  larger  cities,  frwiuently  make  errors  in  solicitation 
which  may  later  adversely  affect  their  prospects.  If  business  can 
successfully  be  done  with  lar^'e  wholesale  importers  (who  iu  turn 
distribute  goods),  it  is  bad  policy  to  solicit  from  retail  stores  or 
houses  of  less  importance.  Geiienilly  speaking,  the  markets  liave  a 
limited  purchasing  power.  Furthermore,  a  large  distributer  offers 
serious  objections  if  he  learns  that  a  salesman  attempts  to  sell  both 
to  him  and  to  smaller  competitive  houses.  All  aspects  of  this  prob- 
lem should  be  carefully  studied. 

Holidays:  Their  Effect. — The  holidays  of  Latin  America  exert  more 
influence  on  business  than  do  similar  occasions  in  the  United  States. 
In  Latin  America,  because  of  its  Catholic  population,  the  feast  days 
of  the  church  are  more  widely  recognized  than  in  the  United  States. 
They  often  have  ofllcial  recognition,  particularly  in  the  cities  of 
secondary  importance.  The  several  days  preceding  Easter  in  par- 
ticular are  celebrated,  business  being  practically  suspended  on  Holy 
Thursday  and  Good  Friday.  The  saints'  days  likewise  are  recog- 
nized. Celebrations  in  honor  of  historical  characters  and  national 
heroes,  besides  national  holidays,  must  also  be  taken  into  account. 
Under  the  various  countries  the  principal  holidays  are  speciiied,  and 
tlie  traveler  will  lind  it  will  to  consider  them  in  planning  his  trips. 

Seasons  in  latin  America. — Where  seas/mable  goods  are  required, 
it  is  of  the  highest  importance  to  remember  that  south  of  the  Equa- 
tor the  seasons  are  the  reverse  of  those  in  the  United  States.  This 
is  especially  important  in  dealing  with  Argentina,  Uruguay,  Para- 
guay, and  Chile. 

Adjustment  to  Conditions. — In  most  lines  of  merchandise,  the  im- 
porters in  Latin  American  Republics  are  accustomed  to  purchasing 
earlier  than  dealers  in  similar  lines  in  the  United  States.  This 
makes  it  possible  to  solicit  and  obtain  orders  somewhat  earlier  than 
would  be  the  case  in  the  United  States. 

Use  of  Diary. — The  advantages  of  keeping  a  diary  are  obvious. 
Such  a  record  will  be  f<nind  particularly  valuable  if  nsed  for  the 
purpose  of  recording  visits  to  firms,  names  of  the  buyers  or  depart- 
ment heads  interviewed,  list  of  goods  in  which  they  are  interested, 
etc.  Other  valuable  information  for  subsequent  use  may  also  be 
recorded.  This  includes  the  recording  of  birthdays  or  saints'  days 
of  buyers  or  customers,  who  may  later  on  be  remembered  %vith  cards, 
to  show  the  traveler's  interest  in  the  buyer  or  customer.  This  is 
particularly  appreciated  by  Latin  Americans. 

Time  for  Filling  Orders. — The  following  calculation  will  serve  as  a 
basis  for  travelers,  and  Mill  show  how  much  time  must  be  counted 
on  for  the  sale  of  goi.ds,  their  manufacture,  delivery,  and  payment: 

Leave  New  York  November  1. 

Arrive  Colon  November  8. 

Miscellaneous  steps  between  Colon  and  Valparaiso  (depending 
upon  conditions"),  60  days. 

Arrive  Valparaiso  January  8. 

Order  mailed  from  Valparaiso  January  15. 

Order  reaches  New  York  February  6. 


54  GUIDE  TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Order  approved,  goods  manufactured,  and  delivered  to  port  of 
New  York  60  days  later,  or  April  6. 

Goods  shipped  from  New  York  April  10, 

Arrive  in  Valparaiso  May  10. 

Draft  accepted  May  15,  payable  60  days'  sight. 

Goods  cleared  in  customhouse  May  25. 

Goods  on  sale  in  customer's  store  June  1. 

Draft  paid  to  the  bank  in  Valparaiso  July  15. 

Remittance  reaches  New  York  August  6. 

Attention  to  Officials. — ^Travelers  in  Latin  America,  regardless  of 
the  country,  will  find  that  when  traveling,  in  the  interior  especially, 
it  is  advisable  to  keep  on  pleasant  terms  with  the  chief  officiafs. 
If  the  traveler  contemplates  covering  a  stretch  of  road  which  may 
appear  to  him  dangerous  and  where  he  may  be  subjected  to  attack 
(this  being  extremely  rare),  he  may  apply  to  the  sheriff  or  "  jefe 
politico  "  for  a  guard.  In  any  event,  it  is  highly  desirable  to  fully 
recognize  the  authority  of  this  official  and  to  maintain  the  very 
best  relations  with  him. 

HOTELS,  BOARDING  HOUSES,  AND  FEES. 

Hotels  and  Boarding  Houses. — The  hotel  accommodations  in  Latin 
America  vary  quite  as  widely  as  do  those  in  the  United  States. 
In  large  cities,  such  as  Buenos  Aires,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santiago, 
there  are  numerous  hotels,  ranging  from  the  very  expensive  to  the 
most  insignificant.  The  traveler  should  not  stint  himself  in  the 
matter  of  his  hotel.  He  should  patronize  only  the  best  and  most 
dignified,  inasmuch  as  he  is  judged  largely  by  the  character  of  his 
lodgings.  In  the  larger  cities  there  is  usually  a  choice  of  hotels, 
and  those  which  cater  to  traveling  men  and  have  the  necessaiy  ac- 
commodations in  the  matter  of  sample  rooms,  etc.,  should  be 
chosen.  In  the  larger  places  modern  conveniences,  including  sani- 
tary plumbing,  baths,  etc.,  are  now  quite  common. 

Changes  in  Hotels. — The  special  attention  of  travelers  is  drawn  to 
the  fact  that  hotel  accommodations  are  constantly  subject  to 
change.  Not  only  is  there  in  many  places  a  periodical  variation  in 
price  due  to  tourist  seasons  and  similar  causes,  but  the  proprietors 
of  hotels  frequently  change  the  character  of  their  accommodations, 
with  consequent  elfect  on  the  prices.  In  many  instances  rates  are 
advanced,  but,  as  experienced  travelers  know,  there  is  often  a 
deterioration  in  the  quality  of  service,  food,  etc.  It  is  deemed 
necessary  to  point  out  this  fact,  because  hotels  which  one  year  may 
be  among  the  leading  ones  in  a  community  are  sometimes  discon- 
tinued or  at  a  later  period  are  found  in  an  entirely  different  class. 
Under  each  city  has  been  given  a  list  of  hotels  which  are  of  most 
interest  to  commercial  travelers.  However,  it  will  sometimes  hap- 
pen that  a  hotel  not  specified  will  prove  even  more  desirable  for  the 
traveler's  convenience  and  comfort.  This  can  be  ascertained  by 
personal  investigation  after  arrival  and  by  consultation  with  fellow 
travelers. 

Hotels  in  Small  Towns. — The  accommodations  in  the  smaller 
places,  and  even  in  communities  of  some  commercial  importance, 
are  frequently  poor.  The  traveler  who  can  not  adjust  himself  to 
certain   shortcomings   in   the  matter   of   accomodations,   food,   and 


WHAT   TO   IK)   OX    ARRIVAL.  55 

service  had  be«t  reumiu  ul  liuiue.  Hotels  in  hiimll  towns  arc' 
seUluiu  eyuipiHil  with  saini'le  rooius,  and  it  uiuy  be  uecesMiry  to 
mulie  arrungfiuents  to  disphiy  sampk-s  in  soiue  vacant  room  or 
huihliug  not  wed  adapted  to  the  purpose.  Hotels  of  tliis  category 
are  usually  lacking  in  uiodorn  convfuienccs. 

Boarding  Houses  or  Pensions. — Travelers  who  find  it  necc.s.'?ar>*  to 
spend  a  considerable  tinac  in  one  place  freciuently  take  quarters  in  a 
,"pen.sion  "  or  boarding  liouse.  AVhen  this  is  done  a  sample  room  Is 
maintaini^d  in  the  central  or  business  district.  The  cost  under  this 
system  it;  not  so  great,  and  for  one  not  familiar  with  the  language 
there  is  the  added  advantag<'  of  acyuiriug  the  tongue  from  the  na- 
tives. Quarters  in  a  "  pension  "  or  boarduig  house  can  usually  be 
obtained  by  watching  the  advertisements  in  the  principal  news- 
papers, or  by  inserting  au  advertisement  therein,  or  by  inquiring  of 
friends.  The  American  consul,  if  one  is  available,  can  usually 
advise. 

Special  Hint. — When  necessary  to  "  make  "  small  towns  travelers 
are  advised  to  obtain  from  friends  in  the  large  centers  letters  of 
iutroduelion  to  acquaintances  in  the  smaller  places,  with  whom  they 
may  slop  while  transacting  their  business.  This  is  by  far  the 
safest  method  and  Insures  a  maximum  of  comfort  and  cleanliness 
unobtainable  otherwise.  Sometimes,  when  properly  introduced 
under  sucli  circumstances,  the  host  refuses  to  accept  any  pay  for 
the  accommodations. 

Tambos. — These  are  very  small  primitive  inns.  They  are  found 
ift  the  settlements  or  villages  through  which  a  traveler  passes  in 
making  trips  by  "carretera"  or  "  camiuo  de  herradura."  They 
are  sometimes  the  only  means  of  obtaining  shelter  overnight.  The 
food  frequently  is  both  limited  and  of  poor  quality.  If  the  ti-aveler 
anticipates  having  to  stop  at  a  tambo,  it  is  necessary  for  him 
to  have  his  own  hammock,  a  few  pieces  of  bed  linen,  mosquito  net- 
ting, etc.  Canned  food  should  also  be  included  in  the  baggage  in 
order  that  there  may  be  some  degree  of  satisfaction  at  meal  time. 

"Mesones." — ^These  are  taverns  of  an  inferior  kind.  They  usu- 
ally alford  lodging  for  the  traveler  and  quarters  for  his  animals. 
They  should  be  avoided  if  possible. 

"  Fondas." — These  are  similar  to  the  "  mesones,"  but  of  a  still 
poorer  quality.     They  are  not  for  American  travelers. 

General  Construction  of  Hotels.— ^Although  modern  hotel  build- 
ings are  being  erected  in  many  of  the  cities  of  Latin  America,  the 
great  majority  of  such  places  are  still  old  fashioned.  They  are 
usually  built  around  "patios,"  or  open  courts.  Freqiieutly  the 
only  light  which  enters  is  through  a  door  or  window  opening  on  the 
court.  In  many  latitudes,  where  mosquitoes  are  prevalent,  the 
traveler  should  insni-e  his  comfort  by  insisting  upon  a  good  mos- 
quito netting.  Failing  to  obtain  the  right  kind  at  the  hotel's  ex- 
pense, he  should  carry  his  own.  In  fact,  experienced  travelers 
often  do  this. 

Baths. — In  the  smaller  cities,  and  frequently  in  the  larger  ones, 
the  hotels  are  not  equipped  with  modern  pluuilting,  hot  water,  or 
bathrooms.  Under  such  conditions  it  is  necessary  to  patronize  bath 
establishments,  which  are  often  operated  in  connection  with  barber 
shops.  They  are  reasonable  in  cost  and  the  service  is  usually 
good,  while  cleanliness  generally  prevails. 


56  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Toilet  Conveniences. — These  are  often  very  primitive.  In  ttiis  mat- 
ter extreme  care  sliould  be  taken  to  guard  against  infection,  and 
travelers  are  warned  to  take  all  precautions. 

Meals  in  Latin  America. — Generally  speaking,  the  hotels  in  Latin 
America  are  operated  on  the  American  plan ;  that  is,  meals  are  in- 
cluded in  the  cost  of  accommodations. 

Morning  Coffee. — This,  with  bread  and  butter,  is  usually  served 
in  one's  room  and  brought  to  the  door  by  a  servant.  If  specially 
requested,  milk  may  be  obtained  in  place  of  hot  water  (for  the 
coffee).  Fruit  may  often  be  had  if  asked  for.  Eggs  are  not  xisu- 
ally  served,  and  when  obtainable,  an  extra  charge  is  made.  The 
heavy  breakfast,  as  served  in  the  United  States,  is  not  known  in 
Latin  America,  even  North  Americans  falling  into  the  habit  of  the 
Latin  American. 

Almnerzo. — This  is  served  from  11  to  1  or  2  o'clock.  It  is  a 
rather  heavy  luncheon,  taking  the  place  of  breakfast.  It  usually 
includes  a  salad,  a  "  dulce,"  or  sweet,  and  often  cheese. 

Comida. — This  meal — dinner — is  served  in  the  evening,  generally 
from  6  to  9.  In  most  of  the  Latin-American  countries  people  usu- 
ally dine  very  late. 

General  Eemarks. — As  a  rule,  there  is  not  much  to  complain 
about  in  connection  with  the  meals  to  be  had  in  the  fair-sized 
towns ;  it  is  only  in  the  very  small  places  that  conditions  are  bad. 

Furnishings  of  Hotels. — In  the  smaller  places,  and  sometimes 
even  in  the  larger  ones,  the  bedding  is  not  the  best.  It  is  always 
advisable  to  carry  several  changes  of  bed  linen,  sheets,  and  blan- 
kets. A  few  towels  will  also  come  in  handy.  An  air  pillow  likewise 
is  often  appreciated. 

Seeking  a  Hotel. — If  the  traveler  is  in  doubt  as  to  the  hotel  best 
suited  to  his  purposes,  he  will  find  it  advantageous  either  to  engage 
a  coach  or  taxicab,  or,  in  the  smaller  places,  walk  around  the 
"  plaza  "  until  he  has  made  the  necessary  inspection.  This  is  ad- 
visable, because,  once  having  taken  up  quarters  and  having  baggage 
brought  to  the  hotel,  it  is  both  inconvenient  and  expensive  to  make 
the  transfer.  A  "  cargador,"  usually  found  in  gi'eat  numbers  around 
the  stations,  can  carry  tlie  hand  luggage,  while  the  heavy  baggage 
is  left  at  the  depot  until  quarters  have  been  engaged. 

Tipping. — ^The  custom  of  tipping  is  universal  in  Latin-American 
countries.  As  a  rule,  except  perhaps  in  the  very  largest  and  most 
expensive  hotels  in  the  gi-eatest  cities,  the  tips  are  smaller  than  in 
the  United  States.  Tipping  is  a  custom  which  the  traveler  can  not 
afford  to  ignore.  It  will  help  him  materially  in  getting  along. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  excuse  for  extravagance,  and  only 
a  bad  precedent  is  set  by  those  Americans  who  are  careless  with 
or  too  liberal  in  their  fees. 

INTERIOR  TRANSPORTATION. 

Railroad  and  Steamship  Service. — Travelers  should  expect  no  uni- 
formity in  the  character  of  transportation  service  in  Latin  America 
as  regards  either  raili-oad  or  steamship  lines.  The  quality  of  the 
service  varies  from  the  very  highest  to  the  most  inferior.  In  cer- 
tain countries,  such  as  Argentina  and  Brazil,  some  of  the  railroad 
lines  are  conducted  with  the  same  skill  and  intelligence  as  in  the 


WUAT   TO   DO   OX    AKKIVAL.  57 

United  States,  and  the  comfort  of  ihf  traveler,  in  regard  to  sleeping 
accommodations,  restaurant  cars,  etc.,  is  all  tliat  can  possibly  be 
asked.  On  the  other  haml,  there  are  many  short  lines  which  may 
run  trains  only  on  certain  days  of  tlie  week,  and  upon  which  travel- 
ing is  extremely   uncomfortable. 

The  same  dilferences  characterize  the  steamship  service,  whieh 
plays  such  a  prominent  part  in  transportation  in  many  Lalin- 
American  Kepublics.  The  traveler  is  urged  to  acquaint  himself 
with  the  \arylng  qualities  of  the  lines,  especially  when  there  are 
competitive  conditions  and  a  choice  is  possible.  A  personal  inspec- 
tion of  steamers  and  the  cabins  thereon,  even  at  the  loss  of  some 
time,  before  passa.ire  is  engaged,  will  be  found  a  wise  precauti<'n. 

Conditions  Affecting  Transportation. — When  using  animal  trans- 
portation in  Latin  America  it  is  on  roads  which  are  designated 
either  "  carreteras  "  or  "  caminos  de  herradura." 

Carreteras. — The  carretera  is  preferable  to  the  camino  de  herra- 
dura, being  suitable  for  at  least  a  cart  drawn  by  oxen,  sonu-time.s 
being  fairly  adapted  to  the  use  of  mules,  and  in  rare  cases  for 
automobiles.  Carreteras  have  several  degrees  of  perfection,  ranging 
from  a  bad  mud  road  to  a  fairly  decent  macadamized  road  as  we 
know  it  in  the  United  States.  During  the  rainy  season  they  are 
often  impassable. 

Caminos  de  Herradura. — The  camino  de  herradura  is,  roughly 
speaking,  a  bridle  path  or  trail.  It  is  usually  very  narrow,  and 
traversable  by  mules,  burros,  alpacas,  llamas,  or  native  horses. 
These  trails  are  used  by  pack  trains,  but  are  imsuitable  for  oxcarts, 
which  can  be  used  only  on  carreteras. 

Damage  to  Baggage. — The  caminos  de  herradura  are  so  close  to 
the  mountain  side  that  trunks  are  often  damaged.  Special  sizes 
are  needed  to  make  them  adaptable  to  mule  back.     See  pape  20. 

Hiring  Mules  and  Horses. — In  all  the  Latin  American  Kepublics, 
to  a  greater  or  lesser  degree,  it  is  necessary  to  use  mules,  donkeys, 
burros,  and  horses  for  transportation.  The  traveler  should  be 
very  careful  in  making  arrangements,  and  it  is  advisable  to  attend 
to  this  matter  in  person.  The  horses  or  mules  whicli  are  offered 
should  be  inspected.  Although  a  choice  is  not  always  possible,  ex- 
perienced travelers  find  that  by  insisting  upon  the  best  animals  they 
are  often  able  to  obtain  "  bestias  "  which  have  more  endurance  than 
others  belonging  to  the  same  owner.  The  "staying"  power  of 
an  animal  is  important,  particularly  on  hard  trips  in  the  moun- 
tains where  the  roads  are  bad  and  where  an  accident  may  cause 
serious  delay. 

Cost. — ^This  depends  entirely  on  the  length  of  trip,  conditions,  etc. 
When  a  pack  ti'ain  is  engaged  an  attendant  is  usually  furnished, 
his  pay  boing  included  in  the  charge  for  the  animals.  The  traveler 
is  expected  to  pay  the  "  keep  "  of  the  attendant  and  to  feed  him 
en  route.  Besides  this,  on  long  trips  the  feed  for  the  animals  is 
for  the  account  of  the  traveler.  By  consulting  with  merchants  as 
to  the  proper  price,  there  is  no  reason  to  be  overcharged. 

Tips  to  Miileteers. — Experienced  travelers  do  not  take  it  amiss  if 
the  attendiint  desires  to  borrow  some  small  change.  This  is  gener- 
ally considered  the  perqiiisite  of  the  attendant  and  should  be  grante<l 
cheerfully ;  its  re]>aynient  should  not  be  espeotcil.  As  a  rule,  the 
"  peons,"  "  mozos,"  or  "  cholos "  who  look  after  the  animals  are 


58  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

patient,  good-natured  fellows,  from  ^vllom  more  can  be  had  by  kind 
treatment  than  otherwise.  Generally  speaking,  the  muleteers  or 
guides  are  thoroughly  reliable  and  know  the  trails  and  passes  per- 
fectly. 

Note  on  Hiring  Animals. — In  hiring  mules  it  is  always  well  to 
examine  the  backs  of  all  animals  submitted.  This  is  particularly 
important  if  a  long,  hard  trip  is  contemplated.  It  is  much  better  to 
hire  extra  mules  than  to  overload  animals.  This  applies  equally  to 
horses,  donkeys,  and  burros. 

Bullock  and  Ox  Carts.— If  the  roads  are  fairly  good,  it  is  cheaper 
to  obtain  oxcarts,  if  possible.  The  oxcarts  can  be  sent  on  ahead 
and  tlie  traveler  need  not  devote  his  time  or  energy  to  worrying 
about  his  baggage.  A  team  of  oxen  drawing  a  cart  on  a  fairly  good 
road  can  cover  about  3  kilometers  per  hour. 

Capacity  of  Horses. — The  capacity  of  a  good  average  horse  is  25 
to  45  miles  per  day  on  fairly  good  roads.  This,  of  course,  applies  to 
animals  that  are  in  good  condition. 

Taxi  and  Coach  Hire. — Drivers  of  such  vehicles  do  not  differ  in 
character  anywhere  in  the  world.  Although  municipalities  generally 
establish  rates,  it  is  advisable  to  inquire  the  cost  of  the  trip  when 
engaging  either  a  taxi  or  a  coach. 

Boats  to  Shore. — It  is  a  safe  rule  everywhere,  before  going  ashore, 
to  strike  a  bargain  with  the  boatmen.  If  it  is  necessary  to  return 
to  the  ship,  a  rate  for  the  round  trip  should  be  made.  If  this  is 
not  done,  ovei'charges  are  likely. 


Part  11.— DETAILED  INFORMATION  FOR  CANVASSING  UTIN 

AMERICA. 


SUBDIVISION  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 

This  section  of  tlie  guide  has  six  subdivisions,  viz  : 

Mexico. 

Central  America. 

West  Indies!. 

North  Coast  of  Soutli  America. 

West  Coast  of  Soutli  Ainericti. 

East  Coast  of  South  America. 

Although  this  may  seem  an  arbitrary  division,  it  is  tlio  easiest 
manner  in  which  such  >videly  different  refjions  may  be  treated.  It 
will  be  found  that  territories  of  traveling  salesmen  often  fall  into 
just  these  divisions,  particularly  in  the  case  of  business  houses 
which  have  a  number  of  salesmen.  Obviously,  many  other  divisions 
might  be  .suggested,  as  many  travelers  who  visit  portions  of  the 
West  Indies  also  canvass  cities  in  Central  America  and  South 
America.  However,  for  practical  utility,  it  is  believed  that  this 
general  arrangement  will  lend  itself  most  easily  to  study  and 
analysis. 

MEXICO. 

Area,  767.198  square  miles  (including  islands)  ;  population, 
15,500,000. 

There  are  several  reasons  why  Mexico  is  treated  in  a  separate 
division  of  this  publication.  In  the  first  place,  being  contiguous  to 
the  United  States  and.  generally  speaking,  more  accessible  than 
the  other  Latin-American  Republics,  a  somewhat  different  treat- 
ment is  requiretl.  Many  jobbing  houses  throughout  the  United 
States,  especially  in  the  West  and  Southwest,  normally  have  very 
intimate  business  relations  with  Mexican  merchants.  This  applies 
to  the  buyers  in  the  larger  cities  as  well  as  in  the  small  town.s,  min- 
ing camps,  etc.  It  is  quite  common  for  a  Mexican  mercluint,  in 
what  would  corre.spond  to  a  "  crossroads "  store  in  the  United 
States,  to  make  direct  purchases  in  this  country.  As  a  consequence, 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  list  and  describe  a  much  greater 
number  of  small  towns  and  communities  than  in  other  sections  of 
the  boolt. 

In  reading  this  section  of  the  guide  it  should  be  borne  in  mind 
that  present  conditions  are  abnormal.  Nominally  tlicre  is  railroad 
service  to  many  places,  but  in  reality  it  is  interrupted  or  frequently 
delayed.     Despite  the  conditions  which  have  recently  prevailed,  the 

50 


60  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

purchases  of  Mexico,  as  a  whole,  have  hicreased  very  materially, 
and  the  commercial  possibilities  of  this  Republic  are  so  great  that 
they  deserve  the  utmost  consideration  from  American  houses. 

A  factor  that  must  not  be  lost  sight  of  in  studying  this  as  well  as 
the  other  sections  of  the  book  is  the  material  inei'ease  in 
prices,  in  hotel  rates,  railroad  fares,  etc.  The  European  war  has 
greatly  affected  the  schedules  of  steamship  lines,  both  trans- 
Atlantic  and  local.  Consequently,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance 
that  all  sailings,  time-tables,  etc.,  be  verified  on  the  ground.  It  is 
believed,  however,  that  the  information  which  is  here  given  in 
detail  will  enable  the  traveler  to  plan  his  route  with  a  considerable 
degree  of  certainty  and  intelligence.  This  is  certainly  true  in  the 
matter  of  the  approximate  time  required,  provided  that  allowance  is 
made  for  the  abnormal  conditions  Avhich  at  present  prevail. 

Mexico  has  always  been  one  of  the  best  customers  of  the  United 
States  and  is  destined  for  some  time  to  be  one  of  the  three  largest 
users  of  American  products  and  manufactures  in  the  Western 
Hemispliere.  For  this  reason  alone  Mexico  is  particularly  deserv- 
ing of  the  attention  of  American  business  men. 

CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Square  miles.  Population. 

British  Honduras 8,  598  42  323 

Costa  Rica 23,000  442,000 

Honduras 46,  250  650.  000 

Guatemala 46,  774  2,  100,  000 

Nicaragua 49,  200  690,  000 

Panama 32.300  425,000 

Salvador g;  130  1,  254,  000 

Central  America  includes  all  the  territory  lying  south  of  Mexico 
and  extending  to  the  Colombian  boundary  line  on  the  north  coast  of 
South  America.  It  embraces  British  Honduras  and  the  Republics 
of  Costa  Rica,  Honduras,  Guatemala,  Nicaragua,  Panama,  and  Sal- 
vador. These  countries  present  many  amazing  contrasts.  lu  per 
capita  purchasing  power,  in  development,  and  in  other  features  they 
differ  very  materially.  To  many  it  will  be  news  that  the  western 
and  eastern  regions  of  Honduras  and  Nicarag"ua  are  for  all  practical 
purposes  quite  inaccessible  to  each  other.  The  economic  conditions 
of  these  regions  are  also  very  different.  The  investment  of  much 
American  capital  in  the  banana  business  on  the  eastern  coasts  of 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  Panama  has 
resulted  in  an  amazing  development  of  this  section  of  Central  Amei'- 
ica,  wath  a  consequent  large  benefit  to  the  United  States.  The  vary- 
ing conditions  in  distinct  sections  of  these  divisions  make  for  similar 
differences  in  trade.  The  commeix;ial  importance  of  the  different 
towns  may  be  judged  to  a  considerable  extent  by  consulting  the 
section  devoted  to  these  countries.  As  Central  America  frequently 
serves  (in  many  lines)  as  the  sole  territory  of  travelers,  it  has  been 
treated  as  a  unit.  Special  attention  is  drawn  to  the  necessity  for 
considering  the  conditions  v.'hich  prevail  and  to  the  need  of  a  careful 
study  of  steamship  and  railroad  routes,  in  ordc^r  to  obtain  the  great- 
est economy  in  canvassing  this  region. 


SUBDIVISION    OK  TTIF   'n'-RRTTORY.  61 

WEST  INDIES. 

Square  mllca.     Population. 
Cuba 44,  I'lr,  2,  C2T,  r..*?*! 

Porto  Rico :{,  not;        1.  118,000 

Haiti i 10,  204          2,  500,  000 

Dominican    Uopubllc 18.045  70ft,  000 

Virgin    Islands  ot   the  Unltfd   States i:5H  27,000 

British   West   Indies: 

.Tamaica 4,  20T  900,000 

Bormuilas 21,000 

P.ahamas 4,  404  56,  000 

Harliados 160  200.000 

Trinidad 1,860  305,000 

Tobago 115  20,  7(52 

Grenada 120  71,500 

St.  Lncla 238  54,600 

St.   Vincent 140  50,000 

Antijaia 108  35,000 

Dominica 291  37,000 

Montserrat 33  15.000 

St.    Kltts 65  30.000 

Nevis  Island 50  13,000 

VirKin  Islands   (British) 58  5,600 

French   West  Indies  : 

Martiniduo 380  193,087 

(Juadeloupe 010  212,4.^0 

Curacao   (including  Bonaire  and  Aruba) 40'i  57,381 

The  best  Latin-American  customer  of  the  United  Stato.'^  is  an 
island  in  the  West  Indies — Cuba.  In  tliis  same  region  lie  other 
islands  which  have  a  great  economic  significance  for  this  country. 
These  are  particularly  Porto  Rico,  a  Territory  of  the  Unite<l  State.s. 
the  Dominican  Republic,  and  Haiti,  the  latter  two  destined  to  have 
an  enormous  increase  in  imports  and  exports  such  as  characterized 
the  development  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 

In  the  same  general  region  lie  many  other  islands  which  already 
have  a  large  trade  and  whose  importance  is  rapidly  growing. 
This  is  particularly  true  of  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique,  of  the  Vir- 
gin Islands  of  the  United  States,  of  Jamaica  and  Trinidad. 

Many  business  houses  subdivide  the  West  Indies  into  separate 
territories,  tinding  it  desirable  to  maintain  more  than  one  repre- 
sentative in  that  region.  For  the  purposes  of  this  book  it  has  been 
deemed  well  to  group  thera  all  under  one  general  heading. 

NORTH  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Square  miles.  Population. 

Colcmbia 4.V),  278  5.  072,  101 

Venezuela 304,000  2,  7Sf>,  l.'>4 

British   Ouiana 90,277  300,000 

Dutch    Guiana 46.000  91,000 

French  Guiana 32,000  50,000 

The  norlh-coast  countrii^s  include  the  Republics  of  Colombia  and 
Venezuela,  and  British,  Dutch,  and  Fnnich  Guiana.  It  is  not  gen- 
erally recognized  what  a  va.st  region  this  is.  Colombia  alone  has  an 
area  of  4.35,278  square  miles,  with  a  po])ulation  of  5,072,101. 

American  trade  with  this  region  has  grown  very  materially  since 
1914,  and  if  a  proper  effort  is  made  the  business  which  has  been 
developed  can  be  further  increased 


62  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

The  Republics  of  Colombia  and  Venezuela  are  by  many  firms  con- 
sidered as  a  unit  and  one  traveler  is  assigned  to  both  countries. 
Not  infrequently,  however,  these  countries  are  assigned  to  two  or 
more  salesmen.  Trade  conditions  vary  materially,  and  the  contrasts 
in  climate,  production,  purchasing  power,  etc.,  are  remarkable. 
Bogota,  the  capital  of  Colombia,  although  only  about  1,000  miles 
from  the  coast,  is  rather  difficult  of  access,  while  some  of  the  other 
commercial  points  of  Colombia  are  almost  never  visited  by  foieigia 
salesmen.  This  is  a  condition  that  will  doubtless  change,  but  it  is 
incumbent  upon  American  houses,  if  they  seek  to  increase  their 
business  with  Colombia,  that  they  familiarize  themselves  with  the 
varying  conditions  throughout  the  Republic.  It  has  unquestionably 
some  of  the  richest  undeveloped  regions  in  South  America,  and, 
with  the  development  of  transportation  facilities,  it  is  destined  to 
have  a  magnificent  future. 

Venezuela  is  far  more  easily  canvassed  than  Colombia,  the  river 
system  of  this  Republic  giving  greater  facilities  for  travel  than  is 
the  case  in  most  portions  of  its  sister  Republic.  The  latent  wealth 
of  this  country  is  likewise  enormous  and  only  intelligent,  continuous 
effort  on  the  part  of  American  salesmen  will  be  required  to  insure 
a  still  larger  volume  of  business  for  the  United  States  than  has 
recently  been  obtained. 

The  Guianas  are  treated  individually.  A  study  of  these  countries 
will  prove  that  they,  too,  can  be  made  to  contribute  a  great  deal  to 
the  commerce  of  the  United  States.  They  are  largely  undeveloped, 
and  with  the  investment  of  i-apital  their  future  should  be  very 
bright. 

WEST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Square  miles.  Population. 

Ecuador 116,000-120,000  2,000,000 

Peru 460, 000-722,  461  4, 500, 000 

Bolivia 473,  560-704,  105  2,  889,  970 

Chile 292,410  3,870,023 

The  west-coast  countries  include  the  Republics  of  Ecuador,  Peru, 
Bolivia,  and  Chile.  Some  idea  of  the  territory  which  tliey  embrace 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  the  coast  line  of  Chile  is  over 
2,600  miles  in  length.  Since  the  outbreak  of  the  European  war  the 
development  of  the  trade  with  these  countries  has  been  little  short 
of  marvelous.  The  nitrates  of  Chile,  the  copper  of  Chile  and  Peru, 
the  tin,  tungsten,  and  other  minerals  of  Bolivia,  and  the  agricultural 
products  of  Ecuador  have  had  an  enormous  demand,  M'ith  conse- 
quent heavy  purchases  by  their  merchants  from  the  United  States. 
Until  recently  the  number  of  American  salesmen  who  canvassed 
these  countries  was  comparatively  small.  Lately,  however,  the 
number  has  increased  considerably,  and  this  has  been  especially  the 
case  within  the  last  two  and  a  half  years.  The  trade  of  these  coun- 
tries, like  the  other  regions  of  South  America,  will  undoubtedly  be 
keenly  competed  for  after  the  war,  and  it  behooves  American  firms 
to  plan  their  efforts  in  these  countries  with  the  utmost  intelligence. 
A  study  of  the  individual  Republics  will  show  that  they  can  be 
canvassed  with  comparative  ease,    Bolivia  and  Chile  are  accessible 


SUBDIVISION   OF  THE  <n-:KRITORY.  C3 

from  the  east  coast.  The  Amazon  reuion  of  I'itu,  ntiil  also  that  of 
Bolivia,  is  destined  to  have  a  marvelous  coninuTc  ial  development 
on  account  of  its  ^reat  wealth. 

EAST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Square  miles.  Population. 

Brazil .'?,  292,  000  23,  000.  000 

ArKentina 1,  15.S,  110  8,000.000 

I'ruKua.v 72,  153  1,450.000 

raraj;uay 97,722  1,  000,000 

The  fact  that  tlie  rvcpublic  of  Brazil  alone  is  larger  than  the 
United  States,  exclusive  of  Alaska,  is  often  overlooked.  Although 
this  great  region  has  been  treated  separately,  it  is  included  in  the 
group  of  east-coast  countries  for  the  reason  that  it  lends  itself  best 
for  treatment  in  connection  with  Uruguay  and  Paraguay. 

In  all  of  these  Republics,  but  particularly  in  Argentina  and 
Brazil,  American  business  has  grown  very  materially  in  recent 
years.  The  extent  to  which  it  will  be  retained  is  dependent  solely 
upon  the  efforts  that  will  be  made  by  American  business  men. 
Unquestionably  the  sending  of  traveling  salesmen  Is  the  most 
elTective  means. 

The  great  difference  in  climate,  configuration,  altitude,  etc.,  make 
for  a  marvelous  variety  of  products,  many  of  which  are  in  great 
demand  in  the  United  States.  They  contribute  very  materially  to 
the  wealth  of  these  regions,  and  if  the  reader  would  know  the 
fundam(»ntal  conditions  governing  the  sale  of  American  goods  in 
the  different  cities  it  is  important  that  he  familiarize  himself  with 
these  facts.  Argentina  and  Brazil  .should  be  treated  as  distinct 
territories  and  not  together.  They  are  grouped  in  the  present  sec- 
tion under  the  title  East  Coast  of  South  America  for  ready  refer- 
ence. 


MEXICO. 

Maps  Kos.  1,  2,  '.'>,  and  4. 

Location. — Mexico  is  the  fourth  largest  American  Republic  as  re- 
gards territory.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  United  States, 
on  the  east  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean  Sea,  on  tlie  south 
by  British  Honduras  and  Guatemala,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

Area  and  ?op-alation. — The  area,  including  the  islands,  is  767,198 
.square  miles;  population,  about  15,.500,000,  or  20  per  square  mile. 
The  coast  line  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean  Sea  is  1,728 
miles,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  4,574  miles.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
mestizos,  a  mixture  of  Indian  blood  with  that  of  Spaniards  and 
their  descendants.  There  are  also  a  considerable  number  of 
Europeans  and  other  nationalities.  Among  the  foreigners  the  Span- 
iards predominate.  A  very  large  percentage  of  the  population  is  of 
pure  Indian  blood,  many  races  being  represented. 

Topography. — The  chief  physical  features  are  two  great  mountain 
chains  which  traverse  the  entire  Republic,  forming  between  them  a 
number  of  gi-eat  valleys  and  plateaus.  The  immense  elevation  on 
which  the  capital  of  the  Republic  is  situated,  called  the  Plateau  of 
Anahuac,  is  the  largest  and  most  Important.  There  is  fringe  of 
lowlands,  known  as  the  Tierra  Caliente,  on  both  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Pacific.  The  mountain  range  in  the  west  is  the 
Sierra  Madre  Occidental,  and  in  the  east  Sierra  Madre  Oriental. 
The  more  important  peaks  are  Popocatepetl,  17,520,  feet;  Orizaba, 
18,2.50;  Ixtacchuatl,  16,900;  Nevada  de  Toluca,  14,950;  Malinche, 
13,460;  Colima,  14,970. 

Climate, — The  climate  is  modified  by  the  great  elevations  and  is 
largely  determined  by  vertical  zones.  Mexico  is  partly  in  the 
Tropical  and  partly  in  the  Temperate  Zone. 

Tierra  Caliente.— The  district  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  extending  inland  and  upward  to  an  altitude  of  3,000 
feet,  has  the  heat  of  the  Tropical  Zone.  The  nights  are  tempered 
by  sea  breezes  which  also  make  the  heat  bearable  during  the  day. 
This  region  is  refreshed  by  summer  rains  which  fall  rather  regu- 
larly, beginning  generally  in  .Tune,  increasing  in  July,  and  ending  in 
November.  The  average  annual  temperature  in  this  region  is  be- 
tween 80°  and  88°  F.  It  rarely  falls  below  60°,  but  sometimes  rises 
to  100° ;  103°  to  110°  has  been  knovm  in  Acapulco,  Guaymas,  and 
Vera  Cruz. 

Tierra  Templada. — The  region  from  3,000  to  5,000  feet  above  sea 
level  has  a  climate  like  the  Temperate  Zone.  The  average  annual 
temperature  is  betv>^een  73°  and  77°  F.  The  temperature  rarely 
varies  moie  tlian  6  or  8  degrees  during  the  year.  The  dry  season 
is  from  October  to  May. 
64 


MEXICO.  65 

Tierra  Fria. — Tiio  cold  ropion  has  a  heiprlit  of  7  000  f(H^t  anil  up- 
ward above  soa  level.  This  region  has  an  average  niiniial  tenii>era- 
liiit*  l)ft\vct  II  o'J"  and  62°  F.  Most  of  tho  central  plateau  is  located 
in  this  zone. 

Seasons. — Although  it  is  almost  in)i)ossii»le  on  account  of  the  great 
extent  of  the  country  to  detinitely  tix  the  seasons,  they  may  be  <les- 
ignati'd  in  a  general  Nv.iy  as  follows:  Kainy  season,  uiiddii'  of  May 
to  middle  of  October,  when  rainfalls  are  excee<lingly  heavy  and  of 
iiTniost  daily  occurrence;  tlie  dry  seasdii  hists  tlie  balance  of  the  year. 
Very  little  rain  falls  durim;  this  period.  The  traveler  should  note 
particularly  the  period  of  rains,  a.s  traveling  during  this  season,  espe- 
cially in  the  mountains  and  in  the  remote  districts,  is  often  imi)os- 
sible.  Even  on  railroads,  when  well  managed  and  under  nornial 
conditions,  delays  are  quite  frequent. 

Rivers. — Few  rivers  of  Mexico  are  of  any  importance  for  naviga- 
tion. Among  the  piincii)al  rivers  are  the  Rio  (irande,  l..j(X)  miles 
(2,414  km.)  ;  Mescala.  <:r  P.alsas.  426  miles  ((>S5  km.)  ;  Lernia,  or 
Santiago,  540  miles  (SG9  km.)  ;  Conchos,  l'anuct>,  Grijalva,  Usuma- 
ciuta,  and  Papaloapam. 

Lakes. — The  largest  lake  of  Mexico  is  Lake  Chapala,  on  the  bound- 
ary line  between  the  States  of  Jalisco  and  Michoacan.  It  is  about 
70  miles  (112  km.)  long  and  20  miles  (.■]2  km.)  wide.  Oilier  Im- 
portant lakes  are  Catemaco,  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  Cairel  and 
Carpintero,  in  Tamaulipas ;  Encantada,  in  Tabasco ;  Ba<alar,  in 
Yucatan  ;  Alcnzague,  in  (.'olima  ;  ("uitzeo.  Tai  ascuaro.  and  I'atzcuaro. 
in  Michoacan;  Yuriria  in  Guanajuato;  Meztitlan  in  Hidalgo;  and 
Chapala  in  Jalisco.  Their  value  as  means  of  communication  is 
negligible. 

Agricultural  Products. — The  soil  of  Mexico  is  suitable  for  many 
crops.  Wiililn  a  radius  of  300  miles  may  be  found  the  crops  of  the 
tropical,  semitropical,  and  temperate  zone.s.  Tlie  most  important 
products  are  maize,  cotton,  henequen,  wheat,  coffee,  beans,  guayule, 
chick-peas,  chicle,  and  sugar. 

Cattle  raising  is  a  source  of  great  wealth.  Hides,  skins,  wool, 
etc.,  add  greatly  to  the  annual  wealth  of  the  Mexican  people.  The 
export  of  hides  is  particularly  important. 

Mineral  "Wealth. — The  principal  industry  of  Mexico  is  mining. 
]\Iines  are  operated  in  almost  all  of  the  States  and  Territories. 
Silver  and  gold  are  the  most  important  minerals,  but  zinc,  coal, 
lead,  antimony,  iron,  quicksilver,  etc.,  are  also  mined  on  a  consider- 
able scale. 

Industries. — Although  IMexico  is  not  a  manufacturing  country, 
there  Ims  been  considerable  development  of  manufacturing.  Nu- 
merous and  important  mills  are  devoted  to  the  production  of  tex- 
tiles, sugar,  leather,  cigars,  cigarettes,  etc.  Fioin*  milling  is  very 
important,  as  is  also  brewing.  There  are  a  number  of  .smelters, 
steel  works,  i-tc.,  sev^>ral  of  which  have  large  capital.  Then'  are  a 
great  number  of  small  factories  devoted  to  the  local  requirements. 

language. — Spanish.  English  is  spoken  by  many  Mexicans,  but 
Spanish  is  indispensable  in  transacting  business. 

Currency. — The  currency  of  Mexico  is  based  on  the  gold  standard. 
The  peso  (100  centavos)  is  the  unit  of  value,  equal  to  $0,498 
United  States  currency.  The  coins  are  as  loUowt) :  Gold.  20,  10,  5, 
144297°— 20 5 


66  GUIDE  TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

2i,  and  2  pesos ;  silver,  1  peso,  50,  20,  and  10  centavos ;  bronze,  20, 
10,  5,  2,  and  1  centavos. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Metric  system. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  from  the  United  States  is  2  cents 
an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

COKCEUNING  THE  BANKS.— At  the  time  this  booli  was  ajiproved 
for  printing  (June,  1920),  there  were  practically  no  banks  or  bank- 
ing institutions  doing  business  in  IMexico,  except  those  in  Mexico 
City  and  Tampico.  Business  of  this  nature  in  the  respective  cities 
was  being  transacted  mainly  by  individuals  and  business  houses  who 
are  correspondents  of  banks  in  Mexico  City.  It  is  suggested  that 
the  traveler,  when  securing  his  letter  of  credit,  obtain  from  the  New 
York  bank  a  list  of  its  correspondents  in  Mexiccj  City.  On  his  ar- 
rival iu  Mexico  he  could  obtain  from  the  Mexican  bank  a  list  of  the 
latter's  correspondents  in  the  towns  he  intends  to  visit.  These  cor- 
respondents are,  as  a  rule,  business  house  and  are  in  a  position  to 
furnish  the  salesman  accurate  information  as  to  prospective  clients 
in  their  territory  and  also  attend  to  the  handling  and  collection  of 
drafts,  etc. 

Banks  in  Mexico  City. — The  following  are  among  the  important 
banking  institutions  in  Mexico  City  that  are  in  a  position  to  finance 
import  and  expoi-t  trade: 

Mexico  City  Banking  Corporation  (American),  Avenida  F.  II  Ma- 
dero  14. 

Mercantile  Banking  Co.  (American),  Avenida  F.  I  Madero  12. 

Banque  Fraucaise  du  Mexique  (French),  Avenida  Uruguay  53. 

Bank  of  Montreal  (Canadian),  Avenida  5  de  Mayo  2. 

Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  (Canadian),  Avenida  F.  I  Madero  50. 

Cia.  Bancaria  de  Paris  &  Mexico,  Capuchinas  51. 
Lacaud  e  Hi  jo. 

Bank  Correspondents  in.  Interior  Cities.— Following  is  a  list  of 
business  houses  in  the  interior  that  do  a  banking  business  as  corre- 
spondents of  banks  in  Mexico  City  and  the  United  States : 

Aguascalientes :  Jose  &  Luis  J.  Laris,  Apartado  34. 

Chihuahua :  Metals  &  Mines  Security  Co.,  Apartado  152. 

Guadalajara  :  Salvador  Ugaite,  P.  O.  box  156. 

Mazatlan :  Manuel  Gomez  Rubio,  Apartado  41. 

INIerida:  Arthur  Pierce,  Apartado  114. 

Monterey :  A.  Zambrauo  e  Hijos,  Apartado  6. 

Oaxaca:  George  M.  Houston,  Guerrero  1. 

Puebla :  Victoriano  Alvarez,  S.  en  C,  Apartado  171. 

Saltillo:  A.  Zambrano  e  Hijos. 

San  Luis  Potosi :  Deutz  Hnos.,  Ba  Centenario  11. 

Tampico:  Tampico  Banking  Co.,  S.  A.,  and  Petrolei'an  Bank  & 
Trust  Co.,  S.  A. 

Torreon :  Celso  Garza  Gonzalez,  Ramon  Arispe  321. 

Vera  Cruz:  Vlya  Finos.,  Morellos  11. 

Representatives  of  Kew  York  Banks.— The  following  New  York 
banks  have  representatives  in  Mexico  City: 

National  City  Bank :  J.  H.  Durell.  Avenida  F.  I.  Madero  12. 

Equitable  Trust  Co. :  W.  B.  Glenn,  Capuchinas  48. 

Irving  National  Bank  :  J.  W.  Rowe,  Capuchinas  48. 

Mercantile  Agencies.— R.  G.  Dunn  &  Co.,  Calle  Capuchinas  48; 
Bradstreet's,  San  Juan  de  Letran  5. 


MEXICO.  07 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

RAILROADS. 

Railroads  entpr  Mexico  via  Laiodo,  Eafile  Pass,  and  El  Paso, 
Tex.,  Nogales,  Ariz.,  and  other  border  towns. 

STEAMERS  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

'  New  York  and  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Co.  (Ward  line). — OfHce, 
Pit'r  14,  P^ast  Kivor.  Sailing's  Irum  pjors  al  f-M.i  of  Wail  and  Pine 
Streets.  iM'parrnros  every  Thursday  for  Prof^reso,  V(>ra  Cruz,  and 
Tampico;  for  Cainpeche,  Frontera,  Laf.;una.  and  Tuxpani,  occa.sion- 
ally.  Interior  points  in  Mexico  are  reached  by  rail  from  Tampico 
or  Vera  Cruz.  First-class  passciiir(>r  fares:  New  Yoric  to  Tami)ico, 
$95;  New  York  to  Vera  Cruz.  $1)0:  New  York  to  Pro«re.so,  $H5; 
Habana  to  Progreso,  .$G0 ;  Habana  to  Vera  Cniz  (tr  Tampico,  $0"); 
Projrreso  to  Vera  Cruz,  $50 ;  Progreso  to  Tarupico.  $.5.5 ;  Vera  Cruz 
to  Tampico,  $30.  Average  time  of  trip;  Leave  New  York,  Thurs- 
day ;  arrive  Nassau,  Sunday :  Habana.  Monday ;  Progreso,  Wednes- 
day ;  Vera  Cruz,  Friday ;  Tampico,  Monday. 

Mallory  Steamship  Co.— <^^)Hice,  200  iiroadway.  Sailings  from  Pier 
4.5,  Noitli  Kiver  (West  Eleventh  Street).  Departures  about  every 
Tuesday  and  Friday  for  Key  West,  Fla.,  and  Galveston,  Tex. 
Thence  by  rail  via  I..aredo  to  jioints  in  Mexico;  also  by  steamer  from 
Galveston  to  Laguna  and  I'rontera.  First-cla.ss  passenger  fare: 
NcM'  Y'ork  to  Galveston,  $.52.50.  Average  time  of  trip :  New  York 
to  Galveston,  via  Key  West,  seven  days. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — Uflice,  24  State  Street.  Depar- 
tures from  Pier  G7,  North  River  (West  Twenty-seventh  Street) 
every  Thursday  for  Colon,  I'anama.  Th.ence  by  Pacific  Mail  steamer 
to  Acapulco,  Manzanillo,  San  P>las,  Salina  Cruz,  and  Mazatlan. 
First-class  i)assenger  fare:  New  York  to  Salina  Cruz,  .$201.10. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service.— OfTice,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  Slip).  Departures  for 
Cristobal,  Panama,  every  AVednesday  and  Saturday.  Thence  by 
Pacific  Mail  steamer  to  ports  on  west  coast  of  Mexico.  First-class 
passenger  fare :  New  York  to  Salina  Cruz.  $232.40. 

Compaiiia  Trasatlantica. — .1.  Zaragosa,  agent.  Pier  8,  East  River. 
Spanish  steamers.  Departures  from  Pier  8,  East  River  (old  slip). 
Sailings  monthly  for  Vera  Cruz  and  Puerto  Mexico.  First-class  pas- 
senger fare :  New  York  to  Xern  Cruz,  $90. 

STEAMSHIP  LINES  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Office,  608  California  Street,  San 
Francisco,  Calif.  Sailings  every  two  weeks  for  Mazatlan,  San  Bias, 
Manzanillo,  Acapulco,  and  Salina  Cruz.  First-cla.ss  passtMiircr  fjires: 
San  Francisco  to  Mazatlan,  .$77;  San  Francisco  to  San  Bias,  .$90; 
San  Francisco  to  Manzanillo,  .$98;  San  Francisco  to  Acapulco, 
$104:  San  Francisco  to  Salina  Cruz,  $104.  Average  time  of  trip: 
I.eave  San  F'rancisco,  first  day;  arrive  Mazatlan,  sixth  day;  San 
Bias,  .seventh  day;  Manzanillo,  eighth  day.     (See  also  p.  35.) 


68  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Gulf  Mail  Steamship  Co.^Sailings  about  tvvice  a  month  for  En- 
senada,  Sau  Jose  del  Cabo,  La  Paz,  Giiaymas,  Topolobampo,  Mazat- 
lan,  San  Bias.  Manzanillo,  Acapulco,-*  and  Salina  Cruz.  First-class 
passenger  fares  from  San  Francisco:  To  Ensenada,  $16;  Sau  Jose 
del  Cabo,  $4.5 ;  La  Paz,  $.50 ;  Guaymas,  $55 ;  Topolobampo,  $55 ; 
Mazatlan,  $.50;  San  Bias,  $60;  Manzanillo,  $68;  Acapulco,  $75; 
Salina  Cruz,  $80. 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha  (Japanese). — Monthly  sailings  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Salina  Cruz.     Fare,  $75. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  MEXICAN  PORTS. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  foreign  lines  whose  steamers  make 
calls  at  Mexican  ports.  Travelers  are  often  enabled  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  unexpected  arrival  or  departure  of  these  lines.  Inquiry 
should  be  made  at  Gulf  ports. 

Canadian  Mexican  racific  Line. — From  Victoria,  British  Columbia. 
Monthly  service  to  Saliua  Cruz,  calling  at  Mazatlan,  Manzanillo, 
and  Acapulco. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique  (French), — Monthly  service 
from  France  to  Habana,  Vera  Cruz,  Tampico,  and  Puerto  Mexico. 

Harrison  Line  (English). 

Ley  land  Line  (English). 

Elder,  Dempster  &  Co.  (English). 

Quarantine  Regulations. — The  usual  quarantine  regulations  are 
observed.  If  there  is  any  question  of  suspicious  illness,  passengers 
may  be  detained. 

Distances. — New  York  to  Vera  Cruz,  1,973  nautical  miles ;  New 
Orleans  to  Vei'a  Cruz,  788;  New  Orleans  to  Tampico,  705;  Pensacola 
to  Tampico.  749;  San  Francisco  to  Mazatlan,  1,354;  San  Francisco 
to  Acapulco,  1,836.  From  El  Paso,  Tex.,  to  Mexico  City,  1,221 
miles  (1,971  kilometers)  ;  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  to  Mexico  City,  1.659 
miles   (2,675  kilometers). 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Compaiiia  Mexicana  de  Navegacion. — Four  round  trips  per  month, 
calling  at  all  Mexican  Gulf  ports  (Tampico,  Vera  Cruz,  Puerto  Mex- 
ico, etc.). 

Compaiiia  Naviera  del  Pacifioo. — Frequent  sailings,  calling  at 
Mexican  ports  along  the  west  coast  (Guaymas,  Mazatlan,  etc.). 
Inquiry  to  be  made  at  offices  of  the  line  in  Paciiic  ports. 

Compaiiia  de  Navegacion  en  los  Rios  Grijalva,  rsumacinta  y 
Palizada  (los  Vapores  Correos  Mexicanos). — From  San  Juan  Bau- 
lista  on  the  Grijalva,  Usumacinta,  and  Palizada  Rivers  to  Frontera, 
Jonuta,  Amatitan,  Monte  Christo,  Balancan,  Tenosique,  and  other 
points. 

Railway  Guide. — Upon  arrival  the  traveler  should  buy  a  copy  of 
tlie  monthly  publication  called  "  Guia  Oficial,"  published  by  the 
Mexican  OfHcial  Guide  Co.,  2a  de  Lopez  24,  Mexico  City.  This 
guide  contains  complete  data  regax'ding  railway  and  steamship 
service.     It  may  also  be  ordered  by  mail. 


MEXICO.  69 

PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS   OF   MEXICO. 

Nalioiiai    Railways    of    Mexico     (I'virotuirilcs    NacionalfH  ,,.,  KUo- 

de  M('-xlfo)  :                                                                                    Miles,  meters. 

.Mexican  Central  Railway  (main  lino  and  branches) 3,510  5, «;."'.) 

Nation.il   Railroad   of  .Mexico 1,218  1,J»«0 

I  ruapau    Uivislou 318  012 

.Michiiiicaii   &   racific    Uailwav Tu  92 

MidalKO  &   Northeastern    Railway l.')2  244 

.Mexican    luterniiti-inal    Railroad 917  l,47i( 

Tehuaniepec  National  Railway   (including  brancbe.s) 22rt  354 

Vera  Cruz  &  Isthinu.s  Railroad 204  425 

Pan    .Vinerican    Railway 21*7  47S 

Interocoanic    Railway.". 73r,  l,  1K4 

Mexican    Southern    Railway 282  454 

Mexican    Railway 340  547 

Kansas   City.    Mexico  &   Orient   Railwav 270  444 

Mexican    .Northern    Railway 81  130 

Mexican    North     Wevtern     Railroad     ( controllins:    the    Chi- 
huahua   &    I'a.  ific    R.    R.,    the    Sierra    .Madre    &    PaciiJc 

R.  R,.  and  Rio  Crande  Sierra  Madre  R.  R.) 300  HSn 

Parral  &  Dnraut'o  Railroad 05  105 

I'otosi  i\c  Rio  Verde  Railway 40  64 

Southern   Pacilic  Railroad  of  Mexico 1,195  1,923 

Vera  Cruz  Railways 45  72 

United  Railways  of  Yucatan 503  SIO 

CANVASSING  MEXICO. 

Customs  Formalities. — Tlie  Jiaufra tro  of  passengers  enterinj:  Mexico 
hy  Wiiy  of  T.arodo.  El  I'aso.  etc.,  ninsr  he  tran.«?f erred  to  the  Jlexir-an 
sidt^  hy  autoinohile  or  truck,  as  no  trains  now  cros.s  the  honlor  into 
Mexico.  Inspection  of  hasraai^e  takes  plaf'e  on  the  Mexican  side, 
r.i.ssenprers  should  be  present  when  this  inspection  takes  place  and 
claim  their  trunks  after  the  inspection  has  been  completed. 

When  arriving  by  sea  the  bajrgage  is  inspected  in  the  cu.stom- 
house  at  the  port  of  arrival.  The  examination  is  usually  conducted 
in  a  prompt  and  lenient  manner. 

Hotel  runners  may  try  to  convince  passengers  that  they  can  hav^ 
the  baggase  successfully  pas.sed  through  the  customhouse,  but  this 
matter  should  be  attended  to  by  the  traveler  in  person. 

Railway  Baggage  P..egulations. — The  usual  baggage  allowance  on 
a  tirsl-class  ticket  is  ">()  kilos  (110  pounds).  For  excess  baggage 
rates  sei'  railway  guido. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — Samples  of  any  character  which  are  not 
prohibited  by  customs  laws  may  be  imported  duty  free,  provided 
they  possess  no  commercial  value. 

•  For  samples  which  have  a  commercial  value,  a  bond  may  be  given 
at  the  customliousp  for  a  sum  equivalent  to  the  duty  on  the  sam- 
ples. The  period  for  which  bond  is  given  is  several  months.  Sales- 
men should  carry  with  them  letters  of  authority  from  their  firms  to 
customhouse  agents  at  the  border,  wlio  will  tliercupon  look  after 
tlu-  lu'ressary  bond.      (See  p.  10.) 

If  samples  wltich  have  a  value  are  carried  into  Mexico  and  later 
reexported,  it  is  impm-tant  that  there  should  be  no  change  in 
weight  or  quantity.  If  there  is  a  difference  noted  when  samples 
are  reexported,  they  may  be  confiscated. 

If  the  customhouse  at  port  of  reexportation  is  furnished  with  a 
memorandum  of  samples  that  have  been  sold  antl  the  payment  of 


70  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

duty  thereon  is  volunteered,  the  matter  aan  easily  be  arranged, 
and  bond  will  then  be  canceled  for  that  portion  of  the  samples  sold. 

Reexportation  of  Samples  Through  Other  Ports. — Samples  may  be 
brought  in  through  one  and  reexported  from  another  port.  The 
traveler  should  obtain  a  document  at  the  port  of  entry  which  he 
can  present  to  the  customhouse  at  the  port  of  reexportation,  whicli 
will  enable  him  to  effect  the  clearance  without  difliculty. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — Samples  which  have  no  commer- 
cial value  and  are  carried  by  the  salesman  as  baggage  can  easily  be 
cleared  without  any  delay.  Baggage  will  be  inspected  by  customs 
ofRcials  and  passed  very  quickly.  Samples  which  have  a  commercial 
value  and  require  the  giving  of  a  bond  can  be  cleared  in  practically 
the  time  that  is  required  for  the  clerical  work  necessary  to  prepare 
the  proper  papers.  This  can  usually  be  expedited  by  the  aid  of  a 
customs  broker. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Mexican  authorities  permit  travel- 
ers to  carry  with  them  and  admit  free  of  duty  a  limited  amount  of 
advertising  matter,  such  as  calendars,  catalogues,  etc.  The  quan- 
tity so  admitted  is  usually  governed  bj''  the  customs  officials. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  time  for  a  traveler  to  visit  Mexico  de- 
I)ends  entirely  upon  the  conditions  which  govern  the  line  of  trade 
of  the  traveler.  In  Mexico,  unlike  the  countries  in  South  America, 
prompt  deliveries  are  exacted,  and  merchants,  as  a  rule,  will  not 
buy  so  far  in  advance  as  in  other  Latin-American  countries. 

Baggage  Rates. — No  special  concessions  are  granted  by  the  rail- 
roads of  Mexico  to  commercial  travelers. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Taxes. — No  national  tax  is  levied  on  com- 
mercial travelers.     Certain  municipalities  or  States  may  do  so. 

Routes  to  Follow.— In  dealing  with  a  country  as  important  as 
Mexico,  it  is  manifestly  out  of  the  question  to  mention  arbitrarily 
the  places  to  visit.  Hardly  two  travelers  will  agree  as  to  the  best 
routes  to  follow.  All  that  can  be  done  for  an  uninitiated  traveler 
is  to  give  certain  specimen  trips,  v/hich  will  afford  some  idea  of  the 
%'outes  that  may  be  followed.     These  are  subject  to  many  variations. 

Trip  1. — For  arrival  by  way  of  Laredo  (visiting  most  important 
cities  only)  :  Monterey,  Victoria,  Tampico,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Torreon, 
Zacatecas,  Aguascalientes,  Leon,  Guanajuato,  Queretaro,  Pachuca. 
Mexico  City. 

Tn^ip  2. — Arrival  by  way  of  El  Paso,  Tex. :  Chihuahua,  Torreon, 
Durango,  return  to  Torreon,  Monterey,  Tampico,  San  Luis  Potosi, 
Guanajuato,  Pachuca,  Mexico  City. 

Trip  3. — From  Mexico  City  to  Puebla,  Orizaba,  Vera  Cruz,  Puerto 
Mexico,  Frontera. 

Trip  '/. — IMexico  City  to  Morelia,  Guanajuato,  Guadalajara,  Tepic, 
Mazatlan,  Ouliacan,  Guaymas,  Hermosillo,  Nogales,  Naco. 

Trip  .5.--I{ever,se  the  foregoing,  beginning  at  Naco,  Ariz.,  or  con- 
tinue from  trip  6. 

Trip  8. — Mexico  City  to  Queretaro,  Guanajuato,  Aguascalientes, 
Zacatecas,  Torreon,  Chihuahua,  El  Paso ;  Naco,  Ariz. ;  Cananea. 
Nogales,  and  thence  continue  as  trip  4  reversed. 

Special  note. — Travelers  should  plan  their  trips  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  their  particular  lines.  The  Railroad  Guide 
(published  monthly)   is  indispensable. 


MEXICO.  7 1 

Buyers  in  Mexico. — In  planning  to  cmivass  the  Kepublic  cnreful 
atteiiliuii  slioiiltl  l>e  {livcii  t<>  selecting  tlm  cliissos  of  uuMT-hants  or 
buyers  to  ai)pn)acli.  Travelers  wlio  deal  with  tlie  Uir^est  tirins  of 
wliolesale  iniixirtfrs  tau  imt  at'.vaiita^'eou.-ly  canvass  tiie  retail 
trade  also  without  iiieurrin;;  the  risk  of  losing'  tiie  patronuire  of  tiie 
larjie  importers.  In  some  pla<'es  hon.ses  which  do  a  hir;;e  retail 
busines.s  also  carry  on  a  wholesale  busincs.s.  The  traveler  nnist 
exercise  the  utnii>st  care  to  inform  himself  fully  re:,'ardin;^  these 
conditions,  else  lie  is  likely  to  jeopardize  his  ultimate  prospects. 
The  wliolesalers  in  ^Mexico  who  are  located  in  the  strategic  centers, 
such  as  Mexico  City.  Monterey,  ('hilnialuia,  eti.,  brar  the  same  re- 
lation to  the  smaller  nurcliants  in  the  ad.joininir  district  as  do  the 
wholesale  houses  of  the  United  Sfati's  to  tlifir-adja<ent  lields. 

There  must  bo  taken  into  Cimsidcration.  in  addition  to  tlie  condi- 
tions described  in  the  forejjoin;:  parajrraph,  a  mimi-rous  proup  of 
buyers  such  as  railways,  power  plants,  industrial  or  manufacturiufr 
establishments,  mines,  breweries,  etc.  It  would  be  impossible  in  a 
work  of  this  character  to  particularize  the  methods  to  be  followed 
iu  every  Instance. 

Agencies. — It  Is  impossil>le  to  lay  down  hard  and  fast  rules  for 
the  fstablishment  of  airtMicles  or  for  the  canvassin;;  of  Mexico.  The 
country  is  so  huire  that  wh(Mi  numerous  towns  have  to  be  visited 
periodically  it  is  inadvisable  to  exju'ct  the  work  to  be  done  by  one 
travellnir  man.  Houses  which  content  themselves  with  opening  an 
ofHce  in  Mexico  City  or  allowing:  the  Kepuhlic  to  l)e  canvasstNl  from 
that  point  frequently  tind  that  the  results  are  far  from  satisfactory. 
The  following  is  sujriested  as  a  basis  for  the  division  of  the  country. 
It  i.s,  however,  purely  arbitrary  and  not  applicable  to  all  lines  of 
merchandise  or  manufacture:  Northeast  Mexico.  ht'ad<iuarters  at 
Monterey;  north  central  Mexico,  headquarters  at  Chihuahua;  north- 
western Mexico  (including  Pacific  coast),  headqimrters  at  Hermo- 
sillo;  central  INIexico,  headquarters  at  Mexico  City;  southeastern 
Mexico,  headquarters  at  Vera  Cruz. 

In  the  case  of  aijencies  that  n^iuire  a  more  intensive  method  of 
dlstriburion,  many  additional  towns  would  have  to  be  named.  The 
reader  is  directed  to  the  succeeding  pages  in  which  the  different 
towns  are  described  so  that  they  may  easily  be  studied.  In  this 
connection  it  should  be  pointed  out  that  Merida,  in  Yucatan,  is  often 
considered  by  itself,  because  of  the  importance  of  its  location  in 
relation  to  the  surrounding  country.  Many  firms  find  it  quite  ea.sy 
to  divide  the  Mexican  field  into  two  or  three  distinct  territories 
which  are  canvassed  regularly. 

Points  of  Interest. — Obviously  it  is  impossible  in  a  guide  of  this 
nature  to  give  detailed  descriptions  of  the  places  and  objects  of 
interest.  Mexico  offers  extraordinary  opportunities  to  the  traveler: 
from  the  scenic,  historic,  and  connnercial  standpoints  it  Is  unu.su- 
ally  favored.  Those  who  wish  to  obtain  the  maximum  enjoyment 
and  profit  from  a  visit  to  Mexico  are  urge<l  to  buy  a  copy  of  an  ex- 
cellent guide  book  called  "  Terry's  Mexico."  published  in  the  United 
States  by  Houghton.  MilUln  *:  Co.,  Boston.  Mas.s.  It  is  on  sale  in 
Mexico  City  at  the  Sonora  News  Co.,  Calle  de  Gante  4.  In  this 
volume  are  detailed  descriptions  of  practically  everything  of  interest 
that  is  likely  to  appeal  to  (ho  traveler. 


72  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Hotels.— The  hotel  rates  in  IMexico  show  wide  fluctuations.  The 
chai-iicter  of  the  accommodations  differ  as  greatly  as  do  those  in  the 
various  cities  of  the  United  States.  Normally,  in  Mexico  City  and 
other  large  places,  the  accommodations  offered  by  the  larger  houses 
are  of  the  first  grade.  In  the  smaller  towns  they  are  less  desirable, 
while  in  the  more  remote  places  they  are  distinctly  poor. 

Hotel  Rates. — With  the  exception  of  some  of  the  hotels  in  the 
larger  cities,  especially  Mexico  City,  practically  all  hotels  are  con- 
ducted on  the  American  plan.  Generally  speaking,  the  traveler 
will  find  this  preferable,  for  in  most  instances  the  dining  rooms  in 
connection  with  the  best  hotels  olfer  the  maximum  quality  of  food 
and  service.  Owing  to  the  war,  political  troubles,  etc.,  rates  in 
Mexico,  as  elsewhere-,  have  suffered  a  distinct  advance  and  prices 
are  now  higher  than  formerly.  Generally  speaking,  however,  hotel 
rates  are  not  as  high  as  in  the  United  States,  despite  the  advances. 
Hotels  in  the  larger  cities  conducted  on  the  American  plan  charge 
the  equivalent  in  American  money  of  $3  to  $7  per  day.  Hotels  of 
the  second  grade  are  somewhat  cheaper.  In  the  less  important 
cities  the  rates  in  American  gold  are  about  $2.50  to  $5  per  day. 

lu  some  of  the  mining  communities  and  places  difficult  of  access, 
with  consequent  scarcity  of  supplies,  the  rates  are  higher.  On 
many  railroads  are  restaurants,  at  which  stops  are  made  of  suffi- 
cient length  for  the  traveler  to  obtain  meals. 

Hints  for  Travelers. — Salesmen  who  visit  Mexico  should  bear  in 
mind  that  the  larger  importing  houses  who  do  a  wholesale  business 
object  seriously  if  salesmen  who  canvass  for  their  trade  attempt 
also  to  sell  to  retailers.  This  principle  applies  generally  throughout 
Latin  America,  and  the  failure  to  observe  it  often  results  in  the  loss 
of  business. 

In  this  Republic  the  size  of  a  community  is  not  an  index  to  the 
commercial  possibilities.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  towns  in 
the  northern  States,  many  of  which,  being  near  the  United  States, 
are  accustomed  to  make  direct  importations.  In  this  respect  condi- 
tions differ  very  materially  from  those  in  Argentina  or  Brazil. 

Those  who  are  compelled  to  travel  overland  or  in  places  difficult 
of  access  should  make  a  careful  study  of  the  seasons  in  order  that 
they  may  not  find  their  journey  impeded  by  impassable  roads  due 
to  heavy  rainstorms. 

Holidays  in  Mexico. — Follov/ing  are  listed  the  chief  holidavs  of 
this  Republic.  The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  many  of 
the  feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Genei'allv 
speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  otticially  recognized 
(Jan.  1,  Feb.  5,  May  5,  Sept.  16,  Dec.  25),  except  in  the  interior 
(in  the  smaller  towns),  where  the  merchants  take  advantage  of 
these  days  for  the  transaction  of  business  with  the  natives  who 
visit  the  towns  in  large  numbers. 

January  1,  New  Year's  Day;  February  5,  anniversary  of  the  Con- 
stitution; May  5,  anniversary  del  Triumfo  en  1862;  September  16, 
anniversary  of  independence ;  December  2.5,  Christmas  Day.  There 
are  also  many  holidays  observed  in  certain  States  and  cities. 


Mr.MCO. 

POPULATION. 


73 


Statr<; 


Population 
in  1912 


Apiascallentcs 

.flaja  Califomja 

Gampcche 

Chiapas 

Chihuahua 

Coahuila 

Colima 

Distrito  Federal  Mexico. 

DuranRO 

Ciuniiajnato 

Guerrero 

Hidalgo 

Jalisco 

iMexico 

Michoacan 

Morelos 

Nayarit 

Nuevo  Leon 

(-)axa(a 

I'ucbla 

Quoretaro 

(^uintana  Itoo 

San  Luis  Polosi 

Sinaloa 

Sonora 

Tabasco 

Tainan  lipas 

Tlaxcala 

Vera  Cruz 

Yucatan 

Zacatecas 


124,497 
.%!,  2:4 

Wi,  f,sr, 
4.jt;,;i7i 

;i7('.,  747 

80,500 

7G3, 170 

509, 5S.-, 

1,085,0)81 

620, 410 

655,187 

1,220,100 

1,000,903 

l,00;i,491 

IS3, 705 

175,731 

373, 207 

l,a59,  7S0 

l,ILs,4:i9 

247, 19'. 

9, 32S 

63.S,  ,Si2 

329,317 

275, 107 

193, 675 

2.56,  27S 

IW,  (U2 

1,16.5,934 

347,  7s  1 

480,690 


Total 15,501,6S4 


Popula- 
tion    per 
sq.  mile 


40.6 

.« 

4.7 

lii.  1 

4.6 

5.7 

34.2 

l.T.6.  ;■( 

12.8 

95.  1 

20.1 

74.7 

37.  9 

107.0 

43.3 

60.  4 

1.'.  I 

I0.4 

29.3 

90.2 

.4 

24.7 
9.6 
3. 4 

IS.  6 

115!  4 

9.6 

19.2 


Capital. 


Aguascalientcs... 

La  Paz 

Campeche 

Tu.xtiatiutierrcz. 

Chihuahua 

.^iltillo 

Colima 

MexiioCity 

DuriniKo 

Cluanajnato 

Chilpancingo 

I'achuea 

•Guadalajara 

Toluca 

Morelia 

Cuernavaca 

Topic 

ifonten'V 

!  Oaxaca 

Puebla 

Queretaro 


20.0 


San  Luis  potosi... 

Cuh'a'-an 

Henno^iiio 

San  .Tnan  l5autista. 

Aictoria 

Tlaxiala 

Jalai>a 

-Merida 

Zatatecas 


Popula- 
tion. 


56,500 
6,000 
20,000 
22,000 
40,000 
35,000 
27,000 
500,000 

:o,ooo 

4.5,000 
9,000 
45,000 

140,000 
S'^.OOO 
41,000 
lo.iM 
IS,  000 
M,000 
40,000 

110,000 
3S.000 


90,000 
22,000 
20,000 
14,000 
IS,  000 
3.000 
25,000 
63,000 
33,000 


IMPORTANT  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ACAPULCO,  State  of  Guerrero ;  populatiou.  7.000 ;  good  port  on  Pa- 
eilic  coast;  vessels  anchor  offshore;  118  miles  (189  km.)  from  Chil- 
paneiiifro ;  320  nautical  miles  from  Manz;uiillo.  Climate  hot.  Prin- 
cipal product.s:  Fruits,  vegetables,  tobacco,  cotton,  cereals. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  William  McCann 
Hud.sun. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Francisco,  by  steamer  of  Pacific  Mail 
aiKl  Gulf  Mail  Steamsiiip  Lines;  from  Chilpancingo.  by  carretera. 

Note. — A  place  of  growing  imjiortance,  easily  reached  by  steamers 
plying  along  the  west  coast,  also  from  Chi»j)ancingo  by  National 
Railways.  In  normal  times  a  considerable  business  is  done.  A 
nuiiiin-r  of  important  firms  are  locate<l  here  and  make  direct  im- 
portations. 

AGTJASCALIENTES.  capital  of  State  of  Aguasealientes ;  pojiulation, 
56.500:  415  miles  (<>(>S  km.)  from  Tampico;  140  miles  (1>2(;  km.) 
from  (iuadala.iara  ;  364  miles  (586  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  altitude, 


74  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

6,280  feet.  Climate,  mild.  Products :  Corn,  wheat,  fruits.  Indus- 
tries :  Cotton  mills.,  tobacco  factories,  pottery  works,  flour  mills,  etc. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Tanipico,  by  rail,  19-hour  journey  by 
branch  line  of  Mexican  Central ;  from  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican 
Central  Railway,  average  time  four  hours. 

Trolley-car  service  from  railway  station  to  near-by  towns.  Res- 
taurant at  railway  station. 

Bankers. — Jose  &  Luis  J.  Laris,  Apartado  34  (correspondents  of 
banks  in  Mexico  City). 

Hotels. — Bellini,  Washington,  Paris,  Moore,  Frances,  Francia. 

Note. — This  place  is  an  important  agricultural  center ;  also  noted 
for  its  thermal  springs  and  delicious  fruits.  The  shops  of  the 
National  Railways  are  located  here.  Normally  a  large  business  is 
transacted.  Source  of  supply  for  tbe  surrounding  district.  A  num- 
ber of  business  houses  carry  on  a  wholesale  as  well  as  a  retail  trade. 
Worthy  of  the  attention  of  most  salesmen. 

CAMPECHE,  capital  of  State  of  Campeche ;  population,  20.000; 
port  on  Bay  of  Campeche,  western  coast  of  peninsula  of  Yucatan ; 
open  roadstead ;  vessels  anchor  5  to  10  miles  offshore ;  820  miles 
(1,320  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  576  miles  (930  km.)  from  Vera 
Cruz;  107  miles  (173  km.)  from  Merida.  Principal  products: 
Logwood,  salt,  hemp,  sisal,  hides,  coffee,  sugar,  cattle,  chicle,  fruit, 
etc. 

American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Domingo  Diego. 

How  Reached. — From  Merida,  United  Railways  of  Yucatan,  aver- 
age time  five  hours;  from  Vera  Cruz,  by  Steamer  (Cla.  Mexico  de 
Navegacion)  ;  from  New  York,  by  Ward  Line. 

Hotels. — Betancourt,  Monforte,  Campechano,  Numero,  Pasaje, 
Universal. 

Note. — An  important  port  in  southeastern  Mexico ;  does  a  large 
export  trade  in  logwood,  salt,  sisal,  hides,  and  chicle.  Worthy  of 
the  attention  of  salesmen  who  canvass  that  part  of  the  Republic. 
There  are  a  number  of  important  houses  that  import  direct. 

CANANEA,  State  of  Sonora ;  population,  20,000 ;  on  Southern  Pa- 
cific Railway  of  Mexico;  87  miles  (140  km.)  from  Nogales ;  39  miles 
(64  km.)  from  Naco,  Ai'iz.  Altitude  4,950  feet.  Products:  Copper, 
zinc,  and  other  minerals. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Nogales,  by  rail,  average  time  6  hours; 
from  Naco,  by  rail,  21  hours. 

Hotels. — Sonora,  Mesa,  Alejandria,  Fashion. 

Important  Mines  Near  By. — Cananea ;  Cobre  Grande;  Vela 
Grande ;  Oversight ;  Capote ;  Eliza  ;  Henrieta.  Nearly  all  reached 
by  trolley, 

Note. — In  the  vicinity  are  several  American  copper  companies,  in- 
cluding the  Cananea  Consolidated  Copper  Co. 

A  large  business  is  done,  merchants  importing  direct.  Easily 
reached  from  Naco,  Ariz.  Well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  most 
salesmen,  as  there  are  several  commissaries  and  general  stores  here, 
some  of  which  carry  on  a  wholesale  trade. 

Travelers  who  are  obliged  to  go  to  the  smelters  and  mining  camps, 
or  to  the  business  center  (Ronquillo),  will  find  it  more  economical 


MKXICO.  75 

to  eiiRajre  a  room  at  the  latter  placo  and  obtain  moals  at  one  of  the 
restaurants. 

Tliis  is  one  of  tho  most  important  coppor  camps  in  the  cntlro 
world.  Thousands  of  nieu  ar»3  t'uij)h)ypd,  wl»o  earn  good  wages  and 
c'ons«Hiueiitly  have  a  hir;,'e  buying  cap:i<-ity. 

CllLAYA,  State  of  Gu;ina.iu!ito ;  iMijiulation,  2.',nf>0;  jimrtidu  point 
of  Mexican  (Vntrul  and  N:iii(inal  Uiiilways;  TO  inili'S  (114  liin.)  from 
Guanajuato;  isi  miles  (■-1»2  1cm.)  lium  Mexico  City;  2  miles  fmm 
Laja  River.  Altitude,  5,T(»3  feet.  Climate,  temperate.  I'roducts: 
Cereals  an<l  jiotatoes.  Industries:  Agriculture  and  stock  raising; 
also  textile  manufacturing,  mills,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Guanajuato,  by  Mexican  Central  Hailwaj'; 
from  Mexico  City,  by  Jlexicau  Central  or  National  Hallways,  aver- 
age time  S  hours,  fare  .$9.2.1  gold. 

Hotels. — Concepcion,  Guadalupe,  Gomez.  Central,  Jardin. 

Note. — This  is  a  railroad  junction  point  and  a  very  considerable 
business  is  carried  on.  Under  normal  conditions  there  is  much 
direct  importing.  Several  of  tlu>  houses  do  both  a  wholesale  and 
retail  business.     "Worthy  of  a  visit  by  the  majority  of  sidesmen. 

CHIHTJAHUA,  capital  of  State  of  Chihuahua  :  population,  40,000; 
22.5  miles  r.MM>  km.)  from  Ciudad  Juarez;  9!)9  miles  (1,009  km.) 
from  Mexico  City;  2<X)  miles  (322  km.)  from  Ma(Lera ;  17  miles 
(27  km.)  from  Santa  Eulalia.  Altitude,  4,03.5  feet.  Climate  ex- 
cellent. Best  visiting  time,  winter;  hottest  month.s,  May,  June,  and 
July  (temp«'rature,  94°  F.)  ;  rainy  .season,  June  to  October.  Prod- 
ucts: Cereals,  woods,  cattle,  etc.  Industries:  Mining,  smelters, 
iron  foundries,  soap  fiictories,  cottonseed  mills,  breweries. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Ciudad  Juarez,  by  Mexico  Northwestern 
Railway,  via  I'earsou  and  !^Iadera ;  from  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican 
Central,  fare  $.j0.75  gold  ;  from  Kansas  City,  by  Kansas  City,  Mexico 
&  Orient  llailroad;  from  Santu  Eulalia,  by  Ferrocarril  Mineral  de 
Chihuahua. 

Bankers. — Metals  Sc  Mines  Security  Co.  (correspondents). 

Hotels. — Francia,  Palacio,  Vidal,  Itobins<»n,  Aliuamada.  Colon, 

Note. — This  is  the  most  imp(»rtant  city  of  north  central  jMexico. 
Many  wholesale  houses  are  established  here.  Serves  as  a'  base  of 
supply  for  a  rich  surronnding  mining  and  agriculttrral  country. 
Normally  an  immense  volume  of  business  is  done,  both  wholesale 
and  retail.  It  is  also  important  industrially.  Should  be  included 
in  the  itinerary  of  practically  every  salesman. 

CIUDAD  JUAREZ,  State  of  Chihuahua  ;  population.  10,000,  on  Rio 
Grande,  opposite  El  Pa.so,  Tex.;  22o  miles  (,"60  km.)  from  city  of 
Chihuahua;  1.222  miles  (1.969  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude, 
3.800  feet.     Climate,  cold.     Products:  Cattle,  cereals,  ores. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul:  Customs  brokers:  Angles  & 
A'elarde,  Caniilo  Arguelles,  Cuaron  &  Guijano.  E.^cudero  «&  ^Martinez, 
Raymundo  S.  Garcia,  Francisco  D.  Gonzalez,  Lopez  &  Gonzales. 
T.ucero  &  Montano,  Mora  &  Gonzales,  Perez  ^S:  Grisanti. 

How  Reached. — From  Chihuahua,  by  National  Railway  of  Mex- 
ico; from  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican  Central  Railway;  from  El  Paso, 
by  trolley  car. 


76  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

jifote. — A  very  important  port  of  entry.  A  considerable  vohuiio  of 
business  is  done.  It  is  so  close  to  El  Paso  that  its  ixjssibiliues 
should  be  investigated  by  all  salesmen  who  visit  that  town  or  pass 
throuETh  en  route  to  Chihuahua. 

CIUDAD  PORFIRIO  DIAZ  (formerly  Piedras  Negras),  State  of 
Coahuila ;  population,  8,000 ;  on  right  bank  of  Rio  Grande,  opposite 
Eagle  Pass,  Tex.;  third  p<;it  of  entry;  on  National  Railroad;  310 
miles  (509  km.)  from  Saltillo;  66  miles  (108  km.)  from  Guana- 
jaato;  840  miles  (1,356  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude,  702  feet. 
Climute,  hot  in  summer,  cool  in  Avinter.  Principal  products:  Ce- 
reals, fruits,  cott(m,  sugar,  coal,  gold,  silver,  coppei*.  Industries: 
Railroad  repair  shops,  stock  raising,  mining. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  broker,  F.  A. 
Bonnet. 

How  Heached.— From  Saltillo,  by  National  Railroad  of  Mexico; 
from  Guanajuato,  by  National  Railroad  of  Mexico. 

Hotels. — Monclova,  luternacional,  PiedraS  Negras,  Continental, 
Canales,  Sabinas. 

Note. — One  of  the  main  gateways  to  northeastern  Mexico.  The 
National  Railways  have  their  workshops  here.  An  important  mar- 
ket for  cattle,  horses,  sheep,  goats,  etc.  In  the  vicinity  are  im- 
portant coal  mines  and  stock  raising  is  also  carried  on.  Numerous 
importing  wholesale  houses  are  located  here.  Can  be  easily  can- 
vassed in  connection  with  Eagle  Pass.  Should  receive  the  attention 
of  salesmen  v.'ho  sell  to  wholesalers  as  well  as  retailers. 

COATZACOALCOS  (PUEHTO  MEXICO),  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  port 
on  Gulf  of  Mexico  (harbor  built, by  Mexican  Government)  ;  landing, 
steamer  to  wharf ;  188  miles  (303  km.)  from  Salina  Cruz.  Altitude, 
15  feet.  Climate,  hot  and  unhealthy.  Principal  products:  Hides, 
coffee,  sugar,  rubber,  dyewoods. 

American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  agent,  Pedro  Ruiz. 
Lloyd's  agent,  John  Dare  Knight. 

How  Reached.— From  Salina  Cruz,  by  Tehuantepec  National  Rail- 
way ;  from  Vera  Cruz,  by  steamers  ;  from  New  York,  by  steamers. 

Principal  Hotels. — Colon,  Two  Republics,  California. 

jjote.— This  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Teluiautepec  National 
Railway.  A  considerable  volume  of  business  is  transacted,  as  some 
of  the  houses  here  supply  the  surrounding  country.  Worthy  of  the 
attention  of  most  salesmen. 

COLIMA,  capital  of  State  of  Colima ;  population,  27,000 ;  on  River 
Colima  ;  on  National  Railways  of  Mexico;  541  miles  (873  km.)  from 
Mexico  City;  60  miles  (97  km.)  from  Manzanillo ;  161  miles  (260 
km.)  from  Guadalajara.  Altitude,  1,-538  feet.  Climate  hot.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Colfee,  cereals,  woods,  fruits,  cacao,  corn. 

How  Reached.— From  Mexico  City,  by  National  Railways  of  Mex- 
ico; from  Manzanillo.  by  Colima-Manzanillo  Railway. 

Hotels. — -Juarez.  Colima,  America,  California.  Europa. 

3jote. — This  citv  exports  a  large  amount  of  coffee.  Source  of 
supply  for  the  surrounding  district.  Numerous  importing  firms, 
some  "of  whom  do  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  business.  Ordinarily 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  salesmen  who  canvass  fair-sized  towns. 
Can  be  "  worked  "  in  connection  with  Guadalajara  and  Manzanillo. 


MEXICO.  77 

CORDOBA,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  ir>,000;  IG  mlk-s  (lu7 
km.)  from  Vera  Crux;  7  milo.s  (12  km.)  from  Guadalupe;  10  mili-s 
(27  km.)  from  Orizaba;  14G  njllf.s  (2'M  km.)  fiom  Jaiaiia ;  lf)7 
milos  (318  km.)  from  Mexico  Ciiy.  Altitude,  2,713  feel,  ('iiiimte. 
hot  and  moi.st ;  May  is  the  hottest  monrii,  January  the  coldest;  rain 
durinfT  nine  months  of  year.  I'roducts:  SuKar.  coffee.  plneupi>les, 
bananas,  tobacco,  rico.     Industries:  Cattle  raising,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  railroad  ( Ferrocarril  Mexi- 
•caiio).  Railroads:  Mexican:  Vera  Cruz  &  Isthnnis  Railway;  Ferro- 
carril de  Cordoba  &  Iluatusco. 

Hotels. — Francia.  El  Fenix,  Dilijrencia. 

Note. — In  the  midst  of  a  ri'-h  cotYic  district.  In  addition  there  is 
a  larsre  production  of  other  tropical  produce,  including  supu-.  metli- 
cinal  plants,  tobacco,  and  dyestutTs.  A  very  fair  volunic  of  l)usiness 
is  carried  on,  and  the  principal  merchants  make  direct  importations. 

CTJrRNAVACA,  capital  of  State  of  ^lorelos;  population  l.".fK>0;  75 
miles  (120  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude,  4,600  feet.  Climate, 
hot.     Principal  products:  Sufrar,  coffee,  riee,  cereal.s. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  National  Railways  of  ^Icx- 
ico,  4  hours. 

Hotels. — IMorclos.  Barron,  Cuernavaca,  San  Pedro,  Moctezuma, 
Belle  Vista. 

Note. — A  town  of  secondary  importance,  dopendinp  in  the  main  on 
the  wholesale  houses  of  Mexico  City.  Cuernavaca  is  famous  for  its 
beautiful  surroundings  and  wonderful  vista.s.  It  is  a  great  favorite 
with  tourists.     The  business  is  of  a  retail  nature. 

CUIIACAN,  capital  of  State  of  Sinaloa;  population  22,000:  on 
Sinaloa  liiver;  853  miles  (1,375  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  40  miles 
(62,  km.)  from  Altata  (port)  ;  3-41  miles  (.5,50  km.)  from  Guaymas. 
Altitude  131  feet.  Climate  hot.  Principal  products :  Sugar,  cotton, 
cacao,  etc.     Industries :  Principally  ajrrieulture. 

How  Reached. — From  Alrata,  by  Western  Railway  of  ^Mexico : 
from  Guaymas,  l)y  Southern  Pacitic  Railway  of  Mexico.  Carretera 
to  Guaymas,  Hermosillo.  IS'ojrales,  and  Mazatlan. 

Hotels.— Rosales,  I'alacio.  Central,  Lon.ja. 

Note. — Culiacan  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  accricultural  district. 
Its  port  is  Altata.  Easily  reached  ordinarily  via  Southern  Pacific 
Railway  of  Mexico  from  Guaymas.  Salesmen  who  make  the  west- 
ern coast  of  Jlexico  will  find  it  advantageous  to  canvass  this  place 
as  there  are  a  number  of  important  houses  here  which  carry  on  both 
a  wholesale  and  retail  trade.  There  is  also  some  outfitting  done 
for  the  rich  nuniTig  district  upstate. 

Altata  is  a  small  town  37  miles  (56  km.)  distant,  reached  by  the 
Ferrocarril  Ocridental. 

DTJRANGO,  capital  of  State  of  Durango;  population,  40,000;  on 
Mexican  International  liailway ;  96  miles  (157  km.)  southwest  of 
Torreon  ;  104  miles  ilOS  km.)  northwest  of  Zacatecas;  540  miles 
(870  km.)  from  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz;  862  miles  (1,389  lim.)  from 
Mexico  City.  Altitude.  6.207  feet.  Climate,  temperate.  Principal 
products:  Agricultural,  copper,  cattle.  Industries:  Stock  raising 
*and  mining,  cotton  mills,  foundry,  tannery,  milling,  etc. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 


78  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

How  Reached. — From  Torreon,  by  International  Railwaj' ;  from 
Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz,  by  International  Railway,  23  hours.  Branch 
railway  line  (Ramal  cle  Guanecevi)  to  Guatimape,  37  miles  (59 
km.)  ;  Santiago  Papasquiaro,  64  miles  (103  km.)  ;  Tepehuanes,  83 
miles  (135  km.). 

Hotels. — Richelieu,  Fausto,  Paris,  Torreon,  Gran  Hotel  Interna- 
cioual. 

Note. — In  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  mining  district. 
Ordinarily  a  very  important  trade  is  done,  there  being  several 
important  wholesale  houses.  There  is  cousideralile  direct  import- 
ing.    Durango  is  easily  accessible  from  Torreon. 

FRONTERA,  State  of  Tabasco  ;  population,  4.000 ;  on  Grijalva  River, 
5  miles  (8  km.)  from  its  mouth;  landing,  steamer  to  wharf;  3 
miles  (5  km.)  from  Gulf  of  Mexico;  72  miles  (116  km.)  from  San 
Juan  Bfiutista ;  70  nautical  miles  from  Lagima.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Mahogany,  dye  and  cedar  vroods,  sugar,  tobacco,  bananas, 
coffee,  maize,  and  cacao.  Industries :  Sugar  and  saw  mills,  soap 
and  brick  factories. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Ward  Line;  from  Vera  Cruz 
and  Lagiina,  by  Compania  IMexico  de  Navegaci6n.  River  navigation 
com.municates  wath  interior  via  Grijalva,  Usumacinta,  and  Pali- 
zada  Rivers.  Port  of  call  for  steamers  of  the  Compania  Mexicana 
de  Navegaci6n,  which  connect  with  Ward  Line  steamers  for  the 
United  States  and  Cuba. 

Note. — A  port  through  which  moves  a  considerable  volume  of 
fruit,  sugar,  and  other  tropical  products.  Easily  reached  from 
Vera  Cruz  by  local  steamers,  and  can  be  canvassed  in  connection 
with  Campeche,  San  Juan  Bautiste,  and  Coatzacoalcos.  There  are 
several  important  wholesale  houses  here  and  a  number  of  retail 
stores  which  do  direct  importing. 

There  are  no  railroads  in  this  district,  and  the  wagon  roads  are 
in  bad  condition.  Rivers  and  small  streams  are  the  principal  means 
of  travel. 

GOMEZ  PALACIO,  State  of  Durango;  population,  20,000;  on  Na- 
tional Railways  of  Mexico;  155  miles  (260  km.)  from  Durango;  3 
miles  (5  km.)  north  of  Torreon;  708  miles  (1,142  km.)  from  Mexico 
City.  Altitude,  3,725  feet.  Industries:  Soap  factory  (largest  in 
Mexico),  cotton  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Durango,  by  National  Railways ;  from  Tor- 
i-eon,  by  National  Railways  or  trolley  car ;  from  Mexico  City,  by 
National  Railways.  Trolley  connection  with  Ciudad  Lerdo,  which 
is  on  Mexican  Central  Railway. 

Note. — Situated  in  the  midst  of  a  remarkably  fertile  cotton  dis- 
trict. Ordinarily  a  large  business  is  done.  Easily  canvassed  in 
connectioji  with  Torreon  and  Ciudad  Lerdo.  Many  dealers  here  are 
accustomed  to  make  direct  importations. 

GUADALAJARA,  capital  of  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  140,000; 
223  miles  (359  km.)  from  IManzanillo ;  381  miles  (613  km.)  from 
IMexico  City.  Altitude,  6,100  feet.  Climate,  temperate;  tempera-^ 
ture  in  summer  averages  73°  F.  Principal  products :  Agricultural. 
Industries :  Breweries,  textile  mills,  flour  mills,  foundries,  manufac- 
ture of  hosiery. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 


MEXICO.  79 

How  Reached. — Fnun  Miiiiziiiiillo,  by  railroatl,  Colimn-ManzanlUo 
extension;  from  Mi'xico  City,  Ity  National  Huilwuys  of  Mexico. 
Brancli  railway  lines  to  Anieca,  5(>  miles  (J)0  l<ui.)  ;  to  San  MarcoH, 
29  miles  (48  km.).  Trolley  car  service  tlirouyhout  city  and  to  near- 
))y  siil)iirbs. 

Banker. — Salvador  T'sarte  (correspondent  of  Mexico  City  bank). 

Hotels. — Fenix,  Garcia.   Frances,  ("osnioixilila,   Koma,  Americano. 

Note. — Cliamiier  of  commerce  here.  The  city  i.s  second  in  impor- 
tance in  the  Hcpnblic.  There  are  numerous  important  wholesale 
and  retail  establishments  which  make  direct  importations.  Should 
be  visited  by  practically  all  salesmen.  Easily  reachetl  from  Mexico 
City  or  from  the  north. 

GUANAJUATO,  oa)iital  of  State  of  Guanajuato ;  population,  45.(X)0; 
14  miles  (l'4  km.t  from  Silao ;  2.')2  miles  (4tH}  km.)  from  Mexico 
City;  ;-J4  miles  (o5  km.)  from  Irapuato.  Altitude,  (3,S30  feet.  Cli- 
mate, temperate,  often  cold ;  heavy  rains  June  to  October.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Gold,  silver,  iron,  tin,  lead,  copper,  mercury,  bi.s- 
mutli,  liematite,  sulphur.     Industries:  Mining. 

How  Reached. — l-'rom  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican  Central  Railway ; 
from  Irapunto,  by  branch  line  of  Mexican  Central  Railway.  Trol- 
ley cars  run  from  railway  station  to  hotels. 

Baggage. — Acents  of  the  Robt.  McCormack  Express  Co.  meet  all 
trains  ami  arrange  to  have  bairsajre  talan  to  hotel. 

Hotels. — Woods,  I'alacio,  Banos,  Union,  Gran  Hotel  Espanol, 
Zozaya. 

Note. — Tills  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  picturesoue  towns  of  the 
RejHiblic.  It  is  the  ceiilor  of  one  of  the  richest  mining  areas  of  the 
world,  both  gold  and  silver  being  produced.  There  are  several  im- 
portant houses  here  which  carry  on  botli  a  wholesale  and  retiiil 
business.  Generally  speaking,  this  place  is  worthy  of  a  visit  by  the 
majority  of  salesmen, 

GUAYMAS.  State  of  Sonora ;  population.  17,000 ;  on  tlie  Gulf  of 
California;  landing  by  shore  boats  (travelers  should  bargain  with 
boatmen  before  going  ashore,  otherwise  charge  may  be  excessive)  ; 
90  miles  (145  km.)  from  Hermosillo;  1,280  miles  (2,0G3  km.)  from 
Mexico  City;  2(15  miles  (427  km.)  from  Nogales.  Climate,  tem- 
perate; minimum  temperature  in  winter  67°  F. ;  uncomfortable  in 
summer  owing  to  humidity ;  rainy  season,  July  to  September.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Cereals,  fruits. 

American  consul  aiid  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent.  John  Davidson. 
Customhouse  ))roker.  W.  IbeiTie  e  Hijos. 

How  Reached. — From  Sonora,  Nogales.  or  Hermosillo,  by  Sonora 
Railway  (Southern  Pacihc  of  Mexico).  Port  of  call  fi>r  (Uilf  Mail 
Steamship  Co.  and  Coiiipaniii  Navegaci6n  Mexico  y  Oriente. 

Hotels. — Borboa,  Central,  Alamada,  Albin. 

Note. — An  important  business  is  carried  on.  there  being  numerous 
houses  here  which  do  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  business.  Should 
be  canvasse<l  by  all  salesmen  who  make  western  Mexico.  Easily 
reached  from  Hermosillo.  From  this  point  salesmen  can  also  can- 
vass Lower  California  and  the  western  coast  of  Mexico. 

HERMOSILLO,  capital  of  State  of  Sonora;  populati<Hi.  20.000;  on 
the  Sonora  River;  175  miles  ('282  km.)   from  Nogales;  1.700  miles 


80  •         GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

(2,736  km.;  from  Mexico  City;  90  miles  (145  km.)  from  Guaymas. 
Altitude,  672  feet.  Climate  hot  in  summer,  excellent  during  winter ; 
rainy  season,  July  to  September.  Principal  products :  Gold,  silver, 
coppei",  cereals,  fruits.  Industries:  Flour  mills,  breweries,  ice  fac- 
tories, foundries,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Nogales  and  Guaymas,  by  Southern  Pacilic 
Railroad  of  Mexico, 

Hotels. — Gran  Hotel  Coheu,  Arcadia.  Americano,  Cambuston. 

ITote. — Chamber  of  Commerce  and  Agriculture  here.  Easily 
reached  from  Nogales.  Center  of  a  most  important  mining  district, 
with  numerous  gold,  silver,  and  copper  mines  in  the  vicinity.  Agri- 
culture is  also  carried  on  extensively.  Numerous  important  whole- 
sale and  retail  houses,  some  of  which  import  direct.  Should  be  can- 
vassed by  all  salesmen. 

Naoozari. — While  in  Hermosillo  iiuiuiry  should  be  made  in  regard 
to  business  conditions  at  Nacozari,  as  many  travelers  do  a  fair  trade 
there. 

IRAPUATO,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  25.500;  219  miles 
(353  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Guanajuato; 
IGl  miles  (260  km.)  from  Guadalajara.  Altitude,  5,655  feet.  Cli- 
mate temperate.  Products :  Cereals  and  fruits.  Industries :  Min- 
ing, electric  liglit  and  power  plant,  iron  foundry,  tanning. 

How  Reached. — From  Guanajuato,  by  Mexican  Central  Railway  ; 
from  Guadalajara,  by  branch  line,  6  hours. 

Hotels. — Gongora,  Central,  Independence,  San  Salvador,  Francia, 
Pan  Americano. 

Kote. — A  junction  point  on  the  Mexican  Central  Railway ;  travel- 
ers change  cars  for  Guadalajara.  Center  of  a  rich  agricultural  dis- 
trict. Under  normal  conditions  a  large  trade  is  done,  chiefly  retail. 
Dealers  make  direct  importations. 

Travelers  for  the  Lake  Chapala  region,  Tuxpam,  Zamora,  Colima, 
Manzanillo,  and  Pacific  coast  points  change  cars  here. 

JALAPA,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  25,000;  on  Interoceanic 
Railway  and  Jalapa  &  Teodelo  Railway;  211  miles  (342  km.)  from 
Mexico  City ;  81  miles  ( 131  km. )  from  Puerto  de  Vera  Cruz.  Alti- 
tude, 4,658  feet.  Products :  Coffee,  sugar,  maize,  vanilla,  tobacco, 
oranges,  bananas,  jalap,  pineapples.  Industries :  Cotton,  cigar,  and 
cigarette  factories,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Jlexico  City,  by  Interoceanic  Railway,  13 
hours. 

Hotels. — Gran  Hotel,  Llmon,  Mexico,  Juarez, 

Note. — In  the  center  of  a  very  rich  agricultural  district,  coffee 
being  an  important  product.  Business  is  chiefly  retail,  but  some  of 
the  dealers  make  direct  importations.  There  is  manufacturing  on  a 
small  scale.  This  town  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  those  who 
"  make  "  the  smaller  towns.     A  chamber  of  commerce  is  here. 

JIMENEZ,  State  of  Chihuahua;  population  10,000;  near  River 
Florido;  97  miles  (1.57  km.)  from  Rosario;  145  miles  (233  km.)  from 
Chihuahua.  Industries:  Flour  mills.  I'roducts:  Cereals,  tobacco, 
potatoes,  silver,  lead,  cotton.     Climate  temperate. 


MEXICO.  81 

How  Reached. — From  Kosario,  by  raiT;il  branch  f>f  National 
Railways. 

Hotels. — New  Yorl<  Hoiisc,  Mrs.  Town'.s  Hotol. 

Note. — This  town  is  in  tin'  centfT  of  a  ri'h  ncrrlcultnral  (lisiri<  r. 
Thciv  are  several  important  snpjily  houses  lii'p»,  some  of  v.-liich  do 
both  a  wholesale  and  retail  business.  There  are  also  important 
lead,  silver,  an<l  other  mines  in  tin*  vicinity. 

LAPAZ,  Lower  Calil'<n-nia  ;  port  on  (Jnlfof  ralifornia  ;  population, 
t?,(KK);  87  miles  (00  km.)  from  San  Antonio,  jit  whieh  point  tiiere  are 
important  pearl  fisheries,  jrold  and  silver  mines;  2,185  ndles  {^,510 
km.)  from  Mexico  City;  220  nautical  miles  south  of  Guaymns. 
rroducts :  Gold,  .silver,  copper,  nuirble,  pearls,  cereals,  .su.crar,  cattle, 
etc.     Indu.^trios:  iMining  and  pearl  tishin^. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Rosalia  and  Guaymas,  by  steamers 
of  Cia.  Naviera  del  Pacifico. 

Customhouse  broker,  Pena  y  Carrillo.     Lloyd's  agent,  F.  Chacon. 

Hotels. — Pucitico,  Palacio. 

Note. — This  city  is  the  capital  of  the  district  and  a  very  im- 
portant port.  Considerable  mining  is  carried  on,  and  the  pearl 
fisheries  are  al.so  important.  There  are  a  number  of  important 
wholesale  and  retail  houses  here  which  make  direct  importations. 
Easily  canvassed  in  connection  with  Hermosillo  and  Gnaymas. 

LEON,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population.  64.(MM);  .3.1  miles  (.56  km.) 
from  Guanajuato;  2j0  miles  (416  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude, 
5,85.5  feet.  Climate,  mild.  I'roducts:  Cereals,  potatoes,  pulque,  etc. 
Industries:  Mining,  stock  raising,  textile  weaving,  shoe  manufac- 
turing, manufacture  of  soap,  woolen  goods,  straw  hats,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Guanajuato  and  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican 
Central  Railway. 

Hotels. — ^Mexico.  Guerra,  Hidalgo,  Velasco.  Colon. 

Note. — Prijicipal  town  in  the  State.  In  the  vicinity  is  consider- 
able agricultural  wealth.  A  very  fair  business  is  done  and  some  of 
the  houses  carry  on  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  trade.  Generally 
speaking,  Leon  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  most  salesmen. 

MANZANILLO,  State  of  Colima  :  port  on  Pacific  coast :  population, 
2.(KX»;  GO  miles  (97  km.)  from  Colima;  (i08  miles  (008  km.)  from 
IMexico  City;  223  miles  (359  km.)  from  Guadalajara.  Products: 
Cereals,  fruits,  wood.s.     Industries :   Stock  raising  and  mining. 

American  consul.  Lloyd's  agent  (acting),  Richard  M.  Stadden. 
Customhouse  brokers.  Bias  Ruiz  and  Agenda  Aduanal. 

How  Reached. — From  Guadalajara,  by  Colima-IManzanillo  Rail- 
way; from  San  Francisco,  by  Pacitic  Mail  steamers;  from  Colima, 
by  Colima-Manzanillo  Railway. 

Hotels. — Refornia,  IManzanillo,  Ferrocarril.  Pacifico,  de  los 
Chinos. 

Note. — Manzanillo  is  a  port  of  entry  and  distributing  center  for 
this  part  of  the  west  coast.  A  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  done, 
there  being  considerable  export.  Should  be  visiterl  by  the  majority 
of  salesmen. 

MATAMORAS,  State  of  Tamaulipas;  seaport  at  mouth  of  Rio 
Grande;  population,  18,000;  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  the  Gulf;  200 
ndles  (331  km.)  from  Monterey;  10  miles  (16  kiu.)  from  Torreon 
144297°— 20 6 


82  GUIDE  TO   Li!lTIN    AMERICA. 

Altitude,  26  feet.  Climate,  hot.  Products :  Cotton,  wheat,  corn, 
beans,  sugar. 

Americuu  consul  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers,  J.  S. 
&  M.  H.  Cross,  Sues.     Lloyd's  agent,  William  Kelly. 

Hotels. — Dourroset,  Matamoras,  Cardenas. 

How  Reached. — From  Monterey,  by  National  Railway,  branch  line, 
12  hours ;  from  Torreon,  by  Mexican  Central  Railway. 

Note. — Matamoras  is  a  port  of  entry  opposite  Brownsville,  Tex. 
A  considerable  volume  of  trade,  both  import  and  export,  is  carried 
on.  A  number  of  important  houses  are  established  here,  some  of 
which  carry  on  a  considerable  wholesale  business.  In  the  vicinity 
are  a  number  of  small  towns ;  these  include  liurgos,  Camargo,  IVIier, 
Reynosa,  etc. 

MAZATLAN,  State  of  Sinaloa  ;  population,  28,000 ;  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gulf  of  California ;  landing  from  steamer  to  launch  of  the 
Expreso  Maritimo  de  Mazatlan ;  most  important  port  on  west  coast 
of  Mexico;  152  miles  (246  km.)  from  Culiacan ;  721  miles  (1,181 
km.)  from  Nogales;  461  miles  (745  km.)  from  Guaymas;  135 
nautical  miles  from  San  Bias.  Products:  Cereals,  fruits,  sugar, 
tobacco.  Industries:  Mining,  tanneries,  soap  and  cigar  factories, 
machine  shops,  foundries,  ice  and  electric  plants,  etc. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  J.  R.  Farber. 
Customhouse  brokers,  Cevallos  &,  Lupio,  G.  A.  Douglas,  and  Fran- 
cisco Escliequreu,  Sues. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Francisco,  by  Pacific  Mail  steamers  or 
rail  direct;  from  Culiacan,  Nogales,  and  Guaymas,  by  Southern 
Pacific  of  Mexico  Railway.  Stage  seiwice  to  near-by  towns  by  the 
Diligencia  Generales  de  Occidente.  Port  of  call  for  many  steamship 
lines. 

Banker. — Manuel  Gomez  Rubio    (correspondent). 

Hotels. — Central,  Francia,  Felton,  Mexico. 

jjote. — A  very  important  port  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico. 
Through  this  place  a  large  export  and  import  trade  is  done.  There 
are  many  wholesale  houses  here,  as  well  as  retail  firms  who  carry 
on  a  direct  importing  business.  In  the  vicinity  are  numerous  rich 
mines.  This  place  should  be  included  in  the  itinerary. of  all  sales- 
men who  visit  the  western  portion  of  Mexico.  Can  easily  be  visited 
in  connection  with  Hermosillo,  Guaymas.  and  Guadalajara. 

Mazatlan  is  the  distributing  center  for  points  on  the  Gulf  of 
Lower  California  and  also  for  interior  points. 

MERIDA,  capital  of  State  of  Yucatan;  population,  63,000;  107 
miles  (173  km.)  from  Campeche;  26  miles  (42  km.)  from  Progreso 
(port)  ;  776  miles  (1248  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude  25  feet. 
Climate,  hot.  Products:  Sisal,  hemp,  corn,  cattle,  fruits,  cereals, 
sugar,  timber.     Industries:  Flour  mills,  cigar  factories,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Campeche,  by  United  Railway  of  Yucatan, 
average  time  of  trip  5  hours ;  from  Progreso,  by  United  Railways  of 
Yucatan,  1  hour.     Trolley-car  service  to  various  points. 

Hotels. — Bazar,  Alameda,  Gran,  Paris,  Francia,  Suiza. 

Banker. — Arthur  Pierce  (correspondent). 

Note. — This  is  an  exceedingly  important  and  wealthy  business 
community.  It  is  dependent  chiefly  upon  the  exports  of  henequen 
and  sisal,  but  in  addition  there  is  a  considerable  export  of  hides, 


MEXICO.  S3 

lo?r.A-fio(1,  etc.  IMfi-idii  is  worthy  of  serious  attrntlnn,  and  sonif 
liouscs  find  it  a<lv!mfaK<'ovi'*  1o  cstahlish  :in  ntiPiu-y  hen-,  (.'nu  bo 
easily  canvassecl  in  roiiiieetion  with  tiie  territory  of  soiithoasteru 
Mexifo.  hfiiijr  usually  iurluded  in  the  dlstrift  allotted  to  salesmen 
who  eanvass  Vera  Cvuy,  and  other  jioints  to  thp  southeast. 

MEXICO  CITY,  FeihM-al  District;  c.ipital  of  the  Republic;  popu- 
lation, eity  r)(K).(M)0.  district  TL'O/XK) ;  fK){)  miles  (1,6<HJ  km.)  .south  of 
Chihuahua;  1,2'Jl  miles  (1.971  kiu.)  from  VA  I'aso.  Tex.;  75  miles 
(ll!U  km.)  from  Cuornavaoa  ;  2Gr>  miles  (425  km.)  from  Vera  C!ruz; 
LGol)  miles  (2,075  km.)  from  Kansas  ('Uy.  Altitude,  7.4(X)  feet. 
Climate,  pleasant,  with  the  exe(>ption  of  some  disafin-eable  days  in 
midwinter;  temperature  averatres  00°  V.  Indu.stri«'s :  Manufacture 
of  clRars  and  cigarettes,  pottery,  gold  and  silver  work,  feather  work, 
mining. 

American  ;imi)assador.  consul  general,  and  vice  consul.  American 
Chamber  ol  Commerce. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Alniacon«'S  Generale.s  de  Der.osito  de  Mex- 
ico y  Vera  Cru/..  S.  A..  Av.  San  Francisco;  Cibert  &  Ui>ustan,  Sues. 
Centro  Mercanlil;  International  Transfer  Co.,  S.  A.,  Av.  Inde- 
pendencia  47;  La  Agenda  Maritima  de  Mexico,  S.  A.,  la  Sau  Juan 
de  Letran  ;"> ;  I>.  T,onstan  &  Cia..  Sues..  Av.  San  Francisco  57. 

Lloyd's  agents,  Phillips  iS:  Co.'s  Successors. 

How  Reached. — I'roni  VA  I'aso,  by  Mexican  Central  Railway,  48- 
hour  trip;  from  Eagle  f'ass,  by  ilexican  International  Railway; 
from  Vera  Cruz,  b.v  Mexican  or  Interoceanic  Railwa.v. 

Railroads. — Interoceanic;  Slexican  Central;  Natiomil  of  ^Mexico; 
San  Rafael  &  Atlixco ;  Monte  Alto  vt  Tlanepantla. 

Banks. — The  following  are  among  the  important  banking  institu- 
tions in  Mexico  City  that  are  in  u  jwsition  to  tinance  import  and 
export  trade :  Mexico  City  Banking  Corporation  (American) .  Avenida 
V.  II  Madero  14;  Slercantile  Banking  Co.  (American),  Avenida  F. 
I  Madero  12;  Bauque  Francaise  du  Mexique  (French),  Avenida 
Cniguay  58;  Bank  of  IMontreal  (Canadian),  Avenida  5  de  31ayo  2; 
Canadian  Bank  of  Commerce  (Canadian),  Avenida  F.  I  IMadero  50; 
Cla.  Bancaria  de  Paris  &  Mexico,  Capuchinas  51 ;  Lacaud  e  Hijo. 

The  rollowing  New  Yoi'k  banks  have  representatives  in  Xlexico 
City:  National  City  Bank,  J.  H.  Durell,  Avenida  F.  I  Madero  12; 
p]quitable  Trust  Co.,  W.  B.  Glenn,  Capuchinas  48;  Irving  National 
Bank,  J.  W.  Rowe,  Capuchinas  48. 

Mercantile  Agencies. — It.  G.  Dun  &  Co.,  Capuchinas  4S ;  Brad- 
street's,  San  .Tuaii  de  Letrnn  5. 

Some  Leading  Hotels. — Hotel  Iturbide,  Av.  San  Francisco  17: 
Hotel  Lascurain,  Av.  Hombres  Ilustres  59;  Hotel  Isabel,  El  Salvador 
G8',  Hotel  St.  Frances,  Av.  Juarez  105;  Hotel  Porter,  la  San  Juan 
I.etran  12 ;  Hotel  Alameda,  Av.  Hombres  Ilustres  65 ;  Regis  Hotel, 
Av.  Ju;irez. 

Note. — Mexico  City  in  tlie  largest  and  most  important  commercial 
and  industrial  center  of  the  entire  Republic.  The  chief  wholesale 
houses  in  practically  all  lines  are  located  liere.  Easily  accessible 
from  the  north,  south,  east,  and  v,-est.  The  logical  point  for  the 
establishment  of  a  general  at'cncy.  Should  be  thoroughly  canvassed. 
Can  be  made  headquarters  for  travelers. 


84  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

MONCLOVA,  State  of  Coahuila  ;  population,  6,700;  942  miles  (1,515 
km. )  from  Mexico  City ;  107  miles  ( 176  km. )  from  INIonterey ;  135 
mile.s  (217  km.)  from  Saltillo ;  146  miles  (238  km.)  from  Ciudad 
Porlirio  Diaz;  2.36  miles  (379  km.)  from  Torreon.  Altitude,  1,926 
feet.  Climate,  hot.  Products :  Cereals,  sugar,  cattle.  Industries : 
Stock  raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz  and  Torreon,  by  In- 
ternational Mexican  llailway.  Branch  line  to  Cuatro  Cienegas,  42 
miles  (67  km.) 

Hotels. — Internacional,  Central,  Juarez. 

Note. — This  city  Is  in  a  rich  agricultural  district.  There  are  some 
very  important  dealers  located  here,  some  of  whom  do  both  a 
wholesale  and  retail  business.  In  general,  it  is  canvassed  by  most 
salesmen  who  visit  the  smaller  towns. 

MONTEMORELOS,  State  of  Nueva  Leon;  population,  5,000;  on 
National  Railways  of  Mexico;  59  miles  (96  km.)  from  Monterey: 
117  miles  (187  km.)  from  Victoria.  Products:  Oranges,  corn,  pecan 
nuts,  sugar  cane,  fiber. 

How  Reached. — From  Monterey  and  Victoria,  by  National  Rail- 
ways of  Mexico. 

Note. — This  place  is  easily  reached  from  Monterey.  Merchants 
are  largely  dependent  upon  the  dealers  of  that  city,  but  there  is 
some  direct  importing. 

MONTEREY,  capital  of  State  of  Nuevo  Leon ;  population,  85,000 ; 
322  miles  (518  km.)  from  Tampico ;  635  miles  (1,022  km.)  from 
Mexico  City;  206  miles  (331  km.)  from  Matamoras.  Altitude, 
1,624  feet.  Climate,  good ;  temperature  averages  30°  F.  during 
short  winter,  86°  in  summer ;  light  snows  during  January  and  Feb- 
ruary. Products:  Iron,  coal,  fruits,  sugar,  v\-oods.  Industries: 
Smelting  v/orks,  ice  factories,  flour  mills,  breweries,  foundries,  loco- 
motive and  machine  shops,  steel  works,  stock  raising. 

American  consul  general  and  vice  con.sul. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  National  Railways  of  Mex- 
ico ;  from  Tampico,  by  National  Railways  of  Mexico,  14  hours. 

Railroads. — Mexican  Mineral  and  National  Railways  of  Mexico. 
Trolley-car  service  throughout  city. 

Bankers. — A.  Zambrano  e  Hijos   (correspondents). 

Hotels. — Aurora,  Iturbide,  Continental,  Gulf,  Independencia, 
Bridges,  Hidalgo,  Monterey,  Baron,  AVindsor,  Ancira,  Nacional. 

Note. — A  most  important  city  in  northeastern  Mexico,  modern  and 
progressive.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  "  Chicago  of  Mexico."  There 
is  a  large  American  colony  here.  Monterey  has  numerous  wholesale 
and  retail  firms  who  make  direct  importations.  In  the  vicinity  are 
many  mines,  while  flour  milling  and  other  industries  are  carried  on. 
Should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen.  Not  infrequently  Monterey  is 
made  the  headquarters  for  the  northeastern  division  of  the  Re- 
public. The  largest  steel  works  in  the  -Republic  are  located  here. 
The  city  has  a  chamber  of  commerce. 

MORELIA,  capital  of  State  of  Michoacan ;  on  Rio  Grande  and  Rio 
Chiquita;  population,  41,000;  230  miles  (372  km.)  northeast  of  Mex- 
ico City;  56  miles  (91  km.)  from  Acambaro.  Altitude,  6,396  feet. 
Climate,  dry  and  uniformly  temperate.  Industries:  Stock  raising, 
agriculture,  milling,  etc.  Products:  Cattle  and  agricultural  prod- 
ucts. 


MEXICO.  85 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  National  Railways  of  Mex- 
ico;  Iroiu  Acnuibiiro,  by  nuh-D.-ul. 

Hotels. — I)<'I  .lardin,  L'cjiiicicio,  (Jran  Ilott'l  Morolos. 

Note. — Morclia  is  located  in  a  rich  ajrrlcultunil  district  and  is 
easily  accessible  from  Me\ic<)  City.  Many  of  tlie  dealers  make 
direct  imjirn-tatioiis  Inun  the  I'ldti'd  Htati-s  and  tiiere  are  several 
hous«>s  lliat  carry  on  bi>th  a  wliolesale  and  retail  iradf.  Worthy  of 
the  attention  of  salesmen  who  canvass  to\vn.s  of  fair  size. 

MUZaUIZ,  State  of  Coahuila  ;  popnlatiuii,  7.<)iX>;  on  Mexican  Na- 
tional Itaiiways;  2.j  miles  (-It)  km.)  from  Barruteran.  I'roducts: 
Chietly  coal  and  a;-'ricultiiral  products. 

,    How   Reached. — From    Barruteran,   by   Carbonifera   de   Coahuila 
braneh  of  National  Hallways. 

Note. — A  j)ro;,'i-essive  and  rapidly  ^'rowinfr  town  in  a  rich  agricul- 
tural district.  In  the  vicinity  are  some  larye  <  oal  mines.  A  brisk 
trade  is  carrii-d  on  and  salesmen  in  general  will  tind  it  woi'thy  of  u 
visit. 

NOGALES.  Static  of  Son(n-a ;  population,  <;,CXm);  SS  miles  (140  km.) 
southwest  of  Benson,  Ariz.;  2d.")  miles  (427  km.)  from  Gimymas; 
175  miles  (282  km.)  from  Uermosillo.  Altitude,  4.(MXJ  feet.  Cli- 
mate, healthful;  warm  days,  cool  nights.  I'roduct  and  industries: 
Mininir,  agriculture,  etc. 

American  consul  tind  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Ouaymas,  by  Southern  Pacific  Railway : 
from  T'enson    (Ariz.),  via  Southern  Pacilic,  4  hours. 

Hotels. — National.  Jloctezuma. 

Note. — Canva.«:sed  in  conneetion  with  Nosjales,  Ariz.  The  port  of 
entry  for  llerniosillo  and  the  rich  State  of  Sonora.  "Worthy  of  the 
attention  of  most  salesmen. 

Inrpilry  should  be  made  at  Nogalos  regarding  conditions  at  Naco 
(SoiuHa).     ConsiderabU'  trade  is  carried  on  there  also. 

NUEVO  LAREDO,  State  of  Tamaulipas;  on  Itio  (Irande,  opposite 
Laredo,  Tex. ;  population  8,0(K);  iG7  miles  (208  km.)  from  Monterey. 
Altitude  4.'i9  feet. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  ]\Ionterey,  by  National  Railways  of  Mexico. 

Note. — Nue\o  Laredo  is  a  port  of  entry.  A  fair  volume  of  busi- 
]iess  is  done  here. 

OAXACA,  capital  of  State  of  Oaxaca  :  population  40,000;  228  miles 
(367  km.)  from  Pue])la  ;  288  miles  (404  km.)  from  :Mexico  City; 
288  miles  (464  km.)  from  Vera  Cruz;  43  miles  (70  km.)  from 
Ejutla.  Altitude  5,070  feet.  Products:  Coffee,  silver,  gold,  skins, 
hides,  tobacco.  Industries:  Principally  mining  and  agriculture; 
Hour  mills,  breweries,  etc. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached.— From  Puebla,  by  Mexican  Southern  Railway.  12 
liours ;  from  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican  Southern  Railway:  from 
E.lutla,  by  Oaxaca  i^  Ejutla  Railway.  Branch  line  to  Taviche,  34 
miles  (.5.5  km.). 

Banker. — Ceorge  M.  Houston    (correspondent). 

Hotels. — Chavez,  Francia.  Alameda,  I'alacio,  Nacional,  Martinez. 

Note. — An  important  commercial  center  in  the  southern  part  of 
Mexico.    In  the  vicinity  are  numerous  mines,   while  agriculture, 


86  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

cattle  raisiug,  etc.,  is  cuiried  ou.  Cottxe  is  the  principal  crop  of 
the  district.  Tlicre  are  a  nuiuber  of  good  commercial  establish- 
ments, some  of  which  import  direct.  Usually  found  worthy  of  the 
attention  of  most  salesmen. 

The  Ruins  of  Mitla,  25  miles  (40  lim.)  southeast  of  Oaxaca,  are 
reached  by  horseback.  These  are  among  the  most  interesting  ruins 
in  Mexico. 

ORIZABA,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population  3o,000;  on  River  Ori- 
zaba; S3  miles  (133  km.)  from  Vera  Cruz;  184  miles  (292  km.)  from 
Mexico  City;  167  miles  (204  km.)  from  Jalapa.  Altitude  4,028  feet. 
Climate  temperate.  Products:  Cotton,  coffee,  sugar.  Industries: 
.Tute  and  cotton  goods  manufacturing ;  flour  mills,  power  plants,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Vera  Cruz  and  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican 
iJaiiway.     Trolley  car  sen'ice  to  suburbs. 

Hotels, — Central,  Imlgdio,  Gran,  f'rancia,  La  Broda,  Espanola. 
Borda-Diligencias. 

2Tote. — This  town  is  midway  between  the  "  hot  country  "  and  the 
plateau.  Famous  for  its  cotton  mills,  among  the  largest  in  Mexico. 
Agriculture  is  also  carried  on  very  extensively.  There  are  a  num- 
ber of  houses  which  do  an  excellent  business  and  can  import  direct. 
This  place  is  worthy  of  th-e  attention  of  most  salesmen. 

PACHUCA,  capital  of  State  of  Hidalgo;  population,  45,000;  71 
miles  (114  km.)' from  Mexico  City.  Altitude,  8,023  feet.  Climate, 
cool.  Products:  Wheat  and  other  cereals,  ores.  Industries:  Min- 
ing, smelting,  and  agriculture. 

ilaiiroads. — Mexican  Railway  and  National  Railways  of  Mexico. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  railroad,  two-hour  trip. 
Trolley  from  railway  station  to  center  of  town,  about  a  mile  distant. 

Hotels. — Central,  Palacio,  Grenfell. 

Note. — Pachuca  is  the  center  of  a  very  rich  mining  district,  som.e 
very  important  silver  mines  bt-ing  located  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Altliougii  easily  accessible  from  Mexico  City,  many  of  the  dealers 
are  accustomed  to  make  direct  importations  and  some  carry  on  both 
a  vx-iiolesnle  and  retail  trade.  ^N'orthy  of  the  attention  of  the  ma- 
jority CI  travelers. 

Seal  de  Monte,  6  miles  (10  km.)  distant,  is  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive mining  properties  in  Mexico. 

PAESAL,  State  of  Chihuahua:  population,  1.5,000;  174  miles  (280 
km.)  fi-om  Chihuahua;  911  miles  (1,463  km.)  from  Mexico  City. 
Altitude,  5,701  feet.  Climate,  temperate.  Products:  Cereals,  gold 
and  silver.     Industries:  Mining  and  agriculture. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Chihuahua,  by  National  Railways  of  Mex- 
ico; from  Durango,  by  Parrnl  &  Durango  Railway. 

Hotels.— Gran  Hotel  Central,  Paris,  Gran  Hotel  Frances. 

TJote. — Center  of  a  rich  mining  district,  both  gold  and  silver  beinjj 
mined.  Easily  canvassed  from  Chihuahua  and  should  be  visited  by 
most  salesmen.  There  is  considerable  outfitting  business  and  a  large 
retail  trade,  the  dealers  making  direct  importations. 

The  Parral  mining  district  includes  tlie  following  municipalities : 
Parral,  Minas  Nuevas,  and  Santa  Barbara. 

PARRAS,  State  of  Coahuila ;  population,  6,500;  77  miles  (126 
km  )  from  Torreon;  99  miles  (160  km.)  from  Saltillo;  12  miles  (20 


MEXICO.  87 

km.)  from  Paila;  15  miles  (2r»  km.)  from  Mudero.    ProUucta:  C€>- 

reals,  cutton,  siiKar,  fruits.     Indus!  i-ics :  Flour  milK  etc 

How  Beached. — biniu  Turrcwii,  by  lutt m.-iiiufml  Railway  of  Mex- 
ico; from  .Mailero,  by  (JcJitriil  liuihvuy  ;  from  I'iiilu,  by  luteruutlonal 
Kiiilwiiy;  lium  Sallillo,  iiy  Cualiuilu  iS:  I'acitlco  itailway. 

Hotel. — Hidalgo. 

Note. — A  fair  volume-  of  trade  is  transuoteil.  Chielly  Ufpendeiit 
upi'U  Alonteri-y  aud  Turreou.  Visitifd  by  salesmen  who  canvas;*  tbe 
smaller  places. 

PROGRESO,  poi  1  in  State  of  Yucatan ;  landing,  ve.^jsels  anchor  ofE- 
shore;  pojiuiaiion,  G..">00 ;  26  miles  (42  km.)  from  MerUla ;  140  nau- 
tical miles  from  ('anipt-che.  Altitude,  .sea  level.  Climate  hut. 
Products :  Sisal,  chicle,  hides. 

Americiiu  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd'.s  agt'nt,  Arthur  Peirce, 
Custouihouso  brokers,  Atrcncia  Comercial,  A.  Escalante  e  Hljo», 
and  Avelino  Moutes,  S.  en  C. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  "Ward  Line  Pteamers;  from 
iMerida,  by  United  Yucatan  Railway,  1  hour;  from  Oampeche,  by 
steamer. 

Hotels. — .\costa,  Garcia,  Rforale-s. 

Note. — Principal  port  of  entry  for  the  State  of  Yucatan.  Althou;:h 
the  chief  commercial  houses  are  at  Merida.  26  miles  (42  kiu.) 
distant,  there  are  a  nuinlicr  of  firms  here  who  do  a  very  fair  volunv 
of  husiM(»ss.  It  is  easily  canvassed  in  connection  with  Merida,  and 
its  possibilities  can  be  invcstisated  by  salesmen  who  visit  thsit  city. 

Visitors  will  tlnd  it  advantageous  to  proceed  immediately  to 
Ab'rida  and  stop  at  a  hotel  there. 

PTJEBLA,  capital  of  State  of  Puebla;  population,  110.000;  130 
miles  (210  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  228  miles  (306  km.)  from 
Oflxaca.  Altitude  7,200  feet.  Climate  cold.  Products:  Beans, 
maize,  supar,  fruits.  Industries:  Textile  mills,  glass  and  other 
factories,  tile  works. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  Interoceanic  Railway,  5 
hours;  from  Oaxaca.  by  JJexican  Smithern  Railway,  12  hours. 

Railroads. — Industrial  of  Puebia;  Interoceanic;  Mexican;  Mex- 
ican Southern.     Trolley  car  service  throughout  city. 

Bankers. — Victoriano  Alvarez.  S.  en  C.   (correspondent). 

Hotels. — I'asaje,  Ameiican,  Barcelona,  Francia.  E.spiUiol,  .Tuarez, 
Injrlis,  .Tardin.  Maj^lolre,  Dilepencia. 

Note. — The  chief  city  of  rlie  State  and  the  capital.  It  is  the  third 
city  in  ])opulation  in  the  Republic.  Considerable  mapufncturina:  i.s 
carried  on.  There  are  numerous  important  wholesale  houses,  which 
can  purchase  large  quantities  of  goods,  and  (here  are  also  retail 
dealers  who  make  direct  importations.  Should  b(^  visited  by  all 
salsemen. 

aUERETARO,  capital  of  State  of  Queretaro;  population,  38.000;  on 
IJiver  (Juert-taro;  167  miles  (260  km.)  from  Jlexico  City;  KMJ  miles 
(102  km.)  from  Irapuato.  Altitude  5,947  feet.  Climate  temperate. 
Products:  Cereals,  coffee,  .sugar,  tobacco,  opals.  Industries;  Tex- 
tile mills,  flour  mills,  tanidng.  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City  and  Irapuato.  by  Mexican  Cen- 
tral Railway.     Trolley  service  to  suburbs. 


88  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Hotels. — American,  luternacional,  Gi'au,  liidaigo. 

Chamber  of  commerce. 

Note. — A  growing  commercial  center.  There  is  some  manufacture 
of  cotton  goods  as  well  as  other  industries.  Business  is  chiefly 
retail,  but  a  numbei'  of  the  houses  import  direct. 

Hercules  is  only  a  short  distance  from  Queretaro.  It  is  noted 
for  its  textile  mills,  amon.!?  the  largest  in  the  Republic. 

SALINA  CRUZ,  port  in  State  of  Oaxaca ;  population,  6,000 ;  land- 
ing, steamer  to  wharf;  188  miles  (303  km.)  from  Puerto  Mexico;  13 
miles  (21  km.)  from  Tehuantepec. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers,  Tehuan- 
tepec National  Railway. 

How  Reached.— From  Puerto  Mexico,  by  Tehuantepec  Railway ; 
from  San  Francisco,  by  Pacific  Mail  steamers;  fi-om  Tehuantepec, 
by  Tehuantepec  Railway. 

Steamship  Service. — Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.  to  San  Francisco 
and  Central  American  ports;  Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha  to  San  Francisco 
and  South  American  ports ;  Cia.  Naviera  del  Pacifico  to  Mexican 
ports  north  of  Salina  Cruz. 

Hotels. — Salina  Cruz,  Terminal. 

Note. — A  very  important  port  of  entry  on  the  Gulf  of  Tehuante- 
pec. Pacific  terminus  of  the  Tehuantepec  National  Railway ;  there 
is  a  considerable  volume  of  traffic.  Ordinarily  considerable  business 
is  transacted.  Some  of  the  firms  do  a  wholesale  trade  with  the 
surrounding  country ;  there  is  also  some  direct  importing.  Can  be 
easily  canvassed  in  connection  with  Coatzacoalcos  and  the  south- 
eastern coast  of  Mexico. 

SALTILLO,  capital  of  State  of  Coahuila ;  population,  85,000;  234 
miles  (376  km.)  from  Laredo,  Tex. ;  74  miles  (120  km.)  southeast  of 
Monterey;  568  miles  (915  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  78  miles  (131 
km.)  from  Concepcion ;  210  miles  (336  km.)  from  Torreon.  Alti- 
tude, 5,337  feet.  Climate,  temperate.  Products:  Maize,  wheat,  po- 
tatoes, textiles,  coal.  Industries  :  Textile  mills,  corn  and  flour  mills, 
tanneries,  mining,  etc. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

Row  Reached. — From  Torreon,  by  Coahuila  &  Pacific  Railway, 
10  hours;  from  Tampico  and  Mexico  City,  by  National  Railways; 
from  Concepcion,  by  Coahuila  &  Zacatecas  Railway. 

Bankers. — A.  Zumbrauo  e  Hijos   (correspondents). 

Hotels. — Coahuila,  Plaza,  Central,  Progreso,  Universal,  Saltillo, 
Tomasichi. 

Note. — Saltillo  has  a  number  of  textile  mills  and  other  industries. 
In  the  vicinity  are  the  mines  of  the  famous  Mazapil  Copper  Co. 
The  chief  houses  carry  on  a  brisk  trade  and  make  direct  importa- 
tions.    This  place  is  easily  reached  from  Monterey. 

SAN  BIAS,  Territory  of  Nayarit ;  at  mouth  of  Rio  Grande;  popula- 
tion, 3,000;  38  miles  (62  km.)  from  Tepic ;  135  nautical  miles  from 
Mazatlan.  Products :  Rubber,  hides,  sulphur,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar, 
bananas,  oil,  nuts. 

Hovi^  Reached.— From  San  Francisco  and  Mazatlan,  by  Pacific 
Mail  and  Gulf  ]Mail  steamers. 

Customhouse  Broker. — Manuel  Lanzagorta. 

Hotel. — La  Bola  de  Oro. 


ilEXKX).  89 

Nots. — A  port  in  the  Territory  of  Tepic.  AltliougU  tho  populatiou 
is  SLuall,  tht're  are  several  iiiii>urtiiij::  lirnis  wlio  carry  on  a  trade 
with  the  surroimiliii;;  country;  tiiey  also  act  as  exi«>rters.  Tliis 
place  is  somewhat  inaccessible,  but  frequently  canvassed  l»y  those 
who  make  the  territory  ahmj;  the  west  coast. 

SAN  JOSE  DEL  CABO,  State  of  IJaja  Californhi,  at  the  extreme 
southern  end  ol  pi  niMsiiJa  ;  i)(»pulalioii,  [i,'6W;  14'd  miles  (231  kuj.) 
from  La  I'az.     Industry:  :\Iinin):C. 

How  Reached. — From  La  I'uz,  by  steamer. 

Note. — 'I'liis  jilaee  is  iiuporianl  cliielly  as  a  uiiniuii  and  salt  di.s- 
tiict.     The  business  is  of  a  general  retail  character. 

SAN  JUAN  BAUTISXA,  capital  of  State  of  Taba.sco ;  on  River 
Mazcalapa  ;  population,  14,000;  72  nules  (116  km.)  from  Frontera. 
Climate,  hot.  I'roducts:  Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  sugar,  vauilla,  ce- 
reals, dyewootls,  rubber. 

How  Reached. — From  Froutera,  by  river  steamer,  Los  Vapores 
Correos  .Mexit  alios. 

Lloyd's  agent,  Romano  &  Co. 

Steamship  Service. — Los  Vapores  Correos  Moxicanos  to  Frontera, 
Ainalitau,  ami  other  points  on  the  Grijalva,  Usumacintu,  and  Tali- 
zada  liivers. 

Hotels. — Hidalgo,  Juarez,  La  Galatea,  Zaragoza. 

Trolley-car  service  to  near-by  towns. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  Important  Commercial  center,  o.s  a  large  ex- 
port and  import  trade  is  carried  on.  Many  of  the  houses  do  a 
very  brisk  business  and  make  direct  importations.  Worthy  of  the 
attention  of  commercial  travelers.  Usually  canvassed  from  Vera 
Cruz. 

SAN  LUIS  POTOSI,  capital  of  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi ;  population, 
00.000;  282  miles  (4~A  km.)  from  Tampico ;  327  miles  (o2G  kw.) 
from  Mexico  City;  139  miles -(224  km.)  from  Aguascalieutes;  38 
miles  (GO  km.)  from  Aguacatal.  Altitude,  6,121  feet.  Climate,  tem- 
perate. Industries :  Tanning,  flour  mills,  mining,  smelting,  woolen 
mill,  nail  and  soap  factories,  breweries,  etc. ;  silver,  gold,  ami  lead 
mines  near  by. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City  and  Tampico,  by  National  Rail- 
ways; from  Agiiascalientes,  by  branch  line  of  Mexican  Central; 
from  Aguacalal.  by  Poto.si  &  Rio  Verde  Railway. 

Railroads. — National  Railways  of  Mexico;  Potosi  &  Rio  Verde; 
Mexican  Central. 

Trolley-car  .service  throughout  city  and  to  suburbs. 

Hotels. — Internacional,  Progreso,  Sanz,  Comercio.  -Ltrdin. 

Bankers. — Deutz  linos,   (correspondents). 

Note. — A  very  important  commercial  center.  There  are  a  number 
of  manufacturing  concerns  located  here,  while  mining  is  one  of  the 
chief  industries  of  the  vicinity.  Both  wholesale  and  retail  houses? 
are  located  at  this  point,  many  of  which  import  direct.  Canvassed 
from  Mexico  City  or  Monterey.  AVorthy  of  the  attention  of  most 
salesmen. 

SANTIAGO  PAPASauIARO,  State  of  Durango ;  population,  .5,000; 
64  miles  (103  km.)  northwest  of  Durango.  Climate  temperate. 
Products ;  Gold,  silver,  cereals,  potatoes.     Industry  :  :Minins. 


90  GUIDE  TO   LATIN   AMERICA, 

How  Reached. — From  Duranyo,  l)y  Guanacevi  branch  of  National 
Raihvays  of  Mexico. 

Hotels. — Del  Jardin,  Juarez. 

Note. — A  mining  town  not  very  far  from  Durango  and  dependent 
chiefly  upon  that  city  for  its  supplies.  Some  of  the  dealei's,  1k)av- 
ever,  make  direct  importations. 

SIERRA  MOJADA,  State  of  Coahuila ;  population,  8.300 ;  384  miles 
(620  km.)  from  Saltillo ;  136  miles  (220  km.)  from  Monclova.  Alti- 
tude, 4,749  feet.  Products:  Gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  iron,  coal. 
Industry :  Mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Escalon,  by  Mexican  Northern  Railway. 
At  Escalon  connection  can  be  made  with  the  Mexican  Central  Rail- 
way. 

Note. — ^A  mining  town  in  the  State  of  Coahuila.  A  very  fair  vol- 
ume of  trade  is  carried  on,  due  to  the  mining  industry.  Many 
dealers  import  direct.  Canvassed  by  a  side  trip  from  Escalon 
station  on  IMexican  Central  Railway. 

TAMPICO,  State  of  Taroaulipas ;  population,  20,000;  port  on  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  mouth  of  River  Panuco ;  landing, 
steamer  to  wharf;  85  nautical  miles  from  Tuxpam ;  602  miles  (970 
km.)  from  Mexico  City;  548  miles  (881  km.)  from  Torreon ;  147 
miles  (236  km.)  from  Ciudad  Victoria;  282  miles  (4.54  km.)  from 
San  Luis  Potosi.  Climate,  hot  and  damp.  Products:  Silver,  lea'l. 
hemp,  coffee,  hides,  sulphur,  sugar,  crude  oil,  asphalt,  cotton. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agents,  Viya  Hermanos, 
Sues.     Customhouse  brokers,  Jose  Tgnacio  Isuai  and  Lastao  y  Cia. 

How  Reached. — From  Nev.^  York,  by  Ward  Line  steamers ;  from 
Torreon,  by  National  Railways  (Central)  ;  from  Aguascalientes,  by 
rail  via  San  Luis  Potosi ;  from  Monterey,  by  National  Railways. 

Railroads. — ^Tampico  is  the  terminus  of  two  branches  of  the  Na- 
tional Railways.  One  loads  to  Monterey  a.nd  the  border  towns  of 
Laredo,  Brownsville,  and  Eagle  Pass,  Tex.,  and  the  other  to  San 
Luis  Potosi  and  across  the  rich  tropical  section  to  the  west  of 
Tampico ;  thence  up  a  steep  mountain  grade  to  the  elevated  central 
plateau. 

Trolley  car  service  to  suburbs. 

Steamship  Service. — Compania  Slexico  de  Navegacion ;  Ward  Line, 
weekly  service. 

Panuco  River  Service. — Tampico  Navigation  Co. ;  v.'eekly  service 
to  Panuco,  Hacienda  Ganahl.  El  Higo,  and  other  points. 

Banks. — Tampico  Banking  Co.  and  Petroleum  Bank  &  Trust  Co. 

Hotels. — Imperial,  Southern,  Palacio,  Bristol,  Continental. 

Note  to  Travelers. — This  port  ovres  its  chief  prosperity  to  the  oil 
industry,  which  has  developed  enormously  within  the  last  few  years. 
It  is  also  the  entrepot  for  eastern  an.l  central  Mexico  and  a  larg? 
volume  of  trade  passes  through  it.  There  are  numerous  important 
houses  liere,  many  of  which  import  direct.  Worthy  of  the  attention 
of  all  travelers. 

Tampico  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  State;  as  a  port  it 
ranks  second  only  to  Vera  Cruz. 

TSKUANTEPEC,  State  of  Oaxaca ;  on  Tehuanti-pec  River;  popula- 
tion, 16,000;  13  miles  (21  km.)  from  Salina  Cruz  (port)  ;  177  miles 


il£XICO.  91 

(285  km.)  from  Coatzacoalcos.    Altitude,  3:>  feet.    i*ruduct»:  Uruzil 

wood,  iiuli;;(),  coffe«\  hides. 

How    Reached. — From    Salinu    Cruz    aud    C'^utzucoalcos    (Pnerlo 
MoxifO),  l)y  Tehiuuitoopo  K:dl-.viiy. 
Lloyd's  agent.  William  WLscmau. 
Hotels. — Europa,  Del  Globe. 

Note. — The  proximity  ol'  tiii.s  point  to  Salina  Cruz  and  Its  location 
in  the  mid.st  of  a  rich  a;j:riciiltural  district  gives  its  busliiess  some 
importance.  G'euorally  six-aivin;.',  it  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of 
travelers  who  make  KUiall  towns. 

TEPIC,  (Tiiiiital  of  tState  Oi  Nayarit ;  population,  1S,000 ;  427  inllo.s 
.(600  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude,  2,775  feet.  Climate,  tem- 
perate.    I'roducts:  Coflt'ee,  sugar,  tobacco,  rice,  rubber. 

How  Reached. — From  Mazatlau  aud  Guadalajara,  by  f^ouUiern  Pa- 
ciHc  Railway. 

■niliL'eiic-  service  to  near-by  point.^. 
Hotels. — La  Uoia  dc  Oro,  La  Foi'tuna. 

Note. — Tepic  is  in  tli<>  midst  of  a  rich  n orricultural  region.  A  fair 
buf^ines.?  is  done  and  some  of  the  merchants  are  in  a  position  to  make 
direct  importations. 

TOLUCA,  capital  of  State  of  Mexico;  population.  38.000;  45  miles 
(73  km.)  .s,)uthwest  of  Moxico  City.  Altitude.  8,761  fe^t  Climate, 
cold  in  winter,  suunucr  delightlul.  Products:  Ceroals  and  fruits. 
Iiilustrlcs :  Stock  raising,  brewt-ries,  corn  and  flour  niill.s,  cotton 
mills,  tanneries,  electric  light  and  power  plant.s. 
How  Reached. — From  Jlexicu  City,  by  National  Railways. 
Toluca  «S:  Tenango  Railway  and  San  .Tuan  do  las  Eluertas  Railway 
run  frequent  trains  to  San  Francisco,  2i  miles  (4  km.)  ;  Metepec  4$ 
miles  (7  km.)  ;  Mexicalcingo,  Calimaya,  Saa  Augustin.  Tenango,  and 
Alta. 

Hotels. — Sociedad.  San  Carl<>s,  Leon  de  Oro,  Del  Deposit©,  Ferro- 
carril. 

Wote. — An  iraporLaiit  indu-strial  and  agricultural  center,  easily  ac- 
fessibl(!  from  ^Mexico  City.  Some  very  important  firms  and  indus- 
tries are  lf>cated  here  which  are  heavy  imi)orters.  The  general  busi- 
nes.':  is  of  a  retail  nature.  This  place  should  have  the  attention  of 
salesmen. 

TOUALA,  State  of  Chiapas;  Pacific  .seaport,  on  Pan  American 
Railv.i.y  ;  iiopnlation.  4,785;  111  miles  (180  km.)  from  Tuxla  Gutier- 
rez; 13  miles  (21  km.)  from  Puerto  Ai'istji.  Climate  temperate. 
Products :  Cedar  woods,  oil,  coffee,  cattle,  .skins,  silver. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Arista,  by  branch  line  of  P;in  Ameri- 
can Railway. 

Note. — A  small  city  in  the  Staff  of  Chiapa>,  but  doing  a  fair  tradp. 
Located  on  the  Pan  American  Railway.  Travelers  who  visit  small 
cf'mmnr.itif s  will  find  it  advantageous  to  "make"  this  place. 

TOREEON,  State  of  Coalmila :  population,  40,000;  97  miles  (157 
km.)  from  Duraugo;  .348  miles  (881  km.)  from  Tamnico ;  704  miles 
fl.].%  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  210  miles  (336  km.)  from  Saltillo. 
Altitude  3,730  feet.  Climate  hot.  Principal  pi'oducts :  Cereals,  cot- 
ton, etc.  Industries:  Smelrers.  soap  factories,  rubber  works,  ma- 
chine shops,  flonr  mills,  packing  bouses. 
American  consul  and  vice  consul. 


92  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

How  Eeached. — From  Durango,  by  International  Railway ;  from 
Tampico,  by  Central  Railway  ;  from  Ciudad  Lerdo,  by  electric  cars. 
Hotels. — Toledo,   Washington,   Francia,    Salvador,   Modelo,    Paris, 
Internacional,  Universal,  Torreon, 
Banker. — Celso  Garza  Gon/alez  (correspondent). 
Note. — One  of  the  most  important  commercial  centers  in  northern 
Mexico.     Railway  junction  point.    There  are  a  number  of  manufac- 
turing establishments  of  considerable  importance.    The  surrounding 
country  is  extremely  rich  in  agriculture,  while  mining  and  smelting 
are  also  carried  on.     Many  of  the  houses  act  as  distributers  for  the 
surrounding  country  and  have  a  very  large  trade.     The  wholesale  , 
and  a  number  of  the  retail  firms  make  their  chief  purchases  in  the 
United  States.     Well  v>'orthy  of  a  visit  by  all  salesmen. 

TUXPAM,  State  of  Vera  Cruz ;  on  River  Tuxpam,  5  miles  (S  km.) 
west  of  Gulf  of  Mexico;  2  miles  {Si  km.)  from  Cobos,  nearest  rail- 
road station;  8  miles  (12  km.)  from  Jalapa ;  207  miles  (335  km.) 
from  Mexico  City;  220  miles  (868  km.)  from  Vera  Cruz;  322  miles 
(518  km.)  from  Monterey;  120  miles  (192  km.)  from  Guadalajara. 
xVltitude,  3,800  feet.     Climate,  hot.     Principal  products:  Crude  pe- 
troleum,  chicle,    gum,   rubber,    honey,    cedar   logs,    dyewoods,   sar- 
.saparilla,  vanilla,  skins,   and  hides.     Industry :  Stock  raising. 
American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Angel  Perez. 
How  Reached. — From  Vera  Cruz  and  Frontera,  by  steamer. 
Hotels.— Bazar,  Colon.  Cantabrico. 

K'ote. — A  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  transacted,  considering 
the  size  of  this  place,  although  the  merchants  are  chiefly  dependent 
upon  the  wholesalers  of  Vera  Cruz. 

TITXTLA  GXJTIEHHEZ,  capital  of  State  of  Chiapas;  population, 
22.000;  87  miles  (140  km.)  from  Jalisco;  40  miles  (64  km.)  from 
San  Cristobal;  845  miles  (1,360  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Altitude 
1,575  feet.  Climate  hot.  Products:  Sisal,  coffee,  lumber.  Indus- 
tries :  Cotton  mills,  tanning,  cigar  and  cigarette  factories. 

How  Seached. — From  Jalisco,  by  stagecoach,  over  Government 
road,  fare  $20. 
Hotels.^Mexico,  Central,  Progreso,  Serpentina. 
Note. — ^A  rather  important  business  center.  Many  of  the  houses 
here  do  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  trade,  supplying  the  surround- 
ing district,  and  are  accustomed  to  make  importations  chiefly  from 
the  United  States. 

UETTAPAN,  State  of  Michoacan ;  population,  16.000;  85  miles  (IBS 
km.)  from  Morelia ;  316  miles  (509  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Alti- 
tude, 4,476  feet.  Products:  Wheat,  coffee,  bananas,  figs,  orange,?, 
shaddocks,  sugar-cane,  rice,  cattle. 

How  Reached. — From  Morelia  and  Mexico  City,  by  National  Rail- 
ways. 

Hotels. — San  Carlos,  Internacional. 

Uote; — Four  to  five  hours'  ride  by  horseback  to  the  north  across 
the  mountains  lies  Los  Reyes,  which  is  on  the  Zamora  branch  of  the 
National  Railv/ay-s.  From  there  traveler  can  go  to  Guadalajara 
and  the  Cake  Chapala  region. 

Uruapan  is  the  center  of  a  considerable  volume  of  business.  Mer- 
chants are  largely  dependent  upon  the  importers  of  Morelia,  Mexico 
City,  etc.  There  are,  however,  some  retailers  who  make  direct 
importations. 


MEXICX).  93 

VERA  CRUZ,  Shili'  of  Vera  Ciuz ;  port  on  (Julf  of  Mexico;  veswls 
lie  aloii^'side  custoinhoiise ;  populjilioii.  40.<MM);  81  lulu's  (131  kin.) 
from  Jalapa  ;  11G4  miles  (  I2r>  km.)  from  Me.xifo  I'it.v,  via  Mexieau 
Central;  li'.K'J  miles  (471  km.  I  from  Me.\ieo  City,  via  Interoceanie 
Kail\va\  ;  1,!>73  nautical  mile.s  from  New  York  CMty  ;  V2~j  naulieul 
miles  from  (Joatzacoalcos.  Products:  Vanilla,  <ly«'\voo<ls,  pild.  and 
silver. 

Ami'rioau  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agents,  Viegu  Her- 
luanos.  Successors. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City,  by  Mexican  Central  and  In- 
teroceanie liaihvays;  from  New  York,  by  Ward  Line  steamers. 
'  Steamship  Service. — Ward  Line;  Cia.  INIexicana  de  Navegacion  to 
PYontera,  Lafxuna,  Campeclie,  etc.;  also  many  other  linos. 

Railroads. — -.Mexican  Railway  aiul  Interoceanie  Itaihvay,  daily 
service  to  Mexico  City;  Vera  Cruz  A:  Isthmus  Railway,  daily  service 
to  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec;  Ferrocarriles  de  Vera  Cruz  (Lt<l.), 
daii.v  train  to  Alvarado  and  steamers  to  points  on  I'apaloapani 
Iliver. 

Bankers. — Viya  Hno.s.    (correspondents). 

Hotels. — Dilijiencia,  Univer.sal,  Mexico.  Colon,  Javdiu  .:Vstoria, 
iJuena  Vista.  Oriente. 

Note. — Vera  Cruz  is  the  chief  port  of  Mexico.  The  city  has  a 
larjj;e  trade  with  the  interior,  and  is  the  business  center  for  the  sur- 
rounding country;  its  sphere  of  iulluence  is  practically  the  entire 
southern  part  of  the  Republic  and  the  eastern  coast  in  general. 
There  are  numerous  important  whole.sale  houses  liere  and  a  great 
many  retail  Urms  who,  like  the  wholesalers,  make  direct  imiwrta- 
tions.  It  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  all  salesjnen.  Vera  Cruz  is 
often  selected  as  a  sui)a.uency  for  this  part  of  Mexico. 

xVlthough  passengers  may  be  told  by  hotel  runners  that  they  can 
have  baggage  passed  througli  custondiouse  satisfactorily,  passen- 
gers should  attend  to  this  inatier  por.sonally.  Trunks  and  bags 
slionld  be  locked  before  handing  same  to  runners. 

VICTORIA,  capital  of  State  of  Tamaulipas;  population,  18,000; 
812  miles  (1.310  km.)  from  Mexico;  117  miles  (187  km.)  from 
IVIonterey.  Altitude  975  feet.  Climate  hot.  Products:  Cereals, 
fruits,  coffee,  tobacco,  rice,  sugar,  copper,  zinc,  lead. 

How  Reached. — From  IMouterey  and  Tampico  by  National  Rail- 
ways. 

Hotels. — Espanol,  Hidalgo,  Comercio. 

Note. — A  growing  conmiercial  centtr.  INIany  of  the  houses  import 
direct.     I\lay  i)e  visited  to  advantage  by  most  salesmen. 

ZACATECAS,  capital  of  State  of  Zacatecas;  population.  33.000; 
439  miles  (707  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  112  miles  (180  km.)  from 
Guadalajara.  Altitude  8,010  feet.  Climate  cold ;  constant  cold 
winds;  outer  wraps  advisable  at  all  seasons;  travelers  should  en- 
deavor to  obtain  lodging  which  gets  the  benefit  of  the  sun  the 
greater  jiart  of  the  day.  Products:  Silver,  cereals,  fruits.  Indus- 
try :  Miidng. 

How  Reached. — From  Mexico  City  by  Mexican  Central  Railway. 

Trolley  riir  service  to  various  parts  of  city. 

American  consul. 


94  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Hotels. — Fracces,  Paris,  Colon,  Cosmopolita. 

Note. — This  city  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  silver  district.  Some 
of  the  houses  make  direct  importations.  Generally  speaking,  it  is 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  most  salesmen. 

ZAMOHA,  State  of  Michoacan ;  population,  15,000;  on  Duero 
River;  77  miles  (126  km.)  from  Irapnato,  x-eached  by  National 
Raihvays  (on  line  from  Irapuato  to  Guadalajara  via  Lake  Oha- 
pala),  average  time  3i  hours;  25  miles  (41  km.)  from  Yurecuaro, 
reached  by  braiich  line  to  Los  Reyes,  average  time  1^  hours. 

Hotels. — Mexico,  Porfirio  Diaz. 

Note. — This  is  a  small  town  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  iu 
a  rich  agricultural  district.  Some  of  the  houses  make  dii-ect  im- 
portations. Easily  reached;  canvassed  by  those  who  visit  the 
smaller  places. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Note. — In  many  of  the  towns  listed  below  are  retailers  and  gen- 
eral merchants  who  do  direct  importing.  The  traveler  must  deter- 
mine by  local  inquiry  which  are  best  to  visit. 

Acanibaro,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  13,600;  near  River 
Lerma;  on  National  Railways;  108  miles  (174  km.)  from  Guana- 
juato by  rail;  53  miles  (88  km.)  from  Gonzalez  Junction  by  rail, 
2-hour  trip.     Products:  Beans,  wheat,  corn,  fruits. 

This  is  a  small  town  iu  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  easily 
reached  from  the  capital.  Chiefly  dependent  upon  the  merchants  of 
IMexico  City,  but  a  few  of  the  houses  make  direct  importations. 
Canvassed  "by  those  who  work  the  smaller  towns. 

Acaponeta,  State  of  Nayarit ;  population,  5,000;  near  San  Diego 
River  ;  on  Southern  Pacific  Railway  ;  68  miles  (110  km.)  from  Tepi<? 
(port).     Products:  Fruits,  beans,  coffee,  fish. 

Acatlan,  State  of  Paebla ;  population,  6,000;  87  miles  (141  km.) 
f!-om  Puebia,  reached  by  carretera ;  22  miles  (36  km.)  from  Murcio 
Martinez  (nearest  railroad  station).  Products:  Maize,  beans, 
sugar,  silver,  copper,  iron.  Industry  :  Blining.  Carreteras  to  Abias- 
teca,  IMatamoras,  and  Huajapan. 

Ahome,  State  of  Sinaloa;  population,  1,000;  on  Mexico  &  Orient 
Railwav;  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Fuerte. 

Allende,  State  of  Coahuila ;  population,  7,000;  on  Mexican  Inter- 
national Railway;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Ciudad  Porfirio  Diaz. 

Altar,  State  of  Sonora ;  population,  2.000;  161  miles  (2.59  km.) 
from  Hermosillo;  50  miles  (80  km.)  from  Santa  Ana  (nearest  rail- 
way station).  Products:  Corn,  wheat,  beans,  fruit,  gold,  silver, 
copper,  etc.     Communication  by  sea  via  Gulf  of  California. 

Alvarado.  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  7.000;  43  miles  (70 
km.)  from  Vera  Cruz,  via  Ferrocarrii  de  Vera  Cruz  Limitada.  This 
is  tlie  terminus  of  the  railway  and  starting  point  for  deep-sea  and 
rivei'  steamers.  „ 

Ameca.  State  of  .Jalisco;  population,  8.000;  56  miles  (90  km.)  irom 
Guadalajara  renched  by  branch  line  of  National  Railwaj'S.  Prod- 
ucts :  Maize,  wheat,  sugar,  copper. 

Araecameca,  State  of  jMexico ;  altitude,  7,600  feet;  population, 
14.000;  at  the  base  of  the  Popocatepetl  and  the  Iztaccihuatl ;  85 


MEXICO.  95 

iiiik's  (;";S  km.)  from  Mi'xico  <'ity,  (luw-hour  lrii».  Inler<>cc«nlc 
Kuiluay  jiikI  tlie  San  Kafat'l  tSc  Atlixco  Uallwn.v. 

Angaugues,  Slate  ol  Michoacau  ;  pniiulatioii,  5,001);  on  the  Mexican 
Railway  ;  3  miles  ("i  km.)  nurth  oi'  Tareeualo. 

Apaseo,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  4.500;  on  Central  Rail- 
way; 78  mile.s  (12G  kui.)  from  Guanajuato;  174  nilles  (279  km.) 
from  Mexico  City,  averape  time  ol'  trip  74  hour.s.  rroduets:  Com, 
wheat,  fruit.s,  cuttle,     ludustry  :  Quarrying. 

Asientos,  Slate  of  Ajjcuascalienics;  population,  2,500;  40  miles  (05 
km. )  from  Agua.scalientes,  reached  by  >>ational  llailwuys  via  San 
Gil  (31  miles  from  Aguuscalieutes).  Products:  Coru.  bean.s,  chile, 
sHver,  copper. 

Atlixco,  Stale  of  Puebla  ;  altitude  3,925  feet;  population.  9.000; 
2S  miles  (45  km.)  from  Tuebla  ;  14  miles  (39  km.)  from  Matamoras. 
Products:  Potatoes,  maize,  beans,  wheat,  alfalfa,  woods,  coffee, 
sugar,  tobacco.  Iteached  from  Puebla  by  railway,  average  time  of 
trip  2  hours,  fare  $1.38.  On  luteroceanic  Kailway  and  San  Itafael 
«S;  Atlixco  Railway. 

Atzacapozalco,  Feilerul  District;  population,  7.(K)0;  5  miles  (8  km.) 
north  of  Mexico  City.  Products:  Alfalfa,  maize,  barley,  \vhe:u, 
fruit.s,  cattle,  eic.     On  National  Itailways  of  Mexico. 

Autlan,  Stale  of  Jalisco;  popuialiou,  8,000;  130  miles  (220  km.) 
from  Guadalajara.  I'roducts:  Corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  rice,  cotton, 
fruits,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar  cane,  gold,  silver,  coi)per. 

This  town  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  district. 
Merchauts  chiefly  dependent  upon  Mexico  City  and  AguascalieiiTes. 

Batopilas,  Stale  of  Chihuahua;  population,  3,5(H);  250  miles  (400 
km.)  fri'in  Chihuahua;  92  miles  (150  km.)  from  Creel  (nearest 
railway  station). 

Cadereyta,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon;  population,  4,500;  on  National 
Kailway  of  Mexico;  23  miles  (37  km.)  from  :\Ionterey.  Product: 
Silver. 

Casas  Grandes.  State  of  Chihuahua;  population,  2,200;  on  Rio 
(;rande,  Sierra  Madre  &  Pacifico  Railway  ;  148  miles  (240  km.)  from 
Clnhualiua.     Products:  Cereals,  potatoes,  fruits,  cattle. 

Catoroe,  mining  town  in  State  of  San  Luis  Poto.si ;  altitude,  9,043 
feet;  population.  7.000:  on  National  Railway  of  Mexico;  9  miles  (15 
km.)   from  railway  station,  reached  by  horse. 

Cedral.  Slate  of  San  Luis  Potosi ;  population,  6,000;  on  National 
Kailway  of  Mexico.     Industries:  Guayule  rubber  factory. 

Chalchicomula,  State  of  Puebla;  population.  7,(X)0;  on  Chalchi- 
( cmnla  Railway;  55  miles  (90  km.)  from  Puebla  by  earretera. 
I'roducts:  Fruits,  beans,  potatoes,  cereals,  wo<miS. 

Chapala.  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  2,200:  370  miles  (595  km.) 
from  Mexico  (^ity  ;  37  miles  (01  km.)  from  Guadalajara  (25  miles 
by  rail,  12  miles  by  earretera).  Hotels:  Arzopala,  Victor  Hugo, 
rie  la  Palma. 

Chilapa,  State  of  Guerrero;  population,  7,000;  28  miles  (47  km.) 
from  Cliilpancingo  by  earretera:  281  miles  (37t)  ktn.)  from  ilexico 
rity.     Products:  Corn,  beans,  sugar,  fruits. 

Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerrero;  altitude.  4,250  feet;  population, 
9,000;  7X  miles  (124  km.)  from  Iguala.  reache<1  by  horseback;  207 
miles  (334  km.)   from  Mexico  City,  partly  by  earretera  and  partly 


95  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

rail.  Products:  Corn,  beaus,  tobacco,  sugar,  cotton,  cattle,  minerals. 
Hotels :  Melendez,  Sur.  Bunk  :  Banco  Nacional  de  Mexico.  Capital 
of  the  State.  A  fair  volume  of  business  is  carried  on.  Can  be  vis- 
ited in  connection  with  Acapulco. 

Chinipas,  State  of  Chilmahua ;  population,  2,000;  270  miles  (435 
km.)  from  Chihuahua.  Products:  Corn,  wheat,  sugar,  maguey, 
cattle. 

Ciudad  Guerrero,  State  of  Chihuahua ;  population,  2,600.  Prod- 
ucts: Cereals,  beans,  cattle,  gold,  silver,  lead. 

Ciudad  Guzman,  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  18,000;  99  miles 
(160  km.)  from  Guadalajara,  average  time  of  trip  five  and  one-half 
hours;  2(50  miles  (42.S  km.)  from  Irapuato.  Products:  Sugar,  to- 
bacco, fruits,  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  wines. 

Coatepec,  State  of  Vera  Ch-uz ;  population,  9,000 ;  on  Jalapa  &  Teo- 
celo  Railway;  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  Jalapa.  Products:  Sugar, 
fruits,  vegetables,  bananas,  coffee.  Caminos  de  herradura  to  Xico, 
Coscautlan,  and  Vera  Cruz. 

Comitan,  State  of  Chiapas ;  population,  10,000 ;  343  miles  (554  km.) 
from  Jalisco  by  road.     Products :  Wheat,  maguey,  fruits,  cattle. 

Cuautla,  State  of  Morelos ;  population,  6,000 ;  on  Interoceanic  Rail- 
v:ay ;  27  miles  (45  km.)  from  Cuernavaca.  Products:  Sugar,  cof- 
fee, rice,  cereals,  fruits.  Sulphur  springs.  Hotels :  San  Diego,  Hal- 
cyon, Morelos,  Providencia. 

Cuatro  Cienagas,  State  of  Coahuila  ;  42  miles  (68  km.)  from  Mon- 
clova,  reached  by  branch  line  of  National  Railway.  This  is  a  small 
town  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region.  Some  of  tlie  dealers 
make  importations  from  the  United  States.  Canvassed  by  those  who 
make  the  smaller  places. 

Cuencame,  State  of  Durango ;  population,  3,000;  103  miles  (167 
l:m. )  from  Durango;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Pasaje  (nearest  railway 
station).     Products:  Beans,  sugar,  corn,  cereals,  cattle,  lead,  silver. 

Cusihuarieliic,  State  of  Chihuahua;  population,  2,000;  on  National 
Railway  of  Mexico;  74  miles  (120  km.)  from  Chihuahua;  12  miles 
(20  km.)  from  San  Antonio  de  los  Arenales.  Products:  Corn, 
wheat,  cattle,  silver,  lead. 

Dolores  Hidalgo,  State  of  Guanajuato ;  population,  7,000 ;  on  Mexi- 
can National  Railway;  126  miles  (204  km.)  from  Guanajuato. 
Products:  Wheat,  corn,  alfalfa.     Sulphur  springs, 

Ebano,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi ;  381  miles  (613  km.)  from 
Aguascalientes ;  40  miles  (G4  km.)  from  Tampico,  reached  by 
branch  line  of  National  Railways.  Extensive  oil  works  are  located 
in  this  vicinity. 

El  Carmen  (Tiaguna  del  Terminos),  State  of  Campeche;  popula- 
tion, 6,000 ;  on  western  coast  of  the  island ;  very  good  port ;  99  miles 
( 160  km. )  from  Campeche.  Products :  Tobacco,  cereals,  medicinal 
plants,  vegetables,  etc.  Lloyd's  agent,  George  A.  Ludewig.  Con- 
siderable export  of  tropical  products,  including  dyewoods.  timbex', 
etc.     Easily  reached  by  coastal  steamers  from  Vera  Cruz. 

El  Euerte,  State  of  Sinaloa  ;  65  miles  (103  km.)  from  Topolo- 
bampo ;  reached  by  Kansas  City,  Mexico  &  Orient  Railway,  average 
time  of  trip  4^  hours.  This  is  a  mining  town  in  northern  Sinaloa. 
Some  of  the  merchants  make  direct  importations.  May  be  can- 
vassed in  connection  with  Guaymas  and  Culiacan. 


.MEXIC.).  97 

El  Oro,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  i:0,OU<J ;  on  Kivt-i-  hernia;  on 
liailwiiy  of  Kl  Oro  ftliuin;;  (Jo.,  Yoinlfsc  to  Tuti'lnunj;o ;  (j  miles  (10 
kui.)  from  Tolucu  ;  11  miK-s  (17  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  I'nxlucts : 
Corn,  wheat,  beans,  Rold,  .silver. 

Empalme,  State  of  Suuora ;  0  miles  (10  km.)  from  Gnuymas. 
readied  hy  rail.  The  general  oltices  and  shops  of  the  Vt'est  Coast 
Hailroail  are  located  at  thi.s  point. 

Encarnacion,  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  5.000;  altitude,  6,07o 
feet;  on  Mexican  Central  Hallway;  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Aj?uas- 
calientos. 

Enseuada,  port  in  Lower  California;  population,  3,000;  vessels 
anchor  1  mile  ofl'shore ;  SS3  nautical  miles  from  La  Paz.  Iteached 
by  steamers  of  Compania  Naviera  del  I'acitico.  American  consul 
and  vice  consul. 

Fresnillo,  State  of  Zacatecas;  population,  7,000;  altitude,  7,0(Mt 
feet;  on  Central  Railway;  30  miles  (."S  km.)  from  Zacatecas, 
reached  by  Zacatecas-Itio  Grande  line;  474  miles  (704  km.)  from 
Mexico  City.  Products :  Corn,  wheat,  beans,  fruit,  timber,  gold, 
iron,  lead,  tin,  silver,  mercury. 

Gonzales  Junction,  State  of  Guanajuato ;  poi)ulation,  6,(X)0 ;  on 
National  liailway,  brainli  line  to  Acambaro,  55  miles  (88  km.), 
2-hour  trip;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  (Jelayo. 

Guadalupe,  State  of  Zacatecas;  population,  9,000;  on  Mexican 
Central  liailway;  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  Cordoba;  6  miles  (10  km.) 
from  Zacatecas. 

Guadalupe  Calvo,  State  of  Chihuahua ;  population,  1.500.  Mining 
town ;  gold  and  silver. 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  6,000;  3  miles 
(5  km.)  from  Mexico  City,  reached  by  trolley.  Products:  Wheat, 
corn,  etc. 

Guanacevi,  State  of  Dura'ngo ;  population,  7.0f)0;  ISo  miles  (217 
km.)  northwest  of  Duraugo ;  60  miles  (97  km.)  from  Tepehuanes 
(stage  road).     Mining  center. 

Huamantla,  State  of  Tlaxcala ;  population.  7.000;  102  miles  (165 
km.)  from  Mexico  city,  reached  by  Mexican  Railway,  five-hour  trip; 
161  miles  (260  km.)  from  Vera  Cruz,  reaeiie<l  by  Mexican  Railway, 
nine  and  one-half  hours.     Products:  Wheat,  etc. 

Huatusco,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  8,000;  38  miles  (62 
km.)  from  .Talapa ;  13  miles  (22  km.)  from  Cordoba  (nearest  sta- 
tion).    Products:  Sugai-,  cereals,  aguardiente. 

Iguala,  State  of  Guerrero;  population,  12,000;  78  miles  (124  km.) 
from  Chilpancingo  l)y  carretera  ;  147  miles  (238  km.)  from  Mexico 
City.  Products :  Corn,  rice,  fruits,  tobacco.  Railway  to  Balsas, 
connecting  with  National  Railway  of  Mexico.  This  town  may  be 
visited  in  connection  with  Chilpancingo. 

Imuris,  State  of  Sonora  ;  43  miles  (68  km.)  from  Nogales,  reached 
by  Southern  Pacific  of  Mexir-o  Railway,  average  time  of  trip  two 
iumns.  Agiicultural  and  mining  district ;  also  mineral  springs. 
Northeast  of  Imuris  is  the  famous  Cocospera  mining  region. 

Inde,  State  of  Hidalgo;  population,  2,000;  196  miles  (316  km.) 
from  Durango;  57  miles  (92  km.)  from  Rosario,  reached  by  carre- 
tera. Products :  Fruits,  sugar,  cereals,  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  and 
cattle. 

144297°— 20 7 


98  GTJIDE  TO   I^^TIN    AMERICA. 

Juchitan,  State  of  Oaxaca ;  population,  12,000 ;  on  Pan  American 
Railway  ;  187  miles  (301  km.)  from  Oaxaca.  Products:  Salt,  coffee, 
cacao,  cereals,  sugar,  vanilla. 

La  Barca,  State  of  Jalisco ;  population,  9,000 ;  on  Lerma  River ;  66 
miles  (106  km.)  from  Guadalajara,  via  iMexican  Central  Railway; 
96  miles  (154  km.)  from  Irapuato,  via  Mexican  Central  Railway, 
four  and  one-half  hour  trip.  Products :  Fruits,  sugar,  corn,  cof- 
fee, tobacco. 

Lagos  de  Moreno,  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  16.000;  on  National 
Railway  of  Mexico;  294  miles  (475  km.)  from  Mexico  City;  143 
miles  (231  km.)  from  Guadalajara.  Products:  Wheat,  corn,  fruits, 
etc. 

Lampazos,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon ;  population,  2,000 ;  on  National 
Railway  of  Mexico;  72  miles  (115  km.)  from  Laredo,  Tex.;  105 
miles  (170  km.)  from  Monterey.     Stock  raising  and  mining  district. 

Lerdo,  State  of  Durango ;  population,  8.000 ;  on  River  Nazos ;  155 
miles  (250  km.)  from  Durango;  half  hour's  ride  on  trolley  from 
Torreon,  3  miles  ( 5  km. ) .  Products :  Cereals,  fruits,  cotton,  beans, 
gold,  silver,  copper. 

Linares,  State  of  Nuevo  Leon  ;  population,  7,000  ;  on  National  Rail- 
way of  Mexico.  Products:  Agricultural.  There  are  a  number  of 
firms  here  that  make  direct  importations.  Easily  canvassed  in  con- 
nection with  Monterey  and  Victoria. 

Magdalena,  State  of  Sonora ;  population,  5,000;  .52  miles  (86  km.) 
from  Zitacuaro,  reached  I)y  Michoacan  &  Pacific  Railway ;  124  miles 
(200  km.)  from  Hermosillo,  reached  by  Southern  Pacific  Railway; 
54  miles  (89  km.)  from  Nogales,  reached  by  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
w^ay.     Products :  Corn,  wheat,  beans,  copper,  silver. 

Mapimi,  State  of  Durango ;  population,  7,000 ;  on  Mapimi  Railway  ; 
121  miles  (194  km.)  from  Jiminez.  Products:  Gold,  silver,  lead. 
This  is  an  important  mining  town ;  headquarters  of  the  Penoles 
Mining  Co. 

Maravatio,  State  of  Michoacan;  139  miles  (224  km.)  from  Mexico 
City,  reached  by  National  Railway;  55  miles  (90  km.)  from  Zita- 
cuaro, branch  line  of  National  Railway,  average  time  of  trip  5 
hours. 

Mascota,  State  of  Jalisco;  population,  6.000;  130  miles  (210  km.) 
from  Guadalajara.     Products:  Gold,  silver,  copper. 

Matamoras,  State  of  Puebla ;  population,  6,000 ;  on  River  Necapa. 
Reached  from  Monterey  by  Interoceanic  Railway ;  carretera  to 
Atlixco.  Products :  Sugar,  rice,  coffee,  bananas,  lead,  silver,  copper, 
gold. 

Matehuala,  State  of  San  Luis  Potosi ;  population,  14,200 ;  29  miles 
(47  km.)  from  Vanegas,  reached  by  National  Railway  branch  line, 
average  time  of  trip  2  hours;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Aznl,  reached 
by  Matehuala  Railway,  average  time  1  houi*.  Industries:  Mining 
and  smelting.  This  tow^n  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  It 
can  be  visited  in  connection  with  San  Luis  Potosi.  It  is  chiefly 
dependent  upon  that  city,  although  a  few  houses  make  direct  im- 
portations. 

Mazapil,  State  of  Zacatecas ;  population,  5,500;  207  miles  (336 
km.)  from  Zacatecas,  reached  via  carretera.  Products:  Corn,  bar- 
ley, fruits,  maguey,  etc. 


MEXICO.  99 

JOahuatlan,  Stale  of  Oaxaca  ;  iHjj.uiaiion,  G,(XK> ;  (iS  niilos  ( 10r>  km. » 
from  Oaxaca  by  carreti-ia.     I'roducts:  Tobacco,  coffee,  sujrar,  l)oan8. 

Minaca,  State  of  Chiluialnia ;  on  Mexico  Nortlu'rn  ami  Kansas 
City,  Mexico  &  Orient  Uaiiways;  liio  miles  (194  l<m.)  from  (Jhihua- 
hua,  avera;,'e  lime  six  Imurs;  travelers  fr(im  Cliihtiaiiiia  clian^'e  at 
La  Junta  to  Minaca  Itrandi  line;  7.".  n.iU-s  (120  km.)  from  Sanchez, 
average  time  three  and  three-fourths  hours. 

Minatitlan,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  i)(ti)ulatioii.  2.n(>0;  on  MlnatJtlan 
Uailvvay.  Carmen  to  Minatitliu;  7  miles  (11  km.)  from  Carmen, 
avera.L'e  time  of  trip  40  minutes  (Carmen  is  12  miles  from  I'uerto 
Mi'xico)  ;  l\"}  miles  (7>7o  km.)  from  Jalapa.  I'roUucts :  Tiujber, 
coffee,  corn,  sugar. 

Mixcoac,  Ffderal  Di.strict ;  jiopulatioii,  7.(XK) ;  on  National  Kail- 
way  of  ^I*>xi(o,  near  Kivcr  ^lixcoac;  7  mile§  (11  km,)  from  Mexico 
City,  ono-lialf  hour  by  trolley. 

Ocotlan,  State  of  Jalisco;  112  miles  (180  km.)  from  Irapuato, 
reached  by  i\Iexican  Central  Ilailway,  average  time  live  liours ;  50 
miles  (80  km.)  from  Guadalajara,  reached  by  Mexican  Central 
Railway,  average  time  two  and  one-fourtli  hours.  Passengers  leave 
train  at  Ocotlan  to  go  to  Lake  Chapala. 

Ometepec,  State  of  Guerrero;  population,  40,600;  106  miles  (268 
km.)  frtmi  Chilpancingo;  170  miles  (275  km.)  from  Tlancualpican 
(nearest  railway  station).  Products:  Wheat,  tobacco,  sugar,  tim- 
ber, cattle. 

Otumba,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  10.000;  80  miles  (129  km.) 
from  Toluca  ;  34  ndles  (.'i.l  km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Products:  Ce- 
reals, maertiey,  pulque.     Railways:  Intemceanic  and  Mexican. 

Papantla,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  45  miles  (72  km.)  from  Jalapa. 
reached  by  horseback.  The  famous  Pyramid  of  Papantla  is  here 
located. 

Patzcuaro,  State  of  Michoacan;  altitude,  7,180  feet;  population, 
8,000;  on  National  Railway  of  INfexico,  near  Patzcuaro  Lake;  44 
miles  (71  km.)  from  Jlorelia.     Products:  Maize,  beans,  cattle. 

Penjamo,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population.  9,000;  103  miles  (173 
km.)  from  Guanajuato;  31  miles  (.50  km.)  from  Irapuato,  l}-hour 
trip.  Railways:  Mexican  Central,  Guadalajara  to  Manzanillo 
branch.  Pro«lucts :  Corn,  wheat,  cattle.  This  town  may  be  can- 
vassed in  connection  with  Irapuato.  Some  of  the  houses  import 
direct,  but  the  chief  dependence  is  upon  the  large  wholesale  houses 
of  Mexico  City. 

Puruandiro,  State  of  Michoacan;  population,  8,000:  57  miles  (93 
km.)  from  Morelia ;  31  miles  (.50  km.)  from  Penjamo  ir.eanst  sta- 
tion). Carretera  to  Augamacutiro.  Products:  Wheat,  beans,  cat- 
tle, etc. 

Quijano,  State  of  Sonora ;  29  miles  (48  km.)  from  Nogales, 
reached  by  Soiithern  Pacific  of  ^Mexico  Railwaj'.  The  Colombia 
Consolidated  Mines,  developed  by  American  interests,  are  12  miles 
(20  km.)  distant;  reacheil  by  horseback. 

Real  de  Monte,  State  of  Hidalgo:  poimlation,  10.000;  on  River 
Lcrma  ;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Pachuca.  Mining  district,  one  of  the 
greatest  in  Mexico;  American  cajntal  largely  invested. 

Rosario,  State  of  Sinaloa  ;  ptipulation,  0,000;  on  Southern  Pacific 
of  Mexico  Railway;  97  miles    (157  km.)    from  Jiminez.     Reached 


100  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

from  Jiminez  via  Parral,  average  time  6  liours,  fare  $4.65.  Tliis  is 
a  mining  town  of  some  importance. 

Sabinas,  State  of  Coahuila  ;  population,  3,500;  72  miles  (115  km.) 
from  Ciudad  Porflrio  Diaz,  reached  by  National  Railway;  12  miles 
(19  km.)  from  Rosito,  reached  by  branch  line,  average  time  IJ 
hours. 

Sahaaripa,  State  of  Sonora  ;  population,  3,000;  191  miles  (308  km.) 
from  Hermosillo.  Products:  Corn,  v/heat,  beans,  timber,  gold, 
silver,  copper,  antimony, 

Salamanca,  State  of  Guanajuato  ;  population,  14,000 ;  altitude,  5,646 
feet;  on  Mexican  Central  Railway;  on  Lerma  River;  .56  miles  (90 
km.)  from  Guanajuato;  206  miles  (333  km.)  from  Mexico  City, 
8-hour  journey.  Products:  Wheat,  maize,  fruits.  Industries: 
Manufacture  of  woolen  goods,  gloves,  pottery. 

Salvatierra,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  10,000;  altitude. 
5,774  feet;  on  Mexican  Central  Railway;  196  miles  (315  km.)  from 
Mexico  City;  74  miles  (120  km.)  from  Guanajuato;  18  miles  (29 
km.)  from  Acambaro,  1-hour  journey.  Products:  Cereals,  sweet 
potatoes,  sugar,  woods. 

San  Andres  Tuxtla,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  9,000;  on 
Vera  Cruz  &  Isthmus  Railway;  190  miles  (307  km.)  from  Jalapa ; 
42  miles  (67  km.)  from  Vera  Cruz;  62  miles  (100  km.)  from 
Alvarado.  Products:  Tobacco,  cacao,  cotton,  beans,  cofCee.  Banks 
and  bankers :  Banco  Nacional  de  Mexico ;  Nicolas  Villa. 

San  Cristobal  las  Casas,  State  of  Chiapas;  population  13,500;  64 
miles  (105  km.)  from  Tuxtla  Gutierrez;  reached  from  Jalisco. 
Products:  Corn,  wheat,  barley,  fruits. 

San  J-aan  de  Guadalupe,  State  of  Durango ;  population,  4,000 ;  268 
miles  (432  km.)  from  Durango;  14  miles  (22  km.)  from  nearest 
railway  station.  Products :  Cotton,  beaus,  wheat,  corn,  fruits,  cat- 
tle, minerals. 

San  Juan  del  Rio,  State  of  Queretaro;  population,  8,000;  altitude, 
6,245  feet ;  on  Mexican  Central  Railway,  Acambaro-to-Gouzales 
Junction  route;  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Queretaro;  118  miles  (191 
km.)  from  Mexico  City.  Carretera  to  Tequisquiapan  and  Amealco. 
Px-oducts:  Maize,  beans,  textiles.  This  town  depends  chiefly  on 
Queretaro  and  Mexico  City  for  its  purchases.  Banks:  Banco  Na- 
cional de  Mexico,  Iguacio  Comache,  agent ;  Banco  de  Londres  y 
Mexico,  J.  F.  de  Ceballos,  agent ;  Banco  de  Queretaro,  Alberto 
Ugalde,  agent. 

San  Luis  de  La  Paz,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  10,000; 
on  National  Railway  of  Mexico;  88  miles  (144  km.)  from  Guana- 
juato.    Products :  Wheat,  maize,  and  other  grains. 

San  Miguel  de  Allende,  State  of  Guanajuato ;  population.  11,000 : 
on  Mexican  National  Railway;  254  miles  (409  km.)  from  Mexico 
City;  32  miles  (52  km.)  from  Guanajuato.    Products :  Wheat,  beans. 

Santa  Rosalia,  Lower  California ;  population,  9,000 :  altitude, 
4,086  feet;  on  Mexican  Central  Railway;  100  miles  (161  km.)  from 
Chihuahua.     Products:  Alfalfa.     American  consul  located  here. 

Santiago,  State  of  Tepic;  population,  4,.5O0;  on  Toloiotlan  River: 
35  miles  (56  km.)  from  Tepic,  on  road  from  Guadalajara  to  Mazat- 
!an.     Products :  Cotton,  tobacco,  fruits,  cereals. 

Sayula,  Stale  of  Jalisco;  population,  8,000:  on  National  Railway 
of  Mexico;   84  miles    (136  km.)    from   Guadalajara.     Carretera   to 


MEXICO.  lO'- 

Tapalpa,  Zupolh.n,  Atojac,  aud  Ti'pic.  iTuflucts:  Cereals,  KUffur, 
coffr'o,  Irnits. 

Sllao,  Stale  v£  Guuuajuulu;  i.uiiiiluLinii,  15,000;  ailiiude,  5,828 
feet;  on  Iliver  iSihio;  ou  Mexitaa  (JeUlral  Railway,  bruiuh  line  to 
Guanajuato;  14  luiles  (24  km.)  from  Guatiajualo,  one  li'jur;  237 
miles  (382  kiu.)  from  Jlexico  City.  Carrelera  to  Li-on,  Sau  Luis 
I'otosi,  and  Irapuato.     Troducts:  Cereals,  fruits. 

Sombrerete,  luiniugtown  in  State  of  Zacatecas  ;  population,  12,000; 
on  National  Railway  of  Mexico;  109  miles  (170  ivui.)  from  Zaca- 
tecas; C2  luiles  (100  km.)  from  Gutierrez.  Carretera  to  Gutierrez 
and  to  Calalina  (Durango).  Products :  Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead, 
maize,  wlieat,  fruits. 

Tacambaro,  Slate  of  IMlchoacan ;  population,  5,000;  62  miles  (100 
km.)  from  Mi>relia;  34  miles  (5(3  km.)  from  Tatzcuaro  (nearest  rail- 
road station).     ProdueUs:  Suj,'ar,  maize,  wlieat,  rice,  cof£ee,  c*attle. 

Tacuyaba,  Federal  district;  popukition,  18,330;  4  miles  (7  km.) 
fritra  Mexico,  reached  by  Mexican  Central  and  del  Valle  Railways; 
also  by  tramway. 

Tapachnla,  State  of  Chiapas;  population,  8,000;  near  Soconusco 
(port)  ;  railway  to  San  Benito  (pori)  ;  110  miles  (ISO  km.)  from 
(Guatemala  City,  Guaiemala;  reached  by  horsehack  to  Guatemala 
Railway,  24  miles  (40  km.),  thence  by  rail  to  Guaiemala  i'ay,  SO 
miles  (140  km.)  ;  000  miles  (ISO  km.)  from  Tuxtla  Gutierrez. 
This  town  is  in  the  midst  of  a  ri.-h  aja'tcultural  region,  the  chief 
product  being  coffee.  Somewhat  difilcult  of  access,  but  some  of  the 
tirms  make  direct  importations. 

Tenancingo,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  10.000;  30  miles  (4S 
km.)  from  Toluca ;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Atla  (nearest  railway 
station).     Products:  Corn,  wheat,  beans,  cattle. 

Tehuacan,  State  of  Puebla ;  population,  8,000;  78  miles  (128  km.) 
from  Puebla,  re;iched  by  Mexican  Southern  Railway,  avei'age  time 
of  trip  31  hours;  31  miles  (51  km.)  from  Espcranza,  reached  by 
branch  line,  average  time  2i  hours.     Products:  Fruits,  wheat. 

Teocaltiche,  State  of  .Talisco ;  population,  9,000;  124  miles  (200 
km.)  from  Guadalajara;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Encarnacion,  near- 
est railroad  station.  Products:  Corn,  beans,  tobacco,  potatoes, 
wheat,  woods,  cattle,  tin. 

Tequisquiapan,  State  of  Queretaro  ;  population,  4,000;  on  National 
Railway  of  Mexico. 

Texcoco,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  6.000;  on  Interoceanic  Rail- 
way; 24  miles  (39  km.)  from  Mexico  City. 

Teziutlan,  State  of  I'uei)la  ;  poiiulatiou.  12,000;  on  Industrial  Rail- 
way of  Pueida  and  Interoceanic  Railway  :  ItK)  miles  (162  km.)  from 
Puebla.     Products:  Gold,  silver,  copper,  fruits,  beau,s,  cereals. 

Tlacolula,  State  of  (»axa(  a  ;  population,  G.(KM);  on  Mexican  South- 
ern Railway;  IS  miles  (29  km.)  from  Oaxaca.  Products:  Sugar, 
wheat,  corn,  beans,  pulque,  cattle. 

Tlacotalpan,  State  of  Vera  Cruz;  population,  6.000;  situate<l  at 
junction  of  San  .Tuan  and  Papaloapam  Rivers ;  on  Vera  Cruz  Rail- 
way.    Mail  boats  from  Alvarado  to  Tuxpec.     Product:  Cattle. 

Tlalpam,  Federal  District;  population,  5,000;  10  miles  (16  km.) 
from  Mexico  City.  Carretera  to  Mexico  City,  Cuernavaca,  and  San 
Angel. 


102  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Tlaxcala,  State  of  Tlaxcala;  population,  3,000;  105  miles  (170 
km.)   from  Mexico  City,  reached  by  railroad. 

Topolobampo,  State  of  Sinaloa ;  on  Topolobampo  Bay  ;  65  miles 
(103  km.)  from  El  Fuerte,  reached  by  Kansas  City,  Mexico  &  Ori- 
ent Railway,  average  time  of  trip  4^  hours;  500  miles  (800  km.) 
east  of  San  Francisco;  461  miles  (741  km.)  from  Presidio  del  Norte. 
Steamship  service  to  Guaymas,  Mazatlan,  and  other  ports. 

Torres,  State  of  Sonora ;  (h  miles  (104  km.)  from  Guaymas, 
reached  by  Southern  Pacific  of  Mexico  Hallway.  Junction  point  of 
the  Torres  and  Priestas  Railway.  Near-by  are  the  famous  Tarasca 
and  other  mines,  which  were  first  worked  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers. 

Tula,  State  of  Tamaulinas ;  population,  7,000;  103  miles  (167  km.) 
from  Ciudad  Victoria;  95  miles  (154  km.)  from  Cerritos  (nearest 
railway  station).     Products;  Cereals,  potatoes,  sugar. 

Tulacingo,  Sttite  of  Hidalgo;  population,  9,500;  38  miles  (62  km.) 
from  Pachtica;  86  miles  (139  km.)  from  Mexico  City,  reached  by 
National  Railway  of  Mexico  (on  the  Mexico  City-Pa chuca  route). 
Industries :  Cotton  mills.     Products :  Wheat,  barley,  cattle,  etc. 

TJres,  State  of  Sonora;  population,  3.000;  on  Sonora  River;  47 
miles  (76  km.)  from  Hermosillo,  reached  by  carretera.  Products: 
Cereals,  sugar,  timber,  lead,  iron,  gold,  silver. 

Valladolid,  State  of  Yucatan ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  United  Rail- 
Avay  of  Yucatan  (eastern  division)  ;  112  miles  (181  km.)  from 
Merida,  average  time  of  trip  5^  hours. 

Valle  de  Santiago,  State  of  Guanajuato;  population,  13,000;  on 
National  llaihvay  of  Mexico;  59  miles  (96  km.)  from  Guanajuato. 
Products :  Wheat,  corn,  cereals. 

Viesca,  State  of  Coahuila ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  "  Hornos  "  and 
National  Ifuilway  of  Mexico;  59  miles  (96  km.)  from  Guanajuato. 
Products :  Cattle,  cotton,  corn,  wheat,  beans,  sugar. 

Xochimilco,  Federal  district;  population,  11,000;  12  miles  (20 
km.)  from  Mexico  City.     Agricultural  district;  also  quarries. 

Zacapoaxtlo,  State  of  Puebla ;  population,  12,000;  106  miles  (170 
km.)  from  Puebla.  Products:  Fruits,  coffee,  vanilla,  sugar,  rice, 
medicinal  plants,  woods. 

Zacatlan,  State  of  Puebla;  population,  11,000;  18  miles  (30  km.) 
from  Ahuazotepec,  nearest  raih-oad  station;  78  miles  (126  km.) 
from  Puebla.     Products :  Wheat,  beans,  maize,  woods,  fruits. 

Zapotlan,  State  of  Jalisco;  102  miles  (164  km.)  from  Guadala- 
jara, reached  by  railroad.  This  is  the  starting  point  for  ascending 
the  volcano  of  Colima  and  El  Nevado.  ■ 

Zitacuaro,  State  of  Michoacan ;  population,  6,000;  83  miles  (134 
km.)  from  Morelia ;  55  miles  (90  km.)  from  Maravatio,  reached  by 
National  Railway,  average  time  five  hours.  Products:  Rice,  sugar, 
fruits. 

Zumpango,  State  of  Mexico;  population,  6,000;  on  Desague  Valle 
de  Mexico  Railway;  76  miles  (123  km.)  from  Toluca.  Products: 
Corn,  wheat,  beans. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 
GUATEMALA. 

Maps  Nos.  1  and  7. 

Location. — Guatoinala  is  the  inust  iKd-thorly  of  the  Central  Ameri- 
can lU'puIiiics,  lyiii;;  direct iy  soutii  <»f  Mexic«).  It  is  hoiiinied  on  the 
nortli  and  uortliwest  by  Mexico;  on  tlie  east  by  llritisli  Honduras 
and  tlie  (Jiiif  ol'  Honduras;  on  the  soiitiieast  by  Honduras  and  Sal- 
vador; and  on  tlie  soulii  by  the  I'acitic  Oceiin. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  i-s  4G,774  .square  ndles;  popula- 
tion altouL  L'.liMt.WH*.  or  about  -11  inhabitants  jier  square  mile.  The 
coast  line  on  tlie  ('aribl)e5in  side  is  70  miles  (llli  km.)  ;  on  the 
rucilic  side.  2fK)  miles  (322  km.). 

Physical  Features.^ — A  chain  of  mountains  traverses  the  country 
fnmi  north  to  south.  Tills  .sends  out  spurs  iu  every  direction,  f<»rm- 
inj:  nutu'.rcus  hi;rii  jdateans,  v.iuch  are  very  healthful  and  fertile. 
There  are  al.so  a  nuniber  of  very  picturesque  and  delightful  valleys, 
through  which  How  some  important  rivers.  Anu)nj^  the  rivers  are 
the  Motajrua,  2."K)  miles  (4(X)  km.)  Ions,  naviixable  to  within  HM) 
miles  (161  km.)  of  the  capital,  and  the  Polochic,  ISO  miles  (200 
km.)  in  length,  navigable  in  part.  The  most  important  lakes  are 
Teten  and  Izabal. 

Climate. — There  are  many  varieties  of  climate  in  Guatemala.  On 
the  coast,  sea  level,  it  is  tropical,  with  heavy  rainfalls;  in  the 
vicinity  f.f  Zacapa  there  is  a  torrid  re^rion ;  in  the  interior,  at 
Guatemala  ('ity  and  vicinity  (altitude  5,0(>0  feet),  the  climate  is 
generally  like  spring  in  the  Temperate  Zone;  at  Quezaltenango  (alti- 
tude 7,000  feet)  it  is  cold.  The  averagi^  rainfall  in  Guatemala  City 
for  a  period  of  S  or  10  years  was  31  inches. 

Seasons. — In  the  interior  the  rainy  season  lasts  from  May  to 
October ;  on  the  coast,  occasionally  to  December.  The  dry  smtson  is 
from  November  to  April.  The  coldest  months  are  December  and 
January ;  hottest  months,  April  and  May. 

Inhabitants. — The  number  of  pure  white  inhabitants  is  not  very 
large  and  the  Europeans  are  not  numerous.  Tiiere  is  a  large  per- 
centage of  mestizos  and  tliero  are  many  Indians. 

Agricultural  Products. — ('offeo  is  the  principal  product,  and  con- 
stitutes normally  more  than  five-sixths  of  the  nation's  exports. 
Next  in  Importance  are  bananas,  raiseil  cliieily  on  tiie  Gulf  of 
Honduras.  Sugar  is  increasing  in  importance,  v.'hile  the  cereals, 
such  as  corn,  wiieat,  rice,  beans,  etc.,  are  also  grown. 

Timber  Wealth. — There  is  considerable  wealth  in  the  forests. 
In  the  Department  of  Peten  mahogany,  cedar,  cabinet  woods,  rubber, 
chicle,  vanilla,  etc.,  are  found.  Transportation  facilities  are  re- 
quire(l  for  proper  development. 

Industries. — These  are  of  a  minor  character  and  consist  chiefly 
of  small  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  articles  for  local  use.  There 
are  several  small  tanneries,  breweries,  and  factories  for  the  manu- 

103 


104  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

facture  of  cigarettes,  cigars,  soap,  candles,  and  soda  v.ater.  There 
are  also  one  or  two  cotton  mills. 

Language. — Spanish.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  where 
the  greatest  amount  of  American  capital  is  invested,  the  influx  of 
American  and  of  .Jamaican  laborers  has  done  much  to  make  the 
English  language  better  understood  and  more  generally  used.  This 
influence  extends  as  far  inland  as  Zacapa.  In  the  capital  tourist 
travel  and  an  increasingly  large  American  colony  are  contributing 
to  a  similar  tendency.  English  is  now  taught  in  some  of  the  public 
schools. 

Currency. — The  currency  is  papei*,  based  upon  a  silver  peso  (of 
which  none  are  in  circulation),  having  a  value  of  approximately 
$0,363  United  States  currency.  One  hundred  centavos  make  a  peso. 
There  are  8  reales,  each  of  12J  pesos  nominal  value,  to  the  peso. 
The  half  reales,  reales,  pesos,  and  half  pesos  have  virtually  disap- 
peared from  use.  The  currency  is  subject  to  wide  fluctuation  and 
is  much  depreciated. 

Banks. — There  are  .sis  banks  of  issue  located  in  Guatemala  City, 
which  emit  paper  money  under  Government  supervision. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  is  the  official  system.  Some 
old  Spanish  weights  and  measures  are  used  in  the  more  remote 
parts  of  the  country. 

Postage. — Guatemala  belongs  to  the  Postal  Union.  Letter  rate  is 
5  cents  per  ounce  for  the  first  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and  3  cents 
for  each  additional  ounce.  There  is  also  a  parcel-post  exchang*.' 
with  the  United  States. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — Office  366  Broadway. 
Steamers  from  Piers  48-49,  North  River  (West  Eleventh  Street),  to 
New  Orleans.  Departures  on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays.  Trans- 
shipment from  New  Orleans  to  Puerto  Barrios  and  Livingston. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — Office  24  State  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  67,  North  River  (West  Twenty-seventh  Street).  De- 
partures weekly  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Panama  City  (Balboa), 
Panama;  transshipment  at  Panama  by  steamer  to  San  Jose,  Ocos, 
and  Champerico. 

TJnited  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  Slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Battery  Place).  Departures  twice  a  week  for  Colon 
(Cristobal)  ;  transshipment  at  Colon  by  steamer  to  San  Jose,  Ocos, 
and  Champerico.  Departures  about  once  a  month  direct  for  Puerto 
Barrios  and  Livingston.  Fare,  New  York  to  Puerto  Barrios,  includ- 
ing meals  and  minimum  stateroom  accommodations,  $141. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  J.  Kelleher,  general  agent, 
626-630  Common  Street,  New  Orleans.  Departures  for  Puerto  Bar- 
rios every  Thursday  and  for  Livingston  fortnightly.  Sailings  sub- 
ject to  change  without  notice.  Departures  from  New  Orleans,  via 
Belize,  every  Thursday ;  arrive  at  Puerto  Barrios  every  Tuesday ; 


GUATEMALA.  105 

leave  fur  I'uerto  Cortez  every  Tuu^Uay ;  leavo  Puerto  Cortcz  ior 
New  Orleans,  via  Belize,  every  Tliur«<lay  ;  arriv»?  at  New  Orleans 
every  Mouiluy.  Fare,  New  Orleans  t<»  Tiierto  Darrlos,  liicludinK 
meals  and  niluiniuni  stateroom  aeconinuHlations :  l>ireet,  $6Ji;  via 
Habana,  $09. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co. — Oflke  oOS  C'aliftirnla  .-in-i  j,  .-un  iiim- 
ciiscO.  Departures  fr,r  Ocos,  Chanipci  iro,  and  San  .T<>se  senii- 
monLlily.  Fares  from  Sau  i'ranciseo,  iuchidinj^  mwils  and  minimum 
stateroom  accoinmo<lalioi;s :  To  Ocos,  $132;  Cliamperico,  $139.50; 
Sail  Jose,  JplSO.oO.      (Sec  liiiio  p.  35.) 

AVERAGE  TIME  OF  TRIP. 

New  York  to  Puerto  Barrios  (including  stops  en  route),  9  days; 
New  Orleans  to  Puerto  Barrios  (including  stops  en  route),  5  days; 
San  P'rancisco  to  Ocos  (stops  en  route),  12  days;  San  Francisco  to 
Cliamperico,  13  days;  San  Francisco  to  San  .Tns«>,  14  days. 

Diflference  iu  Time. — CJuatemala  time  is  earlier  than  New  York. 
Deduct  from  Nev.'  York  time  one  hour  and  six  minutes.  Example: 
At.  4.20  p.  m.  in  Now  York  it  is  3.14  p.  m.  in  (Juatemala  Cit>'. 

Mail  time  fm*  Guatemala  from  New  York  (via  New  Orleans) 
approximately  seven  days. 

Telegraph,  Telephone,  and  Wireless. — The  Government  owns  the 
tele.ijraph  and  K'k-plioue  lines  of  tlu';  country.  A  double  charge  is 
made  for  messages  in  any  language  other  than  Spanish  or  in  code. 
The  service  can  be  hastened  by  paying  an  extra  charge  and  classing 
the  message  as  "  urgent."  The  Government  is  erecting  a  wireless 
station  in  Guat(>niala  City. 

Cable. — Cable  communication  is  by  way  of  Salvador.  The  rate 
from  New  York  City  to  San  Jose  is  50  cents  per  \vord.  For  places 
other  than  San  Jose  the  rate  is  55  cents  per  word. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  without  commercial  value  and 
which  are  plainly  unsalable  are  admitted  fi'ee.  Samples  which 
have  a  value,  and  which  can  be  identitied  upon  reexportation,  may 
be  cleared  without  payment  of  duty,  provided  a  bond  for  the  amount 
of  duty  leviable  be  given;  time  of  bond,  two  months.  Although  the 
law  provides  for  reexportation  from  port  of  entry,  much  leniency  is 
shown.  Upon  proper  presentation  of  documents  obtained  at  poi't  of 
entry,  samples  may  be  reexported  through  other  customhouses.  If 
part  of  the  samples  are  sold,  duty  will  be  collected  on  that  part  not 
reexported. 

Articles  Prohibited. — Travelers  should  avoid  caiTying  lirearms 
and  amnuHUtion  or  electrical  apparatus,  as  these  are  liable  to 
seizure. 

Interpreting  "  Samples  Without  Valae." — Articles  whose  importa- 
tion through  various  ports  may  result  in  evasions  of  duty,  such  as 
rights  and  lefts  in  shoes,  etc.,  are  subject  to  duty. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — When  samples  carried  by  the 
traveler  are  plainly  unsalable,  no  time  is  lost  in  clearing  them.  If 
there  is  any  doubt  there  may  be  delay. 

Passing  Customhouse. — If  the  traveler  finds  he  can  not  pass  sam- 
ples through  the  customhouse  at  Puerto  Barrios  quickly  enough  to 
catch  a  train,  he  may  arrange  to  ship  them  to  the  capital,  Guate- 


106  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

mala  City,  and  clear  them  there.  It  is  best,  however,  to  look  after 
the  matter  at  the  port.  It  is  not  uncomiuou  for  a  traveler  to  land 
at  Puerto  Barrios  at  6  a.  m.,  and  if  his  samples  have  no  value  to 
pass  the  customs  and  take  the  6.30  a.  m.  train  for  the  capital.  In 
case  of  difficulties,  application  may  be  made  to  the  agent  of  the 
Interocenanic  Railway  Co.  or  the  American  consular  agent. 

San  Jose  is  the  port  at  which  most  travelers  via  the  Pacific  go  to 
Guatemala.  The  traveler  needs  no  broker  and  can  easily  pass  sam- 
ples and  baggage  himself.  If  in  difficulties,  he  can  apply  to  the 
American  consular  agent,  the  Agencia  Maritima,  or  the  Companfa 
del  Muelle  de  San  Jose. 

At  Champerico  the  same  system  may  be  followed.  In  ease  of 
difficulties,  assistance  may  be  asked  of  the  Compania  Agendas  de 
Champerico  Limitada. 

At  Ocos  follow  the  same  method.  Assistance  may  be  had  of  the 
Agencia  de  Ferrocarril  de  Ocos. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — If  advertising  matter,  such  as 
pamphlets,  catalogues,  etc.,  is  carried,  no  duty  is  charged.  Pencils 
and  other  articles  ordinarily  subject  to  duty,  if  they  bear  the  im- 
print of  the  manufacturer,  pay  only  50  per  cent  of  the  rates  pre- 
scribed by  the  tariff. 

Excess  Baggage; — Charges  for  baggage  are  as  follows:  On  the 
lines  of  the  International  Railroad,  20  cents  per  1,000  pounds  per 
mile ;  the  freight  rate  is  10  cents,  or  half  as  much.  The  charge  for 
1,000  pounds  of  baggage  from  Puerto  Barrios  to  Guatemala  City, 
196  miles,  is  $39.20  gold ;  if  sent  by  freight,  $19.60  .gold.  If  the 
traveler  has  time,  it  may  pay  to  ship  baggage  by  freight. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax, — No  commercial  travelers'  tax  of  any 
sort  is  charged. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — For  business,  tlie  best  time  of  arrival  de- 
pends largely  on  the  conditions  prevailing  in  the  different  lines  of 
trade.  The  most  agreeable  period  is  from  October  20  to  January  1. 
This  is  immediately  after  the  rainy  season. 

Customhouses. — There  are  three  kinds  of  customhouses  in  Guate- 
mala, (a)  maritime,  (&)  inland,  and  (c)  customhou.ses  of  transit. 
Merchandise  may  be  cleared  through  the  customhouses  in  Guate- 
mala City,  Puerto  Barrios,  Retalhuleu.  Ocos,  and  Ijivingston.  Cus- 
tomhouses of  transit  are  at  San  Jose  and  Champerico.  Goods  are 
sent  from  the  customhouses  of  transit  to  the  customhouses  of  clear- 
ance. In  the  latter,  examination  is  made,  duties  paid,  and  goods  de- 
livered. 

Scads  in  General. — In  Guatemala,  as  in  many  other  Latin  Ameri- 
can countries,  the  roxids  frequently  are  little  better  than  trails. 
While  they  are  known  as  "  carreteras "  and  are  often  traveled  by 
oxcarts,  usually  tliey  are  suitable  only  for  travel  on  horseback.  If 
baggage  is  carried,  it  must  be  done  by  pack  mules,  and  for  that 
reason  it  is  advisable  for  the  traveler  to  avoid  tliera  when  possible. 

Railways. — There  is  only  one  important  railway  system  in  Guate- 
mala, which  is  operated  by  the  International  Railways  of  Central 
America.  It  represents  a  consolidation  of  the  Guatemala  Central 
Railway,  the  Guatemala  Railway,  the  Occidental  Railway,  and  the 
Ocos  Railway.  Tliese  have  a  total  mileage  as  follows:  Verapaz 
Railway,  fi'om  Panzos  to  Pancajche,  eastern  coast,  28  miles  (45 
km.)  ;  Ocos  Railway,  from  Ocos  to  Acajutla,  23  miles   (37  km.)  ; 


GUATEMALA.  107 

Guatemala  Nortlicrn  Railway,  from  IMicrto  liarrlos  to  r}(iut<'mnlii 
City,  l'.)4  miles  (:i\2  km.);  ( Jiiiiloiimla  ("t-iitral,  fr<>tii  Sun  Jose  to 
Guuteiuuia  City  and  from  Guati'mulu  City  to  CliumiHTlr.).  189  mile- 
(304  km.). 

CANVASSING  GUATEMALA. 

Character  of  the  Trade. — In  the  capital,  Guatemala  City,  are 
located  the  principal  wholesale  houses.  These  suiJitly  the  smaller 
distributors  in  the  capital  and  the  less  important  buyers  throughout 
the  country-  1'he  principal  industrial  iilunts  are  located  in  Guate- 
mala City. 

Importing  Retailers. — In  Guatemala  City  are  certain  retailers 
who  are  in  a  position  to  import  direct.  They  should  be  called  upon 
wiien  I  he  representative  carries  a  line  of  merchandise  for  which 
the  wholesalers  can  not  be  depended  upon  for  adequate  distribution. 

Business  Centers. — The  chief  bu.siness  center  of  the  Kepublic  is 
the  capital.  This  may  be  reached  by  travelers  from  the  Atlantic 
port,  Port  I^arrios,  or  from  the  Paciiic  port,  Sau  Jose.  The  chief 
wholesale  and  distributing  houses  are  located  in  Guatemala  City, 
and  most  of  the  smaller  towns  are  dependent  on  firms  in  that  city. 
New  Orleans  firms  canvass  the  dealers  in  Livin^rston,  Puerto  Bar- 
rios, and  Zacapa.  Some  merchants  in  the  other  important  cities  of 
Guatemala  are  accustomed  to  import  direct  and  many  .salesmen 
canvass  the  smaller  places.  If  the  traveler  has  tinu'.  he  may  lind 
it  advantageous  to  visit  particularly  Quezalteuango  (3.j,U()0  inhabi- 
tants) and  Coban  (30,000  inhabitants).  The  latter  is  an  important 
distributing  point  for  iiorthi>ru  Guatemala,  but  difficult  of  access. 
Other  towns  are  described  later. 

Suggestions  for  a  Trip  through  Guatemala. — Arrival,  via  New  York 
or  New  Orleans,  at  Puerto  Barrios  by  steamers  of  the  United 
Fruit  Co. 

From  Puerto  Barrios. — By  launch  to  Livingston  ;  thence  by  river 
mail  steamer,  via  Dulce  River,  Lake  Izabal,  and  Palochic  River,  to 
Panzos ;  by  Alta  Verapaz  Railway  to  Pancajche ;  by  caiTetera  to 
Coban. 

From  Cohan. — Southward  by  camino  de  herradura  to  Salama ; 
northward  by  camino  de  herradura  to  Floras. 

From  Puerto  Barrios. — P,y  International  Railway  to  Zacapa; 
southward  by  camino  de  herradura  to  Chiquimula.  (If  traveler 
wishes  he  can  continue  via  carretera  to  Metapan  and  Santa  Ana, 
Salvador. ) 

From  Zaea})a. — By  International  Railway  to  Guatemala  City;  by 
vehicle  to  Antigua. 

From  Guatemala  City. — By  International  Railway  to  Amatitlan; 
thence  by  International  Railway  to  Escuintla ;  thence  by  Interna- 
tional Railway  to  Santa  Maria  station  (traveler  changes  here  for 
Mazatenango)  ;  by  International  Railway  to  Retalhulou  ;  by  Interna- 
tional Railway  to  Champerico. 

From  Retalhuleu. — By  International  Railway  to  Coatepeque;  by 
camino  de  herra<lura  to  San  Marcos.  From  Retalhuleu  by  Interna- 
tional Railway  to  San  Felipi-;  by  cart  road  to  Quezaltenango;  by 
camino  de  herradura  to  Totonicai)an ;  by  camino  de  herradura  to 
Huehuetenango ;  by  cart  road  to  San  Marcos ;  by  eamino  de  herra- 
dura  to   Coatepeque ;   by   International   Railway    to   Ocos.     If   the 


108 


GUIDE   TO   LATllT    AMERICA. 


traveler  enters  via  Ocos,  he  may  visit  Retalhuleu  first,  by  rail,  and 
plan  subsequent  trips  from  that  point. 

Traveling  Overland. — Do  not  malve  trips  overland  during  the 
rainy  season  witliout  first  ascertaining  the  condition  of  the  roads; 
otherwise  the  experience  may  prove  disastrous.  Be  certain  to  in- 
form yourself  locally  as  to  best  route  to  follow. 

Packing  Goods. — Inquire  of  your  customers  how  they  would  like 
to  have  their  goods  packed  and  under  what  declaration  of  the  cus- 
toms tarife  law  they  desire  them  listed.  This  is  highly  important. 
Hotel  Rates. — Except  in  the  smaller  towns,  the  cost  of  the  best 
hotels  in  Guatemala  averages  from  $2  to  $3.50  gold  per  day.  Those 
of  the  second  class  in  the  larger  towns  average  from  $1.50  to  $2.50. 
In  the  smaller  places  the  rates  r\ui  from  $1.50  to  $3.  The  rates 
quoted  are  for  American  plan,  which  is  practically  universal  in  this 
country.  Guatemala  currency  is  much  depreciated  and  the  Ameii- 
can  traveler  benefits  accordingly. 

Holidays  in  Guatemala. — Follov/ing  are  listed  the  chief  holidays 
of  this  Republic.  The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  many 
of  the  feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Gener- 
ally speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  officially  recog- 
nized, except  in  the  smaller  towns,  particularly  in  the  interior, 
where  the  merchants  take  advantage  of  these  days  for  the  transac- 
tion of  business  with  the  natives,  who  visit  the  towns  in  large 
numbers:  ^  ,       ^^ 

January  1,  New  Year's  Day ;  June  30,  Reform  Day ;  September  15, 
Independence  Day;  October  12,  Discovery  of  America;  three  days 
following  last  Sunday  in  October,  Fiesta  de  Minerva ;  December  25, 
Christmas  Day. 

POPULATION  OF  DEPARTMENTS   AND  CAPITAL  CITIES. 

[Latest    estimates.] 


Departments. 


Population.] 


Capital. 


AltaVerapaz.. 

Amatitlan 

Baja  Verapaz.  - 
Chimaitenango 
Chiquimula. . . 

Escuintla 

Guatemala 

Huehuetenang( 

Izabal 

Jalapa 

Jutiapa 

Peten 

Quezaltenango 

Quiche 

Retalhuleu 

Sacatepequsz.- 

San  Marcos 

Santa  Rosa 

Solola 

Suchitepequez. 
Totonicapan... 
Zacapa 


134, 100 
53,000 
80  400 
93,  2!jO 

lOh),  000 
46, 100 

212,500 

ISo,  800 
10, 700 
£2,600 
90,600 
10, 000 

180, 200 

i.'^e,  100 

39,300 

64,200 
147, 100 

70, 500 
113, 000 

58,600 
142, 600 

54,600 


Coban 

Amatitlan 

iSalaraa 

Cliimaltenango 

Chiquimula 

Escuintla 

Ouateipala 

Huehuctenango 

Izabal 

Jalapa 

Jutiapa 

Flores 

Quezaltenango 

Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche  . 

Retaihuleu 

Antigua 

San  Marcos 

Cuajiniquilapa 

Solola 

Mazatenango 

Totonicapan 

Zaeapa 


Population . 


30, 770 

9, 000 

7,2(X) 

6,000 

14, 0"0 

13,000 

120,000 

.12,(100 

5, 600 

12,000 

11,000 

6,000 

3^000 

12,000 

7,000 

io,uoo 

7.000 
4.000 
7,600 
8,0()0 
28,310 
15,000 


Cl'AThMALA,  109 

IMPORTANT  COMMEHCIAL  CENTERS. 

CHAMPERICO,  Department  of  Rotalhulou  ;  Pacific  port ;  open  road- 
stead ;  psissougers  c:irri(vl  to  ami  from  stemuer.s  by  Hirliter-* ;  popn- 
lati«m,  1,000;  on  the  IntcniiitioiKil  U.ilhvay;  I.IO  miles  (  J.jO  km.) 
from  Guatemala  City;  31  mik-s  ("0  km.)  from  Iletailiulea.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Corn,  beans,  salt,  and  various  woods;  also  coffee, 
rul)l)C"r,  and  hides.     Chief  exivtrts  :  Cnll'ee  and  lii'los 

How  Reached. — From  Guateinr.Ia  City  by  Inteniational  Railway. 

Ifote. — This  port  is  of  less  importance  than  Stm  J''  o.  It  is  of 
value,  however,  on  account  of  its  connection  wit'i  Uetalhu'.eM.  From 
this  point  CHiezaltenan.tro  is  also  remhed. 

CHIftUIMULA,  Department  of  Chiquimnla ;  population,  14,000; 
117  miles  (ISO  km.)  from  Guatemala  City.  Aliitndo,  ^7)0  feer. 
Principal  products:  Su.crar  cane,  tobacco,  cereal.'?,  fruits,  anfl  troiii- 
cal  produce.  Industries:  Chielly  the  raising  of  cattle,  .suq:?ir  re- 
liuinfT,  etc. ;  there  is  an  important  tobaci.o  factory  here. 

How  Rep.ched. — I'runi  Za<  apa  (nearest  railway  station  from  the 
Atlantic)  by  carretera ;  from  Guatemala  City  by  rail  to  Zacapa, 
thence  by  carretera. 

Hole. — A  fair  volume  of  business  is  done  by  the  houses  estab- 
lished here.  Travelers  who  canvass  small  to\vns  anil  «lo  business 
with  retailers  will  find  it  advisable  to  visit  this  placa 

COBAN,  Department  of  Alta  Verapaz;  population,  30.770;  105 
miles  (102  km.)  north  of  Guatemala  City.  Altitmle,  4,(»lo  feet. 
Climate,  semitropical.  Principal  prodiicts:  Coffee,  rubber,  sarsapa- 
rilla,  cacao,  cotton,  beans,  riee,  wheat,  woods,  vanilla,  rum.  Manu- 
factures: Soap,  cijrars.  coarse  cotton  fabrics. 

Principal  Hotels. — ^■erapaz,  Victoria. 

Note. — This  city  is  the  capital  of  the  Department  and  is  In  a 
A-ery  rich  coffee-producing  region.  Coban  has  an  outlet  by  cart 
road  to  Pancajche,  where  there  is  a  railway,  known  as  the  Alta 
Verapaz  line  to  I'anzos,  on  Lalve  I/apal.  From  this  point  there  is  a 
barge  line  and  towboats  through  Lake  Izabal  and  down  the  Dulce 
River  to  Livingston.  There  is  a  carretera  northward  to  Flores  and 
one  southward  to  Salama. 

Near  by  are  the  famous  ruins  of  Coban. 

ESCTJINTLA,  capital  of  llie  Department  of  Escuiutla  ;  population. 
13,000;  on  International  Railway;  47  miles  (75  km.)  southwest  of 
Guatemala  City;  27  miles  (43  km.)  from  San  .To.se  (Pacific  port). 
Altitude,  1,250  feet.  Climate,  semitropical.  Principal  products: 
Sugar,  coffee,  cacao,  corn,  fruits,  woods,  rubber,  cattle.  There  is 
some  minor  manufacturing — soap,  cigax'S,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Guatemala  City  and  from  San  Jose  by  Inter- 
national Ivailway. 

Principal  Hotels. — Gran  Hotel,  Hotel  Metropol,  Hotel  Progreso, 
Hotel  Ferrocarril. 

Note. — Trains  stop  for  luncheon,  obtainable  at  station.  Travelers 
who  visit  small  towns  usually  stop  here.  Those  who  sell  only  to 
large  linns  cuntituie  io  Guatemala  City.  There  are  .some  important 
and  popular  sprinus  near  by  ;  chief  season,  Februar.v  to  April. 

GUATEMALA  CITY,  capital  of  the  Republic,  in  the  Department 
of  Guatemala;  population,  120,000;  on  the  International  Railway; 
75  miles   (120  km.)   from  San  Jose  (Pacific  port)  ;  lOG  miles  (314 


110  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

km.)  from  Puerto  Barrios  (Atlantic  port)  ;  153  miles  (250  km.) 
from  Cliamperico  (Pacilic  port).  Altitude,  5,000  feet.  Climate, 
temperate;  temperature  averages  72"  F.  aud  rarely  falls  below  65° 
or  rises  above  85° ;  average  annual  rainfall,  57  inches.  I'roducts : 
Coffee  is  the  most  important;  other  products  are  grains,  cattle, 
hides,  etc. 

American  minister,  consul  general,  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Percy  Dalgliesh. 

How  Heached. — From  San  Jose  by  International  Railway ;  from 
Puerto  Barrios  by  International  Railway. 

Automobile  Service. — To  Antigua,  25  miles  (40  km.)  distant;  to 
Quezaltenango,  100  miles  (160  km.)  distant. 

Steamship  Sailings. — Traveler  should  inform  himself  regarding 
sailings  by  visiting  tlie  offices  of  steamship  agents  some  days  in  ad- 
vance of  departure. 

Banks. — Banco  Americano  de  Guatemala;  Banco  Agricola  Hipo- 
tecari ;  Banco  Colombiano ;  Banco  de  Guatemala ;  Banco  Interna- 
cional ;  Banco  de  Occidente. 

Hotels. — Imperial,  Gran,  Continental,  Hotel  de  Paris,  American, 
Exijosition. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  city  of  Guatemala.  Travelers  will  find 
the  principal  wholesale  houses  here,  likewise  many  important  re- 
tailers, who  are  in  a  position  to  import  direct.  Should  be  thoroughly 
canvassed  by  all  travelers. 

Direct  train  service  is  maintained  between  Guatemala  City  and 
Ayutla,  the  junction  point  of  the  Guatemalan  Railways  and  the 
Mexican  line. 

HTJEHUETENANGO,  capital  of  the  Department  of  same  name; 
population,  12,000;  124  miles  (200  km.)  from  Guatemala  City;  63 
miles  (104  km.)  from  Sau  Felipe.  Altitude,  7,050  feet.  Climate, 
semitropical.  Principal  products :  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar  cane,  wheat, 
corn,  beans,  grapes,  timber,  lead,  silver,  antimony,  copper,  iron,  salt, 
and  topaz. 

Principal  Hotels. — Emilio  Galvez,  Ferrin  Gordillo. 

Note. — To  reach  this  place  it  is  necessary  to  go  by  rail  to  Retal- 
huleu ;  thence  by  cart  road  or  trail  to  Huehuetenango,  via  Quezalte- 
nango  or  Totonicapan.  This  place  is  in  the  heart  of  a  very  fertile 
upland  region.     Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry. 

UVIKGSTON',  Department  of  Izabal ;  Atlantic  port ;  population, 
2,500;  oil  Gulf  of  Amatique,  at  mouth  of  River  Dulce;  10  miles  (16 
km.)  from  Puerto  Barrios ;  60  miles  (96  km.)  from  Izabal ;  120  miles 
(192  kiu.)  from  Panzos;  954  nautical  miles  from  New  Orleans. 
Principal  products :  Bananas,  cacao,  rubber,  sugar  cane,  sarsaparilla, 
vanilla,  corn,  beans,  coconuts,  and  pineapples.  Industries:  Agricul- 
ture and  cattle  raising. 

American  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers  not  necessary; 
samples  treated  same  as  personal  baggage.  Lloyd's  agent,  William 
Owen. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Barrios  by  local  steamer  every  sec- 
ond day,  fare  75  cents,  one  trunk  free,  extra  baggage  nominal ;  from 
Izabal  by  river  steamer ;  from  Panzos  by  motor  boat  via  Dulce  River 
and  Lake  Izabal ;  from  New  Orleans  by  United  Fruit  Co.  steamers. 

Principal  Hotels. — ^lodelo,  Rio  Dulce. 


GUATEMALA.  Hi 

Landing. — Vi's.s»'l.s  aiiehur  ubuut  2  miles  tiffshore ;  lighters  carry 
pussciiKers  to  shore. 

Note. — Livingston  is  tlie  entrepot  for  iIh;  Departments  of  Teteu 
and  Alta  Verai>az.  l'ro(lu(e  anil  supplies  are  brought  down  tlie 
Rivers  Cahaban  and  I'oloehic  to  Lake  I/.abal ;  thence  to  Livingston. 

Travelers  may  start  liere  lor  Coban.  l'\>ll(j\ving  is  the  route:  Aluil 
steamer  to  I'anzos,  railroad  to  Paucajche;  raucujche  to  Coban 
by  carretera. 

MAZATENANGO,  capital  of  I)ei)artment  of  Suchitep<>quez ;  popula- 
tion, 8.(X)0;  ou  International  Itailway  ;  So  miles  (i:H',  km.)  from  San 
.lose;  114  miles  (184  km.)  from  (iualemala  City;  42  mih-s  (87  km.) 
from  Cliuraperico.  I'rincipal  products:  Timber,  cotTee,  rice,  com, 
anise,  cotton,  rubber,  beans,  pineapples,  oranges,  lemons,  cacao,  sugar 
cane,  and  vanilla. 

How  Reached. — From  Retalhulou  l»y  International  Railway;  from 
(Juatemala  City  by  International  Railway  via  Santa  Maria  station. 

Principal  Hotels. — Francisco  Marquez,  D,  Nicastro,  I'aris. 

Note. — Mazalenango  can  al.><()  be  visited  from  Champerico  via 
Retalhuleu.  There  are  a  number  of  important  houses  located  here, 
and  us  it  is  on  the  International  Railway  it  is  often  visitetl.  It  is 
in  a  very  fertile  airricultural  reprion. 

OCOS,  Departnu'nt  of  San  Marcos;  Pacific  port;  population,  500; 
on  the  Ocos  Railroad,  which  runs  from  Ocos  to  Acajutla ;  62  miles 
(100  km.)  from  San  Marcos.  Principal  products:  Corn,  beans,  and 
salt. 

landing. — Open  roadstead ;  vessels  anchor  about  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  offshore;  lighters  are  used. 

How  Reached. — From  Champerico  by  coastwise  .«:teamers;  from 
Cuatemala  by  International  Railway  via  Mazatenango  and  Retal- 
huleu. 

Principal  Hotel. — Bella  Vista. 

Note. — This  place  is  not  important  as  a  port,  but  there  are  a  few 
houses  here  which  do  a  good  business.  It  is  chiefly  important  be- 
cause of  its  connection  with  Mazatenango. 

From  this  point  the  Ocos  Railway  runs  parallel  to  the  Suchiate 
River  as  far  as  Aca.iutla,  wliere  it  turns  east  and  ends  at  Vado 
Ancho.     Length.  23  niiles  (87  km.). 

PUERTO  BARRIOS,  Department  of  Izabal ;  Atlantic  port;  popu- 
lation, 2.000;  on  International  Railway;  19t)  miles  (814  km.)  from 
Guatemala  City;  004  nautical  miles  from  New  Orleans;  10  miles 
(16  km.)  from  Livingston.  Principal  products:  Bananas,  grain, 
and  sugar. 

Landing. — From  ship  to  pier. 

American  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent.  L.  L.  Pollan.  Custom- 
hou.se  brokers  not  necessary ;  samples  are  treated  the  same  as  per- 
sonal baggage. 

How  Reached. — From  Guatemala  City  by  International  Railway; 
from  New  Orleans  by  United  Fruit  Co.  steamers;  from  Livingston 
by  motor  boat  every  second  day.  fare  75  cents,  one  trunk  free,  extra 
baggage  nominal. 

Hotels. — Italia,  Del  Norte,  Reneau,  Oceanice. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  Guatemala,  through  which  most 
of  the  tonnage  pas.ses.  The  United  Fruit  Co.  nviintaiiis  a  large 
oflice  here  and  has  numerous  plantations  in  the  neighborhood.    The 


112  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

traveler  can  take  a  steamer  here  for  Livingston  and  then  go  on  to 
Cobau. 

ftUEZALTENANGO,  capital  of  Department  of  Quezaltenango ;  pop- 
ulation, 35,000 ;  on  lliver  Siguila,  at  foot  of  volcano  Sta.  Maria ; 
160  miles  (256  km.)  northwest  from  Guatemala  City.  Altitude, 
7,351  feet.  Principal  products :  Wheat,  coffee,  cacao,  sugar  cane, 
etc. 

Principal  Hotels. — Hotel  Paris,  Hotel  Union,  Centre  Americano, 
Imperial,  Figueroa,  Modelo. 

How  Reached. — By  rail  to  Retalhuleu  and  San  Felipe;  thence  by 
automobile  highv^^ay  to  Quezaltenango. 

Banks.— Banco  Americano  de  Guatemala,  E.  Ascoli  &  Co.,  agents ; 
Banco  de  Occidente;  Banco  de  Guatemala  (agency)  ;  Banco  Interna- 
cional  de  Guatemala  (agency). 

EETALHTJLETT,  Department  of  Retalhuleu;  population,  7,000;  on 
International  Railway;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Ghamperico;  14 
miles  (22  km.)  from  Mazatenango;  225  miles  (374  km.)  from 
Guatemala  City.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  coffee,  cacao,  corn, 
rice,  cotton,  cattle,  salt,  timber. 

How  Reached. — From  Ghamperico  by  International  Railway ; 
from  IMazatenango  by  International  Railway. 

Banks. — ^Banco  Americano  de  Guatemala  (agency)  ;  Banco  de 
Occidente,  agency)  ;  Banco  de  Guatemala  (agency)  ;  Banco  Interna- 
cional  de  Guatemala  (agency). 

Lloyd's  agent,  S.  Martinez. 

Principal  Hotels. — Gran  Hotel,  Nuevo  Hotel,  Salon  Club. 

Note. — This  is  a  fairly  important  point.  A  number  of  houses  are 
able  to  make  direct  importations.  A  large  business  is  done  in 
supplying  plantations. 

SAN  JOSE,  Department  of  Escuintla ;  Pacific  port ;  population, 
1.5(X);  on  International  Railway;  75  miles  (120  km.)  from  Guate- 
mala City;  27  miles  (43  km.)  from  Escuintla;  114  miles  (184  km.) 
from  Mazatenango.  Principal  products:  Salt,  bananas,  sugar,  cot- 
ton,  corn.     Industry :  Fisheries, 

Landing. — Open,  roadstead;  ships  anchor  half  mile  offshore; 
lighter  to  iron  pier. 

American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  D.  M.  Savage. 

How  Reached. — From  Guatemala  City  by  International  Railway ; 
has  connection  with  Ghamperico  via  Mazatenango ;  also  with  Puerto 
Barrios  via  Guatemala  City. 

Principal  Hotels. — Hotel  Marina,  Solorzano,  Contreras. 

Note. — Accommodations  here  are  poor ;  traveler  should  hasten  to 
depart. 

TOTONICAPAN,  capital  of  Department  of  same  name ;  population, 
28,810;  15  miles  (23  km.)  east  from  Quezaltenango;  85  miles  (56 
km.)  from  San  Felipe  (nearest  railroad  station).  Altitude,  7,894 
feet.  Climate,  semitropical.  Principal  products :  Dyewoods,  wheat, 
potatoes,  rice,  corn,  beans,  raw  sugar,  cattle,  and  fruits. 

How  Reached. — From  Guatemala  City  by  railroad  to  San  Felipe, 
via  Retalhuleu,  thence  cart  road  to  Quezaltenango;  thence  camino 
de  herradura  to  Totonicapan. 

Principal  Hotel. — Hotel  Central. 

Note. — Totonicapan  is  an  important  commercial  center.  Thei-e 
are  mineral  springs  near  by. 


GUATEMALA.  113 

ZACAPA,  Drpartnu'iit  of  Zacapti ;  on  International  Kaihvuy  ;  pupu- 
lalion,  iri.tXX);  KM)  miles  (100  km.)  northeast  from  Cuatoniala  ('ily; 
95  miles  (152  !;m.)  from  Puerto  Uarrios.  I'rineiijal  protliicts :  Cof- 
fee, hardwoods,  dye\vo(»ils,  mrdicinal  plants,  Rold,  silver,  marble,  and 
granite.     Industries;  Alanulioture  of  ei.nurs  and  ei;;arettes. 

How  Reached. — From  I'uerto  liarrios  and  from  Guatenialu  City 
by  International  IlaiUvay. 

Principal  Hotel. — Ferroearril. 

Note.-  Trains  stop  at  this  place  for  luueheon,  obtainable  at  sta- 
tion. Some  traveli.'rs  start  liere  for  the  overland  trip  into  Salva- 
dor (Santa  Ana)  and  Honduras  (Sauta  Rosa).  This  jdaee  owes 
its  importanee  to  tlie  fart  that  it  is  the  shijjpinK  j)oinl  for  the  Santa 
Harhara  district  of  Honduras  and  likewise  the  Chlquimula  district 
of  Gunteniala,  which  lies  southward. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

rsoTE. — In  many  of  the  towns  listed  below  are  retailers  and  gen- 
eral merchants  who  do  direct  inii'ortln.LC.  The  traveler  must  deter- 
mine l)j'  local  inquiry  which  are  best  to  visit. 

Aguacatan,  Deparinicnt  of  Huehuetcnanv'o;  population,  .n,(HX);  17 
miles  (2S  km.)  from  Huehuetenanso ;  on  carretera  to  Cohan.  Prod- 
ucts: Cereals,  fruits,  corn,  beans,  sujrar. 

Amatitlan.  capital  of  Department  «if  Amatitlan ;  pojjulatlon,  9,000; 
20  miles  (33  km.)  froni  Cuatenmla  City;  on  International  Railway. 
Products:  Fruits,  cotton,  sutrar,  linseed,  bananas,  toba'-ro,  cocldtteal. 

Antigua,  capital  of  Department  of  Sacatepequez ;  ponulation. 
]0.(X)0:  23  miles  (.37  km.)  from  Cuateniala  City.  Altitude.  5,314 
feet.  Reached  by  automobile  from  Guatemala  City.  Products: 
Beans,  coffee,  sujrar,  cereals.  Famous  for  its  ruins.  Hotels:  Man- 
chon,  Americana,  Rojas. 

Chimaltenango,  Department  of  Chimaltenanj2;o ;  population.  G.OOO ; 
31  miles  (49  km.)  from  Guatemala  City;  28  miles  (47  km.)  from 
Palin  (nearest  station).  Altitude,  5,365  feet.  Products:  Cereals, 
coffee,  cacao,  fruits,  corn. 

Cnajiniquilapa,  <apital  of  Department  of  Santa  Rosa ;  population, 
4,000.  Products:  Coffee,  corn,  peas,  .sugar  cane,  mahopany,  ebony, 
rice,  etc.  Reached  from  Guatemala  City  by  carretera.  Hotels: 
Pro.crreso,  Oriental. 

Ciiyotenango,  Department  of  Suchitepequez ;  population,  6,(K)0;  on 
Ferroearril  Occidental;  6  miles  (10  km.)  to  Mazatenanjro.  Carre- 
tera to  Mazatenancro,  Retalhuleu,  and  San  Felipe.  Products :  Cacao, 
coffee,  beans,  susar,  rice,  tobacco,  cotton. 

El  Progreso,  nearest  railway  station  to  .Talapn ;  population, 
2,500;  .■')2  nnles  (85  km.)  from  Guatemala  City.  Altitude,  2.S21  feet. 
Products :  Sugar  cane,  bananas,  corn,  beans,  etc.  On  International 
Railways. 

Flores,  capital  of  Depai-tment  of  Peten ;  population,  6,000 ;  279 
miles  (449  km.)  from  Guatemala  City.  Products:  Rice,  coffee, 
cacao,  tobacco,  corn,  beans,  sugar,  woods.  An  important  distribut- 
ing center. 

Guzacapan,  Department  of  Santa  Rosa;  population,  S.tX)0;  35 
miles  (56  km.)  from  Cuajiniquilapa ;  44  miles  (72  km.)  from  Es- 
144297" — 20 8 


114  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

cuiutla  (nearest  station).  Products:  Cereals,  coffee,  rice,  cotton, 
henequen,  woods. 

Ipala,  Department  of  Jala  pa ;  population,  2,000;  25  miles  (40 
km.)  from  Chiquimula ;  nearest  railroad  station,  Zacapa.  Prod- 
ucts :  Corn,  beans,  coffee,  rice,  fruits. 

Izabal,  capital  of  Department  of  Izabal ;  population,  5,600 ;  209 
miles  (336  km.)  from  Guatemala  City;  steamer  communication  with 
Livingston  and  Pauzos.  Products :  Gold,  coffee,  sarsaparilla,  rice, 
vanilla,  sugar.  Almost  all  the  country's  production  of  anil  and 
cochineal  is  exported  from  here. 

Jaealtenango,  Department  of  Huehuetenango ;  population,  5,000 ; 
62  miles  (100  km.)  from  Huehuetenango;  190  miles  (306  km.)  from 
Champerico.  Nearest  station,  San  Felipe.  Products:  Corn,  beans, 
pineapples,  coffee,  sugar,  yucca,  vanilla,  oranges,  and  lesnons. 

Jalapa,  capital  of  Department  of  Jalapa ;  population,  12,000;  65 
miles  (105  km.)  from  Guatemala  City.  Nearest  railroad  station, 
Progreso.  Products :  Cereals,  tobacco,  sugar,  corn,  cotton,  coffee,  cat- 
tle.    This  is  a  fairly  important  place. 

Joyabaj,  Department  of  Quiche;  popxilation,  5,200;  30  miles  (48 
km.)  from  Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche;  51  miles  (84  km.)  from  Guate- 
mala City  (nearest  station).  Products:  Coffee,  rice,  tobacco,  beans, 
potatoes,  yucca,  talcum,  and  plumbago. 

Jutiapa,  capital  of  Department  of  .Tutiapa  ;  population,  11,000 ;  75 
miles  (120  km.)  from  Guatemala  City.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar, 
rice,  cereals. 

Mi2co,  Department  of  Guatemala;  population,  8,000;  4  miles  (6 
km. )  f i-om  Guatemala  City ;  on  carretera  from  Guatemala  City  to 
Antigua.     Products :  Corn,  beans,  etc. 

Momostenaiigo,  Department  of  Zacapa ;  population,  17,000 ;  21 
miles  (35  km.)  from  Totonicapan.  Products:  Rice,  corn,  wheat, 
"  panela,"  cattle. 

Palencia,  Department  of  Guatemala;  population,  8,000;  15  miles 
(22  km.)  from  Guatemala  City:  reached  by  carretera.  Products: 
Rice,  oats,  potatoes,  coffee,  sugar. 

Palin,  Department  of  Amatitlan ;  population,  6.000;  8  miles  (18 
km.)  from  Amatitlan;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Guatemala  City;  on 
International   Railway.     Products:  Pineapples,   coffee,   beans,   corn. 

Paneajche,  on  Alta  Verapaz  Railway.  Railway  runs  from  this 
point  to  Panzos. 

Panzos,  Department  of  Alta  Verapaz;  population,  3,000;  37  miles 
(60  km.)  from  Coban ;  on  Alta  Verapaz  Railway.  Products:  Corn, 
bananas,  coffee,  yucca,  beans,  etc.  From  this  point  the  Alta  Verapaz 
Railway  runs  to  Paneajche.  Near  here  is  situated  the  "  Tinajas  " 
rubber  plantation,  covering  155,000  acres,  owned  by  the  Guatemala 
Central  Railway.  It  is  one  of  the  richest  estates  of  its  kind  in  Cen- 
tral America. 

Patulul,  Department  of  Solola ;  population,  2,000;  68  miles  (110 
km.)  from  Solola;  on  International  Railway  from  San  Jose  to  Guate- 
mala. Products:  Cotton,  coffee,  bananas,  corn,  sugar  cane,  etc. 
Trains  stop  here  for  lunch.  There  is  a  good  restaurant  at  the  sta- 
tion. 

Patzum,  Department  of  Chimaltenango ;  population,  7,000 ;  20  miles 
(33  km.)  from  Chimaltenango;  51  miles  (81  km.)  from  Guatemala 


ULATEMALA.  1 15 

City  (nearest  station;.  ItL-aclieil  Ity  carri'teia  fmra  Guatemala  City. 
l*r<)(Ui<ts :  Cofl'fe,  suu'ar,  n-rcals,  «(ittoii,  coin,  uu'diciiial  iilaiits. 

Quezalteteque,  Departrac'rit  of  Cliiquimula;  itnpiiiarion,  0,0()0;  25 
mill's  (  K)  km.)  from  (Miiqiiiimila  :  4M  iiiih's  (70  km.)  from  Acayutla; 
15  miles  (2G  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  Nearest  raihv:iy  station, 
Zacapa.     rntdiicts:   Siij-':ir,  coflVc,  corn,  licaiis. 

Sacapulas;  i»opiilatioii,  G,0()(J ;  41  miles  (GO  km.)  from  Santa  <'rir/ 
del  (Quiche.       I'rodiKis:  Smrar,  mnixc.  beans. 

Salama,  capital  of  I^epartmont  of  Baja  Verapaz  ;  population,  7,200; 
GO  miles  (97  km.)  from  (iuatemala  City,  rroilneis :  Cotton,  liene- 
qnen,  coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  vanilla,  rite,  corn,  yueca,  sweet  potatoes, 
woocls. 

Sanarate;  population,  5,150;  37  miles  (CO  km.)  from  Guatemala 
City;  on  International  Railway.  Products:  Cereals,  tobacco,  coffee, 
sugar.     Industries :  Weaving  and  cattle  raising. 

San  Cristobal,  Department  Alta  Verapaz;  population,  G.OOO;  19 
miles  C^O  km.)  from  Coban.  Troducts :  Coffee,  sugar,  cacao, 
maguey,  rice,  tobacco,  woods,  bananas. 

San  Felipe,  on  International  Railway.  Automobile  highway  to 
(^uezaltt'nanLTO. 

San  luis  Jilotepeque,  Department  of  .Talapa ;  population,  10,800 ; 
31  miles  (."iO  km.)  from  .Talapa.  Nearest  railroad  station,  iTogre.'Jo. 
Products:  Corn,  beans,  tobacco,  rice,  potatoes. 

San  Marcos,  capital  of  Department  of  San  Marcos;  population, 
7,000;  l."..")  miles  (217  km.)  from  Guatemala  Cit.v.  Altitmle,  7.150 
feet.  Reached  from  Quezaltenango.  Products :  Coffee,  wheat,  corn, 
rice,  potatoes. 

Santa  Cruz  del  Quiche,  Department  of  Quiche;  population,  12,000; 
74  miles  (120  km.)  from  Guatemala  City^  Altitude,  5..j00  feet. 
Reach  from  Totonicapan.  Products:  Corn,  beans,  wheat,  sugar, 
potatoes.     Hotels:  Alteu.se,  Colon,  Garzona, 

Santa  Rosa,  Department  of  Santa  Rosa;  population  G.SOO;  alti- 
tude, 3.214  feet:  .S4  miles  (52  km.)  from  Guatemala  City;  11  miles 
(18  km.)  from  Cuajiquilapa;  28  miles  (47  lim.)  from  San  Sal- 
vador; 50  miles  (76  km.)  from  Acajutla.  Nearest  railroad  station, 
Guatemala  City. 

Solola,  Department  of  Solola ;  population,  7.000 ;  altitude,  6,974 
feet;  on  Lake  Atitlan ;  7.3  miles  <  116  km.)  from  Guatemala  City; 
37  miles  (GO  km.)  from  Nahualate  (nearest  station).  Products: 
Cereals  and  cattle. 


BRITISH  HONDURAS. 

Map  No.  4. 

Location. — British  Honduras  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  nortli- 
west  by  Mexico,  on  the  v/est  and  south  by  Guatemala,  and  on  the 
east  by  tlie  Caribbean  Sea. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  8,598  square  miles.  Coast  line,  about 
160  miles.  Population,  42,323,  or  about  5  inhabitants  per  square 
mile,     ijiitish  Honduras  is  a  little  larger  than  Wales. 

Physical  Features. — The  country  may  be  roughly  divided  as  fol- 
lows:  First,  the  lowlands;  second,  the  pine  ridges;  third,  the  broken 
ridges  iiiu-wu  as  the  cahoon  ridges,  from  the  cahoon  palm ;  then 
hills,  1,090  feet  high,  followed  in  turn  by  low  mountains,  known  as 
the  Cockscomb  Mountains,  averaging  4,000  feet  in  height. 

Chief  Products. — Bananas,  chicle,  coconuts,  sugar  cane,  pineapples, 
tobacco,  i-ubber,  limes,  and  other  tropical  fruits. 

Chief  Industries. — Cutting  of  mahogany,  logwood,  dyewood,  rose- 
wood, cedar,  etc.     Manufacturing  is  negligible. 

Climate. — In  the  main,  subtropical.  Highest  temperature,  98  de- 
grees; lov/est,  50  degrees.     The  prevailing  winds  are  easterly. 

Seasons. — Dry  from  the  middle  of  February  to  the  middle  of  May ; 
wet  the  balance  of  the  year.  Rain  falls  almost  continuously  during 
October,  November,  and  December.  The  average  annual  rainfall  is 
81-i  inches,  but  in  some  places  it  run<s  as  high  as  150  inches. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  of  mixed  Indians,  Negro,  Carib, 
and  Spanish  stock.  The  number  of  persons  of  pure  white  blood  is 
comparatively  small. 

language. — English  is  the  official  language.  Some  Spanish  is 
spoken  in  the  interior  and  along  the  border  of  Mexico  and  Guate- 
mala. 

Currency.— Gold  standard  based  upon  that  of  the  United  States. 
American  money  circulates  interchangeably  with  that  of  the  colony. 
The  coins  are:  A  large  mixed-metal  1-cent  piece,  a  silver  and 
silver-bronze  5-cent  piece,  a  silver  dime,  a  silver  quarter  of  a  dollar, 
and  a  silver  50-cent  piece.  No  gold  or  silver  dollars  are  in  circula- 
tion. United  States  dollars  serving  in  their  place.  There  is  a  paper 
currency  of  1,  2,  5,  10,  and  20  dollars,  which  is  taken  at  par. 

Weights  and  Measures. — English,  officially.  Spanish  weights  are 
recognized  and  occasionally  used. 

Postage. — Letters  from  the  United  States,  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  British  possessions,  2  cents  per  ounce.  Unpaid  and  insuffi- 
ciently paid  letters  are  charged  double  the  deficiency  on  delivery. 
Parcel  post  from  the  United  States,  the  United  Kingdom,  and  British 
possessions.  ... 

Cable  Rate.— Cable  rate  for  messages  to  Belize  from  all  points  m 
the  United  States  is  35  cents  per  word. 

Wireless  Telegraph. — There  is  a  wireless  telegraph  station  at 
Belize.  The  rate  is  10  cents  per  word,  plus  the  charges  of  other  sys- 
tems, or  35  cents  a  word  from  New  York  or  Washington. 

116 


BRITISH    HONDURAS.  117 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — Office,  3G0  Broadway. 
Steamers  from  Tiers  4S-W  Norlli  Hivfi-  (W.-.st  Elevenlli  S(rfet). 
Depurtnres  every  'Wednestlay  and  Saluiday  I'dr  New  Orleaii-s;  llu-nce 
by  conneetinf^  .■^learner  to  Belize  and  Stann  Cn-el;,  British  jldnd.iras. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Ollice.  IT  Battery  I'lace. 
Sailings  from  IMer  10,  East  Kiver,  and  Bier  1,  Nortli  iilver  ( BaUery 
Place).  Departures  fortnishliy  for  Belize.  Fare,  inehnliir.;  ineaLs 
and  raininuim  stateroom  accommodations,  .'?141.     (See  also  p.  40.) 

UNES  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

TTnited  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — .7.  J.  Kellelier,  general  agent, 
626-630  Common  street.  New  Orleans,  La.  Departures  every  Thurs- 
day for  Belize,  B.ritisli  Honduras;  I'uerto  Barrios,  (Juatemahi,  and 
Puerto  I'ortez  and  Tela,  Honduras.  Fortnightly  for  Stann  Creek 
and  I'unta  Oorda,  Britisli  Honduras,  and  Livingston,  Guatemala. 
Fare  to  Belize,  including  meals  and  minimum  stateroom  accommoda- 
tions, .$70.     (See  also  p.  40.) 

Average  Time  of  Trip. — New  York  to  Belize  (1,0»X)  nautical  miles), 
14  days  ;  New  Orleans  to  I'.elize  (SCO  miles),  9  day?  ;  M«>hile,  Ala.,  to 
Belize  (855  miles),  9  days;  Belize  to  Puerto  Barrios,  Guatemala 
(120  miles),  1  day;  Belize  to  Puerto  Cortes,  Honduras  (105  miles), 
li  days. 

Quarantine  Regulations. — There  are  no  quarantine  regulations  for 
passengers  from  the  United  States.  In  case  of  suspicious  illness 
passengers  may  be  detained.  Expenses  while  being  detained  are  for 
the  account  of  the  traveler.  All  passengers  airiviiig  from  Central 
American  ports  are  required  to  report  for  exainitiation  at  the  public 
hospital  every  moniing  for  five  days  after  arrival.  Fasserigers  in 
transit  from  Central  American  ports  are  not  allowed  to  land,  except 
by  permission  of  the  quarantine  officer.  Vessels  from  Cuba,  Pan- 
ama, and  the  Canal  Zone  are  fumigated  on  arrival. 

licenses.-^onunercial  travelers  are  required  to  pay  a  license  fee 
of  $50  for  the  calendar  year.  This  is  payable,  without  reduction, 
regardless  of  the  month  in  which  license  is  taken  out,  with  the 
exception  of  December.  Licenses  taken  out  in  any  town  protect  the 
traveler  in  the  entire  colony.  In  Belize,  as  in  other  places  where 
the  license  system  prevails,  it  is  not  imusual  for  the  traveler  to  sell 
under  tiie  license  of  a  local  merchant  or  agent. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — Sample  trunks  and  their  contents  are  admit- 
ted free  of  duty.  There  are  no  customhouse  brokers,  the  entry  of 
goods  being  simple  and  readily  etTected,  particularly  if  they  are 
free  of  duty.  Samples  having  a  value  may  be  bonded  at  the  custom- 
house. If  the  traveler  prefers  to  make  a  deposit  to  cover  the  duty, 
same  is  returned  on  leaving. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  most  pleasant  time  for  the  traveler  to 
visit  British  Honduras  is  from  Deeomber  to  April.  The  dry  .season 
lasts  from  the  middle  of  February  to  the  end  of  ilarch.  During  the 
wet  season  the  rainfall  is  often  very  heavy,  particularly  so  during 


118  GUIDE  TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

tile  months  of  September,  October,  and  November.  The  possibility 
of  hurricanes  is  greatest  during  the  months  of  June,  July,  and 
August. 

Time  for  Purchasing. — As  in  all  southern  countries,  the  merchants 
of  Belize  are  accustomed  to  stock  up  for  trade  during  the  Christmas 
and  Easter  holidays.  It  is  necessary  for  the  salesman  to  visit  BeMze 
sufficiently  far  in  advance  to  obtain  orders  and  insure  delivery 
before  the  periods  mentioned. 

Canvassing  British  Honduras. — Most  travelers  visit  only  Belize, 
the  capital  and  practically  the  only  city  of  importance.  Traveling 
representatives  of  the  jobbing  houses  in  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  and 
certain  other  places  strategically  located  often  canvass  also  the 
points  of  lesser  importance,  including  Corozal,  to  the  north,  and 
Stann  Creek  and  Punta  Gorda,  to  the  south.  Travel  to  these  places 
is  usually  made  by  schooners  or  motor  boats  which  work  up  and 
down  the  coast.  Full  information  regarding  rates,  time,  etc.,  of  this 
service  is  obtainal)le  in  Belize. 

Traveling  in  British  Honduras. — After  canvassing  Belize,  should  it 
be  found  desirable  to  visit  other  communities,  the  following  plan  is 
suggested : 

North. — The  two  towns  justifying  a  visit  are  Corozal,  British 
Honduras,  and  Payo  Obispo,  INIexico,  across  the  river.  These  towns 
are  located  in  the  "  bush  "  and  depend  for  their  prosperity  upon  the 
outfitting  of  men  engaged  in  gathering  chicle,  cutting  mahogany, 
cedar,  etc.  Corozal  is  a  distributing  point  for  Mexico.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  Corozal  district  is  about  7,000.  South  of  Corozal  lies 
the  district  of  Orange  Walk,  the  capital  of  which  bears  the  same 
name;  population  about  6,000.  These  towns  may  be  reached  by 
motor  boat,  which  leaves  customarily  once  a  week. 

West. — Near  the  border  of  Guatemala,  about  175  miles  west,  is 
El  Cayo.  This  is  not  ordinarily  visited,  nor  is  the  average  traveler 
justified  in  "  making  "  it. 

South. — Stann  Creek  (population,  3,500)  is  the  most  important 
business  center.  Its  prosperity  depends  upon  the  banana  industry. 
The  United  Fruit  Co.  owns  a  large  plantation  here  and  there  is  a 
railroad  about  30  miles  into  the  interior.  Still  farther  south  is 
Punta  Gorda,  population  about  4,.500.  These  towns  are  supplied  by 
the  merchants  of  Belize.  A  boat  leaves  once  a  week  for  Stann 
Creek  and  Punta  Gorda.  Stann  Creek  is  also  visited  by  boats  of 
the  United  Fruit  Co. 

Agencies. — If  the  line  of  business  requires  a  local  agent,  Belize  is 
the  place  in  which  he  should  be  appointed.  Local  agents  usually 
canvass  the  places  described  above. 

Internal  Communication. — The  Belize  River  forms  the  chief 
highway  from  the  coast  to  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of 
British  Honduras.  It  is  navigable  for  light-draft  motor  and  cargo 
boats  for  a  distance  of  more  than  100  miles.  The  rates  for  both 
passengers  and  freight  are  high,  but  most  of  the  traffic  to  and  from 
the  interior  is  carried  over  this  route.  There  is  only  one  railway  in 
the  colony,  from  Stann  Creek  to  the  interior,  about  25  miles.  It  has 
a  gauge  of  3  feet  and  Mas  built  l)y  the  Government  at  a  cost  of 
$826,250.  The  British  Honduras  Syndicate  has  a  tram  line  running 
81  miles  from  the  Stann  Creek  Pier  inland  beyond  Melinda,  and  an- 
other, about  3  miles  long,  connecting  the  Sennis  and  the  Monkey 


BRITISH   HONDURAS.  119 

Rivers.  The  trains  are  us«l  chiefly  for  the  transportation  of 
ban:inas. 

Holidays  in  British  Honduras. — A  larpe  portion  of  the  population 
is  llonian  C'litliolic,  but  tlie  CiUliolic  holldiiys  are  not  ofHflally  ob- 
served here  as  in  the  Latin-Arnfrican  Ui'publics.  The  chk-f  holidays 
are  Xew  Year's  Day,  Good  Frlilay,  Easier  Monday,  Wiiit  Mouday, 
King's  birthday  (June  3),  Christmas  Day,  and  Boxhig  Day 
(Dec.  2G). 

BELIZE,  capital  of  the  colony ;  on  both  banks  of  the  River  Belize 
at  its  niiiiilh;  population,  about  13,i5(X» ;  SCO  nautical  miles  from  New 
Orleans;  120  miles  (102  km.)  from  I'uerto  liarrios,  Guatemala.  Cli- 
mate, tropical;  tciiiiKTaturt'  .iverages  about  80  degrees;  most  pleas- 
ant months,  December  to  March. 

American  cun^^ul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Belize  Estate  & 
Produce  Co.  (Ltd.). 

Banks. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada  (National  I'ark  Bank  of  New 
York). 

How  Eeached. — From  New  Orleans  and  New  York  by  United  Frnlt 
Co.  steamship  .service;  from  I'uerto  Barrios  by  United  Fruit  Co. 
steam.sliip  service. 

Ship  anchorage,  one-half  to  three-fourths  mile  offshore;  power 
launches  to  shore. 

Local  Steamship  Service. — The  Star  for  the  northern  route  and 
the  Ij.  M.  L.  for  the  southern  route.  Boats  leave  Btlize  on  Monday. 
returning  Thursday.  Rates  as  follows:  Belize  to  Corozal,  90  miles 
(1-14  km.),  fari'  ij;;),  baggage  per  100  pounds  -SO.T.t  ;  Belize  to  Stann 
Creek,  32  miles  (01  km.),  fare  $1,  btiggage  $0.25;  Belize  to  Punta 
Gorda,  110  miles  (176  km.),  fare  !?3..50,  baggage,  !?0.50;  Corozal  to 
Payo  Obispo,  Jlexico.  10  miles  (IG  km.),  passage  as  per  arrangement 
with  boatmen.     The  above  rates  do  not  include  meals. 

Principal  Hotels. — International,  Union ;  $2  to  $3  per  day. 

Uote. — This  place  should  be  included  in  the  itinerary  of  all  sales- 
men wlio  visit  tliis  part  of  Central  America.  An  important  business, 
both  wholesale  and  retail,  is  carried  on  here. 


HONDURAS. 

Map  No.  7. 

Location. — ^Honduras  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  south  by  Nicaragua,  and  on  the  west  by 
Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  about  46,250  square  miles;  popula- 
tion, estimated  at  about  650,000,  or  about  14  inhabitants  per  square 
mile. 

Physical  Features. — Honduras  is  mountainous  throughout.  As  a 
result,  it  possesses  a  considerable  diversity  of  climate,  soil,  and 
products.  There  are  large  and  fertile  plateaus  and  valleys.  Among 
the  latter  is  the  Plain  of  Comayagua,  40  miles  (64  km.)  in  length. 
On  the  Atlantic  coast  there  is  a  great  stretch  of  land  suitable  for 
and  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  bananas.  None  of  the  mountains 
are  very  high. 

Elvers  and  Lakes. — The  most  important  rivers  of  Honduras  are  the 
Honduras,  Chameleon,  Ulua,  Leon,  Aguan,  Tinto,  Patuca,  Wanks  or 
Segovia,  Choluteca,  Nacaome,  and  Goascoran.  A  regular  line  of 
vessels  (Monte  Vista  Steamboat  Co.)  plies  on  the  Ulua  River  from 
its  mouth  (near  Puerto  Cortez)  to  Progreso,  a  distance  of  about  125 
miles  (200  km.).  The  Aguan,  Patuco,  and  Segovia  Rivers  are  navi- 
gable for  short  distances  by  vessels  of  light  draft.  The  principal 
lake  is  Yojoa,  about  25  miles  long  and  about  6  miles  wide.  It  is 
navigable  and  is  connected  v/th  the  Ulua  River  by  one  of  its  tribu- 
taries, the  Rio  Blanco. 

Climate. — Along  the  Atlantic  or  Caribbean  coast  the  climate  is 
generally  torrid  but  somewhat  modified  by  trade  winds  and  rain- 
falls. Hurricanes  are  not  common.  The  Pacific  coast  also  has  a 
torrid  climate.  In  the  interior,  in  the  high  altitudes,  the  climate  is 
temperate,  very  pleasant,  and  healthful.  In  Tegucigalpa  and  vicinity 
the  temperature  averages  74  degrees. 

Seasons. — The  wet  and  dry  seasons  are  not  very  plainly  marked. 
On  the  Pacific  coast  the  dry  season  begins  in  November  and  ends  in 
May ;  the  rainy  season  begins  in  May  and  ends  in  November.  On 
the  Atlantic  coast  the  rainy  season  lasts  from  October  or  November 
to  March  or  April, 

Principal  Products. — The  chief  source  of  wealth  in  Honduras  is 
the  banana.  Coconuts  are  also  important,  while  cattle  raising 
is  a  very  considerable  industry  and  rapidly  developing.  Other 
sources  of  wealth  are  tobacco,  sugar,  maize,  coffee,  hides,  mahogany, 
and  dyewoods. 

Industries. — Manufacture  of  straw  hats,  cigars,  soap,  shoes,  ice, 
soda  water,  and  aguardiente,  sugar  refining,  etc. 

Minerals. — Honduras  is  very  highly  mineralized,  but  much  of  the 
country  is  unesploited.  The  Rosario  mines  are  the  chief  gold  pro- 
ducers, having  been  operated  for  many  years.  Among  the  other 
minerals  are  silver,  zinc,  copper,  iron,  lignite,  and  coal. 

Inhabitants. — The  people  of  Honduras  are  chiefly  Indians  or  half- 
castes,  with  a  considerable  mixture  of  Spanish  blood.     On  the  north- 

120 


HONDURAS.  121 

eru  coast  and  in  the  banana  region  there  is  a  large  Ne^ro  iM>i>uhi- 
tlon,  ciiiclly  lioni  tiie  AVest  Indies. 

J.anguage. — Tlie  lanKuuKe  in  general  is  Spanish.  On  the  nortli 
coast  lOngiisii  is  coming  ini(<  general  usage  because  of  tiie  important 
Ainirican  companies  located  there. 

Currency. — Tlie  silver  peso  of  100  centavos,  25  grams  in  weight, 
0.9  line,  and  containing  347.U(>r)  gi-ains  of  pure  silver,  is  tlie  unit  of 
value.  I'Yactionai  coin;^  of  5,  1<»,  120.  US,  and  HO  centavos  have  been 
minted.  The  silver  of  Salvador  and  Nicaragua  circulates  at  face 
value.  fJokl  coins  are  legal  tender,  hut  otdy  a  few  have  been 
minted;  they  are  retained  as  souviniirs  and  do  not  circulate.  The 
value  of  the  peso  lluctuates  with  the  price  of  silver. 

Banks. — There  are  .several  banks  already  established  in  Hon- 
duras.    These  are  issuing  pjiper  money  secured  by  a  silver  reserve. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  is  odicial  and  gener- 
ally used.  There  are  old  weights  and  measures  in  use,  but  com- 
merce is  carried  on  in  the  metric  system  or  its  e<^|uivalents. 

Postage, — Honduras  belongs  to  the  Postal  Tnion.  The  rate  is  5 
cents  for  the  first  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and  3  cents  for  each 
additional  ounce.  There  is  ulao  a  parcel  post,  which  is  being  more 
widely  ntili/etl. 

Cable  Rates. — The  rate  from  New  York  City  to  Honduras  is  55 
cents  per  word. 

Wireless  Telegraph. — A  wireless  station  is  operated  by  the  United 
Fruit  Co.  on  the  north  coast.  Another  station  is  ojierated  by 
Vacarro  Bros.,  steamship  agents,  in  Ceiba. 

Telephone  and  Telegraph. — The  Government  owns  and  operates  the 
telephone  and  telegraph  systems. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROxM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK, 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — OfTice,  366  Broadway.  Sail- 
ings from  Piers  48-49,  North  River  (West  Eleventh  Street).  De- 
partures on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays  for  New  Orleans,  thence  by 
connecting  steamers  to  Puerto  Cortes,  Trujillo,  Ceiba,  Roatan,  and 
Tela. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  IG,  East  River  (Burling  slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Battery  I'laco).  Departures  about  fortnightly  for  Puerto 
Cortes  and  Tela.  Departures  weekly  for  Colon  (Cristobal),  Pan- 
ama, thence  by  connecting  steamer  to  Amapala,  west  coast.  Fare, 
New  York  to  Puerto  Cortes  or  Tela,  $141.     (See  also  p.  40.) 

LINES  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  J.  Kelleher,  general  agent, 
62(>-630  Conmion  Street,  New  Orleans,  La.  Departures  every  Thurs- 
day for  Puerto  Cortes  and  Tela,  Honduras;  also  for  Belize,  British 
Honduras,  and  Puerto  Barrios,  Guatemala.  Fare  to  Puerto  Cortes 
or  Tela.  .$71.      (See  also  p.  40.) 

Independent  Steamship  Line. — Vacarro  Bros.  &  Co.,  agi-nts,  Queen 
&  Crescent  Building,  New  Orleans,  La.    Sailings  from  Pauline  Street 


122  GITIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Wharf.     Departures  weekly   for  Ceiba,   Honduras.     Average   time, 
three  days. 

Cuyamel  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  D.  Armstrong,  traffic 
manager,  Whitney  Central  Building,  Nef^  Orleans,  La.  Departures 
semiweekly  for  Puerto  Cortes  and  Omoa,  Honduras. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co. — Office,  508  California  Street,  San 
FrancLsco,  Calif.  Departures  semimonthly  for  Amapala,  Honduras. 
Fare,  San  Francisco  to  Amapala,  $146.50;  Balboa  to  Amapala, 
$69.30.      (See  also  p.  35.) 

Average  Time  of  Trip. — New  York  to  Puerto  Cortes  (1,730  nautical 
miles),  about  11  days;  New  Orleans  to  Puerto  Cortes  (930  miles), 
6  days ;  New  Orleans  to  Ceiba,  3  days ;  New  Orleans  to  Omoa, 
4  days ;  San  Francisco  to  Amapala,  18  days. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  having  no  commercial  value, 
Mhen  imported  in  quantities  weighing  not  more  than  25  libras  (25.25 
pounds),  are  exempt  from  duty.  Tho.se  exceeding  25  libras  in 
weight  are  dutiable  at  0.01  peso  per  half  kilo.  Samples  "  without 
commercial  value"  are  interpreted  to  mean  small  pieces  of  fabrics 
or  articles  so  mutilated  as  to  be  entirely  unsalable. 

For  samples  which  have  a  commercial  value  the  tariff  law  of 
Honduras  provides  for  a  deposit  of  the  amoimt  of  duty  \ipon  entry. 
Upon  application  for  permission  to  reexport  such  samples  the  de- 
posit is  refunded  after  deducting  a  charge  of  0.05  peso  per  half 
kilo.  It  must  be  shown  that  the  contents  of  the  package  are  iden- 
tical with  those  entered. 

Entering  Samples. — ^The  commercial  traveler  or  his  agent,  usually 
a  customs  broker,  is  required  to  enter  the  samples  in  the  manner 
usually  followed  in  the  case  of  other  merchandise.  A  careful  ex- 
amination of  the  packages  is  made  by  the  customs  officials,  and  the 
salesman  receives  a  copy  of  the  entry  (poliza),  which  must  accom- 
pany the  application  for  reexportation.  If  there  is  any  discrepancy 
found  upon  presentation  of  the  samples  for  reexportation,  the  entire 
amount  of  duty  is  declared  forfeited.  The  commercial  traveler  may, 
however,  dispose  of  all  or  any  part  of  his  samples  after  obtaining 
permission  from  the  administrator  of  customs  and  upon  payment  of 
duty  on  the  articles  sold. 

Period  of  Reexportation. — Samples  must  be  reexported  within  90 
days  from  time  of  entry.  No  refund  is  made  in  case  the  samples 
are  presented  for  reexportation  thereafter.  Samples  may  be  en- 
tered at  one  port  and  cleared  through  another. 

Time  Required. — The  time  necessary  to  clear  samples  is  that  re- 
quired for  the  clerical  work  involved  in  the  preparation  of  the 
papers.  A  few  hours  usually  suffice,  particularly  if  the  traveler  is 
insistent. 

Cost  of  Clearance. — A  stamped  paper  is  required  for  all  entries 
and  reembarkations  ;  the  cost  of  these  is  $2  each.  For  permission  to 
remove  samples  from  town  to  town  the  cost  is  20  cents  gold  for  each 
movement.  The  cost  of  customhouse  broker's  service — from  $2  to 
$10  gold — is  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  work  necessary. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Articles  which  have  a  commercial 
value   are   dutiable,    even   if   intended   for   advertising.     The   duty 


TI(  (XDURAS.  ]  23 

assessed  Is  on  the  basis  of  pros.s  welplit.  If  advertl.slriR  matter  Is 
packed  with  .sami>h\s  the  wei;rlit  Is  i)roi')ito<l ;  ht-nce  matter  iutetided 
for  distrilmticn  isliould  be  packc<l  Kep;irat.-ly. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — From  November  to  Fcbruarj-  Is  the  most 
delightt'ul  pt-riod  to  visit  Honduras.  The  heavlost  rains  and  high 
winds  prevail  from  October  to  JMarch.  The  traveler  must  be  lar;,'ely 
governed  by  tlie  conditions  In  his  line  of  l)usine.ss.  As  a  rule,  deal- 
ers prefer  to  receive  their  goods  in  time  for  tlie  Easter  and  Christ- 
mas trade. 

Commercial  Traveler's  Tax. — Tliere  is  no  Government  tax  for  com- 
mercial travelers.  C'erl;iin  municipalities  noininaily  coll*  ct  fees,  but 
in  practice  the  collection  is  fretiuently  overlooked  or  compromised. 
The  licenses  issueil  by  municipalities  hold  goofl  for  only  one  visit, 
limited  to  90  days.  If  the  traveler  leaves  for  anothor  place  and  re- 
turns he  incurs  the  possibility  of  again  being  taxed.  Tegucigalpa, 
the  capital,  and  Sau  I'edro  iSula  charges  5(>  pesos  for  each  visit,  irre- 
spective of  length  of  stay  or  character  of  goods  handled.  For 
Puerto  Cortes  the  fee  is  25  pesos  for  each  visit.  These  fees  are  sub- 
ject to  change  and  are  purely  personal ;  consequently,  the  traveler 
may  represent  several  houses  without  the  payment  of  an  additional 
sum. 

INTERIOR  COMMUNICATION. — An  automobile  road  has  been  con- 
strucLcd  from  tlie  end  of  tie  National  Uailroad  to  Lake  Yojoa,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  30  miles  (48  km).  This  roud  has  been  built  by  an 
American  company,  which  also  intends  to  operate  a  steamer  and 
lighters  on  the  lake  to  connect  with  a  roadway  which  th.e  (lovern- 
ment  proposes  to  construct  from  the  capital  by  way  of  Comayagua 
and  Siguatopeque.  A  few  nules  of  this  road  have  already  been 
built  "When  this  project  is  completed  it  will  be  possible  to  travel 
by  railway,  steamer,  and  automobile  from  Puerto  Cortes  to  Teguci- 
galpa in  a  day  and  a  half.  This  trip  now  takes  live  to  six  days 
by  mule  back  over  almost  impassable  mountain  trails. 

AVhile  Puerto  Cortes  is  the  Atlantic  entrepot  to  the  capital, 
freight  is  never  billed  across  the  mountain  trail,  and  travelers 
rarely  select  this  route,  preferring  the  roundabout  way  of  crossing 
Guatemala  or  going  via  Panama  and  approching  Tegucigalpa  from 
the  Pacific  port  of  Amapala. 

Wagon  Roads. — There  are  very  few  good  wagon  roads.  A  few 
around  the  town  of  San  Pedro  Sula  may  be  traveled  for  short  dis- 
tances.    Most  of  the  roads  are  suitable  only  for  oxcarts. 

Pack  Trains. — The  principal  means  of  transport  are  pack  trains. 
The  two  most  important  routes  are  from  San  Pedro  Sula  to  Santa 
Rosa  and  from  Villa  Xneva.  on  the  National  Railroad,  about  20 
miles  (32  km.)  above  San  Pe«lro,  to  Santa  P.arhara.  Considering 
that  it  takes  8  to  10  days'  hard  travel  to  reach  Santa  Barbara,  the 
freight  rate  by  pack  train  is  remarkably  low,  being  IJ  cents  per 
pound.  This  low  rate  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  mules 
are  fed  on  the  open  range;  otherwise  the  ?3..^0  receive<l  for  a  200- 
po\ind  load  would  be  expended  for  maintenance  of  the  animal. 

RAILROADS.— In  1010  the  total  length  of  all  railroad  lines  in 
operatinii  was  approximately  321  miles  (517  km.).  Practically  all 
the  mileage  in  operation  is  located  on  the  Caribbean  side.  It  was 
built  primarily  for  the  banana  and  timber  trades,  and  the  public 
trafllc  was  of  secondary  importance.    The  most  important  of  the 


124  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

lines  are  as  follows:  National  Railway,  from  Puerto  Cortes  to 
Potrerillos,  60  miles  (96  km.)  ;  Trujillo  Railway,  Trujillo  to  Juti- 
calpa,  25  miles  (41  km.)  ;  Trujillo  Railway,  beyond  Juticalpa,  16^ 
miles  (26  km.)  ;  Vacarro  Bros.,  private  line  through  Ceiba  banana 
region,  93  miles  (150  km.)  ;  Cuyamel  Fruit  Co.,  private  line  in  Cuya- 
mel  district,  27  miles  (44  km.)  ;  United  Fruit  Co.,  private  line  in  Tela 
region,  7i  miles  (12  km.)  ;  Tropical  Timber  Co.,  private  line,  7 
miles  (Hi  km). 

Railway  Time-Table. — ^A  passenger  train  on  the  National  Railway 
of  Honduras  leaves  Puerto  Cortes  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and 
Fridays  at  8.30  a.  m.,  arriving  at  San  Pedro  at  12.25  p.  m..  La 
Pimienta  at  3  p.  m.,  and  Patrerillos  at  3.50  p.  m.  Train  i*eturns  on 
Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  leaving  Potrerillos  at  6.50 
a.  m.,  arriving  at  La  Pimienta  at  7  a.  m.,  San  Pedro  at  8.50  a.  m., 
and  Puerto  Cortes  at  1.40  p.  m. 

CANVASSING  HONDTJHAS. — There  is  practically  no  connection  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  coast  and  Tegucigalpa,  the  capital.  The  latter 
is  almost  invariably  approachetl  from  the  Pacific  coast.  This  must 
be  borne  in  mind  by  the  commercial  traveler. 

Entrance  from  Atlantic. — Travelers  generally  come  from  the 
north — from  Guatemala  or  direct  from  New  Orleans  or  New  York. 
Good  service  is  furnished  by  the  United  Fruit  Co.,  whose  ships  visit 
Puerto  Cortes  and  Tela.  Communication  with  the  other  points  is 
had  by  chartering  schooners  or  motor  boats.  This  service  varies 
and  information  must  be  obtained  on  the  ground.  It  is  customary 
for  travelers  who  represent  diffei-ent  lines  to  charter  a  schooner  or 
motor  boat  and  divide  the  expense.  The  chief  port  is  Puerto  Cortes. 
At  Tela  the  United  Fruit  Co.  lias  a  commissary.  The  National 
Railroad  runs  from  Puerto  Cortes  to  Pimienta  and  San  Pedro 
Sula.  From  this  point  pack  trains  operate  to  Santa  Rosa,  Santa 
Barbara,  etc.  As  already  stated,  it  is  impracticable  for  a  traveler 
to  visit  Tegucigalpa  from  this  coast. 

Entrance  from  Pacific. — Travelers  generally  arrive  at  Amapala, 
an  island  24  miles  off  the  mainland.  Here  they  take  a  motor  boat  to 
San  Lorenzo.  From  San  Lorenzo  travel  may  be  continued  by 
automobile  or  horseback,  depending  on  condition  of  the  roads.  The 
most  important  distributing  point  is  Tegucigalpa,  where  are  located 
the  chief  commercial  houses.  From  this  point  the  traveler  may  go 
overland  on  horseback  to  other  cities  in  the  interior.  San  Juancito 
is  important  because  of  the  great  mining  operations  carried  on 
there  by  an  American  company  for  more  than  30  years.  Most 
travelers  depend  upon  the  wholesale  houses  of  Tegucigalpa  for  the 
distribution  of  merchandise  in  the  interior. 

Suggested  Routes. — It  is  impossible  to  suggest  definite  Itineraries 
for  canvassing  the  north  coast.  Much  depends  on  the  seasons  and 
local  steamship  connections.  It  is  often  necessary  to  "  double  back," 
that  is,  work  to  and  from  some  of  the  larger  places,  as  Puerto 
Cortes  and  Ceiba.  The  movements  of  a  traveler  are  governed  largely 
by  the  port  in  which  he  arrives. 

From  Puerto  Cortes. — Side  trip  by  launcli  or  schooner  to  Omoa. 
From  Puerto  Cortes,  by  National  Railway,  to  San  Pedro.  From 
Puerto  Cortes,  by  steamer,  to  Tela;  by  steamer  to  Ceiba.  In 
this  vicinity  are  small  towns,  such  as  Triumfo,  Colorado,  Cuero, 
Salado,   and  El  Porvenir,   reached  by  schooners  or  motor  boats. 


HONDURAS.  1 2 ') 

From  a  point  near  Tela  the  Vacnrro  Bros,  railroad  runs  to  Coloiatlo 
Jincl  to  CViba. 

Prom  Ceiba. — I?y  schooner  to  TrujiUo.  From  Cellm,  by  bcLdoiut 
to  Utilla  Isliiml  ;  by  .st-booner  to  liay  Islands. 

From  TrujiUo. — By  schooner  to  Irlona.  The  traveler  Is  advised 
to  ascertain  what  sorvice  is  available  In  Kuerto  Cortes,  Celba,  or 
TrujiUo  to  tlio  interior. 

Prom  Amapala. — By  niolor  boat  to  I'edregal ;  by  pack-mule  train  to 
Cholutoca  ;  by  itack-iuulo  train  to  Yuscaran  (side  trip  by  pack-mule 
train  to  I)aidi)  ;  by  pack-nnilo  train  to  Tegrucipalpa. 

Special  Note. — In  visitinfr  the  territory  on  the  north  coast  it  is 
well  not  to  count  on  reaching  certain  points  on  given  dates.  Ad- 
vantage nuist  be  taken  of  the  transporation  as  it  is  offered.  Good 
connections  are  often  a  matter  of  diance.  The  motor-boat  service 
lietwcen  I'uerto  Cortes,  Roatan,  Ceiba,  etc.,  is  uncertain  and  un- 
conifortabio. 

HINTS  FOR  TRAVELERS.— In  Honduras,  in  the  interior  particu- 
larly, tlie  traveUr  will  find  that  conditions  'are  rather  primitive. 
Except  in  Tegucis-'alpa.  the  hotels  are  poor,  ^^■henever  possible  the 
traveler  sliould  endeavor  to  obtain  letters  of  introduction  from 
friends  to  correspondents  in  the  smaller  places,  so  that  he  may 
board  with  the  latter  and  thus  have  the  best  accommodations  avail- 
able. 

Hotel  Rates. — The  rales  of  the  better  hotels  in  the  moi-e  important 
places  run  from  $1.50  to  $3  gold  per  day.  In  the  smaller  places 
the  rates  are  .somewhat  lower.  In  the  interior  and  in  the  smaller 
comnnmities  tlie  rates  run  from  .$1.25  to  $2.50  per  day.  The 
accommodations  are  necessarily  inferior.  These  rates  are  for  hotels 
conducted  on  American  plan. 

Delays  in  Travel. — The  transportation  sen-ice  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  especially  between  the  smaller  tovras,  is  so  infrequent  and 
uncertain  that  it  is  the  height  of  lolly  to  expect  to  reach  certain 
points  on  or  about  given  dates.  It  is  much  better  to  set  out  on  a 
journey  and  take  advantage  of  the  transportation  as  it  is  offered. 

riua  River. — An  American  company  operates  a  line  of  steamboats 
on  the  Ulna  River  from  its  mouth  to  Progreso  (and  under  favorable 
condition  even  higher). 

Classes  of  Buyers. — In  Honduras,  besides  the  importing  whole- 
salers who  act  as  distributers,  there  ai'e  many  exclusive  retail  lirms 
who  also  make  direct  importations.  The  number  of  houses  which 
have  direct  relations  with  the  United  States  is  not  very  large,  but  it 
is  increasing.  Travelers  who  transact  business  with  wholesale 
houses  will  find  them  located  principally  in  Puerto  Cortes,  Ceiba, 
and  Tegucigalpa.  The  United  Fruit  Co.  maintains  a  numl)er  of 
commissaries,  while  several  of  the  mining  companies  conduct  gen- 
eral stoi'es. 

Agencies. — If  a  local  agency  is  required  on  the  north  coast  it  can 
1)8  established  to  best  adva'ntage  in  Ceiba  or  Puerto  Cortes.  For 
the  interior  Tegucigalpa  is  the  logical  point. 

Holidays  in  Honduras. — There  is  no  State  religion,  but  most  of  the 
people  are  Catholic,  hence  many  of  the  feast  days  of  the  church  are 
observed.  Generally  speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holi- 
days, except  in  the  smaller  towns,  particularly  in  the  interior,  where 
the  morcliants  take  advantage  of  these  days  to  transact  business 


126 


GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 


with  the  natives,  who  visit  the  towus  in  large  numbers.  Holidays 
other  than  those  set  aside  by  the  church  are :  January  1,  New  Year's 
Day ;  July  14,  Fall  of  the  Bastile ;  September  15,  Independence 
Day ;  and  October  12,  Discovery  of  America. 

DEPARTMENTS  AND  CAPITAL  CITIES. 


Departments. 


Tegucigalpa 

Oholuteca 

Copan 

Gracias 

Olancho 

Santa  Barbara. . 

ElParaiso 

Cortes 

Intibuca 

Comayagua 

Ocotepeque 

VaUe 

Atlantida 

Colon 

Yoro 

Islas  de  la  Bahia 


Capital. 


Tegucigalpa... 

Choluteca 

Santa  Rosa 

Gracias 

Juticalpa 

Santa  Barbara 
Yuscaran . . . . . 

San  Pedro 

LaEsperanza. 
Comayagua . . . 
Ocotepeque . . . 

Nacaoine 

Ceiba   

Trujillo 

Yoro 

Roatto 


/"opulation. 


35,000 

IS,  000 

10,000 

6,600 

17, 800 

6,000 

5,000 

8,000 

2,150 

10,000 

7,500 

1,500 

7,000 

4,000 

4,800 

2,000 


IMPORTANT  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 


AMAPALA,  Department  of  Valle  (district  of  Amapala)  ;  popula- 
tion, about  3,000;  on  Tigre  Island,  in  Bay  of  Fonseea.  Only  port 
of  Honduras  on  Pacific  coast  with  good  anchorage ;  steamers  lie  off- 
shore; small  boats  take  passengers  to  shore.  About  114  miles  (190 
km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Principal  products:  Cattle,  cacao,  hides, 
sugar  cane,  rubber,  rice,  etc.  Industries:  Gold,  silver,  and  salt 
mining. 

American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  broker,  J.  M.  De  Hart. 
Lloyd's  subagent,  Juan  Planas. 

How  Reached. — From  Tegucigalpa,  via  Carretera  del  Sur,  to  Sau 
Lorenzo,  across  the  bay ;  from  Gorinto  by  coastwise  steamers. 

Principal  Hotels. — Palacios,  Moi'azan ;  4  pesos  per  day  for  room 
and  board. 

launch  to  San  Lorenzo. — ^Leaves  Amapala  every  Tuesday  and 
Friday  night.  Fare  per  person,  3  pesos;  2  pesos  for  each  trunk. 
Launch  at  any  other  time  must  be  hired  specially  and  costs  about 
30  pesos.    Time  of  trip,  about  three  hours. 

Note. — ^To  reach  the  mainland,  schooner  or  motor  boat  must  be 
taken  to  San  Lorenzo  where  automobile  transportation  is  generally 
available.  When  the  roads  become  impassable  on  account  of  heavy 
rains,  mules  or  horses  are  employed.  Pack  trains  are  generally 
operated  over  the  Honduran  roads. 

Most  of  the  merchandise  for  the  interior  enters  through  this  port 
and  is  carried  in  barges  to  San  Lorenzo  and  thence  overland.  Ama- 
pala is  the  most  important  Honduran  port  on  the  Pacific. 

Nacaome,  a  town  of  about  8,500  inhabitants,  is  located  8  miles  (13 
km.)  from  Amapala,  on  Fonseea  Bay.  It  is  reached  by  boat  from 
Amapala. 


HONDURAS.  127 

CEIBA,  Department  of  AtUiniJ<Ju;  i)<»pulatl<»n,  aht.ut  7.000; 
about  225  iniles  (3G0  km.)  from  Tc'«uci;,'ali»u ;  'S.i  mili-.s  (.>}  km.) 
from  Tila.  Lauding:  Upon  roadstead;  passengei-.s  taken  asliore  In 
small  boats.  I'lincipal  |)ri)diuts :  IIuI.Iht,  hiilcs,  oran;j«'s,  biinanas; 
cliuiale,  tropical;  hot  and  moist;  !iv«r:i^'»>  annual  rainfall,  about  120 
iudu's;  tomporature  riin^'i.s  from  78°  lo  SS"  F, 

Ameri(.:ui  consul,     (histombouso  manawr.  M.  M«'ndoza. 

How  Reached. — Fnan  Puerlo  (,'urtt-s  by  steamers;  from  Tela  by 
local  steamer. 

Banks. — liarico  Atlantida  ;  liaueo  do  Coraerolo ;  Banco  de  Hon- 
duras. 

.    Principal  Hotels. — Americano,  Paris,  Cosraopolita,  Ddmonico,  In- 
ternacional,  Roma. 

Note. — ('tMl)a  is  one  of  the  most  important  ports  on  the  north 
coast  of  Honduras.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a  railway  whlcli  runs 
through  a  rich  banana  countx'y.  A  larjre  volume  of  busine.ss  is  done 
by  firms  who  carry  on  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  trade.  In  addi- 
tion, there  are  a  mnnber  of  retailers  who  import  direct. 

There  is  a  chamber  of  commerc*^,  called  Camara  de  Comercio  de  La 
Ceiba. 

CHOLUTECA,  Department  of  Choluteca ;  population,  about  10.000; 
about  ."-iO  miles  (13G  km.)  from  Tofru'iiralpa  ;  37  miles  (53  km.)  from 
Amapala.  Principal  products:  Vanilla,  coffee,  dyewoods,  sugar  cane, 
sarsaparilla,  and  cattle. 

How  Reached. — From  Amapala  by  boat  to  Pedregal,  thence  by 
cart  roatl  7\  mil<'S  to  Choluteca;  from  Teguci^'nlpa  by  cart  road. 

Note. — This  district  is  devoted  chiefly  to  raising  cattle.  There  are 
also  some  mines  and  salt  deposits.  A  fair  volume  of  business  is 
done. 

COMAYAGTIA,  Department  of  Coraayagua ;  population,  about 
lO.CHX);  35  miles  northwest  from  Tegucigalpa;  on  right  bank  of 
River  Ulua.  Climate,  tropical,  but  healthful.  Principal  products: 
Sugar  cane,  colTee,  tobacco,  hardwoods,  cocoa,  com,  wheat,  rice, 
beans,  cotton,  fruit,  and  cattle.  Pruicipal  industi'ies:  Silver,  gold, 
and  copp^r  mines;  pcrroloum  and  mica. 

How  Reached. — From  Tegucigalpa  and  La  Paz  by  cart  road  ;  from 
Tmjillo  by  cauiino  de  herradura. 

Nearest  railroad  station.  La  Pimienta,  124  miles  (200  km.)  distant. 

Principal  Hotels. — Colon  and  De  Comayagua. 

Note. — In  this  community  there  are  a  number  of  important  con- 
cerns doing  a  very  fair  business.     Accessible  only  by  mule  back. 

JUTICALPA,  Department  of  Olancho ;  population,  about  1S,(XK); 
altitude,  1.500  fc(^t ;  located  on  hank  of  Guyape  River,  a  tributary 
of  the  Patuco;  99  miles  (ICO  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Principal 
products:  Cattle,  tobacco,  coffee,  beans,  sugar,  etc.  Industries: 
Agriculture  and  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Tru.iillo  and  Tegucigalpa  by  cart  road. 

Note. — In  population  this  is  the  second  city  of  the  Republic.  It  is 
situated  in  a  rich  agricultural  section.  The  surrounding  country  is 
highly  mineralized. 

LA  PAZ,  l^epartment  of  La  Paz  ;  population,  about  4..500;  altitude, 
2.000  feet ;  63  miles  (101  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa  ;  98  miles  (IGl  km.) 
from  Amapala.  Chief  products  :  Chee.se,  coffee,  cattle.  Industries  : 
Gold,  silver,  and  iron  mining;  mica  and  marble. 


128  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    ASIERICA. 

How  Heached. — From  Comayagua  aud  from  Tegnicigalpa  by  pack 
train. 

Note. — ^This  place  is  on  the  plains  of  Comayagna.  The  nearest 
port  is  Ainapala, 

PUERTO  CORTES,  Department  of  Cortes ;  population,  about  4,000 ; 
S8  miles  (GO  km.)  from  San  Pedro  Sula ;  207  miles  (834  km.)  from 
Tegucigalpa;  8  miles  (12  km.)  across  bay  from  seaport  Omoa. 
Landing,  steamer  to  wharf.  Climate,  torrid ;  rainfall  averages  90 
inches  annually ;  heaviest  rain  during  April,  May,  June,  September, 
October,  November,  and  December ;  average  temperature,  summer 
85°  F.,  v/inter  75°  F.  Industries:  Export  of  woods,  vanilla,  hides, 
cattle,  bananas,  etc. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  William  II. 
Bennaton. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Pedro  Sula  by  National  Railway ;  from 
New  Orleans  by  United  Fruit  Co.  steamers. 

Hotels. — Italia,  Lefevre,  The  Palms. 

ITote. — At  this  place  the  principal  business  is  done  by  importing 
retailers.  Important  banana  plantations  are  located  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. A  good  deal  of  otitfitting  is  done  for  those  who  "  pack  " 
into  the  interior.  Puerto  Cortes  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ulua  lliver, 
which  affords  water  communication,  via  the  Blanco  River,  to  the 
Lake  of  Yojoa.  A  road  extends  from  Yojoa  to  Pimienta,  25  miles 
(40  km.),  covered  by  automobile  passenger  service.  Eventually  this 
road  will  be  extended  to  Tegucigalpa  via  Comayagua. 

A  large  banana  plantation,  belonging  to  the  Cuyamel  Fruit  Co.,  is 
located  at  Cuyamel,  about  23  miles-  (38  km.)  west  of  Puerto  Cortes. 
The  company  oncrates  a  commissary. 

EOATAN  "(COXIN'S  HOLE),  Depnrtment  cf  Islas  de  La  Bahia ; 
population,  about  2:000.  Vessels  lie  oiTsliore;  lighters  are  used. 
Principal  products:  Cotton,  coffee,  phintains,  coconuts,  bana7ias, 
oranges,  woods,  zinc. 

American  consular  agent.     Customhouse  broker,  Cb.  G.  Smith. 

How  Reached. — From  Trujillo  by  schooner  or  motor  bout  (see 
below ) . 

Principal  Hotel. — Harbor  View. 

Schooner  and  Motor-Boat  Service. — lu  visiting  the  Bay  Islands, 
Roatan,  etc.,  a  number  of  commercial  travelers  usually  combine  and 
charter  a  schooner  or  motor  boat.  Where  there  are  no  hotels  they 
stay  on  board,  or  arrange  for  accommodations  with  private  parties 
or  their  customers.  The  cost  of  charter  depends  on  the  kind  of 
boat,  and  ranges  from  $5  to  $15  per  day. 

Uote. — A  fair  volume  of  business  is  done  at  tliis  place.  Roatan  is 
the  port  of  entry  for  the  Bay  Islands. 

Bonnaca,  a  town  of  about  500  people,  is  easily  visited  from  Roatan. 

TJtilla  is  anotlier  town  visited  by  salesmen  who  canvass  closely. 

SAN  LORENZO,  Department  of  Valle;  population  about  1,500;  24 
miles  (3G  km.)  from  Amapala  (on  Tigre  Island)  ;  90  miles  (144 
km.)  from  Te.guci.falpa.     Principal  products:  Corn,  bananas,-  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Amapala  by  launch,  Tuesday  and  Friday 
nights,  fare  3  pesos  per  person  ;  from  Tegucigalpa  over  the  National 
Automobile  Highway  (best  in  Central  America),  cost  20  to  25  pesos, 
baggage  at  rate  of  2  pesos  per  300  pounds;  touring  cars  make  regu- 
lar trips. 


HONDTJKAS.  129 

r^nstoniliouse  l)n)l<i>r,  Mi;:iiel  3.1»'flliia. 

Hotel. — W.viin's  Hotel;  bed  unci  bivnkfast,  3  pesos. 

Note. — At  this  point  the  trip  to  the  CiipitiJ,  Ti'siicixulpii,  begins. 
Ordinarily  there  is  uutonu.bile  service,  but  conditions  may  nuike  it 
necessary  to  proceed  on  horse  or  mule  back.  Tlie  trip  Is  made  by 
automobile  in  about  eii^'ht  or  nine  hours.  Automobiles  leave  for 
Tegucigalpa  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  morniucrs.  An  automobile 
at  any  other  time  must  be  onuraKed  spe<'ial  and  costs  about  17')  pesos, 

SAN  PEDRO  SULA,  Department  of  Corte.s ;  population  about  S.UOO; 
in  tli(^  fertile  and  extensive  Sula  Valley;  on  tlie  National  Railway  of 
Honduras;  .'?S  miles  (G.*}  km.)  from  I'uerto  Cortes;  IIIO  nnles  (340 
km.)  from  Tecncijralpa.  I'rmlucts :  Chielly  bananas.  ludustilcs : 
Cattle  raising  and  banana  growing. 

American  consular  a;,'ent. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Cortes  by  National  Railway  of 
Honduras, 

Principal  Hotels, — International,  Washinfrton. 

Banks. — Banco  Atlantida  (agency)  ;  Banco  dc  Honduras  (agency)  ; 
American  Foreign  Banking  Corporation. 

Pack  Trains. — I'ack  trains  run  betweeu  San  Pedro  and  Pimienta 
and  interior  points.  The  cost  for  transporting  2(X)  pounds  from 
Pimienta  to  Santa  Barbara  or  Santa  Rosa  de  Copan  is  about  $4 
gold ;  5  to  7  days'  trip. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  distributing  point  for  the  interior 
of  northern  and  western  Honduras.  A  large  business  is  carried  on. 
Invariably  included  in  trips  of  salesmen  who  visit  northern  Hon- 
duras, (iracias,  a  town  of  about  5,000  inhabitants  in  the  western 
part  of  Honduras,  is  about  120  miles  (192  km.)  distant;  reached  by 
mule  back, 

SANTA  ROSA  DE  COPAN,  Department  of  Copan ;  population. 
10,000;  altitude,  3.400  feet;  125  miles  (200  km.)  southwest  from 
San  Petlro ;  249  miles  (394  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Climate,  cool. 
Principal  products:  Tobacco,  sugar,  colTee,  etc.  Industries:  Cattle 
raising;  gold,  silver,  and  copper  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Pedro  Sula  (distributing  point  for 
Puerto  Cortes)  ;  rather  difficult  of  access. 

Pack  Trains. — It  costs  about  $4  gold  to  transport  200  pounds  of 
merchandise  from  Pimienta  to  Santa  Rosa ;  time  of  journey,  5  to  7 
days. 

Note. — This  is  the  third  largest  city  of  Honduras  and  the  largest 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich 
district,  but  it  is  hard  to  reach  because  of  the  lack  of  transportation 
facilities. 

TEGUCIGALPA,  capital  of  the  Republic,  in  the  Department  of 
TegTicigalpa ;  population  about  35,000;  on  River  Choluteca ;  114 
miles  (184  km.)  from  Amapala ;  207  miles  (334  km.)  from  Puerto 
Cortes,  Altitude,  3,500  feet.  Climate,  subtropical ;  temperature 
averages  74°.  Industries:  Mining  of  gold,  silver,  mica,  marble,  and 
limestone;  also  agriculture, 

American  minister,  consul,  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Amap;ila  (via  San  Lorenzo)  by  Carretera 
del  Sur ;  nat  easily  accessible  from  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Roads  Under  Construction. — Norlliwesterly  through  Comayagua  to 
Potrerillos  and  Pimienta ;  northeasterly  to  Juticalpa. 
144297°— 20 9 


130  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Banks, — Banco  Atlantida  (branch  of  Banco  Atlantida,  Ceiba)  ; 
Banco  de  Comercio ;  Banco  de  Honduras. 

Hotels.— Jockey  Club,  $1.35-$1.75  per  day;  Agurcia,  $3.50-$4.50 
per  day  ;  New  York,  $2.20-$2.65  per  day ;  Progreso ;  La  Copa  de  Oro. 

Note. — A  good  road  connects  Tegucigalpa  with  the  Pacific  coast. 
All  freight  and  heavy  mail  come  from  that  side.  The  chief  whole- 
.sale  business  of  the  interior  is  done  from  Tegucigalpa.  Many  houses 
transact  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  business ;  some  retailers  also 
import  direct.     This  city  has  a  chamber  of  commerce. 

Towns  Accessible. — San  Juancito  is  an  important  mining  camp  20 
miles  (32  km.)  northeast  of  Tegucigalpa,  reached  by  mule  trail. 
The  New  York-Honduras  Rosario  Mining  Co.  has  a  large  plant  and 
maintains  a  commissary  here.  The  principal  stores  of  Tegucigalpa 
operate  branches  iu  this  place. 

Cedros,  a  community  of  about  6,500,  lies  about  60  miles  (96  km.) 
north  of  Tegucigalpa ;  reached  by  mule  back. 

Danli,  a  town  of  2,500  people,  is  about  75  miles  (120  km.)  east  of 
Tegucigalpa.  Several  houses  of  Tegucigalpa  have  branch  stores 
here. 

TELA,  Department  of  Yoro;  population,  2,500;  on  the  Tela  Rail- 
way; 125  miles  (200  km.)  from  Yoro;  186  miles  (300  km.)  from 
Puerto  Cortes;  33  miles  (54  km.)  from  Ceiba.  Principal  products: 
Bananas,  coconuts,  and  tropical  produce.  Industry:  Banana  culti- 
vation. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  New  Orleans  by  steamers  of  United  Fruit 
Co., ;  from  Ceiba  by  local  steamer. 

Principal  Hotels. — San  Carlos,  Seguni. 

Note. — This  is  a  port  of  entry  on  the  north  coast  of  Honduras 
and  the  terminus  of  about  80  miles  of  railroad  running  into  rich 
banana  country.  It  is  now  ranked  with  Ceiba,  Puerto  Cortes, 
and  Trujillo.  It  is  a  good  port  with  modern  dock.  The  United 
Fruit  Co.  has  a  commissary  here. 

TRUJILLO,  Department  of  Colon;  population,  about  4,000;  about 
330  miles  (560  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Port  of  entry;  vessels  lie 
offshore;  lighters  take  passengers  to  shore.  Principal  products: 
Fruits,  cattle,  rubber,  hides,  mahogany,  and  dyewoods. 

Lloyd's  agent,  A.  E.  Melhado. 

How  Reached. — From  Ceiba  by  steamer;  from  Cape  Gracias, 
Nicaragua,  by  schooner. 

Principal  Hotel. — Codin. 

Note. — Many  pack  trains  for  the  interior  start  from  here.  The 
Trujillo  Railroad  operates  about  25  miles  of  railroad  from  this 
point;  eventually  it  will  reach  Juticalpa  and  Tegucigalpa. 

Trionia,  a  growing  town,  is  about  50  or  60  miles  distant. 

YUSCARAN,  capital  of  the  Department  of  El  Paraiso ;  population, 
5,000;  42  miles  (68  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa  ;  90  miles  (134  km.)  from 
Amapala.  Altitude,  3,500  feet;  climate,  semitropical.  Principal 
products:  Cereals,  fruits,  coffee,  and  other  tropical  produce.  In- 
dustries: Chiefly  mining;  silver  is  most  important. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Lorenzo  and  from  Tegucigalpa  by  traiL 


HONDURAS.  131 

TOWNS  OF  MINOR  COMMERCIAL  IMPORTANCE. 

BpIow  is  a  list  of  the  Iprs  importMnt  pinres  in  Honduras.  Somo  of 
fhfsp,  howover,  nrp  of  inlercst  to  travelers  who  canvnss  their  terri- 
tory closely.  It  is  su}rjri'ste<l  that  iiuiuiry  ref^aniinfj:  the  hnsiiiess 
availahle  in  these  plafcs  ln>  niarle  :it  Hit*  Jar^rnst  towns  nearest  them. 

Arainecina,  port  in  the  I>opartinont  of  Xallf;  iMtpnlation.  4,(XX);  on 
left  hank  of  Apasapo  Uivcr;  (i\  miles  (.lO  km.)  from  (ioaseoran  :  H 
miles  (2  km.)  from  Salvador  frontier.  On  rarretera  from  Tetnui- 
cralpa  to  San  Lorenzo.  F'roducts:  Gold,  silver,  corn,  rice,  supir,  and 
heans. 

.  Belen,  port  in  the  Department  of  Gracias;  population,  l,r>00;  10 
miles  (16  km.)  from  Gracias;  127  miles  (2oG  km.)  from  Tefcuci«aii)a. 
Products:  Corn,  rice,  heans,  suwr.  Exports  cattle  to  Salvador  and 
Guatemala. 

Bonacca  Island,  a  small  island  off  Atlantic  coast.  Reached  from 
Tru.1ill(). 

Cedros,  Department  of  Tegucigalpa;  population.  6.500;  61  miles 
(99  km.)  from  Tejiuciiialpa.  I'roducts:  (Jacao,  suitrar,  corn,  wheat, 
woods,  pold.  silver,  copper. 

Colorado,  IVpartment  of  Atlantida;  .small  fruit  port  hetween 
Tela  and  Ceiha.  east  of  Tela. 

Corpus.  r)epartment  of  ChoUiteca ;  population,  5,800;  82  miles 
(128  km.)  from  Tepucisralpa ;  15  miles  (24  km.)  from  ChoUiteca. 
Products:  Cotton,  vanilla,  coiTee,  cacao,  rice,  woods,  gold,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  and  cattle. 

Cuero,  Department  of  Atlantida  ;  small  settlement  on  coast  between 
Tela  and  La  Ceiha. 

Cuyamel,  Department  of  Cortes ;  fruit  port  on  Atlantic  coast  east 
of  Omo.n.  Owes  its  importance  to  hanana  industry.  Steamer  service 
with  New  Orleiins,  La.  (Cuyamel  Fruit  Co.). 

Danli,  Department  of  El  Paraiso :  population,  2.500;  40  miles  (66 
km.)  from  Yuscaran.  Products:  Tobacco,  coffee,  bananas,  wheat, 
sugar,  woods,  gold,  copper,  silver. 

Erandique,  Department  of  Gracias;  population.  5,.S0O;  26  miles 
(42  km.)  from  Gracias;  180  miles  (290  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa. 
Products :  Wheat,  bananas,  and  other  fruits. 

Goascoran,  Department  Yalie;  population,  7,5(X);  on  Goascoran 
Piiver;  25  miles  (40  km.)  from  Nacaome,  91  miles  (142  km.)  from 
Tegucigalpa.     Products:  Corn,  rice,  sugar,  coconuts,  bananas,  cattle. 

Gracias,  capital  of  Department  of  Gracias;  population,  6,600; 
203  miles  (328  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Products:  Tobacco,  sugar, 
coffee,  rice,  beans,  wheat,  gold,  silver,  lead,  zinc. 

Guarita,  Deiiartment  of  Gracias;  population,  5,000;  on  Salvador 
frontier.  00  miles   (111  km.)   from  Gracias. 

llama,  Department  of  Santa  Barbara;  popxilation,  2.200;  12  miles 
(20  km.)  from  Santa  Barbara:  50  miles  (SO  km.)  from  San  Pedro 
(nearest  station)  :  140  miles  (^228  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Carre- 
tera  to  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Pedro.  Products:  Cacao,  bananas, 
sugar,  coconuts. 

La  Brea.  port  on  Pacific;  population,  1,000.  Reached  by  motor 
boat  or  schooner  from  San  Lorenzo. 


132  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

La  Esperanza,  capitiil  of  Departjuent  of  Intibuca ;  population, 
11.542;  altitude,  6,000  feet;  140  miles  (22S  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa. 
Agricultural  and  stock-raising  district. 

Langue,  port  in  Department  of  Valle;  population,  3,800;  15  miles 
(24  km.)  from  Nacaome;  8  miles  (12  km.)  from  Aceituno;  97  miles 
(155  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Carretera  to  Goascoran,  Nacaome, 
and  Aceituno.  Products ;  Henequen,  sugar,  corn,  gold,  and  silver. 
Trades  with  Amapala  through  Aceituno. 

Marale,  Department  of  Tegucigalpa ;  population,  1,700 ;  27  miles 
(44  km.)  from  Cedros;  11  miles  (17  km.)  from  San  Pedro  (nearesr 
station)  ;  74  miles  (120  km.)  fi'om  Tegucigalpa.  Pi'oducts:  Sugar, 
corn,  beans,  cacao,  coffee,  copper,  platinum,  silver,  cattle. 

Marcala,  port  in  Department  of  La  Paz ;  population,  4,000.  Prod- 
ucts :  Oranges,  coffee,  wheat,  cattle.     Trades  with  Salvador. 

Nacaome,  Department  del  Valle ;  population,  9,000 ;  on  River 
Guasirope;  40  miles  (66  km.)  from  Choluteca ;  12  miles  (19  km.) 
from  Pacific  Ocean.     Products :  Cattle,  sugar,  cotton,  woods. 

Ocotopeque,  capital  of  Department  of  Ocotopeque ;  population. 
7,500;  90  miles  (128  km.)  from  Santa  Rosa;  on  the  River  Lempa. 
Products :  Sugar,  coffee,  indigo.  Considerable  business  is  done  with 
the  surrounding  country,  particularly  with  San  Salvador. 

Omoa,  Department  of  Cortes;  population,  1,900;  8  miles  (12  km.) 
across  bay  from  Puerto  Cortes;  48  miles  (78  km.)  from  San  Pedro; 
Atlantic  seaport,  reached  from  New  Orleans  by  Cuyamel  Fruit  Co. 
steamers.     Products:  Bananas,  pineapples,  and  coconuts. 

Pespire,  Department  of  Choluteca;  population,  3,000;  on  right 
bank  of  Pespire  River;  44  miles  (71  km.)  from  Choluteca.  Carre- 
teras  to  Tegucigalpa,  Yuscaran,  San  Jacinto,  and  San  Lorenzo 
(automobile  and  animal  transportation).  Products:  Corn,  rice, 
beans,  sugar,  bananas,  and  other  fruits. 

Pimienta  (la),  Department  of  Cortes;  terminus  of  the  Honduras 
National  Railway.     Pack  trains  start  from  here  for  the  interior. 

Sabana  Grande,  Department  of  Tegucigalpa;  population,  4,000; 
40  miles  (60  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Products:  Corn,  beans,  sugar, 
rice,  silver. 

San  Antonio  de  Floras,  Department  of  Choluteca ;  population,  1,500 ; 
62  miles  (100  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa;  7  miles  (11  km.)  from  Cholu- 
tecfi.     On  Carretera  del  Sud  to  Tegucigalpa. 

San  Jose,  port  in  Department  of  Choluteca ;  population,  1,540 ;  10 
miles  (16  km.)  from  Pespire.  Products:  Coffee,  rice,  beans,  sugar, 
hides. 

Santa  Barbara,  capital  of  Department  of  Santa  Barbara ;  popula- 
tion, 6,000;  on  Zacapa  River;  65  miles  (105  km.)  from  Duque,  near- 
est station;  186  miles  (300  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Carretera  to 
Tegucigalpa,  Puerto  Cortes,  San  Pedro,  and  Comayagua.  Products : 
Corn,  sugar,  coffee,  cacao,  bananas,  rice. 

Santa  Cruz  de  Yojoa,  Department  of  Cortes;  population.  2,100;  75 
mile.g  (122  km.)  from  Santa  Barbara;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Pimi- 
enta (nearest  station).     Products;  Agricultural;  gold  and  silver 

Siguatepeque,  Department  of  Comayagua;  population.  3,000;  on 
bank  of  Guaratoro  River;  25  miles  (40  km.)  from  Comayagua;  98 
miles  (158  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Products:  Wheat,  beans,  corn, 
potatoes,  sugar,  cacao,  cattle,  gold,  silver. 


HONDURAS.  133 

Trionia,  Pt-pMrtniPiit  of  Colon;  population,  4,(»0(»;  port  on  tlu- 
Ailnntic,  oast  of  Tnijillo.  Growirip:  in  iraportanre  bt»causc  of 
hiiiiaiiii   industry. 

Triiimfo,  Dcparlniont  of  Cholutera;  population,  l.-'ifK);  5  miles  (8 
kia. )  from  Corpus.     Fntdncts:  Corn,  .su^ar,  and  bananas. 

Trinidad,  Dt'i.urlnieut  of  Cortes;  population,  2,(XH);  28  miles  (48 
kin.)  from  Sauta  Rosa.  Products:  Rice,  coffee,  bananas,  cattle, 
tiTuher. 

Yoro,  capital  of  iH'partniont  of  Yoro ;  r><»l»iilnlion,  4,8<X);  137  miles 
(L'L'li  km.)  from  Tegucigalpa.  Products:  Woods,  tobacco,  cacao, 
cattle. 


SALVADOR. 

Map  No.  7. 

Location. — Smallest,  but  most  densely  populated,  Ceutx'al  American 
Republic.  It  is  bounded  on  the  northwest  by  Guatemala ;  on  the 
north  and  east  by  Honduras;  on  the  southeast  by  the  Gulf  of  Fon- 
seca ;  and  on  the  south  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  8,130  square  miles.  Population, 
about  1,2.54,000  to  1,300,000,  or  159  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 
Pacific  coast  line,  160  miles  (260  km.). 

Physical  Features, — The  chief  physical  features  of  Salvador  are 
tlie  two  mountain  chains  which  cross  almost  the  entire  country,  at- 
taining a  considerable  altitude  and  sending  out  numerous  spurs.  In- 
closed by  these  spurs  are  many  valleys  of  great  fertility.  The  most 
important  of  the  valleys  is  that  of  the  River  Lempa.  Many 
of  the  mountains  of  Salvador  present  a  picturesque  appearance,  fre- 
quently being  cultivated  to  their  summits. 

Chief  Products. — Coffee,  sugar,  balsam,  indigo,  rubber,  rice,  cacao, 
cotton,  beans,  and  tobacco  are  the  chief  products  of  the  soil. 

Mining  Resources, — Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  etc.  Minerals  exist 
in  the  Departments  of  Santa  Ana,  Chalatenango,  Cabaiias,  and 
Morazan,  where  the  famous  Butters  Divi.sadero  mines  are  located, 
and  La  Union. 

Manufactures. — These  flourish  only  on  a  small  scale,  chiefly  for 
home  trade. 

Climate  and  Seasons. — The  climate  is  tropical  in  the  lowlands,  but 
in  the  higher  altitudes  is  temperate  and  very  agreeable.  In  the 
main  the  country  is  healthful,  especially  in  the  beautiful  Lempa 
Valley.  The  wet  or  winter  season  lasts  from  May  to  October.  July 
and  August  are  characterized  by  light  winds  and  rainstorms;  Sep-, 
tember  and  October  by  continuous  rains.  The  dry  or  summer  season 
is  from  November  to  April. 

Inhabitants. — The  greater  part  of  the  population  is  "  mestizo  " — 
of  mixed  Spanish  and  Indian  blood.  The  number  of  pure  whites  is 
comparatively  small.  There  is  also  a  considerable  number  of 
Indians. 

Langtiage. — Spanish. 

Currency. — Salvador  coinage  is  on  a  silver  basis.  The  standard 
is  the  peso,  of  100  centavos,  and  the  coins  are :  Silver  peso,  which 
fluctuates  in  value ;  1-centavo  and  3-centavo  pieces  of  nickel ;  and 
the  5-centavo  and  10-centavo,  real  (12*  centavos),  20-centavo,  2-real 
(25  centavos),  and  50-centavo  pieces  of  silver.  Coins  from  Guate- 
mala, Honduras,  and  Chile — in  fact  nearly  all  silver  coins — circulate 
at  face  value.  Bills  are  issued  in  denominations  of  1,  2,  5,  10,  25, 
50,  and  100  pesos.     They  are  taken  at  par. 

Banks. — There  are  three  banks  of  issue  at  San  Salvador. 

V/eights  and  Measures. — INIetric  system.  In  the  more  remote  dis- 
tricts old  Spanish  weights  and  measures  are  sometimes  used.  Com- 
merce is  carried  on  in  meti'ic  units, 

134 


SALVADOK.  136 

Postage. — Salvador  Is  a  nienibcr  of  tlio  Postal  Uulon,  and  also  has 
a  imrfel  r>ost.  L<'tters  from  tlw  Tiiitt'd  Statfs  arc  at  tlic  rato  of 
5  cents  for  the  I'nst  ounce  or  fractional  i)art  thereof  and  3  cents  for 
each  additional  ounce. 

Telegraph  and  Telephone. — The  (Jovernnicnt  owns  and  operates 
these  systems. 

Cable. — The  cahle  rate  from  New  York  Tity  to  I-a  Lihertad  Is  fiO 
cents  per  word,  and  to  all  other  places  in  Salvador  55  cents  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — Office,  20  State  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  07,  North  River  (West  Twenty-si^venth  Street).  De- 
partures weekly  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Panama  City  (Balboa), 
Itepuljlic  of  Panama.  Transshiiimeut  at  P>all)oa  l»y  steamer  to  Acu- 
jutla,  La  I'niou,  and  I.;i  Lihertad.  Salvador. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  1G,  Kast  lUver  (Burling  Slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
Itiver  (Battery  Place).  Departures  weekly  for  Colon  (CristobaD. 
Transshipment  at  Cristobal  for  Acajutla,  La  L'uion,  and  La  Libertad. 

UNE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  .L  Kelleher,  general  agent, 
626-(>80  Common  Street,  New  Orleans.  Departures  every  Wetlnes- 
day  for  Colon  (Cristobal),  Panama.  Transshipment  at"  Cristobal 
for  Acajutla,  La  Union,  and  La  Libertad. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co. — OfTire,  .^08  California  Street,  San 
Franrispo.  Departures  semimonthly  for  Acajutla,  La  Union,  and 
La  Libertad.     (See  also  p.  35.) 

Fares  (Sr.bject  to  Change). — These  fares  include  meals  and  mini- 
tDwra  stateroom  ai  comniodations :  New  York  to  Acajutla,  liJ^it!.:-".!! : 
New  York  to  La  Union,  $202.70:  New  York  to  La  Libertad.  .$210.20; 
Cristobal  to  Acajutla,  .^OG-'JO;  Cristobal  to  La  Union.  ?82.70 :  Cri.<- 
tobal  to  La  Libertad.  $00.20;  San  Francisco  to  Acajutla,  .$130.50; 
San  Francisco  to  La  Union,  $146..50;  San  PYancisco  to  La  Lihertad, 
$142.50;  Acajutla  to  La  Libertad,  $14;  Acajutla  to  La  Union, 
$20.00;  La  lAbertad  to  La  Union,  $14;  Corinto.  Nicaragua,  to  La 
Union,  .$20.00;  to  La  Libertad.  $27.80;  to  Acajutla,  $34.80;  Amapala, 
Honduras,  to  La  Union.  $6.90;  to  La  Libertad,  ,$20.90;  to  Acajutla, 
.$27.80;  San  Jose  de  Guatemala  to  Acajutla  $14;  to  La  Union, 
$27.80;  to  La  T,ibertad,  $20.90. 

Average  Time  of  Trip. — New  York  to  Colon,  6  days;  New  Orleans 
to  Colon,  5  days ;  Colon  to  La  Union,  7  days ;  Colon  to  La  Libertad, 
8  days ;  Colon  to  Acajutla,  9  days.  San  Francisco  to  Acajutla,  14 
days ;  to  La  Libertad,  15  days ;  to  La  Union.  16  days. 


136  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Best  Visiting  Time.— This  depends  largely  upon  conditions  pre- 
vailing in  the  different  lines  of  trade.  The  most  pleasant  period  is 
the  dry  season,  extending  from  November  to  April.  Coffee,  the  chief 
crop  of  Salvador,  comes  into  bearing  at  this  time,  and  consequently 
there  is  greater  buying  power. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — All  samples,  whether  or  not  of  commercial 
value,  may  be  imported  free  of  duty  under  bond.  The  bond  is  can- 
celed upon  reexportation  of  samples.  The  customs  authorities  pre- 
scribe a  time  limit,  but  no  difficulties  arise  in  this  particular. 

Beesportation.— Samples  may  be  reexported  through  the  custom- 
house of  any  port,  regardless  of  their  port  of  entrv.  upon  presentation 
of  the  proper  document  which  v/ill  enable  the  customs  authorities  to 
identify  them.  This  document,  v/hich  is  an  exact  memorandum  of 
the  samples  carried,  should  be  obtained  at  the  port  of  entry.  If 
samples  of  value  are  sold,  duty  is  collected  at  the  port  of  de- 
parture. 

Bitty  on  Samples.— According  to  the  customs  tarife  law  in  effect 
January  1,  1916,  a  duty  of  3  cents  per  kilo  ($1.36  per  100  pounds) 
was  levied  on  samples  of  no  commercial  value.  Other  samples  are 
dutiable  at  the  rates  provided  in  the  tariff  laws  for  regular  com- 
mercial quantities. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance, — This  depends  upon  the  number  of 
trunks  carried  and  whether  or  not  samples  possess  a  commercial 
value.     At  the  utmost  samples  may  be  cleared  in  one  day. 

Duty  on  Advertising  Matter. — Advertising  matter  carried  by 
travelers,  including  chromos  and  almanacs,  bears  a  duty  of  3  cents 
per  kilo  ($1.36  per  100  pounds). 

Excess  Baggage  Eates.— There  is  no  differentiation  between  sam- 
ples and  dlher  baggnge  carried  by  salesmen;  all  must  pay  the  same 
rate — 90  cents  per  100  pounds. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax.— There  is  no  Federal  license.  Differ- 
ent municipalities  levy  taxes,  which  vary  materially.  These  are 
sometimes  avoidable,  as  outlined  on  page  117.  The  tax  in  the  capi- 
tal, San  Salvador,  is  50  pesos.  The  tax  is  less  in  the  smaller  com- 
munities.   There  are  no  formal  requisites  for  doing  business. 

PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS.— Salvador  Railway  Co.,  line  from  Aca- 
jutla  to  San  Salvador,  65  miles  (105  km.)  ;  Ferrocarril  de  Siilvador, 
from  Santa  Tecia  jto  San  Salvador,  9  miles  (15  km.)  ;  International 
Hallways  of  Central  ximerica,  from  La  Union  to  San  Vicente,  100 
miles  (160  km.). 

Rivers. — The  most  important  rivers  of  Salvador  are  the  Lempa, 
the  Paz,  and  the  San  Miguel,  the  first  named  flowing  through  the 
entire  territory  of  the  Republic,  but  navigable  only  for  small  craft. 
Roads, — The  roads  in  Salvador  are.  generally  speaking,  of  a  better 
character  than  those  in  most  of  the  other  Latin  American  countries. 
Their  construction  makes  them  passable  even  in  the  rainy  season. 
Between  La  Libertad  and  San  Salvador  (25  miles)  there  is  an  excel- 
lent highway  suitable  for  automobiles.  The  trip  can  be  made  in 
about  an  hour  and  a  quarter.  Automobile  traffic  is  rapidly  incre;is- 
ing. 

Chief  Highway. — The  main  road  of  Salvador  begins  at  Ahua- 
chapan  and  runs  eastward  toward  La  Union,  Various  spurs  from 
this  road  run  northward  and  southward,  affording  easy  connection 


HALVADOR.  137 

Avitli  places  not  reacliod  by  railroml.  The  traveler  who  visits  tlu' 
smaller  couuiuinitits  will  tiiid  the  journey  In  Salvador  far  less  ardu- 
ous than  ill  almost  any  other  Latin  America^  country.  During  tlio 
suiiuner  or  diy  season  tlic  jounifys  ou  horseback  from  town  to  town 
arf^  very  deli^'lilfui,  and  mucii  of  the  scenorv  is  beautiful. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC— Tlie  chief  places  of  Interest  for 
the  coraiuercial  traveler  are  the  followinp;  San  Salvador,  the  capi- 
tal; Saiiia  Ana,  tiie  .second  ciiy  in  jiDpulalion  and  iinportanee ;  Son- 
sonate;  and  San  Miguel.  Other  places  not  grenerally  visited  by  sales- 
men are  Ahuachapan,  San  Vicente,  Chinameca,  and  Sensunteptique. 

Eoutes. — Most  travelers  enter  by  the  port  of  Acajutla,  as  the  entry 
from  the  Atlantic  coast  is  tlirouf^h  Guatemala  by  overland  trail. 
The  train  travels  from  Acajutla  to  San  Salvador,  a  distance  of  65 
miles  (105  km.),  in  5  houi^s.  and  45  minutes,  including  a  2-hour  stop- 
over at  the  commercial  city  of  Sonsonate.  After  canvassing  San 
Salvador  the  traveler  can  make  a  trip  to  Santa  Ana  by  rail,  the 
distance  being  not  more  than  50  miles  (SO  km.). 

The  traveler  who  comes  by  way  of  I/a  Union  and  is  not  too 
encnmbired  with  baggage  can  easily  roach  San  Miguel  (population, 
o3,-lU0),  38  miles  (62  km.)  distant.  At  Chinameca  is  a  great  sugar 
mill.  At  Dlvisadero,  iu  the  Department  of  Morazan,  mining  opera- 
tions are  carried  on  by  the  Butters  Dlvisadero  Co.  In  addition, 
other  mining  enterprises  are  in  thir;  vicinity.  Roads  run  from 
Gotera  to  tlie  niiiung  district. 

La  Union  to  Amapala,  Honduras. — A  launch  usually  can  be  engaged 
at  a  day's  notice  for  the  trip  to  Amapala,  Honduras.  The  cost  is 
about  $8.  Tins  is  a  shorter  trip  than  by  steamer,  as  the  launch  can 
go  through  channels  which  would  be  too  shallow  for  a  steamer. 
The  distance,  about  20  miles,  can  be  made  in  three  hours.  The  early 
morning  Is  tlie  best  time  for  the  trip,  as  the  water  becomes  rough 
later  In  the  day.  Salvador  money  is  usually  exchangeable  at  par  iu 
Honduras. 

Classes  of  Buyers. — A  considerable  number  of  wholesale  houses  or 
Imporler.s,  located  principally  In  San  Salvador  and  Santa  Ana,  act 
as  distributers  to  the  smaller  towns.  Many  retailers  making  direct 
importations  are  to  be  found  throughout  the  country,  but  particu- 
larly in  the  cities  of  San  Salvador,  Santa  Ana,  San  Miguel,  Son- 
sonate, and  San  Vicente. 

Packing  of  Goods. — Be  sure  to  obtain  full  instructions  in  regard 
to  packing.  Ifomen.ber  that  freight  is  discharged  into  lighters  and 
goods  must  be  packed  with  this  in  mind.  Consult  your  customers 
as  to  the  character  of  packing.  "Weight  makes  a  very  great  differ- 
ence, and  losses  may  be  incurred  if  goods  are  not  packed  in  accord- 
ance with  customers'  wishes. 

Hotel  Rates. — In  San  Salvador,  San  Vicente,  and  Sonsonate  the 
best  hotels  charge  from  ^2.50  to  ?4  per  day,  American  plan.  Those 
of  the  second  clar-s  are  somewhat  cheaper.  Iu  the  cities  of  lesser 
importance  the  rsde^  vary  from  $1.25  to  $2.50  per  day,  and  the 
accommodations  a't  correspondingly  poorer.  In  San  Salvador  it  Ls 
p(iss'i>'c  to  obtain  jiccommodations  on  the  European  plan. 

Points  of  Interest. — The  volcano  of  Izalco  is  located  not  very  far 
from  the  capital.     It  is  almost  continuously  active.     With  clocklike 


138  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

regularity  the  mountain  sends  fortli  a  dense  column  of  smoke  and 
flames.  These  eruptions  occur  at  intervals  of  about  five  minutes. 
At  night  the  mountaiii  is  visible  from  the  sea,  therefore  it  is  called 
the  Central  American  lighthouse. 

Lake  Ilopango,  with  remarkable  volcanic  formation,  is  reached  by 
motor  from  San  Salvador,  a  distance  of  about  10  miles  (16  km.). 
A  beautiful  lake  about  9  miles  (14  km.)  long  and  3  miles  (5  km.) 
wide. 

Lake  Guija,  a  very  picturesque  body  of  water  1.5  miles  (25  km.) 
long  and  5  miles  (8  km.)  wide,  lies  on  the  Guatemala  border. 

Lake  Coatepeque  is  an  attractive  health  and  pleasure  resort  with 
automobile  service  from  Santa  Ana. 

Ilobasco :  The  scenery  of  Ilobasco  is  among  the  most  beautiful  in 
Central  America.     It  is  well  worth  a  visit. 

Market  place  of  San  Salvador ;  very  picturesqua 

SUGGESTED  ITINERARIES.— If  arriving  overland  from  Zacapa, 
Guatemala :  From  Zacapa,  Guatemala,  by  cart  road  to  Chiquimula, 
Guatemala,  and  thence  to  Metapau ;  by  motor  to  Santa  Ana  and  thence 
to  Ahuachapan  and  Sonsonate;  from  Sonsouate  by  rail  to  San 
Salvador. 

If  arriving  by  the  Pacific :  From  Acajutla,  via  Salvador  Railway, 
to  Sonsonate,  and  thence  to  San  Salvador;  to  Santa  Tecla  by  elec- 
tric railway. 

Motor  trip  from  San  Salvador:  To  Chalatenango  and  Ilobasco; 
to  Sensuutepeque,  to  Cojutepeque,  via  Laguna  de  Ilopango,  and 
thence  to  San  Vicente.  By  railroad  or  motor  from  San  Vicente  to 
Zacatecaluca ;  by  railroad  to  Usulatan,  and  thence  to  San  Miguel. 
Side  trip  by  motor  from  San  Miguel  northward  to  Chinameca ;  also 
by  motor  to  Gotera  and  by  cart  roaxi  to  the  mining  district.  From 
San  Miguel  by  railway  to  La  Union. 

Hote. — Except  in  the  rainy  season,  the  roads  of  Salvador  are 
good  enough  to  permit  comfortable  travel. 

Distances  from  San  Salvador. — The  following  distances  of  princi- 
pal cities  from  San  Salvador  are  given  in  miles,  with  equivalent 
kilometers  in  parentheses:  Acajutla,  65  .  (105)  ;  Ahuachapcin,  72 
(116)  ;  Cojutepeque,  17  (28)  ;  La  Libertad,  25  (40)  ;  La  Union,  134 
(215)  ;  Santa  Ana,  48  (78)  ;  Sau  Miguel,  107  (172)  ;  San  Vicente,  40 
(G4)  ;  Sonsonate,  53  (85)  ;  Zacatecoluca,  63  (101). 

Holidays  in  Salvador. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic, 
many  of  the  feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed. 
Generally  speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  ofiicially 
recognized,  with  the  exception  that  in  the  smaller  towns,  particu- 
larly in  the  interior,  these  days  are  taken  advantage  of  by  the  mer- 
chants for  the  transaction  of  business  with  the  natives  who  visit  the 
communities  in  large  numbers.  Other  holidays  observed  are:  Janu- 
ary 1,  New  Year's  Day ;  March  1,  civic  holiday ;  March  15,  national 
holiday  commemorating  Gen.  Morazan ;  August  29,  national  holiday 
commemorating  Gen.  Gerardo  Barrios;  September  15,  Independence 
Day ;  October  12^  Columbus  Day. 


SAIAADOH.  139 

POPULATION   OF  DEPARTMENTS   AND   CAPITAL   CITIES. 


Department. 

Population. 

Capital.                       I'opulstlon. 

San  Salvador 

147,265 
90,  (Wl 

H8,191 
79,387 
142,001 
80, 722 
81,251 
4S, 482 
72,950 
8.S  0O5 
103, 1 130 
liJfi,7(X) 
70,329 
61, 161 

San  Salvador 

Bo.OOO 
23,  riOO 

it;,ooo 

''1  (XIO 

Ahiiacliupan 

MuiatliHpu:! 

9,41)0 
12,  'MX) 
17,000 

Cuscatljii..        

Cojulepeqm; 

Rnn  Vio'iiio   , 

25  9')0 

26,  WX) 

Usulntau 

Usulutau 

15,  4W 

3X,  520 

Morazau 

9,200 

La  Union 

La  Union 

6,000 

IMPORTANT  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ACAJTTTIA,  Department  of  Sonsouute;  population,  1,500;  on  Sal- 
vador l{ailii>;Hl.  Port  with  open  roiulstoad ;  landing  very  difficult; 
liplitrrs  are  used  to  reacii  iron  pier.  Distant  12  miles  (20  km.) 
from  Sonsouate ;  G5  miles  (lUo  km.)  from  San  Salvador;  G2  miles 
(1(X)  km.)  east  of  San  Jose. 

How  Reached. — From  United  States  by  Pacific  Mail  steamers  from 
San  Francisco;  from  San  Salvador  and  Sousonate  by  Salvador  Kail- 
road.  Information  obtainable  from  Ajrencia  Nacional  Limitada. 
Steamship  c<»mpany  agents:  Companla  del  Muelle;  La  Agenda  Na- 
cional Ltda.     Lloyd's  subagent,  P.  C.  Arrazola. 

Principal  Hotels. — Occidental,  Las  Americas. 

Note. — Landing  is  from  steamer  to  boat  by  swing;  thence  to  pier, 
where  passengers  are  again  carried  up  by  swing.  Accommodations 
are  very  poor  iiere.  Travelers  should  endeavor  to  make  quick  con- 
neclions  and  leave  )>roniptly  for  the  interior. 

AHUACHAPAN,  Department  of  Ahuaehapan ;  population,  24,000; 
altitude,  2.020  iVet.  Distant  72  miles  (116  km.)  from  San  Salvador; 
22  miles  (36  km.)  from  Sonsonate.  Climate,  tropical  but  healthful. 
Principal  products:  Coffee,  cereals,  tobacco,  sugar,  rice,  etc.  Indus- 
tries: Cattle  raising;  some  mining. 

How  Reached. — ^Fnmi  Sonsouate  by  motor  car  via  Progreso;  from 
Santa  Ana  by  motor. 

Principal  Hotel. — The  American. 

Banks. — I'.anco  Agricola  Comercial  (agency),  Banco  Occidental 
(agency).  Banco  Salvadoreno  (agency).  Banco  Nacional  del  Sal- 
vador  (agency). 

Note. — Thi.s  is  an  important  distributing  point  for  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  Salvador.  It  is  visited  only  by  salesmen  who  canvass 
closely.     From  this  point  a  road  leads  to  Guatemala. 

COJUTEPEaUE,  Department  of  Cuscatlan ;  population.  12.r)00. 
Distant  17  miles  (28  km.)  from  San  Salvador;  near  Volcano  Cojute- 
peque  and  Lake  Ilopango.  Climate,  temperate.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Bice,  coffee,  indigo,  sugar  cane,  (>tc.     ^Manufaftures:   Cliietly 


140  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

cigars,  for  which  tliis  place  is  very  famous ;  one  of  the  best  candy 
factories  in  Salvador  is  also  located  here. 

How  Readied. — From  San  Salvador  by  motor.  Roads  lead  from 
Cojutepeque  to  Ilobasco  and  Sensuntepeque.  Numerous  small  vil- 
lages are  in  the  vicinity. 

Principal  Hotels. — America,  Del  Parque. 

Annual  I'air, — This  town  is  well  known  for  its  annual  fair,  held 
on  August  29,  which  is  largely  attended. 

STote. — This  place  is  very  accessible  from  San  Salvador.  It  is 
usually  Aisited  by  salesmen  who  are  accustomed  to  "  work "  the 
small  towns.     It  has  considerable  transient  trade. 

LA  LIBERTAD,  Department  of  La  Libertad;  population,  3,000. 
Distant  25  miles  ( 40  km. )  from  San  Salvador.  Principal  products : 
Grain,  coffee,  cattle,  sugar,  rice,  indigo.  Lloyd's  subagent,  F.  Fer- 
nandez. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salvador  by  rough  mountain  i*oad,  two 
days'  journey ;  from  Acajutla  by  steamer ;  from  San  Vicente  by 
motor  via  ZacateColuca. 

Note. — Steamers  discharge  by  lighter.  Landing  at  iron  })ier 
through  the  surf  by  swing.  This  is  the  second  port  of  the  Republic, 
but  the  business  done  here  is  not  important.  Other  places  r«*ached 
from  here  are  Santa  Tecla  and  Quezaltepeque. 

lA  ITKIOK',  Department  of  La  Union ;  population,  6,000 ;  on  Inter- 
national Railway  of  Central  America  ;  137  miles  (220  km.)  from  San 
Salvador  and  37  miles  (60  km.)  from  San  Miguel.  Products:  Corn, 
coffee,  rice,  and  beans. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Miguel  by  International  Railway,  which 
runs  to  San  Vicente;  from  Amapala,  Honduras,  by  steamer  or  motor 
boat  across  Bay  of  Fonseca. 

Lloyd's  subagent,  O.  Wickmann.  Shipping  agents,  A.  V.  de 
Courtade,  O.  Wickman  &  Guerra. 

Principal  Hotels. — Central,  Ferrocarril. 

Banks. — Agencies  of  follovt'ing :  Banco  Agricoia  Comercial,  Banco 
Occidental,  Banco  Salvadoreno,  Banco  Nacional  del  Salvador. 

ITote. — This  is  the  only  protected  port  of  any  consequence  in  the 
country.  The  Pan  American  Railroad  has  a  concrete  wharf  for  its 
terminus,  which  is  the  1)est  in  Central  America.  Debarkation  is 
from  steamer  to  launch,  launch  to  rowboat,  to  shore;  or,  from  row- 
boat  to  dugout,  and  thence  on  a  man's  back  to  land  through  surf. 
La  Union  is  the  port  of  shipment  for  the  products  of  San  Miguel 
and  other  places  of  eastern  Salvador. 

SANTA  ANA,  Department  of  Santa  Ana  ;  population,  58,820 ;  on  the 
Salvador  Railway  ;  altitude,  2,100  feet.  Distant  (via  Sitio  del  Nino) 
48  miles  (78  km.)  from  San  Salvador  and  66  miles  (107  km.)  from 
Acajutla.  Climate,  tropical;  temperature  from  August  to  October, 
alio'j.t  Go"  F.     I'roducts  include  cigars,  textiles,  coffee,  sugar,  cattle. 

How  Ti,eaohe&. — From  San  Salvador  and  Sonsonate  by  the  Salvador 
Railway,  via  Sitio  del  Nifio. 

SteaTiiship  company  agent,  Pacific  Mail,  G.  A.  Gilpin.  Lloyd's  sub- 
agent,  E.  Belismelis. 

Principal  Hotels. — La  Florida,  Oriental,  Columbia. 

Roads  Leading  from  Santa  Ana. — A  good  carrefera  north  to  Meta- 
pan ;  south  to  Sonsonate  and  Acajutla.  Connection  overland  with. 
Chiquimula  in  Guatemala. 


SALVAIJOK.  141 

Banks. — Banco  ARricolu  Cuiuercial  (agency)  ;  Banco  (Krideniul 
(aRenry>;  Banco  Siilvadoreno  (agency);  Banco  Naeional  del  ISul- 
va<lor  (agency). 

Note. — This  is  the  second  city  o£  Salvador  In  size  and  i.s  a  very 
important  business  point.  There  are  a  nunjix>r  of  sul)Stantial  busi- 
ness houses  liere  and  a  large  volume  uf  business  is  traiisiictwi. 
Santa  Ana  should  be  inciudetl  in  the  itinerary  of  all  saiesuien. 
Some  wholesale  houses,  as  well  as  retail  lirm.s,  import  direct. 

SAN  MIGUEL,  lH'i>artment  of  San  Miguel;  i)opul;iUon,  u''i.o2n ,  on 
Inieniatioiial  llailway  of  Central  America,  at  foot  of  volcano  of 
San  Miguel  (T.lL'O  feet).  Distant  107  nnles  (172  km.)  from  Sau 
•Salvador;  37  miles  ((30  Ijm.)  from  La  Uiuou ;  03  miles  (102  km.) 
from  Sau  Vicente.  Products:  Chiefly  agricultural,  coffee,  cereals, 
and  cattle.     Manufactures :  Shoes,  harness,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salvador,  by  carretera  to  Zacatecoluca, 
thence  by  International  Railway;  from  La  Union  by  International 
Railway. 

Steamship  agents,  Argucllo  &  Son.  Lloyd's  subagent,  .Tolui 
Goodall. 

Roads  Leading  from  San  Miguel. — North  to  Gotera  ;  northea.'st  to 
the  mining  district  via  Jocoro  and  Santa  Rosa  ;  east  to  La  Uiuon. 
Chineuiecu  and  Ciudad  Barrios  are  reached  by  trail  overland. 

Hotel. — Hispano  Americano. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola  Comercial  (agency)  ;  Banco  Occidental 
(agency)  ;  Banco  Salvadoreno  (agency)  ;  Banco  Naeional  del  Sal- 
vador (agency). 

Note. — This  is  the  capital  of  the  Department,  and  there  is  con- 
sideral)le  distributing  trade. 

SAN  SALVADOR.  Department  of  San  Salvador;  altitude.  2,115 
feet;  population,  (35,000  to  70,000;  on  the  Salvador  Railway  near 
foot  of  extinct  volcano  of  San  Salvador.  Distant  65  nille.«!  (105 
km.)  from  Acajuthi  ;  25  miles  (40  km.)  from  La  Libertad  ;  137  miles 
(220  km.)  from  La  Union.  Climate,  seraitropical ;  tt-niperature 
averages  76°  F.  Principal  products:  Coffee,  beans,  rice,  sugar,  and 
tobacco.  Cotton  cloth,  soap,  and  cigarettes  are  manufactured  here. 
American  minister  plenipotentiary,  consul,  and  vice  consul  are 
located  here. 

How  Reached. — From  Acajutla,  by  the  Salvador  Railway;  from 
La  Union  by  International  Railway  to  Zacatecaluca,  and  thence  by 
motor. 

Hotels. — Italia,  Iberia,  Nnevo  Mundo,  Occidental,  Paris,  Espana, 
Gerniaiua,  Siglo  XX,  Victoiia,.  Pinel,  and  Palais  Royal. 

Roads  Leading  From  Salvador. — Nortli  to  Chalatenango  via  Toto- 
nacatepeque ;  south  to  I-a  Libertad  via  Santa  Tecla. 

Santa  Tecla. — This  is  a  town  10  miles  from  San  Salvador.  Alti- 
tude, 2.64."  feet ;  ]iopulation  about  23,523.  In  this  suburb  many  of 
the  well-to-do  Salvad(M'eans  reside. 

Volcano  of  Ilobasco.— For  the  traveler  who  has  the  time,  the 
scenery  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Volcano  of  Ilobasco  is  exceedingly 
attractive  and  should  be  visited  if  possible. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola  Comercial,  Banco  Occidental,  Banco  Sal- 
vadoreno, Banco  Nat-ional  del  Salvador. 

Note. — San  Salvador,  the  capital  of  the  Republic,  is  the  city  of 
greatest  commercial  importance.     Here  are  located  many  important 


142  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

wholesale  houses  which  supply  the  smaller  communities.  In  addi- 
tion, a  large  number  of  firms  doing  considerable  retail  business  are 
in  a' position  to  import  direct.  This  phice  should  have  the  traveler's 
first  attention.     It  is  a  good  place  for  an  agency. 

SAN  VICENTE,  Department  of  San  Vicente;  population,  25,900; 
located  on  Ahuachapan  River  near  the  foot  of  the  volcano  of  San 
Vicente  (7,120  feet)  ;  40  miles  (64  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Corn,  tobacco,  indigo,  coffee,  fruits,  sugar  cane, 
salt.  Industries:  Sugar  refining,  manufacture  of  rebozos,  shawls, 
hats,  and  cigars. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salvador  by  motor;  from  I.a  Union 
by  International  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola  Comercial  (agency)  ;  Banco  Occidental 
(agency)  ;  Banco  Salvadoreno  (agency)  ;  Banco  Nacional  del  Salva- 
dore   (agency). 

Hotels. — Italia  and  others. 

Note.— This  is  the  capital  of  the  Department  and  center  of  a  con- 
siderable district  devoted  to  produce.  It  has  a  large  trade  with 
the  surrounding  country.  Chief  feast  day  is  November  1  (All 
Saints'  Day),  when  an  annual  fair  is  held. 

SENSUNTEPEQTJE,  Department  de  <''abanas ;  altitude,  2,310  feet; 
population,  about  17,000.  Distant  62  miles  (100  km.)  from  San 
Salvador.     Principal  products:  Sugar  cane  and  cereals. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salvador  by  automobile. 

Note.— This  city  is  chiefly  dependent  on  the  capital.  It  is  visited 
by  salesmen  who  canvass  smaller  places.  Chief  feast  day  is  De- 
cember 4  (Santa  Barbara). 

SONSONATE,  Department  of  Sonsonate;  population,  16.000.  It  is 
on  the  Salvador  Railroad,  5.3  miles  (85  km.)  from  San  Salvador, 
and  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Acajutla.  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich 
agricultural  district.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  hides,  dyewoods, 
tobacco,  rice,  corn,  fruit,  and  Peru  balsam.  IManufactures :  Coarse 
cotton  cloth,  mats,  baskets,  cigars. 

How  Reached.— From  San  Salvador,  Acajutla,  and  Santa  Ana  by 
the  Salvador  Railroad.  Steamship  ageuts.  Agenda  Nacional  (Ltda.) 
and  Schwab,  Dreyfus  &  Co.  Lloyd's  subagent,  P.  C,  Arrazola  (at 
Acajutla).  ^ 

Principal  Hotels.— Gran  Hotel,  Internacional  Blanco  y  Negro. 

Banks.— Banco  Agricola  Comercial  (agency)  ;  Banco  Occidental 
(agency)  ;  Banco  Salvadoreno  (agency)  ;  Banco  Nacional  del  Salva- 
dor (agency). 

Note.— While  this  city  has  a  number  of  houses  that  import  direct, 
most  of  the  firms  are  branches  of  those  established  in  San  Salvador. 
Sonsonate  has  an  important  weekly  market,  held  on  Sundays. 
Trains  from  Acajutla  to  San  Salvador  remain  at  Sonsonate  one 
hour.    Time  from  San  Salvador  to  Acajutla,  two  hours. 

TJSULUTAN,  Department  of  Usulutan ;  population,  about  15,415, 
Distant  60  miles  (97  km.)  from  La  Union  and  87  miles  (140  km.) 
from  San  Salvador.  Principal  products:  Coffee,  sugar  canp.  to- 
bacco.    Industry:  Cigar  making. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salvador  by  motor  to  San  Vicente, 
thence  by  International  Railway ;  from  La  Union  by  International 
Railw^ay. 

Principal  Hotel. — Gran. 


SALVADOU.  143 

Note. — Tliis  rily  is  (•uiivassed  l).v  sali-siuen  wlio  visit  tiie  snialliT 
towns.     It  is  cliii'liy  (lepcndeiit  on  tiic  hoii.st'S  of  tlie  capital. 

ZACATECOLUCA,  I  >('i»artrn(Mit  of  La  I'a/, :  population  about  20.000. 
Distant  US  uiilos  ( lUl  km.)  iioni  San  Salvador.  Products:  Cottve. 
tobacco,  suwir  cune,  vanilla,  cereals.  Industries:  Silk  and  cotton 
mills. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Salva<ior  by  motor  to  San  Vicente, 
thence  by  railway  to  Zacatecoluca ;  from  La  Union  by  International 
Railway. 

Note. — A  brisk  business  of  some  importance  is  done  bore.  TJie 
town  is  canvassed  by  many  salesmen,  especially  those  who  visit  the 
.Smaller  places. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

lU'low  is  a  list  of  tlio  less  important  places  in  Salvador.  Some 
of  these,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  canvass  tlieir 
territory  closely.  It  is  suggested  tliat  inquiry  regarding  the  busi- 
ness available  in  these  places  be  made  at  the  largest  towns  near 
them. 

Apastepeque,  Department  of  San  Vicente;  population,  8,000;  on 
Isnialaco  Uiver  and  Laguiia  Apastepeque;  IJ  miles  (2  km.)  from 
San  Vicente  and  45  miU^s  (72  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  Products: 
Sugar,  coffee,  corn,  rice,  beans. 

Apopa,  Department  of  San  Salvador ;  population,  6,6S2 ;  on  Salva- 
dor Kailway  ;  8  niilcs  (13  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  I'roducts:  Cof- 
fee, cacao,  sugar,  tobacco,  anil,  rice,  corn. 

Armenia,  Department  of  Sonsonate;  population.  13,291;  on  Salva- 
dor Railway;  15  miles  (24  km.)  from  Ysalco  (reached  by  nn^tor). 

Ataco,  Department  of  x\.buachai)an ;  population,  8,031;  5  miles  (8 
km.)  from  Ahuachapan.  Carretera  to  Ahuachapau  and  Sonsonate. 
Industry  :  lia.sket  weaving ;  "Azogue  "  mines  near  by, 

Atiquizaya,  Department  of  Ahuaciiapan ;  population,  12,352. 
Located  7*  miles  (12  km.)  from  Ahuachapan,  on  road  from  Ahua- 
chapan to  Santa  Ana.  Products:  Coffee,  corn,  bananas,  rice,  to- 
bacco, coconuts,  sugar.  Industries :  Manufacture  of  bricks,  adobe, 
etc. 

Chalatenango,  Department  of  Chalatenango ;  population,  9,400. 
Located  45  miles  (72  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  Products:  Medi- 
cinal plants,  quina,  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper.  Industries:  Potterj' 
manufacture.  Reached  from  San  Salvador  via  Ilopango  and  Que- 
zaltepeque. 

Chalchuapa,  Department  of  Santa  Ana;  population,  23,401;  10 
miles  ( 1<)  km.)  from  Santa  Ana.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  cacao, 
rice,  beans,  tobacco,  grapes,  woods. 

Chinameca,  Department  of  San  ^ligiiel ;  populaticm,  17.549;  15 
miles  (24  km.)  from  San  Miguel.  Carretoras  to  San  Salvador,  San 
Miguel,  Usulatan,  Santiago,  Maria,  Ttcapa.  Some  travelers  find  it 
advisable  to  visit  this  town. 

Coatepeque,  Deriartmeiit  of  Santa  Ana;  population,  17.281;  9 
miles  (15  km.)  from  Santa  Ana  and  4  miles  (7  km.)  from  Congo 
(nearest  station).  I'roducts:  ColTee,  sugar,  corn,  rice,  beans, 
panela. 


144  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

El  Triumfo,  Departmeut  of  Usulutan ;  population,  3,000;  5  miles  (8 
km.)  from  Jucuapa  and  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Usulutan.  Carre- 
tera  from  Usulutan. 

Gotera,  Department  of  Morazan ;  population,  9,186 ;  in  agricul- 
tural and  mining  district.     Carretera  from  San  Miguel  via  Jocoro. 

Ilobasco,  Department  of  Cabanas ;  population,  14,401 ;  22  miles 
(36  km.)  west  of  Sensuntepeque  and  40  miles  (64  km.)  northeast  of 
San  Salvador.  Industries :  Cattle  raising  and  manufacture  of  pot- 
tery.    Products :  CofCee,  sugar.     Annual  fair.  September  29. 

Izalco,  Department  of  Sonsonate;  population,  14,035;  5  miles  (8 
km.)  from  Sonsonate  (nearest  station).  Carratera  to  Sonsonate 
and  Santa  Ana.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  guayule  rubber, 
bananas,  woods. 

Jucuapa,  Department  of  Uslutan ;  population,  13,319 ;  11  miles 
(18  km.)  from  Usulutan;  on  Carretera  Nacional.  Products:  Cof- 
fee, corn,  beans,  rice,  tobacco,  cacao.  Annual  fair,  October  26 
to  29. 

Mejicanos,  Department  of  San  Salvador;  population,  6,951;  2i 
miles  (4  km.)  from  San  Salvador  (nearest  station).  Products: 
Cereals. 

Metapan,  Department  of  Santa  Ana ;  population,  16,217 ;  35  miles 
(56  km.)  from  Santa  Ana  (nearest  station).  Products:  Cattle, 
sugar,  calcium,  lead,  copper,  coal. 

Nahuizalco,  Department  of  Sonsonate;  population,  14,560;  5 
miles  (8  km.)  from  Sonsonate  (nearest  station)  ;  on  carretera  from 
Santa  Ana  to  Ahuachapan.  Products:  Sugar,  bananas,  cotiee, 
yucca,  corn,  beans. 

Nueva  San  Salvador  or  Santa  Tecla,  Department  of  La  Libertad; 
population,  23,523;  7*  miles  (12  km.)  from  San  Salvador,  on  Salva- 
dor Railway.  Climate,  cool.  Products:  Coffee,  corn,  beans,  rice. 
Hotels:  The  Grand  and  others. 

Opico,  Department  of  La  Libertad ;  population,  12,281 ;  17  miles 
(28  km.)  from  Nueva  San  Salvador  and  2|  miles  (4  km.)  from  Sitio 
del  Nino  (nearest  station).  Carretera  to  Santa  Ana  and  Sonsonate. 
Products:  Cattle,  tobacco,  coffee,  indigo,  rice,  woods. 

San  Francisco,  capital  Department  of  Morazan ;  population,  9,186 ; 
74*  miles  (120  km.)  from  San  Salvador,  in  mining  district.  Prod- 
ucts: Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  com. 

Santa  Rosa,  Department  of  La  Union ;  population,  9,647 ;  35  miles 
(56  km.)  from  La  Union,  in  mining  district.  Products:  Cereals, 
coffee,  corn,  rice,  sugar,  bananas,  wood,  silver,  and  gold.  Chief 
feast  days,  August  30  and  October  8.  The  Butters  Salvador  mines 
are  located  here. 

San  Pedro  de  Perulapan,  Department  of  Cuscatlan ;  population, 
11,685;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  San  Salvador  and  7  miles  (11  km.) 
from  Cojutepeque.  Products :  Corn,  beans,  rice,  coffee,  tobacco,  and 
maguey. 

Santa  Tecla.     See  Nueva  San  Salvador. 

Tacuba,  Department  of  Ahuachapan ;  population,  8.033;  4  miles  (7 
km.)  from  Ahuachapan.  Climate,  cool.  Products:  Corn,  beans, 
coffee,  rice. 

Tonacatepeque,  Department  of  San  Salvador;  population,  9,079; 
12  miles  (20  km.)  from  San  Salvador.  Carreteras  to  San  Salvador, 
Chalatenango,  and  Cuscutlan.  Products:  Coffee,  tobacco,  sugar, 
corn.     Industries:  Weaving  mills. 


NICARAGUA. 

Maps  No.H.  7  and  8. 

Locatiou.— NicaraKim  is  the  largest  of  the  Central  American 
U«'pulilics.  It  Is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Honduras,  on  the  east  by 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  on  the  south  by  Costa  Uica,  and  on  the  west  by 
tlie   I'acitic  Ocean. 

Area  and  Population.— Area,  about  49,200  square  miles;  popu- 
lation (estinmt<Ml),  aiiout  G90,0<»0,  or  almnt  14  inhabitants  per 
square  mile.  Tiie  coast  line  is  300  miles  (480  km.)  on  tlie  Atlantic 
and  200  miles  (322  km.)  on  the  Paciflc. 

Inhabitants. — About  75  per  cent  of  the  population  lives  in  the 
western  half  of  tlie  country.  The  eastern  and  western  sections  of 
the  country  differ  jrreatly.  and  there  is  little  communication  between 
tliem,  the  journey  by  trail  and  river  being  difficult.  Travelers  going 
from  one  coast  to  the  other  usiuilly  go  by  way  of  Costa  Kica.  In 
the  v.e.stern  section  the  people  are  of  mixed  Spanish  and  Indian 
blood,  although  there  are  quite  a  number  of  Nicansgruins  of  pure 
vSpanish  descent.  In  the  eastern  half,  in  which  are  the  banana 
plantations,  there  is  0.  considerable  representation  of  Negroes  from 
the  West  Indies,  also  natives  of  mixed  Negro  and  Indian  blood. 
In  this  section  are  .some  Americans  and  Nicaraguaus  who  have 
come  from  the  western  half. 

Physical  Features. — Nicaragiia  is  traversed  by  two  mountain 
ranges.  Tliere  is  a  great  diversity  of  climate,  products,  and  soil. 
The  plateaus  and  uplands  are  extremely  healthful  and  fertile. 
Typical  of  these  plateaus  are  those  of  Segovia  and  Chontales,  2,000 
or  3.000  feet  in  height.  The  lowlands  are  hot  and  tropical.  Sev- 
eral of  the  mountain  peaks  of  Nicaragua  are  extinct  volcanoes. 

Chief  Hivers  and  Lakes. — San  Juan  lliver,  about  140  miles  (22.5 
km.)  long,  connects  Lake  Nicaragua  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Regular  steamship  service  is  maintained  between  Greytown  (San 
Juan  del  Norte),  at  its  mouih,  and  Granada.  From  Granada  the 
railway  extends  to  Managua,  Leon,  and  Corinto.  At  Castillo  Rapids 
cargoes  must  be  unloaded  and  hauled  around  the  obstruction  on  a 
.short  tramway  and  reloaded.  Gther  rapids  are  the  Machuca,  the 
Balas,  and  the  Toro.  Bluefields  River  is  navigable  for  about  65 
miles   (102  km.)   from  Bluefields  to  the  city  of  Rama. 

Lake  Nicaragua  is  about  110  miles  long  and  about  45  miles  wide. 
It  is  navigable  throughout  for  large  vessels.  On  an  island  in  the 
center  is  the  volcano  of  Omatepe. 

Lake  Managua  is  but  a  short  distance  from  Lake  Nicaragua, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Tipilapa  River.  It  is  about  3S 
miles  long  and  from  10  to  16  miles  in  width.  This  lake  is  also 
navigable.  On  its  sliores  are  located  the  capital,  Managua,  and 
some  smaller  towns. 

Climate. — Tlie   climate  of   the  eastern   and   western  sections   of 

the  country  is  quite  different.     In  the  eastern  part  rains  are  very 

frequent  during  practically  the  entire  year,  while  in  the  western 

part  there  are  distinct  wet  and  dry  seasons.    The  prevailing  winds 

144297"— 20 10  145 


146  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

are  from  the  northeast.  These  are  laden  with  moisture  from  the 
Atlantic.  The  "  tierra  templacla  "  is  encountered  on  the  slopes  of 
the  volcanoes  and  over  much  of  the  sparsely  settled  regions  in  the 
center  of  the  country.  The  "  tierra  fria "  includes  the  volcanic 
peaks  and  the  extreme  heights  of  the  interior,  the  latter  being 
largely  covered  with  pine  and  oak  forests. 

Seasons. — In  the  eastern  section  (Caribbean  side)  the  seasons  are 
not  well  defined ;  rail  falls  almost  every  day.  In  the  western  part 
(Pacific  side)  there  is  a  wet  season  from  May  to  November,  and 
a  dry  season  from  December  to  April. 

Products. — The  products  are  chiefly  agricultural.  Among  them 
are  coffee,  cacao,  sugar  cane,  corn,  beans,  rice,  and  tobacco.  Ba- 
nanas are  the  chief  item  in  the  exports  of  the  eastern  section. 

Industries. — Cattle  raising  is  carried  on  extensively.  Timber 
cutting  and  the  extraction  of  dyes  are  important  industries.  There 
are  some  sugar  mills  in  the  western  section,  and  also  a  number 
of  electrical  plants,  ice  factories,  sawmills,  shoe  factories,  etc. 

Mining. — In  the  eastern  section  gold  mining  is  an  important  in- 
dustry. Mines  are  being  rapidly  developed,  especially  in  Chontales 
and  Nueva  Segovia.  Among  the  most  important  regions  are  those 
of  Pis  Pis,  Tonkey,  Mico,  and  Cuicuina. 

Language. — Spanish. 

Currency. — The  present  monetary  system  is  the  gold  standard. 
The  unit  is  the  cordoba,  divided  into  100  centavos.  Its  value  in 
terms  of  the  United  States  currency  is  $1.  The  circulation  consists 
of  silver  coins  and  bank  notes  guaranteed  to  be  payable  in  gold. 
The  fractional  coins  are  the  half  cent  and  cent,  of  copper,  and  5,  10, 
25,  and  50  cent  pieces,  of  silver. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  official  system  is  the  metric,  but  for 
domestic  trade  local  standards  are  in  use ;  for  example,  the  media, 
which  equals  a  peck;  the  fanega  (24  medias),  which  is  spoken  of  as 
a  "  mule  load,"  etc.     These,  however,  are  not  used  in  foreign  trade. 

Postage. — ^Nicaragua  is  a  member  of  the  Postal  Union,  and  has  a 
parcel-post  system.  The  letter  rate  between  the  United  States  and 
Nicaragua  is  5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and  3 
cents  for  each  additional  ounce. 

Telegraphs  and  Telephones. — The  Government  owns  the  telegraph 
and  telephone  lines  and  maintains  connections  v.-ith  the  neighboring 
Republics.  The  telegraph  service  is  very  good  and  the  rates  are 
reasonable.  The  local  telephone  service  is  also  good,  as  is  the  long- 
distance service  up  to  40  miles. 

Cable. — Cable  connection  is  available  over  the  lines  of  the  Central 
&  South  American  Telegraph  Co.,  via  San  Juan  del  Sur,  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast.  The  cable  rate  from  New  York  City  to  San  Juan  del  Sur 
is  50  cents  per  word  and  to  all  other  places  55  cents. 

Wireless.— There  is  wireless  communication  by  a  private  station 
at  Bluefields,  on  the  Atlantic  side. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Steamship  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — Office,  366  Broad- 
way. Sailings  from  Piers  48-49,  North  Iliver  (Eleventh  Street). 
Departures  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays  for  New  Orleans ;  thence  by 


MCAKAOUA.  147 

jsleuiiier  of  lilueliulds  Fruit  i^  Slfanisliii)  Co.  to  lilueliHtIs  and  Cuiie 
Grafias,  Xicara^jua. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — OlRce,  24  SUite  Strec't.  Sall- 
iiiiis  from  i'i'  r  G7,  North  Uivtr  (Wi-.st  Tweiity-soveiith  Str<'el).  I)«^- 
paituie.s  vvet'kly  (Tluirsiluy.s)  for  Colon  (Crisiolml )  jmd  I'miama 
City  (IJalhoa)  raiiaiiia  ;  iIhmuv  l)y  sl«'ainer  of  I'ac-ilic  Mail  Stfaiusliip 
Co.  to  San  .luan  del  Sur  and  Coiinto. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamsliip  Service. — OfHce,  17  Battery  Phu-c 
iSaiiingii  from  I'ier  IG,  East  Kivtr  (IJurlin^i;  sliij),  and  Pier  1  (Bat- 
tery I'lace),  North  Kiver.  Departure-s  twke  per  week  for  Colon 
(Cri.stoba!)  and  Panama  City  (Palhoa).  Thence  l»y  Pacific  Mail 
.steuuier  to  !Suu  Juan  del  Sur  and  (Jorinto. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co. — Ohice,  508  Caliiornia  Street.  San 
Francisco.  L)epartures  semimonthly  for  San  .luan  del  Sur  and 
Corinto.     Fare,  .$1C)3.50.     (See  also  p.  iJu. ) 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

Blueflelds  Fruit   &   Steamsliip  Co. — Ke},'ular   saillnfi.^  es.i.»    .........i 

■vveek  for  P.hieiields  and  < '.ipe  (Jracias.  Pa.ssenger  service  aortli- 
bound  from  the  Tropics  weekly. 

Average  Time  of  Trip. — New  Orleans  to  Blueiield.*;,  G  day.s ;  New 
Orif-ans  to  Cape  Gracias,  .5  days;  San  Francisco  to  Corinto  (includ- 
jnu'  stops),  about  19  days;  San  Francisco  to  San  .luan  del  Sur  (in- 
ehiding  .stops),  about  20  days. 

Distances. — New  Orleans  to  Bluelields,  1,220  nautical  miles;  San 
Fi-aiicisco  to  Corinto,  2.U13  miles;  Panama  to  Corinto,  6S3  miles; 
Panama  to  San  .Juan  del  Sur.  o'JO  miles;  Cristobal  to  Creyiown,  24."5 
iidies;  Greytown  to  Bluelield.s,  60  miles;  Cristobal  to  Bluehelds,  305 
miles. 

Fares  (Subject  to  Change). — New  Orleans  to  Bluefields,  $60;  New 
Orleans  to  Cupe  Gracias,  .$00;  Cape  Gracias  to  Bluelields,  S15:  New 
York  to  Corinto,  $189;  New  York  to  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $174;  San 
F^rancisco  to  Corijdo,  $153.50;  San  Franci.sco  to  San  .Juan  del  Sur, 
$153.50;  Cristobal  to  Corinto,  $09.10:  Cristoljal  to  San  Juan  del  Sur, 
.$.">4.30;  La  Union  (Salvador)  to  Corinto.  $20.90;  Amapala  (Hondu- 
ras) to  Corinto,  $14;  Puntareuas  (Costa  Kica)  to  Corinto,  .'n^S.SO: 
I'uutarenas  to  Sau  Juan  del  Sur,  !i;20.9O;  Corinto  to  San  Juan  del 
Sur.  $14;  Amapala  (Honduras)  to  San  Juan  del  Sur,  $27.80;  La 
Union  to  San  Juan  del  Sur,  .?34.80. 

Quarantine  Regulations. — There  is  no  quarantine  for  passengers 
from  the  United  States  or  Panama.  In  ca.se  of  suspicious  illness 
passengers  may  be  detained. 

Special  Note  to  Travelers. — It  is  not  practicable  to  visit  the  in- 
terior of  Nicaragua  from  the  eastern  coast.  The  traveling  is  very 
diflicult,  the  roads  ov  trails  being  practically  impassable,  and  the 
ex)>ense  far  loo  heavy. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  which  have  no  commercial 
value  are  exempt  from  import  duty.  Samples  with  a  commercial 
value  are  allowed  temporary  free  admission  upon  the  furnishing  of 


148  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

bond  for  the  amount  of  duty.  If  no  bond  is  given,  tiie  correspond- 
ing amount  of  duty  must  be  deposited  pending  the  reexpoitation  of 
samples.     Bond  is  visually  signed  by  some  reliable  local  merchant. 

Period  Permitted. — Samples  must  be  reexported  within  a  period 
which  varies  from  one  to  three  months,  depending  on  the  localities 
visited.  The  time  may  be  arranged  with  the  collector  of  customs 
duties  at  the  port  of  entry.  In  case  of  necessity  arrangements  can 
probably  be  made  for  an  extension. 

Reexportation. — Samples  may  be  reexported  within  the  prescribed 
time,  provided  there  is  no  discrepancy  between  the  quantity  imported 
and  that  which  is  checked  out.  Bond  is  then  canceled.  Samples 
may  be  entered  through  one  poi't  and  reexported  through  another 
if  the  necessary  documents  are  presented.  In  case  any  samples  are 
sold  duty  must  be  paid  thereon. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — Samples  can  usually  be  cleared  on 
the  day  they  are  disembarked.  Samples  carried  as  baggage  are  usu- 
ally given  the  preference.  When  a  large  number  of  samples  are 
carried  a  customliouse  broker  may  be  of  assistance. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — This  is  largely  influenced  by  the  conditions 
which  prevail  in  the  different  lines  of  trade,  the  time  required  to 
manufacture  goods,  etc.  Purchases  are  made  for  two  chief  seasons, 
Christmas  and  Easter.  It  is  desired  that  goods  arrive  shortly  in 
advance  of  those  periods. 

Excess  Baggage  Rates.— The  chief  railroad  in  Nicaragua  connects 
Corint(j  and  ^Managua.  No  special  baggage  rate  is  allowed  to  com- 
mercial travelers.  Free  baggage  permitted  is  .30  kilos  (66  pounds) 
on  each  lirst-ciass  ticket. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax.— There  is  no  national  license  or 
municipal  tax  for  travelers.  No  permit  to  transact  business  is 
necessary. 

General  Character  of  the  Business. — The  principal  purchasers  in 
the  Atlantic  ports  conduct  a  trade  by  barter  with  smaller  places  in 
the  interior.  They  also  act  as  outtitters  for  the  gold  seekers,  log- 
ging camps,  etc.  There  are  numerous  banana  plantations,  and  the 
supplies  for  these  offer  opportunities  for  salesmen.  In  the  interior, 
reached  from  the  Pacific  side,  are  numerous  large  wholesale  firms 
and  many  important  retailers. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC. — For  business  purposes  Nicaragua 
may  be  divided  into  two  zones — the  Atlantic  coast  and  the  interior. 
The  latter  is  reached  by  way  of  Corinto,  the  Pacific  port.  There 
are  no  practical  means  for  the  commercial  traveler  to  reach  the 
interior  from  the  Atlantic  coast.  On  the  Atlantic  coast  the  chief 
business  places  are  Cape  Gracias,  Pearl  City,  Bluefields,  Prinza- 
polca,  and  Greytown  (San  Juan  del  Norte).  In  the  interior  the 
principal  places  are  Managua,  Granada,  Leon,  Masaya,  Matagalpa. 
Kivas,  and  Chinandega. 

Routes  for  Travelers. — The  Atlantic  coast  is  generaly  canvassed 
from  New  Orleans.  The  first  town  visited  may  be  Cape  Gracias, 
then  Pearl  City,  Bluefields,  Prinzapolca,  and  Greytown.  Commu- 
nication between  these  ports  is  usually  by  steamers  or  schooners. 

The  interior.— The  traveler  visits  Nicaragua  either  on  the  trip 
northward  from  Panama  or  Costa  Rica,  or  southward  from  Sal- 
vador. The  port  is  Corinto.  Here  the  traveler  takes  a  train  of 
the   Pacific   Railroad.     His    first   visit    is   usually   to   the   capital, 


NKAKAGIA.  149 

MunaKua.  Snuiv  liavi'lfis  inpfiT  to  visit  t'li  ruute  tin*  cily  oC  I^'dii, 
wliitli  is  largiT  tluiii  Maiiajiua.  Granada,  on  Lak»'  Nicuraiiiua.  cuii 
he  ivached  easily  from  Mana;.'ua.  Husiiiess  eslal>lislini«'nls  In 
Manajaia,  (iraiiaUa,  and  Leon  supply  practically  all  tlie  rest  of  the 
interior.  Maia^ralpa,  11)3  miles  (Km  Icm.)  from  M.iMa;,'ua,  i.s  an  Im- 
portant business  place  in  tlie  colTee  re^'ion,  where  some  direct  iui- 
portinfr  is  done.  The  trip  i.s  not  ea.sy  and  must  he  made  cliielly  on 
hor.sel)acli.  Masaya  is  readied  i)y  rail,  other  towns  are  de.scriljed 
und  tlie  methods  of  reachin^^  tlicm  are  stated  in  the  followin;^  paces. 
Suggestions  for  Canvassing  Pacific  Coast. —  I'rom  Corintu  to  <'ldn- 
ande^'a.  to  ('liicliiirah'lia,  to  Leon,  to  Manajaia.  to  Masaya,  to  .lino- 
tepe,  Masatepe,  and  Dirianiba,  all  reached  by  I'acitic  Railway. 
From  Masjiya,  hy  Pacific  Uailw.iy  to  Granada;  by  local  stciuner,  to 
San  JorRe;  and  by  train  and  steamer  to  Rivas. 

Interior. — I'^rom  IManasua.  via  Lake  Managua  and  pack-mule 
train  to  Matat:alpa  ;  by  pack-mule  train  t(»  Jinotejia  ;  by  pack-mule 
train  to  Ksicli. 

Suggestions  for  Canvassing  Atlantic  Coast. — The  traveler's  move- 
ments depend  largely  upon  tlie  season  of  his  arrival  and  the  local 
transportation  available.  His  movements  are  also  intluenced  by 
point  of  arrival,  whether  Cape  Gracias  or  Bluetields.  The  ma- 
jority of  travelers  visit  Bluetields  first. 

From-  BUicfields  7iorth. — Ry  sdiftoner  to  Pearl  City;  by  schooner 
to  Prinzapolca ;  by  schooner  to  Cape  Gracias.  From  Blueflelds  by 
launch  to  Rama. 

From  Blueflelds  sovth. — By  launch  or  schooner  to  Monkey  Point; 
by  launch  or  schooner  to  Punta  Gorda ;  hy  launch  or  .schooner  to 
Greytown  (San  Juan  del  Norte).  If  the  San  Juan  River  is 
navigable,  trip  can  be  made  from  Greytown  to  San  Jorge  and 
Granada  on  Lake  Nicaragua. 

Railroads. — The  only  railway  line  operating  in  the  Reiiublic 
is  the  I'acilie  Railroad  of  Nicaragua.  It  covers  a  small  district  in 
the  western  portion  of  the  country.  Including  its  several  branches, 
it  represents  a  total  length  of  171  miles  (271  km.).  From  Corinto 
the  line  extends  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  Chinandega,  a  dis- 
tance of  12  miles  (20  km.),  and  thence  southeastwardly  to  Leon, 
Managua,   Masjiya.   Gran.ula,  and   Dirianiba. 

Pearl  Lagoon  Railway. — This  line  on  the  Atlantic  coast  is  being 
constructed.     About  15  miles  are  now  in  operation. 

Steamship  Service  on  Lake  Nicaragua. — Steamer  Victoria  or 
Proyreso  leaves  Granada  at  8  a.  ni.  on  Thursday  of  each  week. 
The  lake  steamer  makes  a  trip  to  San  Jorge  one  week  and 
to  San  Carlos  the  next  week.  Subject  to  unusual  circumstances,  the 
steamer  will  connect  at  San  Carlos  with  the  San  Juan  River 
steamer.  The  steamer  stops  at  intermediate  ports.  There  Is 
also  steamer  .service  between  Managua  and  several  small  places  on 
the  east  and  north  shores  of  Lake  Managua. 

Local  Steamship  Service  on  Caribbean  Coast. — Prinzapolca  can  be 
reached  from  Bluetields  by  gasoline  schooners  which  make  trips  once 
and  sometimes  twice  a  week.  Fare.  $7 ;  time  of  trip,  one  night. 
Each  passenger  is  allowed  to  carry  two  trunks  free  of  charge  if  not 
too  heavy.  Rates  for  excess  baggage  must  be  arranged  with  captain 
of  schooner.  The  service  to  Greytown  depends  on  the  weather. 
The  bar  being  rough,  boats  have  to  await  wind  and  weather.     Pearl 


150  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Lagoon  can  be  readied  by  river,  weekly  service,  but  'this  is  not  very 
easy  ii'  salesman  has  many  trunks.  It  can  also  be  reached  by  way 
of  the  sea  in  sea-going  launches  on  short  notice. 

In  addition  to  the  steamers  from  New  Orleans,  there  is  also  a 
semimontlily  service  between  Cape  Gracias  and  Blueiields  by  coast- 
wise schooners.     (The  Creightou's  Transportation  Co.) 

Distances  Between  Important  Places. — Bluefields  to  Managua.  187 
miles  (300  km.)  ;  Blueiields  to  Cape  Gracias,  185  miles  (297  km.)  ; 
Chinandega  to  Managua,  74  miles  (118  km.)  ;  Corinto  to  Managua, 
87  miles  (139  km.)  ;  Corinto  to  Granada,  118  miles  (188  km.)  ; 
Granada  to  Managua,  36  miles  (58  km.)  ;  Jinotega  to  Managua,  186 
miles  (220  km.)  ;  Leon  to  Managua,  52  miles  (84  km.)  ;  Leon  to 
Curinto,  35  miles  (57  km.)  ;  Masaya  to  Corinto,  106  miles  (170  km.)  ; 
]Matagalpa  to  Managua,  103  miles  (165  km.)  ;  Prinzapolca  to  Blue- 
fields,  90  miles  (144  km.). 

HINTS  TO  TRAVELERS.— The  packing  of  goods  for  Nicaragua  is 
very  important.  On  account  of  the  duty,  it  is  essential  that  the 
packing  be  light  and  strong.  For  the  interior,  where  the  goods  are 
transported  by  animals,  this  is  particularly  essential.  Do  not  neg- 
lect to  ask  your  customers  just  how  the  goods  should  be  packed. 

Overland  Travel. — Before  starting  on  a  journey  overland,  be 
careful  to  ascertain  in  advance  whether  the  roads  are  passable. 
During  the  rainy  season  they  are  often  quagmires  and  can  not  be 
traveled. 

Hotel  Rates. — In  Managua,  Leon,  and  Bluefields  the  better  hotels 
oust  from  $3  to  $5  per  day  on  the  American  plan,  and  on  the 
European  plan  somewhat  less.  In  the  smaller  towns  there  is  not 
much  choice,  and  the  cost  is  from  $1.50  to  $3  per  day,  American 
plan. 

Gold  Mining. — ^Nicaragua  is  a  country  of  great  promise  as  regards 
mining.  The  principal  mines  in  the  west  are  the  Santa  Francisca. 
San  Lucas,  Amaya,  San  Cristobal,  Quilali,  and  San  Juan  Tetel- 
paneca.  Near  Matagalpa  is  the  Leoneas  mine.  On  the  Atlantic 
<;oast  the  gold  mines  are  principally  of  the  placer  variety.  Prinza- 
polca is  the  chief  center.     Near  Segovia  are  gold-bearing  reefs. 

Holidays  in  Nicaragua. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic, 
many  of  the  feast  <lays  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed. 
Generally  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  officially  recognized, 
with  the  exception  that  in  the  smaller  towns,  particularly  in  the 
interior,  the  merchants  take  advantage  of  these  days  for  the  tran- 
saction of  business  with  the  natives,  who  visit  the  communities  in 
large  numbers.  Other  holidays  are :  January  1,  New  Year's  Day ; 
July  4,  anniversary  of  independence  of  the  United  States;  September 
15,  independence  of  Central  America ;  October  12,  Columbus  or  Dis- 
covery Day. 

IMPORTANT  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

BLUEFIELDS,  Department  of  Bluefields ;  principal  port  of  entry 
on  Atlantic  coast,  near  month  of  Bluefields  River,  in  Bluefields 
Lagoon;  population,  4,000;  187  miles  (300  km.)  from  Managua; 
185  miles  (297  km.)  from  Cape  Gracias;  90  miles  (148  km.)  from 
Prinzapolca.  Products :  Bananas,  rubber,  cacao,  coconuts,  ebony, 
cedar,  etc. 


NICARAGUA.  161 

Aiiifriran  ronsiil  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers,  Ffllpe 
T.o  Fniiik,  A.  Topi,  ami  F.  M.  Ilit-r.     IJoyd's  a;:«'iit,  T.  \V.  Wafers. 

How  Reached. — From  Now  Orlenns  by  steamers  <»f  ]iiiu>(ltil<l.s 
Fniit  vV:  Steamship  (.'<».;  from  Cape  (Jrafias  liy  Crel^rhlon's  Trans- 
portation Co.,  two  schooners,  whicli  stop  at  InternuMllate  points; 
<-ost,  .SI")  eacli  way  ;  three  trunks  allowed,  without  excess;  from  I'ort 
Llinon.  Costa  Kica  there  is  biweekly  service. 

Banks. — National  Ilaidc  of  Nicaragua,  afliliatetl  with  Mennniiie 
B.ink  of  the  Americas. 

Principal  Hotels. — Atlantico,  El  Tropical,  Peterson. 

Note. — From  l*.lueti«'ltls  small  vessels  carry  on  a  cijasiin^  trade 
with  other  points  on  the  east  coast  of  Nicaragua.  Each  week  a 
steamer  runs  up  the  Bluefields  lUver  to  llama,  a  tnidinj;  port, 
a  distance  of  6">  mile.s  C102  km.).  From  this  point  transportation  is 
also  undertaken  to  the  interior  by  canoes  and  small  schooners. 
The  actual  port  is  I'l  T'.luff.  G  miles  from  the  city. 

Bluetields  is  a  very  jrood  busines.s  port,  and  there  are  some  im- 
portant houses  here.  It  is  best  reached  direct  from  New  Orleans. 
About  75  i>er  cent  of  the  import  and  export  tra<k'  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  is  handled  t!irou?rh  this  port,  the  chief  itt-m  beiiifr  bananas. 
Bluefields  is  reached  from  I'ort  Limon,  Costa  lUca,  in  12  to  14 
hours. 

CAPE  GRACIAS,  Department  of  Bluefields;  population  500;  1S."» 
miles   (297  km.)   north  of  Bluefields. 

How  Reached. — From  New  Oilcans  by  steamers  of  the  Bluefields 
Friut  <fc  Steamship  Co. ;  from  Bluefields  the  Nicaragua  Commercial 
&  Loguins  Co.  runs  a  regular  line  of  .casoline  scho()ners  to  Ki<» 
Grande,  Priuzapolca,  Wawa  sawmill,  and  Cape  Gracias,  biweekly 
.service  between  Port  Limon,  Costa  Kica,  and  Cape  Gracias. 

landing. — Vessels  lie  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  offshore; 
small  boats  are  used. 

Note. — This  is  a  port  of  entry  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wanks  River,  reached  by  small  vessels  from  Bluefields.  It  is  par- 
ticularly impoi'tant  as  a  port  of  entry  for  the  mining  districts  in 
northeastern  Nicaragua,  for  which  mining  supplies  and  other  mer- 
chandise are  imported.  Here  are  several  important  houses  which 
do  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  trade. 

CHINANDEGA.  Department  of  Chinandega  ;  population,  30.000;  on 
the  Pacific  Railway;  13  miles  (21  km.)  from  Ooriuto ;  74  miles 
(118  km.)  fr()m  Managua.  Principal  products:  Sugar  cane,  corn, 
coffee,  baimnas,  cotton,  bean.s,  wheat,  fruit,  etc.  Manufactures: 
Coarse  cloth,  sugar  refining.  The  largest  sugar  mill  in  Central 
America  is  located  here.  It  is  called  the  "  San  Antonio."  There 
are  also  some  ice  factories  and  cotton  gins. 

How  Reached. — From  Corinto,  or  from  Managua,  by  the  Pacific 
Railway. 

Principal  Hotel. — La  Union. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  district,  and  a 
considerable  volume  of  business  is  done.  5Iany  travelers  will  find 
it  a<lvantageous   to  canvass  this  city. 

CORINTO,  Department  of  Chinandega  ;  population,  3,.'i00 ;  13  miles 
(21  km.)  from  Chinandega;  87  miles  (139  km.)  from  Managua. 
Exports  coffee,  hides,  etc. 


152  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

American  consul.  Lloyd's  subagent,  C.  L.  Hinckel.  Steamship 
agents,  E.  Palazio  &  Co.  and  C.  L.  Hinckel,  Customs  brokers,  C.  L. 
Hiiickel,  E.  Palazio  &  Co.,  Rodolfo  d'Arbelle.s,  May  &  Griffiths. 

How  Reached. — From  all  principal  towns  by  tlie  Pacific  Railway. 
Train  leaves  Granada  daily  at  8  a.  m.,  arriving  at  Corinto  at  5  p.  m. ; 
fare,  2  cents  per  kilometer.    Train  for  Granada  leaves  at  7  a.  m. 

Principal  Hotels. — Hotel  de  Corinto,  American,  Boston. 

Note. — About  65  per  cent  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  country 
passes  through  tliis  port.  There  is  a  wharf  at  which  steamers  dis- 
charge and  load.  The  Pacific  Railway  runs  into  the  interior.  The 
retail  stores  are  not  generally  importers,  but  a  few  of  the  customs 
brokers  do  importing  of  staples. 

GRANADA,  Department  of  Granada,  on  shore  of  Lake  Nicaragua ; 
population,  30,000;  altitude,  about  100  feet;  36  miles  (58  km.)  from 
Managua;  118  miles  (188  km.)  from  Corinto.  Products:  Sugar,  cof- 
fee, cacao,  fruit,  alcohol,  hides,  cotton,  indigo,  etc.  Steamship  agent, 
A.  Bernard. 

How  Reached. — From  Corinto  by  Pacific  Railway ;  train  leaves 
Corinto  daily  at  7  a.  ra.,  arriving  at  Granada  at  4  p.  m. ;  from  San 
Juan  del  Norte  (Grey town)  by  steamers. 

Principal  Hotels. — Colon,  De  los  Leones,  Ascarate,  La  Alambra. 

Steamer  Service. — Weekly  service  between  Granada  and  San 
Jorge  (lake  port  for  Rivas),  San  Carlos,  San  Miguelito,  and  San 
Ubaldo,  on  Lake  Nicaragua. 

Bank. — National  Bank  of  Nicaragua,  affiliated  witli  the  Mercantile 
Bank  of  the  Americas. 

Note. — This  is  the  third  largest  city  of  the  Republic  and  a  dis- 
tributing point  for  the  Department  of  Chontales,  a  cattle  and  mining 
district  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake.  A  large  business  is  carried  on 
here,  and  there  are  a  number  of  banks.  Some  of  the  firms  do  a 
large  wholesale  business  in  addition  to  carrying  on  a  retail  trade. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  retailers  who  are  in  a  position  to  make 
direct  importations.  Numerous  small  tovras  on  the  lake  are  sup- 
plied from  Granada. 

GREYTOWN  (SAN  JUAN  DEL  NORTE),  Department  of  San  Juan 
del  Norte ;  occupies  seaward  side  on  San  Juan  River  delta ;  popula- 
tion, 2.000;  120  miles  (193  km.)  from  San  Carlos,  on  Lake  Nica- 
ragua. 

Landing. — Vessels  lie  about  a  mile  offshore ;  lighters  are  used. 

Principal  Hotel. — Hotel  Central. 

Note. — Steamship  service  is  maintained  with  Granada  via  the 
San  Juan  River  and  Lake  Nicaragim.  Greytown  is  a  port  of  fair 
importance.  There  are  a  few  houses  that  do  a  large  business.  A 
trip  here  is  rather  expensive. 

JINOTEGA,  Department  of  Jinotega ;  population,  13.900 ;  136  miles 
(220  km.)  from  Managua;  14  miles  (22  km.)  from  Matagalpa.  Alti- 
tude, 4,0()0  feet;  climate,  seraitropical.  Principal  products:  Coffee, 
cacao,  sugar,  manilla,  rubber,  tobacco,  and  tropical  produce.  Har- 
vesting of  the  coffee  crop  usually  begins  in  December,  and  it  is 
almost  entirely  shipped  by  the  following  June. 

How  Reached. — From  Matalgalpa  by  trail. 

Note. — This  is  a  small  town  without  rail  or  water  connection.  It 
acts  as  a  distributing  center  for  merchandise  to  the  region  north- 
east. Canvassed  almost  exclusively  by  the  Avholesale  houses  of 
Nicaragua. 


NICAKAOUA.  153 

LEON,  Depurliuent  of  Li-on ;  pi.iniluti.jii,  G2.(it«J;  «»ii  tlie  riicific 
lliiiluiiy  ;  35  miles  (57  kiu.)  from  Corinlo;  'y2  iiiili*s  (84  km.)  lr<»iu 
MuiiiiKUii.  rroduct.s:  AKrioultiiral.  Mjimiracturi's:  Cotton  aiul 
woolen  fabries.  cigars,  boots  and  slujes.  etc. ;  tlienj  are  Home  im- 
portant tanneries. 

How  Reached. — From  Coriuto  l»y  rail  to  Graimdji  via  Managua; 
from  Mata;,'aipa  liy  oxcart  road,  pa.ssable  during  dry  sea.son,  De- 
eenilier  to  .\iMii. 

Principal  Hotels. — Metropolitano,  De  Roma.  Ln|»onp. 

Bank.s. —  r.anco  Naeienul  de  Nicaragua,  alliliatfd  witli  the  Mer- 
cantile Bank  of  the  Americas. 

,  Note. — Leon  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  llepubllc, 
and  is  located  in  a  rich  agricultural  section.  It  is  the  princijml  dis- 
iriituling  point  for  the  departments  of  Nueva  Segovia,  Ksteli,  .lino- 
tega,  and  Matagalpa.  Several  important  houses  are  located  here. 
It  should  he  visited  by  all  salesmen. 

MANAGUA,  L>epar(ment  of  Managua;  population.  45,000;  on 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Managua  ;  87  miles  (130  km.)  from  f'orinto; 
3S7  miles  (3<K3  km.)  from  liliielields ;  52  miles  (S4  km.)  from  Leon. 
I'rincipal  products:  Coffee,  cattle,  cacao,  sugar,  etc. 

American  minister  and  consuL 

How  Reached. — From  Coriuto,  Leon,  or  Granada  by  I'aciiic  Kail- 
way. 

Hotels. — Lupone,  Italia,  America,  Estrella,  Gran. 

Banks. — National  P.ank  of  Nicaragua;  Anglo  Central  American; 
Comercial  Bank  of  Spanish  America. 

Note. — This  is  the  capital  of  the  Republic  and  is  a  very  im- 
portant distributing  place  for  points  on  or  near  the  east  shore  of 
Lake  Managua.  Here  are  located  a  number  of  imp<jrtant  wholesale 
lirms,  as  well  as  retailers,  who  are  in  a  position  to  import  direct. 
This  city  requires  the  attention  of  every  commercial  traveler. 

There  is  regular  steamer  s(>rvlce  between  Mjsnagna  and  points  on 
the  east  and  north  shoi-es  of  Lake  Managua. 

MASAYA,  Department  of  Masaya ;  population,  13,023;  106  miles 
(170  km.)  from  Coriuto  ;  13  miles  from  Granada.  Troducts:  Chiefly 
tobacco;  also  corn,  rice,  sugar,  coffee,  vegetables. 

How  Reached. — By  the  Pacific  Railway  from  Managua,  Leon, 
Chinandega,  Corinto.  Granada.  San  Marcos,  .Tinotega,  and  Diriaraba. 
Telephone  connection  with  ^lanagna  and  Granada. 

Principal  Hotel. — Joselina  Ascarate. 

Note. — From  this  point  there  is  a  short  railway  line  of  27  miles 
to  the  coffee  district  known  as  "The  Pueblos."  A  rich  distriet  sur- 
rounds JIasaya,  devoted  principally  to  agriculture.  A  number  of 
concerns  here  import  direct,  and  do  both  a  wholesale  and  a  retail 
business.  Masaya  deserves  a  visit  from  most  commercial  travelers. 
There  is  a  large  Indian  population. 

MATAGALPA,  Department  of  ISIatagalpa ;  population,  15.749;  103 
miles  (105  km.)  from  Managua;  120  miles  (192  km.)  from  I.,eon. 
Pntduces  sugar  cane,  coffee,  corn,  wheat,  cacao,  rice,  cattle,  tobacco, 
cedar,  and  dyewood. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Leon  by  horse  and  mule  back  and  oxcart; 
road  passable  during  dry  season  (December  to  April)  ;  three  and 
one-half  days  from  Leon  and  three  days  from  La  Paz. 

Principal  Hotels. — Casino,  Setentrional. 


154  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  an  importuut  coffee,  cattle,  and  min- 
ing district.  Some  cacao  is  gi'own  and  rubber  is  collected.  Coffee 
is  the  itrincipal  crop.  Matagalpa  has  no  water  or  rail  connection. 
Travelers  visit  this  place  on  mnle  or  horse  back.  The  ruins  of 
San  Ramon  are  18  kilometers  distant. 

PEARL  LAGOON,  Department  of  Zelaya ;  population,  800 ;  22  miles 
(.8.5  km.)  north  of  BUiefields;  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Zelaya.  I'rin- 
cipal  product :  Bananas. 

How  Reached. — From  Bluefields  by  gasoline  launches  via  sea  and 
also  via  river. 

Note. — There  are  several  important  firms  here  who  do  an  outfit- 
ting business  and  carry  on  a  retail  trade.  Steamers  from  New 
Orleans  make  this  a  port  of  call.  Chiefly  noted  for  shipping  of 
mahogany. 

The  Pearl  Lagoon  Railway  is  under  construction  and  approxi- 
mately 1.5  miles  (24  km.)  are  in  operation. 

PRINZAPOLCA,  Department  of  Prinzapolca;  population,  600;  90 
miles  (143  km.)  north  of  Bluefields;  103  miles  (165  km.)  from 
Zelaya. 

How  Reached. — The  Nicaragua  Commercial  &  Logging  Co.  runs  n 
regular  line  of  gasoline  schooners  between  Bluefields,  Rio  Grande, 
I'riuzapolca,  Wawa  sawmill,  and  Cape  Gracias. 

Note. — This  place  lies  at  the  mouth  of  the  Prinzapolca  River  and 
is  the  entrepot  for  the  mining  district  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  Republic.  Several  important  houses  here  do  considerable  busi- 
ness as  outfitters  for  those  who  cut  timber  and  work  the  mines. 

The  Pis  Pis  mining  district  is  reached  from  Prinzapolca  by 
canoes  and  mule  back. 

RIVAS,  Department  of  Rivas;  population,  10,000;  52  miles  (83 
km.)  from  INIanagua ;  21  miles  (34  km.)  from  San  Juan  del  Sur. 

How  Reached. — From  Managua  by  cart  road ;  from  San  Juan  del 
Sur  by  cart  road. 

Principal  Hotels. — Hurtado,  Moreno. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  an  important  agricultural  region, 
cacao  being  the  chief  product.  Cattle  are  also  raised,  while  hides, 
wood,  and  rubber  are  exported.  Rivas  is  connected  with  San  Juan 
del  Sur,  the  shipping  point,  by  cart  road.  Rivas  is  also  connected 
by  train  and  steamer  with  San  Jorge,  4  miles  distant  on  Lake 
Nicara.gua. 

Because  of  the  filling  np  of  the  harbor  of  San  Juan  del  Sur  and 
the  infrequency  of  vessels,  it  may  be  necessary  to  travel  overland 
by  mule  to  Puntarenas,  Costa  Rica. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  less  important  places  in  Nicaragua.  Some 
of  th.ese,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  work  their  ter- 
ritory very  clos'^ly.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the 
business  available  in  these  places  be  made  at  the  largest  towns 
nearest  them. 

Acoyopa,  Department  of  Jerez;  population  of  district,  6,000;  (city 
800)  ;  27  miles  (44  km.)  from  Juigalpa.  Bridle  path  to  Port  San 
LTbaldo.      Products :  Corn,  beans,  silver,  and  gold. 


NICAIIAGUA.  155 

Boaco,  Department  of  Jerez;  population,  4,()(X>;  34  njih>s  (55  km.) 
from  .hii^ialpa;  105  miles  (17U  km.)  from  Sabaiia  (Irmirle  (neare.st 
station).     I'roducts:  C'ereal.s,   cattle,   gold,   and   silver. 

Diriamba,  l)ei)artniont  of  Carazo;  poi>ulatlon,  4,.")0<);  en  Kerro- 
carril  dil  Sur  to  .linotepe  and  San  Maiios;  V,V2  miles  (L'l  I  km.  i 
from  Corinto,  reached  iiy  rail.  Located  in  center  of  rich  coffee  and 
atrricultiiral  di.strlct. 

Esteli.  capiial  of  Department  of  Esteli ;  popidatlon.  8.000;  93  miles 
(l.")0  km.)  fiom  Managua;  carreierii  to  Leon.  I'nxluct.s:  Anil  and 
corn.  Mines  of  p)ld.  .><ilver,  and  copper  imexpluited.  A  rich  and 
{rrowinjr  center. 

Great  Corn  Island,  Department  of  Blueflelds;  population,  1,000; 
an  island  off  the  coast;  40  miles  (64  km.)  northeast  of  Blueflelds. 
Products:  Coconuts,  bananas,  etc. 

Jinotepe,  Department  of  Carazo;  population,  9,50f);  29  miles  (4S 
km.)  from  Manajrua  ;  130  miles  (1*10  km.)  from  Corinto;  on  P'erro- 
carril  del  .Sur  from  I>iriMmba  to  San  Marcos,  rroducts:  Coffee, 
suL'ar.  rice,  beans,  ;ind  maize.     Hotel.  Carazo. 

Juigalpa,  Department  of  Jerez;  population,  7,000;  24  miles  (40 
km.  I  from  station  of  San  Ubaldo;  124  miles  (200  km.)  from 
Manapua  ;  on  carretera  to  Granada.  Hotel.  Tabloda.  Products: 
Corn,  balsam,  coffee,  cacao,  and  sufjar;  prold  ami  silver  nnnes; 
cattle. 

Los  Pueblos,  Department  of  Carazo;  population.  15,000.  This 
consists  (if  five  towns — Concepcion.  Diriamba.  Jinotepe,  Masjitepe, 
and  San  Marcos.     (_'hief  products:  Coffee,  corn,  and  sn^rar. 

Metapa,  Department  of  Mata.calpa  ;  population,  12,000.  Reached 
by  carretera  from  Manajrua  (nearest  station).  Products:  Cereals, 
siijrar,  coffee,  dyewoods.     Cold,  silver,  and  lead  mines  nnexploited. 

Rio  Grande,  Department  of  Rhiefields ;  population,  ,500;  &)  miles 
(07  km. »  from  Bluetields.     Reached  from  latter  point. 

San  Marcos,  Department  of  Carazo;  popidatioTi.  3.500;  3  nnles  (5 
km)  fmni  Jinotepe;  Ferrocarril  del  Sur,  Jinotepe  to  San  Marcos. 
I'roducts:  Coffee,  rubber,  .sujirar  cane. 

Wawa  River,  r)eii:irtment  of  P.lu«'tields;  population,  5,(X)0;  120 
miles  (192  km.)  norili  of  P.luetields.  Products:  Corn,  yucca,  tim- 
ber, bananas,  etc.    Gold  mines. 


COSTA  RICA, 

Maps  Nos.  7  and  8. 

Location. — Bounded  on  the  nortli  by  Nicaragua ;  on  the  northeast 
by  the  Caribbean  Sea ;  on  the  south  and  southeast  by  Panama ;  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

Area  and  Population. — Area  i-,stimated  at  18,691  square  miles. 
Population  about  442,000,  or  about  23.4  per  square  mile.  Coast  line 
on  the  Atlantic  or  Caribbean  side  is  about  181  miles  (291  km.)  ;  on 
the  Pacific  side  (greatly  broken)  about  3G0  miles  (580  km.)  in 
length. 

Physical  Features. — The  country  is  traversed  by  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains (Cordilleras),  I'unning  from  northwest  to  southeast.  There  are 
numerous  valleys  which  are  extremely  fertile;  there  are  several 
high  peaks,  including  the  volcanoes  of  I'oas,  Irazu  (11,500  feet),  and 
Turrialba  (11,350  feet). 

Climate. — In  the  main  the  climate  is  very  healthful.  On  the 
coast  and  up  to  the  foothills  to  a  height  of  3,000  feet  the  heat  is 
torrid,  the  temperature  averaging  72°  to  82°  F.  In  the  mountain 
regions,  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet,  the  mean  temperature  ranges  from 
57°  to  68°  F.  The  extreme  heights,  7,500  feet  and  above,  are  cool, 
and  frosts  are  frequent. 

Seasons. — There  are  txvo  seasons — the  winter  or  rainy  season  and 
the  summer  or  dry  season.  The  dry  season  extends  from  December 
to  April  and  the  wet  season  from  May  to  November  or  December,  or 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  southwest  monsoon.  There  is  a  fort- 
night of  dry  weather  during  the  month  of  June.  The  coldest 
months  are  December,  January,  and  February.  In  Cartago  and  San 
Jose  the  climate  is  very  delightful.  While  it  is  warm  near  the  coast, 
it  is  not  unhealthful,  and  the  rainfall  is  frequent  throughout  the 
year. 

Products  and  Industries. — The  vv'ealth  of  Costa  Rica  is  chiefly 
dependent  upon  agriculture.  Its  most  important  product  is  coffee. 
Of  secondary  importance  is  the  banana  industry,  which  has  been 
chiefly  developed  by  American  interests  in  the  Atlantic  coast  region. 
Sugar  cane,  cacao,  rubber,  corn,  beans,  and  a  few  other  products 
are  grown.  There  is  also  considerable  business  in  rosewood,  cedar, 
and  mahogany. 

Manufactures. — Manufacturing  has  not  reached  a  high  stage  of 
development.  Numerous  small  plants  supply  local  requirements. 
Shoe  factories,  some  electric  power  plants,  and  flour  mills  are 
operated. 

Mining. — In  several  very  rich  districts  gold  mining  is  carried  on; 
tliese  are  the  Abangares,  Barranca,  and  Aguacate. 

Inhabitants. — ]\Iost  of  the  inhabitants,  except  in  the  case  of  the 
Limon  district,  are  of  European  descent.  The  pure  Spanish  type  is 
marked,  many  of  the  people  or  their  antecedants  having  come  from 
Galicia.  The  Limon  district  has  quite  a  number  of  blacks,  mostly 
of  the  West  Indian  origin. 

156 


COSTA    KICA.  157 

Language. — Spanish.  Kiiplish  is  siioki-n  liy  many  of  tin'  «'(Uu'ateil 
classes. 

Currency. — CUM  is  the  loftnl  standaril.  Tiie  inonotary  unit  is  tlitJ 
.silver  colon,  wlio.so  value  (^O.-H).!  at  iu>nnal  cxcliunce,  Tnlted  States), 
fluctuates  with  llie  price  of  silver  and  tlie  rate  of  exchanue.  Coins 
in  circulation  are:  Gold  coins  of  2,  5,  10,  and  20  colones ;  silver 
coins  of  n,  10,  25,  and  50  ccntavos,  and  1  colon  (colon=100  centa- 
vos).  rajMT  money  is  emitted  by  two  banlcs  of  Issue,  under  fJov- 
erninent  supervision,  tlie  bills  l)eiuK  protected  hy  a  reserve  and 
other  collateial.  Tho  paper  is  accepted  on  a  parity  with  the 
silver  coin.s,  and  the  hills  are  of  1.  2,  5,  10,  20,  50,  and  100  cohmes. 
'  Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  is  the  ofTicial  .system,  and  is  iu 
general  use  for  conmiercial  purposes. 

Postage. — Costa  Kica  bi"lon;;s  to  the  Postal  Union.  Rate  from 
the  United  States,  5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and 
3  cents  for  eacii  additional  ounce,  with  lines  for  short  payment  of 
post  aw.     Parcel  post  is  widely  used. 

Cable. — Kate  from  Ni'w  Yorl\  to  Costa  Rita,  55  cents  per  word. 

Wireless  Telegraph  Messages. — Messages  may  be  sent  from  Limon 
to  liocas  del  Toro,  Panama;  to  Blueflelds,  Nicaragua;  and  to  Colon, 
Panama. 

Telephone. — Tliere  is  an  efficient  telephone  system. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 
LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — <H\\('<\  .SW  Broadway.  Sails 
from  Piers  48-49,  North  River  (Eleventh  Street).  Departures 
about  twice  a  week  to  New  Orleans ;  thence  by  steamer  to  Port 
Limon,  Costa   Kica.     Time.  10  days;  distance,  2,020  nautical  miles. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Co. — Office,  24  State  Street.  Sails 
from  Pier  67,  North  River  (West  Twonty-seventh  Stn-etK  De- 
partures weekly  for  Cri.stobal,  Panam;\ :  thnnce  by  Pacitic  Mail 
steamer  ( scniiiuinithl.v  service  to  Puntarenns,  Costa  Rica). 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Olfice,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  10,  Ilast  Kivor  (Purlin;::  Slip),  ami  Pier  1, 
North  River  (Battery  Place).  Departures  weekly  for  Port  Limon, 
Costa  Rica.  Time,  10  days,  includincj  stops.  Fare,  direct,  $120; 
via  Cri.stobal,  .$141  (meals  and  minimum  stateroom  acconnnodations 
included). 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  J.  Kelleher,  general 
freight  apent.  626-030  Connm-u  Street,  New  Orleans,  La.  Sailings 
every  Wednesday  for  Cristobal  and  Bocas  del  Toro,  I'anam;i,  and 
Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica.  Distance.  1,380  nautical  miles ;  time,  6 
days,  includinj^  stops;  fare  $113,  including  meals  and  minimum 
stateroom  accommodations. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Oflice.  .508  California  Street.  San 
Francisco,  <'alif.  I  >(>|i;irti'res  semimonthly  for  Puntarenas.  C^sta 
Rica.  Time,  21  days;  approximate  fare,  .$107,  includin;;  meals  and 
minimum  stateroom  accommodations.     (See  also  p.  35.) 


158  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  COSTA  RICAN  PORTS. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlaiitique. — Two  round  trips  per 
month.  One  service  from  St.  Nazaire,  France,  to  Guadeloupe,  Mav- 
tinique,  West  Indies ;  La  Guaira  and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela ; 
Savanilla  and  Cartagena,  Colombia;  and  Colon,  Panama,  and  re- 
turn. Alternate  service:  From  Havre  (Bordeaux),  France,  to 
Santander,  Spain ;  Guadeloupe,  Martinique ;  Trinidad ;  Carupano 
and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela ;  Savanilla,  Colombia ;  Port  Liraon,  Costa 
Rica ;  and  return. 

Compania  Trasatlantica  Barcelona. — One  steamer  per  month ; 
Genoa,  Italj' ;  Barcelona,  Spain;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico;  Habana, 
Cuba ;  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica ;  Savanilla,  Colombia ;  Curacao ; 
Puerto  Cabello  and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela ;  thence  back  to  San  .Juan, 
Tenerife,  and  Spain.  For  information  regarding  sailings,  inquire 
in  Port  Limon  and  San  Jose. 

Elder  &  Fyffes. — Weekly  sailings  from  England  via  Jamaica. 

la  Veloce. — Italian  Line;  Colon  and  other  ports. 

leyland  Line. — English  Line;  Colon  and  other  ports.  For  sail- 
ings, rates,  etc.,  inquire  at  Port  Limon  and  San  Jose. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Empresa  de  Transportes  Maritimos  del  Golfo  de  Nicoya. — Touches 
points  in  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  Inquire  at  San  Jose,  Puntarenas, 
and  Nicoya. 

Quarantine. — 2<o  quarantine  for  passengers  from  United  States. 
In  case  of  suspicious  illness  passengers  may  be  detained. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES.— Samples  of  no  commercial  value  are 
dutiable  at  5  centavos  per  kilo  gross  v.-eight  ($1,05  per  100  pounds). 
Samples  of  value  intended  to  be  reexported  are  subject  to  the  pay- 
ment of  duty.  This  will  be  returned  if  the  following  conditions  are 
complied  with :  The  traveling  salesman  or  his  agent  shall  enter  tlie 
samples  in  exactly  the  same  manner  as  would  be  follou-ed  in  the 
case  of  any  other  merchandise,  and  shall  make  a  deposit  to  cover 
the  full  amount  of  duty.  The  customs  official  designated  to  make 
the  customs  inspection  shall  make  a  very  careful  examination  of  the 
packages.  The  collector  of  customs  shall  give  the  salesman  or  his 
agent  a  certified  copy  of  the  entry  (p61iza),  which  must  accompany 
the  application  for  a  permit  to  reexport  the  samples  (pedimento  de 
reembarque). 

Reexportation  of  Samples. — Samples  may  be  reexported  through  the 
customhouses  of  San  Jose,  Limon,  or  Puntarenas,  and  in  the  ca.se 
of  applications  made  at  the  central  customhouse  at  San  Jose 
(aduana  central),  the  packages  will  be  sealed,  marked,  and  shipped 
with  lull  of  lading  to  the  collector  of  customs  at  port  of  departure. 
If  on  comparing  the  samples  with  the  entry  at  the  customhouses  it 
is  found  that  there  is  a  discrepancy  oi-  that  any  of  the  samples  are 
missing,  the  interested  party  shall  forfeit  the  entire  amount  of  duty 
paid. 

Sale  of  Samples, — The  commercial  traveler,  however,  can  dispose 
of  all  or  part  of  his  samples  with  permission  of  the  collector  of 
customs  concerned  and  upon  the  previous  payment  of  the  corre- 
sponding duty. 


COSTA    RICA.  169 

Time  Limit. — A  poriod  of  iXJ  tiay.s  is  allowed  to  tiavt'lln^  salesiiien 
to  avail  tlH^nisclvt-s  of  the  privilcire  of  the  reexportation,  ami  if  at 
the  end  of  this  period  the  samples  liave  not  Iuhmi  ree.\i>orte<l  the 
duties  pjild  will  u»»t  he  refunded.  When  the  coniinereial  traveler 
applies  for  the  jieruiil  to  reexi)ort  his  samples,  the  amount  depusitwl 
hy  him  on  entry  will  he  refunded,  less  a  charge  of  .">  centavos  per 
Idlo  j,Toss  weiitrht  ($1.0.1  per  HM)  pounds),  provided  the  conlents  of 
the  packages  are  the  same  as  shown  at  the  time  (»f  uiakiiifr  entry. 

Jewelry  Samples. — The  provisions  in  the  forepjin;;  do  not  apply  to 
saujples  of  ji'welry  and  arlieles  nianufaetured  of  jrold  an(i  silver. 
.Such  .samples  require  the  payment  of  tlu;  full  duty  upon  entry.  No 
refund  of  duties  isohtainahle  when  they  are  reexported.  However, 
sample,?  of  gilded  or  plated  jewelry — tliat  is,  indtation  jewelry — are 
not  suhject  to  this  pi'ovision,  and  on  these  a  refund  of  duties  can  be 
obtained. 

Repacking  Samples. — It  is  desirable,  wherever  possible,  to  repack 
trunks  exaelly  as  at  the  time  of  entry.  This  facilitates  the  clear- 
ance throu^di  custondiDUse  at  time  of  reexportation.  The  suggestion 
applies  with  equal  force  to  all  other  coimtries. 

Time  Required  for  Clearing  Samples. — This,  as  a  rule,  consumes 
only  a  few  hours.  It  is  dei)eiide:it  largely  upoJi  the  ability  of  the 
salesman  to  give  a  satisfactory  memorandum  of  the  contents  of  Ins 
trunks. 

DUTY  ON  ADVERTISING  MATTER.— The  rates  of  duty  on  adver- 
tising matter  are  as  follows,  ihe  first  figures  in  each  instance  being 
in  coloiu  s  per  gross  kilo,  and  those  in  parenthe.ses  representing  dol- 
lars per  pound:  Trinted  or  lithographed  advertisements  unfraraed, 
and  common  calendars,  0.0.5  (i^O.Ol)  ;  framed  advertisements  on 
paper  or  cardboard,  1  ($0.21)  ;  advertisements  without  conmiercial 
value,  on  glass,  O.O.j  (.*};0.01)  ;  advertisements  on  iron  plate,  0.04 
($0,008).  Tliere  is  a  surtax  of  5  per  cent  of  the  dutj-  on  imports 
intendetl  for  the  Province  of  Limon  and  of  2  per  cent  on  those 
destined  for  other  parts  of  th.e  country. 

EXCESS  BAGGAGE  RATES. — Tliere  is  no  differentiation  between 
samples  and  other  baggage.  Freight  rates  from  Port  Limon  to  San 
Jose,  2  colones  (.I^O.OS)  per  100  pounds.  The  rate  for  excess  bag- 
gage (-14  pounds  allowed  free  with  each  ticket)  is  4  colones  ($1.86) 
per  100  pounds. 

COMMERCIAL  TRAVELERS'  TAX. — No  Feileral  tax  or  license  is 
required.  In  order  to  do  business  within  the  limits  of  tlie  munici- 
palities, separate  licenses  must  be  obtained.  These  are  as  follows: 
San  .Tose,  50  colones  (.'?23.2G)  for  six  months;  Port  Limon,  2  colones 
(93  cents)  per  day,  or  8  colones  (.S3.72)  per  week.  Other  towns 
requiring  travelers'  licenses  are  the  following,  the  rates  given 
being  those  charged  for  encli  visit:  Puntarenas,  $6;  San  Ramon, 
$2 ;  Puriscal.  .?2  ;  Grecin,  $2 ;  Turrialba,  $3. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC. — There  are  three  places  which 
practically  all  commercial  travelers  visit.  These  are  Port  Limon, 
on  the  Atlantic  coast;  San  Jose,  the  capital,  in  the  interior;  and 
Puntarenas,  a  Pacitic  port.  The  most  important  business  point  is 
San  Jose,  but  it  is  ahso  possible  to  obtain  good  orders  in  Port 
Limon,  Hei'e  the  United  Fruit  Co.  maintains  a  commissary  and 
buving  office.    In  Puntarenas  are  also  a  nurnber  of  good-sized  com- 


160  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

mercial  houses.  Salesmen  in  certain  lines  And  it  necessary  to  visit 
the  smaller  places. 

Method  of  Working. — The  majority  of  travelers  enter  by  way  of 
Port  Limon,  \^'hich  they  may  "  make "  from  Colon  via  Bocas  del 
Toro,  or  direct  from  New  Orleans,  or  direct  from  New  York. 

Port  Linton. — This  city  must  be  canvassed,  particularly  the  offices 
of  the  United  Fruit  Co.  The  traveler  leaves  Port  Limon  for  San 
Jose,  107  miles  (172  km.)  west,  on  the  Northern  Railway,  the 
journey  requiring  about  nine  hours. 

San  Jose. — This  is  the  capital  of  the  Republic,  and  lies  in  a  rich 
agricultural  region.  Here  the  majority  of  wholesale  houses  are 
located,  as  well  as  many  retailers  who  are  able  to  make  direct 
importations.  Ordinarily,  San  Jose  is  a  very  good  place  in  which 
to  transact  business. 

P'untarenas. — A  train  runs  daily  from  San  Jose  to  Puntarenas. 
This  is  an  important  distributing  center.  A  number  of  good  houses 
are  located  here. 

Importing  Retailers. — In  Costa  Rica  are  dealers  who  are  accus- 
tomed to  import  direct  from  the  United  States.  They  do  not  depend 
upon  the  wholesale  houses  of  Port  Union  or  San  Jose,  and,  there- 
fore, their  business  must  be  solicited  by  representatives  of  American 
houses. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — This  is  governed  almost  invariably  by  the 
conditions  prevailing  in  the  different  lines  of  trade.  The  most  de- 
lightful period  Is  the  dry  season,  extending  from  November  to 
April.  The  period  of  greatest  prosperity  is  April,  when  coffee  comes 
into  bearing.  Merchants  in  general  prefer  to  have  their  goods 
arrive  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  two  principal  holidays,  Christ- 
mas and  Easter. 

Suggested  Eoute. — Arrival  via  Port  Limon,  Atlantic  coast:  From 
Port  Limon,  by  Northern  Railway  to  Cartago ;  thence  to  San  Jose ; 
to  HeredJa  ;  to  Alajuela  ;  thence  by  Pacific  Railway  to  Puntarenas. 
From  Puntarenas  by  launch  on  Gulf  of  Nicoya  and  caminos  de 
herradura  to  Liberia. 

Uote. — Salesmen  should  not  fail  to  obtain  from  their  customers 
full  instructions  for  the  packing  of  goods.  Nothing  should  be  left 
to  the  imagination. 

RAILaOADS.— Costa  Rica  has  in  operation,  including  branches 
and  sidings,  about  430  miles  (693  km.)  of  railway.  Of  this  the 
Government  owns  83  miles  (134  km.)  ;  140  miles  (225  km.)  belong 
to  the  Northern  Railway,  and  207  miles  (334  km.)  to  the  Costa 
Rica  Railway.  The  Costa  Rica  Railway  is  leased  by  the  Northern 
Railway.  The  principal  lines  are:  Northern.  Railway  Co.,  Port 
Limon  "to  San  Jose,  103  miles  (166  km.)  ;  and  San  Jose  to  Alejuela. 
14  miles  (23  km.)  ;  Pacific  Railway,  Puntarenas  to  San  Jose,  69 
miles   (111  km.). 

WATER  TRANSPORTATION.— The  San  Juan  River  is  the  most 
important  river  of  the  Republic.  It  flows  along  the  northern 
boundary,  and  connects  with  Lake  Nicaragua,  in  the  Republic  of 
Nicaragua,  which  is  navigable  by  large  vessels.  Several  small 
steamers  ply  regularly  between  the  inland  ports  and  the  coast. 
There  is  steamship  service  between  Puntarenas  and  other  local 
ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Nicoya.     These  poisits  can  also  be  reached 


CX)STA    RICA. 


IGl 


overland  from  tlio  soiithwestfiii  imrtlon  of  Nlrnrafjua  via  o.irr-cffTii 
over  whirl)   tin'  two  countrit's  inaiiUiiin  postal   S4»rvice. 

Points  of  Interest. — Uoad  from  Port  Trillion  to  Snn  Jo«p:  The 
scenery  is  very  beautiful,  heiiiR  coiiiparod  to  Switzerland.  The  road 
to  the  rncific  eoast  is  les.s  heantiful,  hut  nevertheless  attrartive. 

San  .Tose:  This  city  is  one  of  the  most  clmrniiiiK  of  Latin  America. 
The  theater  here  is  noted  throu^huut  the  world  for  its  l)eauty. 
Numerous  points  of  ^(■enic  charra  are  easily  accesslhle  from  the 
capital.  .\mon^  the.se  are  the  volcanoes  of  Poas  and  Irnzu,  Poa.«? 
beiug   in    constant   eruption. 

HOTEL  RATES. — In  San  Jose  the  best  hotels  charge  from  $3.50 
•to  $5  per  day  on  the  American  plan,  and  somewhat  less  for  the 
European  plan.  American  plan  is  almost  universally  used  and 
Is  the  best.  Those  of  the  second  cla.ss  charse  from  $2  to  $3  per 
day,  American  plan.  In  the  smaller  communities  the  rates  for  first- 
class  accommodations  are  somewhat  less,  rumdnp  from  $2  to  $3  per 
day,   American. 

POPULATION  OF  PROVINCES  AND  CAPITAL  CITIES. 

(Latest  estimates.) 


Provinces. 


Population. 


9an  Jose..... , 134,2^3 

Alajuela..... ^i HH),7fi3 

Cartago Go,  S40 

Heredia 47, 100 

Guanacaste 41, 3si 

Limon '  22, 3  »2 

Puntarenas i  23,632 


Capital. 


Popnlation. 


San  Jose.  37,000 

.Majuelv  6,000 

Cartapo 5,000 

Heredia 8,240 

Liberia 2, '»>) 

Limon 7,  S45 

Puntarenaa 5,000 


Distances  to  San  Jose. — Alajuehi,  13  miles  (21  km.)  ;  Cartago,  12 
miles  (1!)  km.)  ;  Heredia,  5i  miles  (9  km.)  ;  Limon,  107  miles  (172 
km.)  :  Puntarenas,  02  n)iles   (100  km.). 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  many  of  the 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Generally 
speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  hr)lidays  officially  recognizee!, 
with  the  exception  of  the  smaller  towns.  The  following  are  legal 
holidays:  .January  1,  New  Year's  Day;  April  11.  Battle  of  Rivas; 
May  1.  Surrender  of  Gen.  Walker;  July  14,  Fall  of  the  Bastile; 
September  15,  anniversary  of  Central  American  independence;  Octo- 
ber 12,  Discoverv  of  AunTica ;  December  2."),  Christmas  r)av ;  De- 
cember 29,  30,  31,  bank  holidays. 

CITIES  OF  CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  IMPORTANCE. 


ALAJTJEIA,  Province  of  Alajuela ;  population,  G.GOO.  On  the 
Northern  liailway  (Central  Division),  at  base  of  Poas  Volcano;  13 
miles  (21  km.)  west  of  San  Jose.  Climate,  seraitropical.  Principal 
products ;  Coffee,  sugar,  rubber,  and  tropical  produce.  Industries : 
Cattle  raising,  timber,  etc. 
144297^—20 11 


162  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

How  Reached. — Prom  San  Jose  by  the  Northern  Railway;  from 
Puntarenas  by  the  Pacific  Railway. 
Hotels. — Ramon  Aguilar,  El  Perea. 

Note. — This  enterprising,  beautiful  little  city  is  easily  reached 
from  San  Jose.  It  is  the  center  of  the  sugar  trade,  and  is  visited 
by  salesmen  who  canvass  closely. 

Places  Visited  from  Alajuela. — Grecia  (2,500)  is  only  7  miles  (11 
km.)  from  Alajuela  and  easily  reached;  San  Ramon  (3,400); 
San  Pedro  (1,300)  ;  Naranjo  (2.800)  ;  Atenas  (1..W0)  ;  Palmares 
(1.400)  ;  San  Mateo  (1,300)  ;  Orotina  (1,800).  The  gold  mines  of 
Aguacate  are  a  little  north  of  Atenas. 

CARTAGO,  Province  of  Cartage ;  altitude,  4.930  feet ;  population, 
5,000.  On  Northern  Railway  of  Costa  Rica,  at  southern  base  of 
Volcano  Irazu  (11,200  feet)  ;  12  miles  (19  km.)  east  of  San  Jose; 
92  miles  (147  km.)  west  of  Limon.  Climate,  .subtropical  (cool)  ; 
temperature  averages  68°  P.  Principal  products:  CofEee,  cattle, 
fibers,  vegetableSj^  fruits. 

Kow  Heached.— From  San  Jose  and  from  Port  Limon  via  Northern 
Railway. 

Hotels. — Canal,  Frances,  Lafayette. 

Note. — This  is  a  point  of  some  importance,  the  center  of  one  of 
the  richest  agricultural  districts  of  Costa  Rica.  It  has  a  number  of 
suburbs,  which  makes  its  population  about  17,000.  A  fair  volume 
of  business  is  done.  There  are  hot  springs  at  Bella  Vista,  3  miles 
distant. 

HEREDIA,  Province  of  Heredia;  population,  8,240.  On  the  Pa- 
cific Railway,  6  miles  (9  km.)  west  of  San  Jose.  Climate,  very  de- 
lightful; average  temperature,  72°  P.  Principal  products:  CofEee, 
sugar,  beans,  and  fruits.     Industries :  Cattle  raising. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Jose  by  the  Northern  Railway;  from 
Puntarenas  by  Pacific  Railway.  A  good  automobile  road  also  con- 
nects Heredia  with  San  Jose. 

Principal  Hotels. — Central,  Italiano. 

Other  Towns  Near  By. — San  Joaquin  (2,900)  ;  San  Antonio  de 
Belen  (1,900)  ;  Barba  (1,400)  ;  Santa  Barbara  (1,200)  ;  Santo  Do- 
mingo (2,900). 

Note. — This  enterprising  little  city  is  located  so  near  to  San 
Jose  that  it  is  largely  dependent  upon  it  for  supplies.  Salesmen 
who  canvass  the  small  places  will  find  it  convenient  to  visit. 

LIMON,  Atlantic  port,  Province  of  Limon;  population,  7,845. 
On  the  Northern  Railway,  107  miles  (172  km.)  east  of  San  Jose; 
1,380  nautical  miles  from  New  Orleans.  Landing,  direct  from  ship 
to  pier.  Very  active  shipping  point.  Products:  Bananas,  coffee, 
coconuts,  cocoa,  rubber,  pineapples,  sugar,  cattle.  American  consul 
and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers:  Felipe  J.  Alvarado  &  Co., 
R.  E.  Smith  &  Co.  Information  obtainable  from  United  Fruit  Co.  or 
consul. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York  and  New  Orleans  by  United  Fruit 
Co.  steamship  service ;  from  San  Jose  by  Northern  Railway. 

Hotels.— The  Lodge,  Siglo  XX,  Grand,  Park,  Londres. 

Banks. — Banco  Comercial ;  Banco  de  Costa  Rica  ;  Banco  Mercantil ; 
Lindo  Bros. ;  F.  J.  Alvarado  &  Co. ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Steamship  Service. — Steamers  leave  Colon,  Panama,  usually  in 
the  afternoon,  arriving  at  Limon  early  the  next  morning.    Regular 


C()STA   HI  (A.  163 

seuiimontlily  service  by  fJovornmcnt  vessels  to  Bocas  del  Torn, 
Panama,  calling  at  Costa  Rk-aii  ports  of  Caliuita,  Puerto  Viejo,  and 
Gandoca, 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  Costa  Rica;  very  Important  b(v 
cause  of  the  Ivaiiaiia  industry.  The  United  Fruit  Co.  maintains  a 
large  ooniinissary  liere. 

Adjacent  Towns. — Siquirros  (2.700);  growing  rapidly;  owes  it.s 
wealth  to  the  banana  industry.  Is  38  miles  (61  km.)  from  Port 
Limon.  Kea<'Iie(l  by  tlu^  Northern  Railway.  Also  Las  Junta.i 
( 1,800  >  and  Acosta   (2,.500). 

PUNTARENAS,  Province  of  Puntarenas;  Pacific  port  on  Gulf 
of  Nicoya :  pojjulation,  5,000.  Steamers  li*>  otTsiiore;  small  boats 
carry  passengers  to  iron  pier.  On  Pacific  Railway,  02  milt's  (100 
km.)  west  of  San  Jo.se;  about  249  miles  (400  km.)  from  Panama 
City.  Temperature  averages  80°  F.  Prodticts :  Sugar,  cattle,  coco- 
nuts, mnthor-of-pearl,  timber,  dyewoods.     American  consular  agmt. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Jose  via  Pacific  Railroad.  Trains 
daily;  journey  requires  six  hours. 

Steamship  Agents. — Felipe  J.  Alvarado  &  Co. 

Bank. — F.  J.  Alvarado  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Hotel  Europa,  i?2  to  .^3  per  day;  Londres,  .$2  per  day. 

Note. — This  is  tlu'  only  Pacific  port  of  Costa  Rica  and  therefore 
quite  iinportanv.  All  who  arrive  by  way  of  the  Pacific  must  pass 
through  it.  A  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  done,  there  being 
some  excellent  hou.^es  located  hero.  The  southwestern  part  of  Costa 
Rica  is  canvassed  from  this  point. 

Adjacent  Town. — Esparta.  population  about  2,000,  can  easily  be 
reached  from  Puntarenas. 

SAN  JOSE. — Province  of  San  Jose;  capital  of  the  Republic;  popu- 
lation, 37,(X)0;  altitude,  3,8.jO  feet;  average  temperature,  70"  F. 
Located  on  Ferrocarril  del  Pacifico  and  Northern  Railway ;  107 
miles  (172  km.)  west  of  Limon,  and  62  miles  (100  km.)  east  of 
Puntarenas.  American  minister,  consul,  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's 
agent,  W.  L.  Lyon.  I'roducts.  agricultural;  coffoe  is  chief  source  of 
wealth. 

How  Reached. — From  Puntarenas  via  Ferrocarril  del  Pacifico ; 
from  Limon  via  Nortliern  Railway ;  from  Heredia  by  automobile 
road. 

Hotels. — Washington,   Frances,  Europa,   Imperial,    San   Jose. 

Banks. — Anglo-Costarricense ;  International  de  CoSta  Rica  ;  Mer- 
cantil  de  Costa  Rica ;  Banco  de  Costa  Rica ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 
These  banks  have  agencies  in  the  chief  cities. 

Note. — While  in  San  .lose  travelers  can  obtain  information  re- 
garding vessels  calling  at  either  Puntarenas,  on  the  Pacific,  or  Port 
Limon,  on  the  Atlantic,  by  application  to  the  steamship  agents. 
San  Jose  is  the  most  itnportant  city  in  Costa  Rica.  There  are 
numerous  whole.sale  houses  which  canvass  the  Republic  thoroughly ; 
also  a  number  of  important  retail  firms  who  are  ii\  a  position  to 
import  directly.  The  traveler  should  give  San  Jose  particular 
attention. 

Adjacent  Towns. — Villa  de  Desamparados  (2,150)  ;  Villa  de  San- 
tiago  (2.800);  San  Marcos   (2,000);  Aserri   (2,150). 


164  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  less  important  places  in  Costa  Rica,  Some 
of  these,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  canvass  their 
territory  closely.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the  busi- 
ness available  'in  these  places  be  made  at  the  largest  towns  near 
them. 

Abangares,  Province  of  Guanacaste ;  population,  800.  Here  are 
the  famous  Abangares  gold  mines. 

Esparta,  Province  of  Puntarenas ;  population,  2,000;  13  miles 
(22  km.)  from  Puntarenas,  on  Pacific  Railway.  Products:  Sugar, 
corn,  rice,  beans,  tobacco,  gold,  silver,  copper. 

Liberia,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Guanacaste ;  population.  2,600 ; 
climate,  temperate.  Reached  from  Puntarenas  via  steamer  to  El 
Behedero:  thence  by  carretera.  Products:  Cacao,  sugar,  beans, 
rice,  cattle,  rubber,  cotton,  coconuts. 

Nicoya,  Province  of  Guanacaste;  population,  1,900.  Situated  oa 
INIorote  River.  Reached  from  Puntarenas  via  Golfo  de  Nicoya,  local 
steamship   service.     Products :  Indigo,   cacao,   cattle,   manganese. 

Paraiso,  Province  of  Cartago ;  population,  3,500;  4  miles  (6^  km.) 
from  Cartago,  on  Northern  Railway.  Products :  Coffee,  corn,  beans, 
woods,  tobacco,  potatoes,  fibers. 

Santo  Domingo,  Province  of  Cartago;  population,  2,900;  in  cen- 
tral Costa  Rica.  Reached  by  Northern  Railroad  from  Port  TJmon 
and  San  Jose.  Products:  Coffee,  corn,  beans.  This  is  an  im- 
portant coffee  center. 

San  Eamon,  Department  of  Alajuela ;  population,  8,500;  reached 
from  Alajuela  by  a  very  good  road.  Products:  Tropical  products, 
gold   silver,  and  lead.     This  is  an  important  commercial  center. 

Tiirrialba,  Province  of  Cartago;  population,  1,800;  on  Northern 
Railway;  reached  from  Port  Limon.  Products:  Coffee,  tropical 
produce.    Cattle  raising  is  an  important  industry  in  .this  district. 


PANAMA. 

Mnp  No.  8. 

Location. — Most  nortliprly  of  the  South  American  Republlos. 
Generally  considered  a  country  of  Central  America.  Bounded  ou 
the  north  by  the  Curihhciin  Sea;  on  the  east  !)y  Colombia;  on  the 
soudi  by  the  Pacilic  Ctean ;  and  on  the  west  by  ('osta  Kica.  It 
conr.'iins  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  the  property  of  the  Unlteil 
States. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  32.380  .square  miles.  Populatron, 
about  4'2ri,00i) — about  13  iidiabltants  per  scpiare  mile.  Coast  line, 
Atlantic  side,  477  miles  (7GS  km.)  ;  Pficific  side,  7G7  miles  (1,234 
km.).  Greatest  length  of  Panama  is  420  miles  (07G  km.)  ;  f^-eatest 
width,  lis  miles  (IDO  km.) 

Physical  Features. — The  chief  characteristics  are  two  mountain 
raiifrt's.  which  i "averse  the  Republic.  They  incl«>se  a  numlKT  of 
valleys  and  plains,  wiiich,  beins  very  fertile,  artiad  excelleni  pas- 
turaife  for  cattle.  All  the  products  of  the  Tropical  Zone  can  be 
raised  in  tiiis  country.  The  slop*^  of  the  mountains  are  covered 
with  extensive  forests.  AIouk  the  Atlantic  coast  are  numerous 
banana  plant.itions. 

Climate. — Tropical,  with  very  heavy  rainfall,  which  is  heavier  on 
the  east  coast  than  on  the  west.  lu  the  interior,  whi're  the  alti- 
tudes are  higher,  tlie  climate  is  far  more  aerreeable,  the  average 
temi)erature  being  about  GG"  F.  The  mean  temperature  on  the  At- 
lantic and  Pucilic  coasts  is  about  80°  F.  The  variation  is  very  slight 
from  season  to  season. 

Seasons. — The  summer  or  dry  season  extends  from  January  to 
April,  the  winter  or  rainy  season  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
year.  Heaviest  raius  occur  during  October  antl  November,  Aver- 
age annual  rainfall  on  the  Atlantic  coast  is  about  140  iudu-s;  on  the 
Pacific  C(jast,  60  inches;  and  in  the  interior,  93  inches.  The  hottest 
months  are  .January,  February,  and  March ;  they  are,  however, 
teinpon^d  somev.hat  by  ocean  breezes.  During  the  dry  season  the 
winds  are  from  the  northeast. 

Products. — Bananas,  rubber,  coconuts,  cacao,  ivory  nuts,  cocobola 
wood,  hides  and  skins,  motlier-of-pearl,  tortoise  shell,  hardwoods 
(iiielutling  mahogany),  dyewoods,  cattle. 

Minerals. — There  is  said  to  be  considerable  gold,  copper,  coal,  and 
salt  dei>oslts,  but  up  to  the  present  they  have  not  been  exploitetl. 

Industries. — These  are  of  a  very  minor  character  and  significance. 

Inhabitants. — The  people  are  chiefly  of  a  mixed  race,  including 
elements  of  Spani.sh,  Indian,  and  Negro  blood.  There  are  also  many 
Negroes  of  British  nationality,  wlio  have  come  from  the  "West  In- 
dies.    The  number  of  pure  whites  is  comparatively  small. 

Language. — S[)ainsh  and  English,  the  latter  being  understood 
commercially  by  the  majority  of  business  men  in  Panama  City  and 
Colon. 

Currency. — The  monetary  unit  is  the  gold  balboa,  whose  par  value 
is  $1  United  States  currency,  but  no  balboas  are  actually  coined 

165 


166  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

and  in  circulation,  Tlie  following  silver  coins  are  current:  Peso, 
or  half-balboa  ($0.50)  ;  50-centavo,  20-centavo,  10-centavo,  5-centavo. 
and  2J-centavo  pieces.  No  bills  are  in  circulation.  The  total 
coinage  of  the  country  is  about  $2,000,000  in  silver,  and  the  paritv 
is  maintained  by  a  deposit  of  $300,000  in  gold  with  the  United 
States  Government,  upon  M'hich  Panama  receives  6  per  cent  in- 
terest. 

The  silver  half-balboa,  or  peso,  represents  exactly  the  same  vahv' 
as  50  cents  in  American  money.  In  all  other  countries  the  peso 
consists  of  100  cents,  whetlier  they  are  called  "  centavos,"  "  cen- 
timos,"  or  "  centesimos."  For  this  reason  the  misnamed  Panama 
*'  peso  "  is  divided  into  100  imaginary  cents,  2  of  which  must  make 
up  the  value  of  1  cent  in  gold.  All  legal  prices  are  quoted  in  terms 
of  the  American  gold  dollar;  these  include  railway  tickets,  hotel 
rates,  postage  stamps,  etc.  All  commercial  prices  are  quoted  in  the 
terms  of  the  fictitious  local  dollar  or  peso.  The  legal  charge  for  a 
carriage  is  10  cents.  The  price  stated  by  the  "  cochero  "  (driver)  is 
always  20  cents.  Sometimes  he  may  add  the  word  "  plata  "  (silver) 
for  the  understanding  of  the  stranger. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  is  the  official  system. 

Postage. — Panama  belongs  to  the  Postal  Union,  and  the  domestic 
rates  apply  on  mail  matter  from  the  United  States.  Parcels  are 
subject  to  the  eighth-zone  rate,  United  States  parcel  post. 

Cable. — The  cable  rate  from  New  York  City  to  Panama  is  40  cents 
per  word.  There  is  cable  service  to  North  and  South  American 
ports. 

Wireless. — The  United  Fruit  Co.  has  a  wireless  station  at  Colon. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  Line). — Office,  366  Broadway.  Sail- 
ings from  Piers  48-49,  North  River  (West  Eleventh  Street).  De- 
partures on  Wednesdays  and  Saturdays  for  New  Orleans ;  thence 
by  steamer  to  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Bocas  del  Toro.  Distance, 
2,040  nautical  miles;  time.  8  days. 

United  Pruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office.  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  Slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Battery  Place).  Departures  weekly  for  Colon  (CristobaH. 
Connects  for  all  points  on  the  Panama  Railroad.  Fortnightly  sail- 
ings for  Bocas  del  Toro.  Time  and  distance  as  above ;  approximate 
fare,  $125,  including  meals  and  minimum  stateroom  accommoda- 
tions. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — Office,  24  State  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  67,  North  River  (West  Twenty-seventh  Street). 
Departures  weekly  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Panama  City. 
Reaches  all  points  on  the  Panama  Railroad.  Pare  from  New  York 
to  Cristobal,  $75.     Time,  7  days. 

United  States  &  Pacific  Line.— Office,  104  Pearl  Street.  Depar- 
tures monthly  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Panama  City  (Balboa). 
Fare  from  New  York  to  Cristobal,  $120.     Time,  6  days. 


PANAMA,  107 

LINE  FROM  M:W  ORLEANS. 

Most  travelt-r.^  pivfer  to  make  tl«e  trip  U>  X<-\v  Orleans  by  rail  ami 
embark  there. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  J.  Kollehcr,  general 
freight  agent,  r)20-i;.".O  ('(iiiiinon  .Street,  New  Orleans,  La.  SailhiKs 
every  We;lnes(lay  for  Cohni  (CJristobal)  and  Bocas  del  Toro, 
I'anania,  and  I'ort  Limon,  Costa  Rlea ;  every  Saturday  for  TIabana. 
C(»l()n  (Cristcban,  and  T.ocas  del  Toro.  Connefts  for  all  iioints  on 
the  Panama  Railroad,  Distance,  1,350  nautical  miles;  approximate 
fare.  $1UG,  including  meals  and  minimum  stateroom  acconimoda- 
tions;  time  t<»  Colon,  G  days;  to  Bocas  del  Toro,  10  days,  including 
stops. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Office,  i508  California  Street,  Depar- 
turk's  st-mimontlily  for  ranama  City  (r.all)oa).  Distance  to  Balboa, 
3,245  nautical  milesi;  time,  21  days;  fare,  $107,  including  meals  and 
minimum  stateroom  acconnnodalions.  Si'c  paiije  35  for  rates  of  fare 
between  Balbou  uud  Central  American  ports, 

OTHER  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Compagnie  Transatlantique, — Sailings  tbe  9th  and  25th  of  each 
month  from  Kurope ;  and  24th  and  8th  to  Europe,  One  service 
from  St.  Nazaire,  France,  to  Guadeloupe,  Martinique.  West  Indies; 
La  Guaira  and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela ;  Savanilla  and  Carta- 
gena, Colombia ;  and  Colon,  Panama ;  and  return. 

Miscellaneous  Lines. — The  Companfa  Trasatlantica  (Spanish), 
La  Veloce  (Italian),  Leyland  Line,  and  others  have  in  the  past  had 
sailings  to  Colon.  Inquiry  should  be  made  in  Colon  and  Panama 
for  dates  of  departure,  rates,  itineraries,  etc. 

TYPICAL  ITINERARIES  OF  UNITED  FRUIT  CO.  STEAMERS.— 
Leave  Colon  Sunday,  arrive  at  Bocas  del  Toro  Monday.  Other 
steamers  leave  Colon  Wetlnesday,  arrive  at  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica, 
Thursday,  and  at  Bocas  del  Toro  Saturday ;  leave  Bocas  del  Toro 
Saturday  night,  arrive  at  Colon  Sunday  morning. 

Handling  of  Baggage, — After  the  quarantine  inspection  conies  the 
customs  examination  by  Government  ofhcials.  This  usually  takes 
place  on  the  dock.  All  that  is  necessary  is  to  notify  the  customs 
oflicials  that  the  baggage  is  ready  for  examination,  and  the  inspec- 
tion will  be  made  at  once.  The  next  step  is  to  have  the  baggage 
transferred  to  hotel  or  railroad  station.  The  Isthmian  Express  Co. 
will  transfer  baggage  to  any  point  in  Colon,  Cristobal,  Panama,  or 
A neon. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  that  possess  no  commercial 
value  are  admitted  free  of  duty.  Others  are  admitted  under  bond 
or  upon  deposit  of  the  amount  of  duty  to  v\hich  they  would  be  sub- 
ject. Bond  is  canct^led  or  deposit  refunded  upon  presentation  of 
proof  of  reexportation.  The  traveler  should  not  tlispose  of  samples 
subject  to  duty  without  furnishing  an  exact  record  to  the  customs 
authorities  at  the  port  of  entry,  else  he  may  incur  a  fine. 

Reexportation, — Samples  must  be  reexported  through  the  original 
port  of  t-ntry  uidi-ss  notification  is  given  to  the  collector  of  customs. 


1G8  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Tho  traveler  may  enter  at  Bocas  del  Toro  and  reexport  his  samples 
from  Panama. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — When  samples  accompany  the 
traveler  and  are  plainly  unsalable,  very  little  time  is  required — 
usually  five  or  six  hours.  If  samples  are  subject  to  duty,  more 
time  may  be  needed  to  clear  them. 

Procediire  at  Ports. — The  procedure  is  very  simple,  but  the  aid  of 
customs  broict  rs  may  be  desirable,  particularly  in  case  of  difficulties 
and  when  bond  is  necessary. 

Duty  on  Advertising  Matter. — ^Advertising  matter  carried  by  com- 
mercial travelers  may  be  entered  free  of  duty.  It  is  necessary, 
howevei*,  to  indicate  in  the  clearance  documents  that  it  is  of  nomi- 
nal value. 

Excess  Baggage. — ^The  charge  for  excess  baggage  on  the  Panama 
Railroad  bet-ween  Colon  and  Panama  is  at  the  rate  of  1  cent  per 
pound.     There  is  a  special  allowance  to  commercial  travelers. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  most  pleasant  time  to  visit  Panama  is 
between  December  and  March.  Even  though  this  is  the  wet  season, 
the  traveler  can  avoid  the  heavy  rains.  The  temperature  is  the 
most  agreeable  at  this  time. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — It  is  necessary  for  travelers  to  obtain 
a  municipal  license  in  the  district  in  which  they  desire  to  do  busi- 
ness. Following  are  the  fees :  Panama,  30  days,  $10 ;  Colon,  6 
months,  .$12..50 :  Bocas  del  Toro,  6  months,  $10. 

CANVASSING  PANAMA. — The  only  important  commercial  centers 
in  Panama  ai'e  Bocas  del  Toro,  Colon,  and  Panama  City.  David  is  a 
point  which  is  growing  in  importance.  Many  commercial  travelers 
confine  their  efforts  to  Colon  and  Panama.  The  chief  wholesale  houses 
are  located  in  the  latter  city  and  serve  the  smaller  local  merchants  as 
well  as  those  at  points  adjacent.  A  great  deal  of  importing  is  also 
done  by  the  better  class  of  retail  stores  in  Colon  as  vv'ell  as 
Panama.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  most  travelers  on  their  way 
to  and  from  South  America,  east  and  west  coast,  stop  at  the  Isth- 
mus. If  the  traveler  comes  from  the  east  he  may  as  well  stop  at 
Colon,  although  not  infrequently  salesmen  go  through  to  Panama 
and  return  to  Colon  to  solicit  business.  The  cost  of  transportation 
is  not  heavy  and  some  travelers  prefer  to  stay  at  Panama. 
Bocas  del  Toro  is  usually  made  in  connection  with  Colon,  the 
traveler  either  visiting  it  on  his  way  to  Poi't  Limon,  Costa  Rica,  or 
on  his  journey  to  Colon  from  Costa  Rica.  Bocas  del  Toro  is  a 
thriving  city  and  the  headquarters  of  the  United  Fruit  Co.,  where  a 
large  commissary  is  maintained..  There  are  also  a  number  of  other 
important  business  establishm.ents,  including  wholesalers  who  serve 
the  dealers  in  the  surrounding  country.  Bocas  del  Toro  is  can- 
vassed regularly  by  the  houses  of  New  Orleans,  St.  Louis,  Chicago, 
etc.  Some  of  the  retailers  import  direct.  If  the  traveler  wishes 
to  reach  David,  the  following  is  the  route  taken :  National  Naviga- 
tion Co.  from  Panama  to  Pedregal ;  thence  overland. 

Suggested  Routes. — From  Colon,  by  United  Fruit  Co.  steamer  or 
gasoline  launch  to  Bocas  del  Toro.  (From  Bocas  del  Toro  one  can 
also  go  by  Uuitetl  Fruit  Co.  steamer  to  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica.) 
From  Colon,  by  steamer  or  railroad  to  Panama  C'ity  ;  by  National 
Navigation  Co.  steamer  to  Puerto  Mutis;  by  carretera  or  camino  de 


PANAMA.  169 

hpnadura  to  Santiapo.  From  Panama  f'ily  by  National  Nuvlyutlon 
Co.  steauior  to  Pedrosal ;  by  carretera  to  David. 

Roads. — In  the  interior  tlie  roads  are  oftf-n  inipas.«;able  during  the 
rainy  season.  Hofore  undertakin.ir  a  journey  the  traveler  should 
ascertain  the  oondifions  that  may  confront  him. 

Places  of  Interest. — In  addition  to  the  oanal.  which  Is,  of  coarse. 
of  tfrcat  interest,  the  following:  may  be  specified: 

Governnunt  and  municipal  buililin^s,  I'anamn  City:  Very  jmpos- 
in?  structures.  C'atlicdral  lit  ranama  City:  on  the  Plazn  Itnlc- 
pendencia ;  completed  in  1760;  one  of  the  historical  landmarks  in 
the  city.  Ruins  of  tower  of  old  Panama :  About  6  rai!e.«!  southeast 
of  Panama  City.  Ruins  of  Porto  Bello :  Here  may  be  seen  the  ruins 
of  the  fortifications  which  were  destroyed  by  Morgan,  the  buccaneer, 
in  166S. 

Hotel  Rates. — The  be.st  hotels  in  Colon  and  Panama  charae  from 
$4  to  $7  per  day,  American  plan,  and  somewhat  lesis  for  EJuropean 
plan.  Tliose  of  the  second  category  ran.ee  from  >f'2  to  i/i'd  jjer  day. 
American  plan.  In  the  smaller  places  the  accommodations  are  re- 
stricted to  abf)ut  one  chiss  somewhat  inferior,  averaging  iu  cost 
Irom  $2  to  .'?3  jier  day  on  the  American  plan. 

Telegraph  Rates. — For  tlio  interior,  tirst  10  words,  10  cents ; 
every  additional  10  words,  5  cents:  no  charge  for  address  and  sig- 
nature. From  Panama  to  Colon,  5  cents  per  word  is  charged,  in- 
cluding address  and  signature. 

PRiiNCIPAL  RAILROADS.— Panama  Railroad,  from  Colon  to 
Pananm,  48  miles  (77  km.)  ;  branch  line  from  Panama  to  Balboa.  3 
miles  (5  km.).  A  private  line  radiates  from  Almirante,  carrying 
botli  freight  and  passengers,  I.jI  miles  (213  km.). 

Distances. — Kocas  del  Toro  to  Colon,  IGl  miles  (2.59  km.)  :  David 
to  Panama  City,  310  miles  (500  km.)  :  Panama  City  to  Colon.  45 
miles  (72  km.)  ;  Santiago  to  Panama  City,  1.55  miles  (250  km.). 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  the  chief 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Generally 
si'caking.  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  which  are  officially 
recognized.  In  the  sraaller  towns,  however,  the  merchants  fre- 
quently take  advantage  of  these  occasions  to  sell  their  wares.  In 
addition  to  the  church  festivals,  the  following  are  legal  holidays: 
.Tanuary  ],  Now  Year's  Day;  July  4,  Ani>>ricnn  Independence  Day; 
.July  24,  birthday  of  Gen.  Bolivar;  October  12,  Columbus  Day;  No- 
vember 3,  anniversary  of  separation  from  Colombia;  November  27, 
Thaidjsgiving  I)ay ;  December  25,  Chri.stmas  Day. 

CITIES  OF  CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  IMPORTANCK 

BOCAS  DEL  TORO,  Province  of  Bocas  del  Toro;  altitude,  sea 
level ;  population,  4,500.  Located  on  an  island  of  same  name  in  one 
of  the  entrances  to  Chiriqui  Lagoon ;  GO  nautical  miles  from 
Linion.  Costa  Rica,  and  140  nautical  miles  from  Colon.  Principal 
products :  Bananas,  cacao,  coffee,  coconuts,  hides,  rubb<M-,  toi)acco. 

How  Reached. — From  Colon  or  Limon,  Costa  Rica,  by  Unileil 
Fruit  Co.  steamers  and  gasoline  launches.  Baggage  allowance,  200 
pounds;  excess,  li  c»:'uts  per  pound.     Information  obtainable  from 


170  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

vesideut  Ainei-ican  consular  agent.  Steamship  company  agents, 
United  Fruit  Co. 

Principal  Hotels. — Washington,  Central. 

Note. — This  city  depends  almost  exclusively  on  the  banana  in- 
dustry, controlled  by  the  United  Fruit  Co.,  which  maintains  a  com- 
missary here.  In  addition,  there  are  a  number  of  general  mer- 
chandise stores,  some  of  which  do  both  a  wholesale  and  retail 
business, 

COLON,  Province  of  Colon ;  population,  25,000.  Landing :  Vessels 
lie  alongside  docks.  Located  on  Panama  Railroad,  190  nautical 
miles  from  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica,  and  45  miles  (72  km.)  from 
Panama  City.  Principal  products:  Bananas,  pineapples,  and  other 
tropical  fruits.  American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Oswald  Montagu  Grimsey. 

Kow  Reached. — From  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica,  by  United  Fruit 
Co.  steamers ;  from  Panama  City  by  Panama  Railroad  or  steamers. 

Banks. — International  Banking  Corporation ;  Panama  Banking 
Co.  (branch  of  Panama  Banking  Co.,  Panama)  ;  Canal  Zone  Bank; 
National  Bank  of  the  Republic  of  Panama;  American  Foreign 
Banking  Corporation. 

Hotels. — Washington  (United  States  Government  hotel),  Aspin- 
wall.  Grand  Hotel  Imperial,  Cosmopolitan,  Park, 

Note. — There  are  some  wholesale  houses  here,  but  the  principal 
business  is  retail,  most  of  the  merchants  importing  direct.  Cristobal 
(Canal  Zone)  is  practically  a  part  of  Colon. 

DAVID,  Province  of  Chiriqui ;  population,  13,500.  Distant  310 
miles  (500  km.)  from  Panama  City.  Principal  products:  Sugar 
cane,  corn,  cacao,  rubber,  cattle.     American  vice  consul. 

Hotel. — Santiago  Lombardi,  $1.50  per  day. 

How  Reached. — A  regular  weekly  steamship  service  is  main- 
tained between  Panama  and  David.  The  trip  takes  from  three  to 
six  days,  depending  on  the  number  of  stops  on  the  way.  There  is 
also  a  fast  service,  the  scheduled  time  being  about  30  hours.  This 
line  extends  to  Puntarenas,  Costa  Rica. 

Note. — This  is  the  capital  and  the  principal  city  of  the  Province 
of  Chiriqui,  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  of  the  Republic.  It  is 
located  on  the  David  River,  about  5  miles  from  Pedregal,  its  port. 
A  railroad  is  in  course  of  construction. 

PANAMA  CITY,  capital  of  the  Republic ;  population,  65,000.  Situ- 
ated in  Province  of  Panama,  on  Panama  Railroad.  45  miles  from 
Colon,  249  miles  (400  km.)  from  Puntarenas,  Costa  Rica.  Land- 
ing, Balboa,  alongside  docks.  Products :  Pineapples,  bananas,  and 
other  tropical  produce.  American  minister,  consul,  and  vice  consul 
in  residence.  Steamship  company  agents:  United  Fruit  Co.,  Royal 
Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.,  Panama  Rail- 
road Steamship  Co.     Lloyd's  agent :  E.  S.  Humber. 

Hotels. — Tivoli  (at  Ancon,  1  mile  from  Panama,  operated  by 
United  States  Government),  International,  Metropole,  Central,  Con- 
tinental. American,  France,  Europa. 

How  Reached. — From  Colon  via  Panama  Railroad;  from  Punta- 
renas, Costa  Rica,  via  coastwise  steamers. 

Banks. — ^Banco  Nacional ;  Commercial  National  Bank  of  Wash- 
ington ;  Continental  Bank  &  Trust  Co, ;  International  Banking  Cor- 


PANAAfA.  171 

poration ;  I'iinama  BtinkinK  Co.;  IJaiik  of  the  Canal  Zone;  American 
Foroifni  Banking  Corpuration, 

Balboa. — In  the  Canal  Zone.  3  miles  west  of  Panama  Citj' ;  ex- 
ccllont  wliarves.     Larpo  transit  traile. 

Note. — .V  larjje  wholesale  as  well  as  retail  business  is  carriefl  on 
here.  Most  of  the  retailors  are  able  to  import  direct.  The  whole- 
sale houses  supply  the  merchants  of  the  interior. 

SANTIAGO,  Trovince  of  Vera^a ;  population,  5,000;  155  miles 
(2.")(t  km.)    from  I'anama  City.     I'rodiuts:  Tropical  produce. 

How  Reached. — By  craft  of  the  National  Navigation  Co.  from 
Panama,  via  Puerto  Mutis  and  Aguadulce;  thence  by  cart  road  for 

27  miles  (44  km.). 

Note. — Although  difficult  of  access,  Santiago  is  visited  by  those 
who  "  make "  the  smaller  towns.  The  section  tributaiy  to  it  is 
considered  one  of  the  richest  of  Panama. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  less  important  places  in  Panama.  Some  of 
these,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  canva.ss  tlveir  terri- 
tory closely.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the  business 
available  in  these  places  be  made  at  the  largest  towns  near  them. 

Aguadulce,  Province  of  (Jocle ;  population,  8,2(X»;  seaport,  situated 

28  miles  (45  km.)  from  Penonome  and  113  miles  (182  km.)  from 
Panama.  Reached  by  steamers  of  the  National  Navigation  Co. 
Products:  Sugar  and  cattle. 

Chitre,  capital  of  the  Province  de  los  Santos;  population,  9.7.50. 
I'roducts :  Sugar,  caoutchouc,  I'ice,  corn,  aguardiente.  Reachetl  by 
steamers  of  the  National  Navigation  Co. :  also  sailing  vessels  to 
Colombia. 

Penonome,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Code.  Population.  15,200. 
Distant.  106  miles  (170  km.)  from  Panama  and  15  miles  (25  km.) 
from  Puerto  Gago.  Products :  Coffee,  caoutchouc,  cotton,  woods, 
cattle.  Industries :  Manufacture  of  straw  hats.  Reached  by  steam- 
ers of  National  Navigation  Co.,  via  Aguadulce;  thence  by  carretera. 

Sona. — Province  of  Veragua ;  population,  10,000;  186  miles  (300 
km.)  from  Panama,  22  miles  (35  km.)  from  Santiago.  Carretera  to 
Puerto  Barranco  Colorado.  I'roducls;  Wheat,  rice,  beans,  cacao, 
coffee,  caoutchouc,  medicinal  plants. 


WEST  INDIES. 
CUBA. 

Maps  Nos.  4  and  5. 

Location. — Cuba  is  the  largest  and  most  important  of  all  the 
West  Indian  islands.  Its  length  is  about  780  miles  (1,255  km.)  ; 
average  width.  50  to  60  miles  (SO  to  96  km.)  ;  greatest  width,  100 
miles  (161  km.)  ;  narrowest  width,  35  miles  (56  km.).  At  the  point 
nearest  the  United  States,  Cuba  is  about  90  nautical  miles  from 
Key  West,  Fla.  The  island  is  50  nautical  miles  west  of  Haiti  and 
85  miles  from  Jamaica. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  44,215  square  miles;  popula- 
tion, 2,627,586,  or  about  59  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Physical  Features. — Cuba  is  traversed  by  several  irregular  moun- 
tain C'hains  that  run  in  various  directions,  forming  between  them 
a  number  of  fertile  and  healthful  valleys  and  plateaus.  Pico 
Turquino,  in  the  Sierra  Maestra  Range,  8,320  feet  above  sea  level, 
is  the  highest  point  on  the  island. 

E-ivers. — While  Cuba  has  numerous  rivers,  most  of  them  are  too 
short  or  too  swift  for  navigation.  The  largest  river,  the  Cauto,  is 
navigable  for  about  50  miles  (80  km.),  and  the  Sagua  la  Grande 
Is  navigable  for  about  20  miles  (32  km.). 

Climate. — The  climate  is  tropical  and  insular ;  it  varies  materially, 
the  tropical  heat  of  the  coast  being  modified  by  the  altitude  of  the 
interior  mountainous  sections  and  plateaus,  as  well  as  by  healthful 
sea  breezes. 

Seasons. — The  hotter,  or  rainy,  season  begins  in  the  middle  of 
May  and  continues  until  the  end  of  October,  but  even  during  this 
period  the  mornings  are  bright  and  clear.  The  average  annual 
rainfall  is  52  inches;  the  heaviest  rains  occur  in  June  and  the 
lightest  in  March.  In  the  northeastern  section  of  the  island  the 
average  rainfall  is  about  100  inches ;  in  Habana  the  avwage  is 
about  50  inches. 

In  the  coast  cities  the  summer  temperature  is  often  very  high, 
although  as  a  rule  it  does  not  exceed  90°  P.  In  the  mountain 
regions  the  temperature  sometimes  falls  to  50°  or  less. 

Agricultural  Products. — The  chief  dependence  of  Cuba  is  upon 
sugar  and  tobacco.  The  statistics  v.ill  show  to  what  extent  sugar 
is  accountable  for  the  wealth  of  this  island.  Other  agricultural 
products  are  pineapples,  coconuts,  limes,  and  many  other  kinds  of 
tropical  fruits. 

Pastoral  Wealth. — There  is  a  considerable  and  growing  interest  in 
the  cattle  industry,  and  hides  and  skins  are  exported  in  increasing 
quantities. 

Mineral  Wealth. — The  most  important  mining  operations  are  for 
the  production  of  iron.  Other  mineral  deposits  are  gold,  copper, 
asphalt,  mercury,  zinc,  antimony,  coal,  asbestos,  petroleum,  and 
manganese. 

172 


CUBA.  17;^ 

Industries. — ^^■!liI(M'^lhil  is  not  a  iiKinufiuturiii^;  country,  tlit-  iiuu; 
her  of  small  factories  is  rapidly  iTKivasiim.  Tliere  are  se\eiiil 
Important  plants  dovotod  to  flu'  manufiU'ture  of  ci;;urs,  cif^artrtL*  s, 
underwear,  shoes,  clotliinir,  funiilure.  elc.  There  are  also  foundriew, 
machine  shops,  automohile  plants,  soap  and  iKjrfunie  factories,  etc. 
Other  works  are  <levoted  to  stone  and  niarhle. 

Inhabitants. — The  native  wiiites  are  the  most  important  element 
.  of  I  he  i)opulation.     Foreiirn-born  whites  are  ehielly  Spanish.     There 
is  also  a  larue  admixture  of  Nejrro  hlood. 

language. — Spani.sh. 

Currency. — The  unit  of  value  is  the  <rold  peso,  of  the  same  wd^lit 
and  fineness  as  the  American  dollar.  The  coins  are  in  denomina- 
tions of  .$.5,  .$10,  and  $20  jroM  ;  10,  20.  40  cents,  and  ."Jl  silver ;  and  1. 
2,  and  .">  cents  nickel. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Tlie  metric  system  prevail.-?  in  thi.s  coun- 
try. 

Postage. — Letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States  is  2  cents 
per  ounce  or  fractional  part  tliereof. 

Telegraphs  and  Telephones. — The  island  is  well  s\ipplie<l  with 
telegraph  and  telephone  systems,  owned  and  operatetl  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. The  rates  for  telegraph  messages  are  2  to  5  cents  per 
word,  depending  on  the  distance. 

Cable. — The  International  Cable  Co.  operates  a  cable  between 
Ilahana  and  l^unta  Rassa.  Fla.  The  Postal  or  Commercial  Cable  Co. 
has  a  direct  line  to  New  York.  The  Western  Union  al.so  has 
connection  with  the  mainland.  A  French  company  has  a  cable 
from  Santiago  to  Haiti,  Santo  Domingo,  and  other  important  points 
in  the  West  Indies.  The  rate  per  word  to  Habana  from  points  in 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  Kivcr  is  15  cents,  and 
from  points  west  of  the  river  20  cents.  Address  and  signature  are 
counted.  To  other  points  in  Cuba  the  rates  are  20  and  25  cents. 
There  are  lower  rates  for  "deferred"  messages  (to  bo  marked 
L.  C.  L.). 

Wireless. — The  United  Fruit  Co.  has  a  wireless  station  at  Cape 
San  Autonio.  communicating  with  Port  I.imon  tCosta  liica),  New 
Orleans,  and  Panama.  The  Cuban  Government  has  a  powerful  ap- 
paratus at  ?.Iorro  (\isllo. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES  FROM  UNITED  STATES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  &  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Co.  (Ward  Line). — Olhces.  foot 
of  Wall  Street.  East  River.  Departures  from  I'iers  13-14,  East 
River  (Wall  and  Pine  Streets),  and  Piers  16-18.  Brooklyn,  for 
Habana  every  Tlmrsday  and  Saturday;  for  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Cien- 
fuegos,  Guantanamo,  and  IMajiznnillo  about  every  10  days.  Fare  to 
Habana,  .$90;  time  of  trip,  about  three  days. 

Munson  Steamship  Line. — ( )fli''e,  S2  Heaver  Street,  New  York, 
Dei)aitures  from  Pier  0,  East  River  (old  slip),  for  ^fatanzas,  An- 
tilla,  and  Nuevitas  eveiy  other  Saturday;  for  Cardenas.  Sa.Lrna  La 
Grande  and  Calbarien,  every  other  Wednesday;  for  Puerto  Padre 
and  Gibar.-i  every  fourth  Wednesday;  for  Hanes.  via  .\ntilla.  every 
fourth  Saturday.  Fare  to  Antilla,  $65  to  .$175;  time  of  trip,  about 
four  days. 


174  OUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Departures  for  Habaua  every  Saturday,  from  Pier  16,  East  River 
(Burling  slip).  Departures  for  Santiago  de  Cuba  weekly,  alter- 
nately Thursday  and  Saturday,  from  Pier  1,  North  River  (Battery 
I'lace).  Fare  to  Habaua.  $70.  Time  of  trip  to  Habana,  about  three 
days ;  to  Santiago,  about  five  days.    (See  also  p.  40.) 

LINES  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — J.  J.  Kelleher,  general  freight 
agent,  626-630  Common  Street,  New  Orleans.  Departures  every 
Saturday  for  Habana,  Cuba,  and  Cristobal  and  Bocas  del  Tonj, 
Panama.     Fare  to  Habana,  $43 ;  time  of  trip,  about  two  days. 

Southern  Pacific  Co. — Charles  S.  Fc^y,  general  freight  agent.  New 
Orleans.  Departures  weekly  for  Habana ;  connection  made  there 
with  the  Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba  for  other  points  in  Cuba.  Fare 
to  Habaua,  $41 ;  time  of  trip,  about  two  days. 

LINE  FROM  FLORIDA. 

Peninsular  &  Occidental  Steamship  Co. — Sailings  for  Habana  daily, 
except  Sundays,  from  Key  West,  and  from  Port  Tampa  on  Sundays 
and  Thursdays.  Fare  from  Key  West,  $15 ;  from  Port  Tampa,  $30. 
Time  of  trip  from  Key  AVest,  about  nine  hours. 

OTHER   LINES   VISITING  CUBAN  PORTS. 

Compaiiia  Trasatlantica. — Leaves  Genoa  on  the  21st,  Barcelona 
25th-26th,  Malaga  28th,  Cadiz  30th,  direct  to  New  York,  Habana, 
Vera  Cruz,  and  Puerto  Mexico ;  returning  from  Vera  Cruz  ou  the 
27th  and  from  Habana  ou  the  30th  of  each  month  direct  for  New 
York,  Cadiz,  Barcelona,  and  Genoa.  Fare  from  New  York  to 
Habana,  $70. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Monthly  service. 

Distances. — New  "York  to  Habaua,  1,166  nautical  miles;  New 
Orleans  to  Habana,  601;  Cristobal  to  Habana,  986;  New  York  to 
Santiago,  1,346;  New  Orleans  to  Santiago,  1,102;  New  York  to 
Matanzas,  1,136;  New  York  to  Manzanillo,  1,490;  New  Orleans  to 
Matanzas,  629;  New  Orleans  to  Manzanillo,  1,040;  Kingston 
(Jamaica)  to  Habana,  724;  New  York  to  Cienfuegos,  1,646;  New 
Orleans  to  Cienfuegos,  84.5. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Isle  of  Pines  Steamship  Co. — Sailings  from  Batabano  to  Isle  of 
Pines  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  on  arrival  of  trains 
leaving  new  central  station  at  Habana  at  6.10  p.  m.  on  these  days. 
Sailings  from  Isle  of  Pines  to  Batabano  ou  Tuesdays,  Thursdays, 
and  Sundays  at  4  p.  m.  Fir.st-class  fare,  exclusive  of  meals  and 
berth,  $6. 

Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba. — Regular  service  from  Habana  to  Nue- 
vitas,  Puerto  Padre,  Gibara,  Banes,  Mayari,  Vita  Sama,  Sagua  de 
Tananio,  Baracoa,  Guantanamo  (Caimanera),  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
Cienfuegos,  Casilda    (Trinidad),  Tunas,  Jucaro,  Santa  Cruz,  Man- 


CUBA. 


/■ 


176 


ziiiiillo,  ]:iis('iiii(l;i  do  Morn,  Saiitiiiprn,  and  San  I'edro;  also  to  Porto 
Rico  and   lln'  Doininifaii   Hoi>ul)lic. 

Cuban  Steamship  Line  of  Luiz  Odrlozola,  S.  en  C. — Regular  service 
from  Habaiia  to  Ciciifiu'^os,  C'asilda  (Triiudad),  Tunas.  Jucaro, 
Santa  Cruz,  Manzanillo,  p]nsenada  de  Mora,  and  Santiago. 

The  yacht  Lucinda  maintains  rof,'nlar  service  between  Kinffston, 
Jamaica,  and  Santiago  de  Cuba.     Time  of  trip,  about  16  hours. 

BAGGAGE. — Racrpapo  consistingr  of  woarinR  apparel,  toilet  neces- 
sities, etc..  is  not  subject  to  duty.  All  baggage  will  be  inspected  on 
the  dock. 

Baggage  Transfer. — The  Cuban  and  Pan  American  Express  Co. 
handles  all  baggage  arriving  on  steamers  of  the  Ward  Line  from 
New  Yoric  and  the  Southern  I'acilic  Line  from  New  Orleans.  The 
pursers  on  the  steamers  of  the  lines  mentioned  act  as  agents  for 
the  express  company  and  will  check  baggage  from  wharf  to  railway 
station,  hotel,  etc.  Passengers  may  leave  baggage  at  the  office  of 
the  express  cf)mpany,  70  Lamparilla  Street,  for  two  weeks  without 
charge.  A  representative  of  the  express  company  Is  stationed  at 
the  Machina  Wharf  during  the  day.  There  is  also  an  acrency  of  the 
transfer  company  at  Mr.  Foster's  ofBce,  Prado  and  Central  Park. 

Pas.sengers  arriving  from  Florida  by  the  Peninsular  &  Uccideutal 
I>ine  will  have  their  baggage  checked  on  arrival  at  wharf. 

There  are  other  express  companies  whose  representatives  are  at 
the  wharf  to  meet  steamers  and  with  whom  arrangements  may  be 
made  for  transfer  of  baggage. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Travelers  must  present  to  the  custom- 
house at  the  port  of  entry  an  invoice  for  samples  and  merchandise 
carried,  certified  by  a  Cuban  consular  ollicer  in  the  port  from  which 
departure  was  made.  This  invoice  must  list  and  clearly  identify 
all  articles  at  their  market  price  at  the  place  of  exportation.  It  is 
important  that  all  possible  explanation  as  to  prices  be  made,  as 
many  difficulties  arise  in  Cuban  customhouses  on  account  of  dis- 
crepancies in  the  matter  of  valuing  imports. 

Payment  of  Diity. — All  samples  of  dutiable  merchandise  must 
pay  full  duty.  The  law  provides,  however,  that  when  any  lot  of 
samples  is  valued  at  not  more  than  $500.  and  when  the  samples  are 
to  be  reexported,  75  per  cent  of  the  duty  paid  will  be  refunded, 
after  proper  identification  of  the  samples,  and  provided  that  the 
reexportation  occurs  within  90  days  from  date  of  entry.  In  case 
any  of  the  samples  have  been  sold,  the  refund  of  75  per  cent  will 
apply  to  the  remainder.  In  order  to  entitle  the  traveling  salesman 
to  a  refund  of  duty,  samples  must  be  imported  as  part  of  the  bag- 
gage. Tiu'y  must  not  be  shipped  separately  as  freight,  or  by  express 
or  mail. 

Special  Provision. — The  following  provisions  are  made  by  the 
customs  tariff  of  Cuba  for  the  free  admission  of  certain  samples: 
"  Samples  of  felt,  wall  paper,  and  fabrics,  under  the  following  con- 
ditions:  That  they  do  not  exceetl  40  centimeters  (15}  inches)  in 
length,  measured  in  the  warp  or  length  of  the  piece,  even  when 
such  samples  take  up  the  entire  width  of  the  piece.  The  width 
shall,  for  fabrics,  be  determined  by  the  list,  and  for  felts  and 
wall  papers  by  the  narrow  border  which  has  not  passed  through 


176  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

the  press.  Samples  not  having  these  indications  shall  be  admitted 
free  of  duty  only  when  they  do  not  exceed  40  centimeters  in  any 
dimension.  In  order  to  avoid  abuse,  the  samples  declared  for  free 
entry  must  have  cuts  20  centimeters  (8  inches)  apart  in  their 
width,  so  as  to  render  them  unfit  for  any  other  purpose.  When 
samples  of  fabrics  are  presented  without  cuts  20  centimeters  apart, 
this  requirement  may  be  fulfilled  at  the  time  of  entry,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  admitted  free  of  duty.  Samples  of  hosiery  must  be 
rendered  unfit  for  use  by  cuts  20  centimeters  apart.  Samples  of 
trimmings  in  small  pieces,  of  no  commercial  value  or  possible  use 
otherwise  than  as  samples,  may  be  admitted  free." 

Refund  of  Duties. — The  law  provides  that  no  other  samples  than 
those  above  mentioned  are  to  be  admitted  free  of  duty.  In  order  to 
obtain  the  refund  of  75  per  cen*"  for  reexportation  within  three 
months,  it  must  be  possible  for  the  customs  officials  at  port  of  re- 
exportation to  easily  recognize  the  samples  upon  which  duty  has 
been  paid.  If  the  value  of  the  samples  exceeds  $500,  full  duty 
must  be  paid  and  there  is  no  refund  whatever  upon  reexportation. 
The  preparation  of  samples  should  be  carefully  studied  by  the  sales- 
man before  departure. 

Reexportation  Through  Other  Ports. — Samples  may  be  reexported 
througii  a  port  other  than  that  through  which  samples  were  entered. 
If  the  salesman  wishes  to  reexport  his  samples  within  three 
montiis,  he  may  forv/ard  them  to  the  port  of  reexportation  in  bond 
after  having  sent  them  in  bond  to  the  port  of  entry  for  examina- 
tion. For  instance,  if  the  salesman  has  brought  his  samples  into 
Cuba  by  way  of  Habana,  he  would  have  to  return  them  to  that 
place  for  examination  before  they  could  be  reexported  from  the 
port  of  Santiago. 

Time  Eequired  for  Clearance. — Practically  the  only  time  required 
for  clearance  is  that  necessary  for  the  clerical  work  involved.  The 
services  of  a  customhouse  broker  will  be  found  desirable  and  guard 
the  traveler  against  difficulties. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — The  Cuban  law  provides  that  ad- 
vertising matter  is  dutiable  in  accoi-dance  with  the  character  and 
manufacture  of  the  article.  This  includes  printed  circulars,  cards, 
]iamphlets,  calendars,  catalogues,  etc.,  vv'hich  are  carried  by  travelers 
for  free  distribution. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — ^There  is  no  tax  of  any  kind  imposed 
on  commercial  travelers,  either  by  the  Federal  Government  or 
municipalities. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  best  time  for  selling  goods  in  Cuba 
depends  entirely  on  the  circumstances  surrounding  each  individual 
line.  The  most  figreeable  period  for  visiting  Cuba  is  December  to 
April. 

Excess  Baggage. — The  Cuban  railroads  do  not  differentiate  be- 
tween the  baggage  carried  by  traveling  salesmen  and  other  travelers. 
The  amount  carried  free  is  .50  kilos  (110  pounds).  A  charge  of  $2 
per  100  kilos  (220  pounds)  is  made  on  excess  v/eight. 

CANVASSING  THE  ISLAND.— It  is  practically  impossible  to  lay 
down  definite  rules  regarding  canvassing  Cuba.  The  method  and 
route  followed  depend  upon  the  character  of  the  line,  class  of  mer- 
chants visited,  etc.  If  only  large  wliolesale  houses  or  distributers 
sire  to  be  visited,  Habana,  on  the  northern  side  of  the  island,  aufl 
Santiago,  on  the  southern  side,  are  usually  sufficient.     In  Habana 


CUBA.  177 

are  located  the  principal  jobbing  houses  wliicij  supply  tlu'  n'tall 
liouses  in  the  rest  of  the  islaml.  Saiitia;,'!)  is  the  second  eity  in  im- 
portance, and  lien*  also  will  be  found  a  number  of  larye  distributiTs, 
althoujjh  the  city  is.  naturally,  sccoiKhny  in  iinportanc*'  to  Haliana. 
The  custom  of  dlr<H't  importation  by  many  of  the  n'l;nl  houses 
throughout  tlie  island  luis  nnide  ii  desirable  to  solicit  orders  iroin 
responsible  retail  merchants  in  the  other  cities. 

Agencies. — Except  in  cases  of  luKhly  .specialized  articles  which 
require  particular  subdivision,  most  of  the  a;ients  are  located  in 
Habana.  Subafrents  may  be  named  for  Santiago  and  the  other 
cities,  but  ajrenties  in  these  two  cities  can  pretty  thoroughly  bwdc 
after  the  entire  island. 

ROUTES. — West<>rn  Cuba  :  From  Habana  to  Pinar  del  Rio  and 
Guane.  Central  Cuba :  Habana  to  Matanzas,  Cardenas,  Cienfuegos, 
Santa  Clara,  Caiharien.  and  Camaixuey.  l^astern  Cuba  :  From 
Caraaguey  to  Nucvitas,  Marti,  I*.;iyanio,  iManzaiiiilo.  and  Santiago; 
thence  to  Guantanamo,  Autilla,  Holguin,  Gibara,  and  I^uerto  Padre. 
If  the  traveler  enters  by  way  of  Antilla  in  eastern  Cuba,  he  can 
easily  canvass  that  portion  of  the  island  first  and  then  proceed  on 
the  line  of  tlie  Fnited  Itailways,  visiting  successively  the  cities  that 
have  been  mentioned  before. 

Routes  Generally  Followed. — Travelers  usually  enter  by  way  of 
Habana,  which  is  the  nio.st  important  distributing  point,  and  then 
decide  which  places  to  visit  tirst.  The  traveler  can  get  a  much 
better  idea  of  the  conditions  at  this  point  and  govern  himself 
accordingly. 

HOTEL  RATES. — There  is  a  wide  dilTerence  in  the  prices  charged 
in  Cul)an  hotels.  In  Habana  the  rates  for  the  best  accommodations 
are  comparatively  high,  but  not  excessive,  averaging  in  the  best 
hotels  from  $3  to  $G.  American  plan ;  European  plan  necessarily 
lower.  In  the  second-class  hotels  the  rates  are  not  quite  so  high, 
averaging  .*?'J.50  to  $4  per  day,  American  plan,  and  somewhat  less 
for  European  i)lau.  In  the  smalliT  towns  most  of  the  hotels  are  run 
on  the  Amei'ican  plan,  and  the  rates  are  from  $2  to  .$4  per  day.  In 
the  very  small  places  the  accommodations  are  in  accordance  with 
the  community,  and  the  rates  run  from  ,$1  to  $3  per  day.  During 
the  tourist  season.  December  to  March,  rates  are  usually  higher 
than  at  other  times. 

PRINCIPAL  RAILWAYS  OF  CUBA. 

United  Railways  of  Habana. — Tliis  line  forms  the  first  .section  of 
the  through  route  from  Habana  to  Santiago.  It  extends  as  far  as 
Santa  Clara.  It  also  has  branch  lines  north  and  south,  one  of  \vhich 
runs  to  Ratabano,  where  it  connects  with  the  regiilar  steamship 
service  to  the  Isle  of  Pines.  Other  ports  reached  by  this  system 
are  Matanzas  and  Cardenas. 

Cuba  Railroad. — This  line  forms  the  eastern  section  of  the 
Habana-Santiago  route,  running  from  Santa  Clara  to  Santiago.  It 
also  has  lines  extending  to  Antilla  and  Manzanillo. 

Cuban  Central  Railway. — This  line  runs  from  the  ports  of  Concha 
and  Caibarien  on  the  north  coast  and  connects  these  two  ports 
with  Cienfuegos  on  the  south  coast. 

144297°— 20 12 


178  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Western  Railway. — This  line  extends  from  Habana  through  Pinar 
del  Rio  to  Guane. 

Guantanamo  &  Western  Railroad. — Extends  from  Boqueron  to 
San  Justo,  San  Jnsto  to  La  Maya,  La  Maya  to  San  Luis,  with 
branches.    Total  length,  83  miles  (134  km.). 

Guantanamo  Railroad. — From  Guantanamo  Bay  (port  of  Cai- 
manera)  to  Jamaica,  with  branches  from  Jamaica  to  Guasco  ((5 
miles)  and  from  Cuatro  to  Sempre  (7  miles).  The  main  line  is 
19  miles  (81  km.)  in  length. 

Gibara  &  Holguin  Railway. — Runs  from  Gibara  to  Cantimplora, 
Auras,  Aguas-Claras,  and  Holguin,  connecting  with  the  Cuba  Rail- 
road. 

Puerto  Principe  &  Nuevitas  Railroad. — From  Camaguey  to  Nue- 
vitas,  a  distance  of  46  miles  (74  km.),  passing  through  Dios  Marias, 
Minas,  Aguada  Joseiina,  and  I^ugareno.  Connects  with  Cuba  Rail- 
way at  Camaguey. 

Jucaro  &  San  Fernando  Railroad. — From  Jucaro  to  Ciego  de  Avila 
(connection  with  Cuba  Railroad)  and  San  Fernando;  total  length, 
43  miles   (69  km.), 

Habana  Central  Railroad  (Electric). — One-way  fares  from  Ha- 
bana :  Guines  line. — To  San  Francisco,  15  cents ;  Cotorro,  20  cents ; 
San  Jose,  45  cents ;  Guines,  80  cents.  Guanajay  line. — To  Punta 
Braca,  20  cents ;  Hoyo  Colorado,  30  cents  ;  Caimito,  40  cents ;  Guana- 
jay,  55  cents. 

Holidays  in  Cuba. — The  following  are  the  chief  holidays  of  Cuba. 
The  population  of  Cuba  is  largely  Catholic,  and,  in  addition  to  the 
holidays  mentioned,  many  people  observe  those  of  the  church :  Jan- 
uary 1,  New  Year's  Day ;  February  24,  Revolution  of  Baire ;  May 
20,  Independence  Day ;  October  10,  Revolution  of  Yara ;  December 
7,  Death  of  Maceo ;  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

IMPORTANT  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ANTILLA  (OR  NIPE),  Province  of  Oriente;  population,  2,300;  on 
Nipe  Bay,  north  coast ;  landing,  steamer  direct  to  wharf ;  517  miles 
(882  km.)  from  Habana;  80  miles  (128  km.)  from  Santiago.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Bananas,  sugar. 

American  vice  consul.     Lloyd's  agent,  George  Bayliss. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York  by  Munson  Line;  from  Habana 
by  United  Railways  to  Santa  Clara,  thence  by  Cuba  Railroad ;  from 
Santiago  by  Cuba  Railroad,  one-hour  trip. 

Hotels. — Antilla,  Miramar. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada. 

Note. — Antilla  is  the  north-coast  terminus  of  the  Cuba  Railroad. 
It  exports  sugar,  iron  ore,  hardwoods,  etc.  A  large  retail  business 
is  done,  and  many  of  the  dealers  import  direct.  In  the  vicinity  are 
mines  of  the  Spanish  American  Iron  Co.,  which  operates  a  store  at 
Felton.  Other  small  places  near  by  are  Ciega  de  Avila,  Sagua  de 
Tanamo,  Omaja,  JIayari,  and  Sancti  Spiritus.  Worthy  of  the  atten- 
tion of  all  who  canvass  small  places. 

BANES,  Province  of  Oriente;  population,  8,227;  33  miles  (52 
km.)  from  Gibara.  Reachefl  from  New  York  by  Munson  Line  and 
United  Fruit  Co.  steamship  service;  from  Habana  by  Empresa 
Naviera  de  Cuba.    Products:  Sugar  cane,  cotton,  coffee,  cacao. 


cuuA.  179 

Hotels. — Paris,  Cumercio,  Eslrella.  Valonsiana. 

Note. — A  port  of  some  importance,  in  a  fruit-prowlnj;  district. 
Tlic  UnlttHl  Fruit  Co.  maiutaius  a  <jomHii.s.sary  lurv,  and  there  arc 
:iiso  .seventl  other  stores. 

BARACOA,  I'rovince  of  Oriente;  port  In  extreme  .southeastern 
|)art  <if  island;  popuhuion.  8,()U0;  707  miles  (1.18S  km.)  from  Ifa- 
bana ;  17  miles  (27  km.)  from  I'orc  iMaisi  ;  Sio  miles  (14.")  km.) 
.from  Santiajio.  i'rincipal  products;  Bananas,  coconuts,  sugar  cane. 
iuthisiries :  Manufacture  of  coconut  oil. 

How  Reached. — I'roni  Antilla  or  !Santiaj?o,  by  steamers  of  Kni- 
l)re,sa  Naviera  de  Cuba. 

Hotels. — Si^'lo  XX,  La  Mascota. 

Banks. — A.  K.  Arj,'uellas;  J,  Siuiou  &  Co. 

Shipping  agents,  J.  Simon  &  Co.     Lloyd's  agent,  R.  C.  Arnie. 

Note. — This  is  a  prosperous  town  of  grctwingc  imp<jrtance.  Con- 
siderai)le  export  of  ore  is  made  from  this  ))orr.  There  is  .some 
direct  imi)orrin,t;.     Canvassed  by  those  who  visit  the  smaller  town.s. 

BAYAMO,  rrovince  of  Uriente;  popuhuion,  8.895;  81  miles  (130 
km.)  irom  Siiniia^*;  25  miles  (40  km.)  fmm  Manzanillo;  i'Ai  miles 
(735  kiu. )  from  liabaua.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  tobacco,  cat- 
tle, horses,  hogs. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  by  Cuba  Railroad,  four-hour  trip ; 
from  .Manzauilio  by  Cuba  Railroad;  from  Habana  by  United  Kail- 
ways  to  Santa  Clara,  thence  by  Cuba  Railroad. 

Banks. — Banco  Hspauol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of  Can- 
ada:  1'.  Causilla  &  Co.;  Xational  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — Plaza,  lievolucion,  Paris. 

Note. — Bayamo  is  on  the  road  from  Manzanillo  to  Santiago  de 
Cuba.  It  is  sui-rounded  by  a  prosperous  agricultural  district,  and  a 
brisk  retail  business  is  done. 

CAIBARIEN,  I'rovince  of  Santa  Clara;  population,  8,3.")0;  35 
miles  (56  km.)  ea.st  of  Santa  Clara.  Industries:  Sponge  lislieries, 
sugar  reliuing,  etc. 

American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  P.  B.  Anderson. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  via  United  Railways  and  Cuba  Cen- 
tral Railway  ;  also  by  steamers  of  Empresa  Xaviera  de  Cuba. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba;  Royal  F.ank  of  Can- 
ada ;  National  Bank  of  Cuba ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — Comercio,  Union. 

Note. — This  city  su{)plies  a  number  of  small  towns  in  the  vicinity. 
A  large  export  business  in  sugar  is  carried  on.  May  be  visited  ad- 
vantageously by  salesmen  who  canvass  the  retail  trade. 

CAMAGTJEY,  Province  of  Ca maguey ;  population.  35,000;  338 
miles  (.535  km.)  from  Habana;  200  miles  (322  km.)  from  Santiago. 
Principal  products:  Cattle,  sugar,  molasses,  honey,  cellar  wood,  ma- 
hogany, licorice.  Industries :  Manufacture  of  perfumery,  tobacco, 
etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  by  United  Railways  to  ??anta 
Clara,  thence  by  Cuba  Railroad,  15-hour  trip;  from  Santiago  by 
Ctiba  Railroad,  OJ-hour  trip. 

Hotels. — C'amaguey,   Plaza,  Inglaterra.  Norman.  Grand. 

Banks. — Banco  de  las  Isla  de  Cuba ;  National  Bank  of  Cuba ; 
Royal  Bank  oi'  Canaila;  Banco  Territorial  de  Cuba;  Banco  Agri- 
cola  Puerto  Principe;  Banco  Industrial  de  Ca  maguey ;  National 
City  Bank  of  New  York. 


180  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — An  important  city  in  tlie  center  of  a  large  cattle-raising 
and  agricultural  district.  Headquarters  of  tlie  Cuba  Railroad  Co. 
A  large  business  is  transacted,  and  this  place  should  be  visited  by 
all  salesmen.  Many  reliable  firms  are  located  here,  some  of  which 
import  direct. 

CARDENAS,  Province  of  Matanzas ;  population,  26,321 ;  port  on 
Sagua  la  Gi'ande  River;  41  miles  (66  km.)  from  Matanzas;  109 
miles  (172  km.)  from  Habana ;  70  miles  (112  km.)  from  Sagua  la 
Grande.  Principal  products:  Sugar  cane.  Industries:  Sugar  re- 
fineries, tanneries,  distilleries,  tobacco  factories. 

Lloyd's  agent,  Arthur  Fitzgibbon.  Customhouse  brokers,  Luria, 
Carragol  y  Cia.  and  Waldo  Diaz. 

How  Reached.— From  Matanzas  by  United  Railvi-ays,  2i-hour  trip, 
fare  $3.2C;  from  Habana  by  Unii'>d  Railways. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of  Can- 
ada;  Menendez  Ecebei-arria  y  Cia.;  National  Bank  of  Cuba;  Banco 
Territorial  de  Cuba  :  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — Europa,  Louvre,  Isla  de  Cuba,  Marina,  Dominica,  Vara- 
dero. 

Note. — This  place  is  easily  reached  by  rail  or  steamer  from 
Habana.  It  is  a  flourishing  commercial  port  in  the  midst  of  an  im- 
porting sugar-growing  district.  A  large  trade  is  carried  on  and  the 
place  is  growing  in  importance.     Usually  visited  by  most  salesmen. 

CIENFUEGOS,  Province  of  Santa  Clara;  on  the  south  coast,  on 
Bay  of  Jagua;  steamers  lie  about  a  miie  offshore;  population, 
40,000;  41  miles  (65  km.)  from  Villa  Clara;  19.5  miles  (313  km.) 
from  Habana.  Principal  products :  Sugar  cane,  cacao,  tobacco,  mo- 
lasses. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  George  R. 
Fowler.  Customhouse  brokers,  Pablo  E.  Alcazar  and  .Jose  M. 
Guerrero. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  and  Camaguey  by  Cuba  Railroad ; 
from  Habana  by  United  Raihvays  to  Santa  Clara,  thence  by  Cuba 
Central  Railway  or  steamers  of  Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  National  Bank  of 
Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada ;  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia ;  National  City 
Bank  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — Gran.  Ciervo  de  Oro,  Continental,  La  Suiza,  Union. 

Wireless  station  located  here. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  port,  said  to  be  the  second  most 
important  sugar  port  in  the  world.  In  the  vicinity  are  numerous 
sugar  refineries  and  "  centrals,"  distilleries,  etc.  The  cultivation  of 
tobacco  is  also  important.  Lumber,  coffee,  honey,  and  wax  are 
other  important  products.     Should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen. 

GIBARA,  Province  of  Oriente;  port  on  the  north  coast;  popula- 
tion. 10,000;  80  miles  (132  km.)  from  Santiago.  Customhouse 
brokers,  Beola  y  Cia.  and  M.  Cueros  y  Cia. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  and  Camaguey  by  Cuba  Railroad ; 
from  Habana  by  steamei's  of  Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba. 

Hotel. — Comercio. 

Banks. — National  Bank  of  Cuba. 

jjote.— An  excellent  port  with  a  considerable  volume  of  business. 
Canvassed  by  those  who  make  the  small  towns. 

GUANTANAMO,  Province  of  Oriente ;  landing  from  steamer  direct 
to  wharf;  population,  14,600;  on  southeastern  end  of  island;  40 


CUBA.  181 

miles  (fi4  km.>  from  Santiago  de  Cii1)n  ;  20  niilos  (32  km.)  from  l»jiy. 
I'riiK'ipal  prodntts- :  (V)frt'<\  sutrar,  wax,  honey,  timber,  mm. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  by  Cuba  Uailroad  and  Guantanamo 
(.^  Western  Railroad,  or  steamers  of  Kmpresa  Naviera  de  Cuba; 
from  Habana  by  United  Uailways  and  Cuba  Railroad,  via  Santa 
Clara,  or  sU-amers  of  Enipresa  Xaviora  de  Cuba. 

Banks.— Ran fo  Espanol  de  la  Isia  de  Cuba;  National  Bank  of 
Cuba  ;  Royal  Raidv  of  Canada;  Banco  Territori.il  <!e  < 'uba ;  National 
City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Cti>:tom house  brokers,  Brooks  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Venus,  Washington,  Colon,  Porvenir,  Continental,  I'.l 
Cosmopolita. 

Note. — An  important  and  growing  city  in  southeastern  Cuba. 
Easily  accessible  from  Santiago  and  from  Guantanamo  Bay.  In 
the  vicinity  are  important  sugar  plantations.  Imiiortant  products 
are  coffee,  wax,  honey,  rum.  timber,  etc.  Visited  I)y  the  majority 
of  salesmen. 

HABANA,  capital  of  the  Rt'public ;  altitude,  10  feet ;  landing, 
steamer  to  wharf  (sometimes  by  launch)  ;  population.  36o,0<X);  54 
miles  (87  km.)  from  Matanzas;  535  miles  (802  km.)  from  Santiago; 
324  nautical  miles  from  Tampa,  Fla. ;  I.IQG  nautieal  miles  from 
New  York.  Climate,  good;  temperature  averages  76°  F. ;  average 
rainfall,  43  inches;  IOC  rainy  days.  I'rincipal  products:  Sugar  and 
tobacco.  Indu.stries :  Cigar  making,  breweries,  bottle  factories, 
cement  works,  foundries  and  machine  shops,  soap  and  perfume  fac- 
tories, marble  and  stone  works,  shoes,  furniture,  chocolate,  and 
parasol  factories. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York  by  Ward  Line  and  United  Fruit 
Co.  Uine;  from  ^latjsnzt'.s  by  United  Railways.  2-liour  trip,  fare 
$3.20;  from  Santiago  by  Cuba  Railroad  and  United  Railways  via 
Santa  Clara.  24-hour  trip,  fare  .<;24.11. 

United  States  Legation. — Santa  Catalina  and  Dominguez  (Cerro)  ; 
United  States  consulate.  Room  .')0.">,  National  Bank  of  Cuba  lUiilding. 

Banks  and  Bankers. — National  City  Bank  of  New  York ;  American 
Foreign  Banking  Corporation;  P>anco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Cuba  ; 
Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba.  Galiano  84;  Bolsa  Privada,  Amagtira  3; 
Arguelles  Ilijos,  de  R.,  Mercaderes  3G;  Carlos  Arnoldson  &  Co., 
Amagura  6;  H.  Astorqui  &  Co.,  Obrapia  5;  J.  Balcells  y  Cia., 
Amagura  34;  J.  A.  Bances  &  Co..  Obispo  21;  Banco  Esjianol  de  la 
Isla  de  Cuba,  Aguiar  81;  Banco  de  la  Habana,  Cuba  7(5-78;  Banco 
Territorial  de  Cuba,  Aguiar  81 ;  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia,  O'Reilly  .32-A; 
J.  F.  Benides&  Co.,  Ctiba  Gl:  Dtissag  &  Co..  Oficios  18:  Marquette  y 
Rocaberti,  Aguiar  134;  Mendez  y  Lenza,  Segundo,  Aguair  102; 
National  Bank  of  Cuba,  Government  depository.  Produce  Exchange; 
Romagosa  &  Co.,  Teniente  Rey  16;  Sampera  &  Co..  Aguiar  106-108; 
Suero  y  Cia.,  Oficios  16;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  Obrapia  33;  Trust 
Co.  of  Cuba.  Obispo  53;  Zaldo  &  Co..  Cuba  76;  Comjianfa  de  (_'on- 
strucciones  Reparacines  y  Obras  de  Saneamiento  de  Cuba.  O'Rielly 
5;  Compania  Nacional  de  Finanzas,  Cuba  esq.  Obispo;  Fidelitj-  & 
Deposit  Co.  of  Maryland,  Cuba  58;  Hispano  Colonial  de  Barcelona, 
S.  Ignacio  72;  Banco  de  Fomento  Agrario,  Galiano  66;  N.  Gelats  & 
Co.;  Alvarez,  Valdez  &  Co..;  Pedro  Gomez  Mena. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Oscar  .Msina,  Inquisidor  21  ;  Leop.  Autron, 
Louja  503;  Cuesto  y  Huo..  Callejon  Enna  4;  E.  Dardet  &  Co.,  Bara- 


182  GUIDE   TO    L.VTIN    AMERICA, 

tillo  7 ;  Molina  Bros.,  Lonja  541 ;  Kada  &  Coroiuinas,  Oficios  16 ; 
Nicolas  Vizcaino,  San  Pedro  16-18, 

R.  G,  Dun  &  Co.,  Banco  Nacional  307 ;  Bradstreet  Co.,  Lonja  206. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Aquilino  Ordonez. 

Automobile  Fares. — Automobile  by  the  hour  for  business  pur- 
poses, 2  passengers,  75  cents ;  3  passengers,  90  cents ;  4  passengers. 
95  cents.  Automobile  by  the  hour,  for  driving,  2  persons,  $1.25;  3 
persons,  $1.50 ;  4  persons,  $1.75.  Thei'e  are  also  rates  according  to 
zones.     From  11  p.  m.  to  6  a.  ni.  fares  are  double. 

Trolley  Service. — There  is  trolley-car  service  to  various  parts  of 
the  city.     Fare,  5  cents. 

Hotels. — Inglaterra,  Prado  at  Central  Park ;  Plaza,  corner  Zu- 
lueta  and  Neptuno;  Telegrafo,  corner  Prado  and  Neptuno;  Florida, 
Obispo  28;  Union,  Cuba  55;  America,  Industria  160;  Maison  Royal, 
55  Seventeenth  Street  (Vedado)  ;  Saratoga,  Prado  121;  Belve<lere, 
Neptuno  and  Consulado ;  Pasaje,  Prado  95 ;  Manhattan,  S.  Lazaro 
243 ;  Trianon,  Consulado  111 ;  Luz,  Opicios  35 ;  Isle  of  Cuba,  45 
Monte  Street ;  Alcazar. 

Note. — Habana  is  the  most  important  city  in  Cuba,  It  is  usually 
selected  as  the  place  for  the  establishment  of  a  general  agency  for 
the  whole  island.  There  is  a  beautiful  capacious  harbor  and  the 
hotel  accommodations  are  the  very  best.  The  business  carried  on  is 
exceedingly  large.  Salesmen  can  make  this  place  their  base  of  op- 
erations for  the  entire  island.  Practically  every  kind  of  importing 
is  curried  on,  and  the  chief  wliolesale  houses  of  Cuba  are  located  at 
this  point. 

HOLGUIN,  Province  of  Oriente;  population.  11,000;  88  miles  (141 
km.)  northwest  of  Santiago;  468  miles  (754  km.)  from  Habana. 
Products :  Tobacco,   sugar,  etc.     Minerals :  Manganese,  gold.  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  or  Habana  by  Cuba  Railroad. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  National  Bank  of 
Cuba. 

Some  Leading  Hotels. — Holguin,  Isla  de  Cuba, 

Note. — Holguin  is  on  the  road  from  Gibara.  It  is  sometimes 
visited  by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  towns. 

ISLE  or  PINES,  Partido  Judicial  de;  population,  4,550;  60  miles 
(97  km.)  from  Batabano.  Climate,  excellent;  average  temperature, 
75°  F. ;  nights  cool  and  pleasant;  rainy  season,  May  15  to  October 
15.  Principal  products :  Grapefruits,  limes,  oranges,  pineapples,  to- 
bacco, pine,  mahogany,  cedar,  sulphur,  pitch,  turpentine.  Indus- 
tries :  Cigar  factories,  sawmills, 

t-  How  Reached. — From  Batabano  by  Isle  of  Pines  Steamship  Co. 
Sailings  from  Batabano  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays  on 
arrival  of  trains  leaving  new  central  station,  Habana.  at  6.10  p.  m. 
on  these  days ;  from  Isle  of  Pines  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Sun- 
days at  4  p.  m.  Fare,  one  way,  exclusive  of  meals  and  berth,  $6. 
CaVreteras  to  Columbia,  McKinley,  and  Santa  Fe. 

Hotels. — Burnside,  Anderson,  Casas,  L^nion. 

Banks. — Lsle  of  Pines  Bp.nk,  Nueva  Gerona ;  National  Bank  of 
Cuba,  Nueva  Gerona. 

Nueva  Gerona. — This  is  the  capital  and  chief  business  place. 
Other  settlements  are  Media  Villa,  McKinley,  Santa  Fe,  Santa  ISar- 
bara,  and  liOS  Indios. 

Note, — This  is  an  island  of  some  importance  lying  south  of  Pinar 
del  Rio  and  Habana  Provinces.     Easily  accessible.     A  brisk  retail 


CUBA.  183 

mule  is  carried  on.      Visited  lj^\   sali'snu'ii  who  cuuvuss  Knmll  places. 
Au  Auierican  euiisul  is  stutloiiol  at  Niieva  (Verona. 

MANZANILLO,  I'rtniiKM'  oi'  Orienle;  populai  ioii,  IH.tHW;  ou  west 
coast;  487  miles  (7S.''.  i<iii.)  Ii-oin  Ilahaiia  ;  'S>  miles  {40  km.)  from 
IJayamo;  loT  miles  (2.").';  Um.)  from  Orieiite.  riimato,  liot  and  iin- 
liealtliful.     I'riiicipal  j)rodiiets:  Sutjur  and  tobacco. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago  hy  Cuba  Railroad  (fare  $4.40,  or 
steamers  of  the  Eiiipersa  Navlera  de  (^uba;  from  IJayumo  by  Cuba 
'  Railroad. 

Banks.-^Natioiial  City  BauU  of  New  York;  Banco  E.spanol  de  hi 
Isla  de  Cuba;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada;  F.  T.  Carbojosa  y  Cia. ;  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Cuba  ;  Banco  Territorial  de  Cuba  ;  J.  Cliertudi  y  Ciiu 

American  consular  a;,'i'ni.  Lloyd's  agent,  Beattje  &  Cu.  Cus- 
tomhouse brokers,  Godwall,  JIaceo  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Eden,  Inglaterra,  Comercio,  La  Ferrolana. 

Note. — One  of  the  important  cities  of  southeastern  Cuba.  A 
large  business  is  carried  on,  the  exports  consisting  principally  of 
sugar,  liides,  etc.  An  important  distributing  point  for  tlie  sur- 
rounding country.  Well  worthy  of  a  visit  by  the  majority  of  sales- 
men. 

MATANZAS,  capital  of  Province  of  Matanzas ;  altitude,  100  feet ; 
poindation,  37,0U0 ;  port  on  IMatunzas  Bay ;  laialing,  steamer  to 
wharf;  54  miles  (87  km.)  from  Habana  ;  472  miles  (7o5  km.)  from 
Santiago.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  honey,  wax, 
fruit.     Industries:  Sisal  tiber  and  cordage. 

American  vice  consul.     Lloyd's  agent,  Leoncio  A.  del  Campo. 

How  Reached. — From  Ilabana  by  United  Railways,  2-hour  trip, 
fare  $3.20. 

Banks  and  Bankers. — Branch  of  Banco  Nacional ;  National  City 
Bank  of  New  York;  branch  of  Bank  of  Spain;  branch  of  Royal 
Bank  of  Canada ;  Sobrino  de  Bea  &  Co.,  S.  en  C. ;  A.  Luque.  S. 
en  C. ;  Arechavaleta  Amezaga  «&  Co.,  S.  en  C. 

Hotels.— Louvre,  Sevilla,  I'aris,  Golfo  de  Mexico. 

Note. — The  capital  of  tlie  Province.  Easily  reached  from  Habana. 
Considerable  business  is  done  with  Habana,  and  many  of  the  retail- 
ers carry  on  a  large  trade  and  import  direct.  The  chief  source  of 
wealtli  is  .sugar,  there  b(>ing  many  "centrals"  and  refineries  in  this 
Province.     Tobacco  and  other  tropical  products  are  also  exported. 

NTJEVITAS,  port  in  Department  of  Oriente;  population,  11,000; 
242  miles  (3S7  km.)  from  Santiago ;  54  miles  (87  km.)  from  Puerto 
Principe;  50  miles  (SO  km.)  north  of  Camaguey.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Sugar,  cedar,  mahogany,  and  citrus  fruits. 

American  consul  and  Vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Camaguey  by  Puerto  Principe  &  Nuevitas 
Railway;  from  Habana  liy  steamers  of  Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba. 

Banks. — Banco  EspaQol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada. 

Note. — This  place  is  growing  in  importance  and  a  large  trade  is 
carried  on.     It  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  most  salesmen. 

PINAR  BEL  RIO,  capital  of  Province  of  I'inar  del  Rio;  population^ 
20.000;  107  miles  (173  km.)  from  Habana.  Principal  products: 
Tobacco  (famous  Vuelta  Abajo  district).  Industries  are  unim- 
portant. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  by  \Vestern  Railway,  4-hour  trip; 
fare.  $5.16. 


184  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Banks. — Branch  of  Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba;  branch  of  Banco 
Espauol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  branch  of  Royal  Bank  of  Canada ; 
agency  of  National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  agency  of  Bank  of 
Nova  Scotia. 

Hotels. — Kicardo,  Marina,  Sevilla,  Globo. 

Hote. — A  town  of  considerable  importance  in  the  western  part  of 
Cuba ;  easily  accessible  from  Habana.  A  large  business  is  done 
with  the  surrounding  country.  The  chief  wealth  is  tropical  agri- 
cultural products,  especially  tobacco.  Canvassed  by  salesmen  who 
visit  the  smaller  places. 

SAGTTA  lA  GRANDE,  Province  of  Santa  Clara ;  population,  17,724 ; 
on  Sagua  la  Grande  River,  navigable  for  20  miles  (32  km.)  ;  16 
miles  (25  km.>  from  Isabella  (port)  ;  30  miles  (48  km.)  north  of 
Santa  Clara.  Principal  product:  Sugar.  Industries:  Alcohol  dis- 
tilleries, railroad  shops  of  Cuban  Central  Railway  Co. 

American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  J.  F.  Jova. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  via  United  and  Cuban  Central 
Railways,  time  6^  hours,  fare  $8.53. 

Banks  and  Bankers. — National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  Banco 
Espaiiol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba  ;  National  Bank  of  Cuba  ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada;  G.  Izaguirre  y  Cia.  (S.  en  C.)  ;  Carlos  Alfert  y  Cia.  (S. 
en  C). 

Hotels. — Plaza,  Telegrafo,  El  Paradero,   Oscuno. 

Note. — One  of  the  chief  ports  of  Cuba.  In  this  vicinity  are  numer- 
ous important  sugar  plantations,  also  sugar  "  centrals  "  and  refin- 
eries. There  is  frequent  communication  with  Santa  Clara,  Cien- 
fuegos,  Caibarien,  Cardenas,  etc.  Worthy  of  the  attention  of  sales- 
men who  canvass  towns  where  a  large  retail  trade  is  done. 

SANTA  CLARA,  capital  of  Province  of  Santa  Clara;  population, 
18,000;  179  miles  (289  km.)  from  Habana;  41  miles  (65  km.)  from 
Cienfuegos.  Climate,  healthful.  Principal  products:  Sugar  and 
cattle.     Mines:  Copper,  gold,  graphite,  asphalt,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  by  United  Railways.  7  to  7*  hour 
trip,  fare  $8.53 ;  from  Cienfuegos  by  Cuban  Central  Railway. 

Banks  and  Bankers. — National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  Banco 
Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  National  Bank  of  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada ;  A.  Garcia  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Santa  Clara,  Plaza,  Telegrafo,  Union,  Yoro. 

Note. — Santa  Clara  is  situated  in  an  important  sugar  and  tobacco 
district.  It  is  worthy  of  a  visit  by  ail  salesmen  who  visit  the 
flourishing  towns.     Considerable  direct  importing  business  is  done. 

SANTIAGO  DE  CUBA,  capital  of  Province  of  Oriente;  on  south 
coast;  landing,  steamer  to  wharf;  population,  50.000;  535  miles 
(861  km.)  from  Habana;  40  miles  (64  km.)  from  Guantanamo. 
Principal  products:  Iron,  copper,  manganese,  sugar,  rum,  tobacco, 
cocoa,  woods,  honey,  was.  Industries :  Mining,  agi'iculture,  brew- 
ing, manufacture  of  bricks,  ice,  cigars,  matches,  candles,  and  soap ; 
foundries,  planing  mills,  and  machine  shops. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Brooks  &  Co. 
£!ustomhouse  brokers,  Bravo  &  Co.  and  Desiderio  Parreno. 

How  Reached. — From  Habana  by  United  Railways  and  Cuba 
Railway  via  Santa  Clara  (24-hour  trip,  fare  $24.11),  or  by  steamers 
of  Empresa  Naviera  de  Cuba ;  from  Batabano  by  steamers. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol ;  Banco  Nacional  de  Cuba ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 


CUBA.  185 

Hotels, — Cnsa  Grando,  Venus,  Iiiijiprinl,  Anu'riciin,  Alba.  Cosiiio- 
politiin,  Falaco,  Lux,,  Suiza. 

Public  Carriage  Rates. — Within  city  limits:  One  person.  120 
cents;  two  pcrsdn.s,  HO  cents;  tliree  persons,  40  cents;  four  persons, 
~)0  cents.  Hours  drive  or  more:  Workirifr  days,  !?1 ;  holidays,  iirst 
hour  .$1.50,  each  succeediiif;  hour  ijll.  After  11  p.  m.  above  rates  are 
doubled. 

Note. — Next  to  Habana,  this  is  the  most  important  commercial 
city  of  Cuba  ami  tiie  principal  seaport  in  the  eastern  part.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  ricli  minii\u  district,  in  which  iron  prwiominates, 
though  copper  is  also  luincil.  The  exports  are  very  large,  includ- 
ing copper  and  iron  ore.  hides,  cedar  and  mahogany  logs,  A  large 
l)usiuess  is  done.  Santiag(j  is  often  selected  as  a  base  for  a  local 
agency,  particularly  if  it  does  not  seem  advisable  to  depend  upon 
Habana  exclusively.  Should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen.  At  Dai- 
quiri and  Firnieza,  near  by,  are  great  iron  mines. 

TRINIDAD,  I'rovince  of  Santa  Clara ;  population,  12.000 ;  45  miles 
(78  km.)  from  Santa  Clara.  Products:  Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  co- 
coa, wax.  honey. 

How  Reached. — From  Santa  Clara  by  Cuba  Railway. 

Some  Leading  Hotels. — Tulleries,  Central,  Union. 

Banks. — National  Bank  of  Cuba;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Note, — Trinidad  is  in  the  south  central  part  of  Cuba.  Tlie  sur- 
rounding district  is  very  rich.  Usually  fotmd  worthy  of  the  at- 
tention of  salesmen  who  canvass  the  smaller  places. 

SOME  TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  i.«!  a  list  of  the  less  important  places  in  Cuba.  Some  of 
these,  however,  are  of  iiiterest  to  travelers  who  canvass  their  terri- 
tory closely.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the  busine.ss 
available  in  these  places  be  made  in  the  largest  towns  near  them. 

Artemisa,  Pinar  del  Rio;  population.  5.0(K).  Reached  from  Ha- 
bana by  Western  Railway.  Products:  Pineapples.  National  City 
Bank  of  New  York. 

Batabano,  Department  of  Habana;  population,  7.000.  Connected 
with  Habana  customs  district;  branch  of  Habana  customhouse. 
Reached  from  Habana  by  United  Railways.  Banks:  Banco  Espa- 
nol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  M.  G.  Valdes  &  Co.  The  business  of  the 
Isle  of  Pines  passes  through  here.  In  the  vicinity  are  many  sponge 
lisheries.     ('anvassed  by  tliose  who  work  the  smaller  places. 

Bejucal,  Province  of  Habaiui ;  population,  G,500;  15  miles  (26  km.) 
from  Habana;  reached  by  United  Railways.  Products:  Tobacco, 
tropical  fruit.s,  etc. 

Bolondron,  Province  of  Matanzas;  population,  about  5,000;  35 
miles  (53  km.)  from  Matanzas;  reached  by  United  Railways. 
Products:  Sugar,  cattle,  etc. 

Ciego  de  Avila,  Province  of  Camaguey  ;  population.  10,0()0;  2S(> 
miles  (4.50  km.)  from  Habana;  200  miles  (420  km.)  from  Santiago. 
Junction  on  Cuba  Railway  and  .Incaro  &  San  Fernando  Railroad. 
Products:  Sugar  and  cattle.  Industry:  Sawmills.  Baid<s:  lianco 
Espanol  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba:  National  Bank  of  Cuba  ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada  ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York.  Railway  restaurant  at 
this  point.     Hotels :  Delicias,  Seville. 


186  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Colon,  Province  of  Matraizas;  population,  8,500;  83  miles  (135 
km.)  from  Habana ;  40  miles  (64  km.)  from  Cardenas.  Banks: 
Banco  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba ;  National  Bank  of  Cuba ;  National  City 
Bank  of  New  York.  This  is  a  great  sugar  center ;  chiefl.v  dependent 
upon  Habana.  Reached  from  Habana  by  United  Railways.  Hotels : 
La  Union,  Lanare,  Continental. 

Consolacion  del  Sur,  Pinar  del  Rio ;  population,  11,000 ;  12  miles 
(20  km.)  from  Pinar  del  Rio.  Products:  Tobacco,  etc.  Reached 
from  Habana  and  Pinar  del  Rio  by  Western  Railway.  Bank : 
National  Bank  of  Cuba.  Hotel :  Moderno.  In  this  vicinity  tobacco 
is  the  principal  product. 

Cruces,  Province  of  Santa  Clara ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  the  road 
from  Cienfuegos  to  Sagiia  la  Grande,  in  the  midst  of  a  sugar  dis- 
trict. Banks :  Banco  Espanol  de  Jsla  de  Cuba  ;  National  Bank  of 
Cuba ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York.  Hotels :  Reina  Victoria, 
Ruiz. 

Guanabacao,  Province  of  Habana  ;  population,  14,000.  Chief  prod- 
ucts: Sugar,  coffee,  etc.  Reached  from  Habana  by  United  Rail- 
ways.    Bank  :  National  Bank  of  Cuba.     A  fair  business  is  done  here. 

Guanajay,  Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio ;  population,  7,000 ;  35  miles 
(57  km.)  from  Habana,  reached  by  United  Railways.  Products: 
Tobacco,  sugar,  fruits.  Hotel :  Cuba.  Bank :  National  Bank  of 
Cuba. 

Guines,  Province  of  Habana;  population,  10,360;  32  miles  (50 
km. )  from  Habana,  reached  by  Western  Railway.  Bank :  National 
Bank  of  Cuba.  Canvassed  from  Habana  by  those  who  make  the 
smaller  towns.  This  is  a  railroad  junction  point.  In  the  vicinity 
are  many  sugar  mills. 

Marianao,  Province  of  Habana;  population,  10,000;  10  miles  (16 
km.)  from  Habana,  reached  by  United  Railways.  This  is  a  subur- 
ban residential  district,  not  of  commercial  importance. 

Puerto  Padre,  Province  of  Oriente;  population,  3,500;  on  the  north 
coast ;  reached  from  Habana  by  steamers  of  Empresa  Naviera  de 
Cuba.  Chief  products :  Coffee,  sugar,  fruits,  honey,  tobacco ;  also 
mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  manganese.  Hotel :  Garcia.  Bank : 
Royal  Bank  of  Canada.  This  is  a  progressive  town  in  which  con- 
siderable business  is  done. 

Remedios,  Province  of  Santa  Clara;  population,  10,000;  5  miles 
(8  km.)  south  of  Caibarien ;  32  miles  (51  km.)  from  Santa  Clara. 
Products :  Tobacco,  sugar.  Industries :  Packing  center ;  railroad 
town.  Reached  from  Habana  via  United  Railways  and  Cuban  Cen- 
ti-al  Railroad.  Banks:  National  Bank  of  Cuba;  National  City  Bank 
of  New  York.      Hotels :  Gomercio,  Mascotte. 

San  Antonio  de  Los  Banos,  Province  of  Habana ;  population, 
13,500;  20  miles  (34  km.)  from  Habana,  reached  by  rail.  Products: 
The  famous  Tumbadara  tobacco  and  tropical  fruits.  Hotels :  Cuba, 
La  Dominica.     This  is  a  health  resort. 

Sancti  Spiritus,  Province  of  Santa  Clara;  population,  18.000;  240 
miles  (386  km.)  from  Habana,  reached  by  United  Railways  and 
Cuba  Railway  via  Santa  Clara;  50  miles  (80  km.)  from  Santa 
Clara,  reached  by  Cuba  Railway.  Hotels:  Perla,  Central,  Correo, 
Plaza,  Tibidabo,  Isla  de  Cuba.  Banks :  Banco  Espanol  de  la  Isla 
de  Cuba;  National  Bank  of  Cuba;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada;  National 
City  Bank  of  New  York. 


JAMAICA. 

Mnp  No.  5. 

Location. — .Tinnni'-a  is  an  l.slnnd  in  tl*'-  ''':iiihl)CMn  Sosi.  I.vinc 
about  90  miles  south  of  Cuba  and  IW  miles  from  Haiti.  It  is  a 
British  possession.  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands,  Cayman  Islands. 
Maront  Ca.vs,  and  re<lro  Cays  are  dependencies  of  Jamaica. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  is  about  4,207  square  milos; 
population,  about  iMW.OOO,  or  approximately  214  inhabitants  per 
square  mile.  The  greatest  lenjjtli  of  .Jamaica  is  144  miles,  the  great- 
est width  .50  miles. 

Population  of  Principal  Towns. — Kingston,  57,379;  Spanish  Town. 
7.r.4M>:  Monteiro  Bay,  (5.G0O;  Port  Antonio.  8,000;  Savanna  la  Mar. 
3..">(Mi;  St.  Anns  Bay.  2,1500;  Falmouth.  2.500. 

Topography. — Nearly  all  of  .Jamaica  is  mountainous.  Some  of  the 
peaks  attain  a  luight  of  5,000  to  7,000  ft'et.  The  island  is  well 
watered  by  small  streams.  There  are  abundant  fertile  valleys, 
some  of  which  are  very  picturesque.  The  most  important  chain  of 
mountains  is  the  Blue  Mountains. 

Climate. — At  sea  level  the  temperature  ranges  from  70°  to  87°  F. : 
at  l.(KX)  feet.  68°  to  82°  ;  at  3,000  feet,  63°  to  74°  ;  at  7.(KX)  feet,  49° 
to  64°.  Near  the  coast  it  is  humid  and  warm.  The  hi^dier  regions 
are  dry,  mild,  and  equable.  There  are  two  rainy  seasons,  May  and 
October,  but  there  is  more  or  less  rain  during  all  of  the  year. 

Commercial  Interests. — This  island  is  essentially  agricultural. 
The  most  important  crop  is  bananas.  The  raising  of  coffee  ami 
coconuts  is  also  important.  The  sugar  industry  is  developing  very 
rapidl.v  and  is  increasing  in  importanee  as  a  money  crop.  In  the 
timlter  industry  considerable  advance  has  been  made,  especially  in 
getting  out  logwood.  Cattle  raising,  and  the  cons«'quent  export  of 
hides  and  skins,  has  also  been  increasing. 

Principal  Products. — Sugar  cane,  coffee,  bananas,  oranges,  grape- 
fiuit.  limi's,  coconuts,  hardwoods,  honey,  wax,  pimento,  Jamaica 
pinger,  annatto,  and  cassava. 

Minerals. — Copper,  gold,  iron,  lead,  cobalt,  manganese,  and  others. 

Industries. — A.griculture,  match  factories,  ice  plants.  brewerie.s. 
bottling  works,  cigar  and  cigarette  factories,  distilleries,  planing 
mills,  n)anufacture  of  jippi-jappa  hats,  and  banana  f<Mid  products. 

Language. — English, 

Curreucy. — Same  as  in  England,  but  Uniteil  States  money  is 
accepted. 

"Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  England. 

Postage. — Firsi-ela.ss  letter  rate  to  .-ind  from  the  United  States,  5 
cents  loi-  the  lirst  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or 
fractional  part  thereof. 

Wireless  and  Cable. — Messages  between  ship  and  shore  cost  $2.15 
for  not  more  than  10  words.  Cable  messages  to  points  east  of  the 
Mississippi  Kiver,  36  cents  per  word ;  west  of  the  river.  41  cents  per 
word. 

187 


188  GUIDE    TO    I.ATTN    AMERICA. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  17  Battery  Place, 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Biuiins  slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
Iliver  (Battery  Place).  Departures  for  Kincston  every  Wednesday 
and  Saturday,  and  for  Port  Antonio  every  Saturday  and  alternate 
Thursday;  for  Morant,  Alto  Bay,  Montego  Bay,  Savanna  la  Mai-, 
every  Saturday.  Connection  can  be  made  at  Kingston  and  Port 
Antonio  with  the  .Jamaica  Government  Railroad  for  interior  points. 
Fares:  New  York  to  Kingston  and  Port  Antonio,  $8.5;  Cristobal 
(Panama)  to  Kingston.  $43;  Santiago  (Cuba)  to  Kingston  and 
Port  Antonio,  $17.     Time  of  trip  from  New  York,  six  to  seven  days. 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co. — Office,  26  Broadway,  New  York. 
Sailings  from  Pier  42,  North  River  (foot  of  Christopher  St.).  De- 
parture monthly  for  Kingston,  .Jamaica.     Fare,  .$85.     Time,  6  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  JAMAICA. 

Plant  Steamship  Co. — Line  from  Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Leyland  and  Harrison  Lines. — From  England  to  K:ingston,  Port 
Antonio,  and  INIontego  Bay,  then  going  on  to  Mexican  ports. 

Halifax  &  West  India  Steamship  Co. — Fortnightly  sailings  from 
Halifax  to  .Jamaica,  calling  at  Bermuda  and  Turks  Island. 

Elders  &  Fyffes  Line. — Two  steamers  a  mouth  from  England  to 
Kingston,  then  continuing  to  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica,  and  returning 
in  about  five  or  six  days,  after  having  gone  either  to  Santa  Marta, 
Colombia,  or  Colon,  Panama. 

Cuba  Railroad  Co. — Steamer  Prince  Rupert  leaves  Kingston  and 
Port  Antonio  for  Santiago,  Cuba,  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and 
Saturdays,  and  returns  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays. 
Time  of  trip :  From  Port  Antonio,  7  to  8  hours ;  from  Kingston, 
about  17  hours.  Fares  (including  meals  and  berth)  :  Port  An- 
tonio to  Santiago,  $12 ;  I-Cingston  to  Santiago,  $15. 

Local  Steamship  Service. — A  Government  launch  and  other  small 
vessels  ply  between  Ivingston  and  Port  Royal.  Fare,  about  25  cents. 
The  yacht  Lucincla  maintains  regular  service  between  Santiago  de 
Cuba  and  Kingston,  Jamaica.  Time  of  trip,  about  16  hours.  There 
are  several  other  steamers  which  make  regular  trips  around  the 
island.     Inquire  at  steamship  agencies  in  Ivingston. 

JAMAICA  GOVERNMENT  RAILWAY. 

The  railroad  extends  from  Montego  Bay  to  Spanish  Town.  At 
the  latter  point  the  line  branches  ofC  in  two  directions — one  to 
Kingston  and  the  other  to  Port  Antonio.  Between  Spanish  Town 
and  Port  Antonio  a  line  branches  off  to  Ewarton. 

Fares  from  and  to  Kingston. — Spanish  Town,  $0.50 ;  Port  Antonio, 
$3;  Montpelier,  $4.15;  Montego  Bay,  $4.50;  between  Port  Antonio 
and  Spanish  Town,  $2.70. 

DISTANCES. — New  York  to  Kingston,  1,457  nautical  miles;  New 
York  to  Port  Antonio,  1,415  miles ;  Cristobal,  Panama,  to  Kingston, 
550  miles.  Distances  within  Jamaica :  Annotto  Bay  to  Kingston, 
50  miles  (81  km.)  ;  Port  Antonio  to  Kingston,  75  miles  (120  km.)  ; 


JAMAICA.  189 

St.  Ann's  Bay  In  Kin^sion,  70  miles  (113  km.);  Spanish  Town  to 
KinRston,  12  miles  (1!)  I<ni.)  ;  Falmoulli  to  Tort  Antonio.  100  inilf.s 
(171  km.);  Falmontli  to  Montet^o  V.ny,  22  miles   (35  km.). 

Mail  Coaches. — There  Isj  a  regular  mail-coach  service  hetwetMj 
M()iite;,'()  Itay  and  Lucea,  distance  2")  miles  (40  km.),  time  ahout 
4  hours,  fare  $2;  between  Savanna  la  Mar  and  MontiM-ller.  22 
miles  (34  km.),  timc^  ahont  4*  hours,  fare  .$1. ."»<).  In  addition  to  the 
above,  there  is  mail-coach  service  to  all  i>rincii)al  places  not  reached 
by  railroiid.     UufXfxnuKi  limited  to  20  ponnds  per  iiassenwr. 

Automobiles. — In  addition  to  the  mail  coaches,  mnni'rous  uiito- 
mobiles  are  available  for  n-achinfr  points  unt  on  the  railroad. 

CANVASSING  JAMAICA. 

Commercial  Center. — Thei'e  is  only  one  city  of  real  importance,  tlie 
capital,  Kin^'ston.  Here  are  located  the  chief  Government  offices. 
The  most  important  lirms  (particularly  the  wholesale  houses)  are 
located  in  Kingston.  These  supply  the  small  lirms  throu}?hout  the 
island. 

Importing:  Retailers. — It  must  be  remembered  that  because  of  the 
acce.ssibility  of  .Lamaica,  many  retailers  even  in  the  smaller  places 
import  direct,  especially  from  New  York.  There  is  also  consuler- 
able  business  with  Great  Britain. 

Routes  for  Travelers. — Almost  all  travelers  begin  at  Kingston, 
finding  it  more  satisfactory  to  feel  the  pulse  of  the  trade  there  and 
then  canvass  the  rest  of  the  island.  There  is  good  .'lervice  between 
Kingston  and  the  places  of  less  importance.  Port  Antonio,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  island,  is  reached  by  rail.  The  chief  town.s, 
method  of  reaching  them,  and  the  approximate  time  required  are 
given  in  the  following  pages. 

Agencies. — Agencies  for  Jamaica  are  almost  always  placed  with 
linns  in  Kingston,  who  are  expected  to  can\Tass  the  rest  of  the 
island.  In  the  case  of  maiuiiacturers  who  sell  exclusively  to  whole- 
salers, the  business  is  comparatively  simple,  because  such  houses  are 
located  exclusively  in  Kingston.  Many  v.  holesalers  conduct  a  retail 
business  in  connection,  and  this  makes  differentiation  between  the 
two  classes  of  trade  less  market!  than  elsewhere. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License. — Under  a  law  effective  June  1, 
1019,  connnercial  travelers  representing  foreign  business  houses 
are  required  to  register  and  pay  an  annual  tax  of  £10  ($4S.Gt5). 
Failure  to  do  so  involves  heavy  penalties,  including  impri-sonment. 

Taxes  on  Goods  Sold.— If  the  commercial  traveler  sells  his  sam- 
ples, or  if  stock  is  brought  to  the  island  to  be  sold,  the  traveler  is 
required  to  take  out  a  merchant's  license,  the  cost  of  which  is 
about  .$01  per  year. 

Giving  Bond. — Samples  of  value  may  be  brought  into  Jamaica 
without  the  payment  of  duty,  but  an  invoice  must  be  dei>ositeil 
with  the  customs,  the  goods  carefully  checked,  and  a  sullicienc 
deiiosit  left  to  cover  duties  thereon.  When  the  traveler  leaves  the 
island  the  goods  are  again  checked  and  the  deposit  returned. 

Suggestions  to  Salesmen. — American  exporters  should  bear  in 
mind  that  English — not  Spanish — is  the  language  of  Jamaica;  that 
the  average  transit  period  is  5  to  6  days;  that  American  currency 
may  be  used  in  price  quotations;  that  tlie  regular  foreign  postage 


190  GUroE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

rates  prevail  and  parcel-post  facilities  are  available;  and  that  the 
climate  of  Jamaica  is  subtropical. 

Credit  information  may  be  obtained  from  the  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia 
and  the  Colonial  Bank,  both  of  which  have  branches  throughout 
the  island.  Credit  terms  are  30  to  90  days  with  2  per  cent  to  3 
per  cent  off  for  cash,  the  average  being  60  days  or  2J  per  cent  otf 
for  cash. 

The  general  trade  of  Jamaica  demands  cheap  merchandise — 
quantity  rather  than  quality.  The  ordinary  black  Jamaican  plans 
Jiis  purchases  in  pennies — not  shillings. 

Holidays  in  Jamaica. — ^The  following  are  the  chief  holidays  ob- 
served in  Jamaica :  January  1,  New  Year's  Day ;  Ash  Wednesday ; 
Good  Friday ;  Easter  Monday ;  IMay  24,  Empire  Day ;  June  3,  birth- 
day of  the  King ;  August  1,  abolition  day  of  slavery  in  the  British 
colonies ;  November  9,  King  Edward's  Day ;  December  25,  Chrisi- 
mas ;  December  26,  Boxing  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

FALMOUTH;  population,  2,500;  106  miles  (171  km.)  from  Port 
Antonio,  22  miles  (35  km.)  from  Montego  Bay.  Principal  products: 
Sugar,  coffee,  ginger,  bananas,  dyewoods,  rum.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Walter  Coke  Kerr, 

How  B,eached. — From  St.  Anns  Bay  by  steamer ;  from  Montego 
Bay  by  steamer,  3-hour  journey. 

Principal  Hotel.— Falmouth. 

Bank. — Colonial  Bank  (J.  E.  Kerr  &  Co.,  agents). 

Note. — This  is  a  port  of  entry  for  the  north.  A  fair  retail  trade 
is  carried  on.     Visited  by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  places. 

KINGSTON,  the  capital  of  the  island ;  population,  57,379 ;  50  miles 
(81  km.)  froiu  Annotto  Bay;  75  miles  (120  km.)  from  Port  An- 
tonio ;  1,457  nautical  miles  from  New  York.  Landing :  From 
steamer  to  wharf.  Temperature  averages  78°  F.  Principal  prod- 
ucts :  Bananas,  coffee,  pimento,  ginger,  logwood.  Industries  :  Match 
and  ice  factories,  breweries,  cigar  and  cigarette  factories. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  R.  S.  Gamble  & 
Son. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  United  Fruit  Co.  steamers; 
from  Port  Antonio,  by  rail,  time  4  to  5  hours,  fare  $3 ;  from  An- 
notto Bay,  by  rail. 

Conveyances.— Cab  (locally  called  "bus")  within  city  limits,  12 
cents  per  person,  75  cents  per  hour ;  outside  of  city,  $1.10  per  hour. 
Electric  cars  give  good  service  at  regular  intervals  to  various  parts 
of  city  and  suburbs. 

Hotels. — Myrtle  Bank,  Jamaica,  Montague  House,  South  Camp 
Road.  Manor  House,  St.  Andrew's  Hotel. 

Banks. — Bank  of  Nova  Scotia ;  Colonial  Bank ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada  ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Note. — Kingston  is  a  port  of  call  for  many  steamship  lines  trading 
with  the  West  Indies,  South  America,  and  Europe.  IMany  travelers 
stop  off  here  for  a  visit  between  steamers.  A  considerable  volume 
of  trade,  both  wholesale  and  retail,  is  done  in  foodstuffs,  hard- 
ware, estate  stores,  etc.     In  the  vicinity  are  many  sugar,  coffee. 


JAMAICA.  1  0  1 

Oftc'onut,  and  hanaiia  plantations.  This  i»lao(»  Is  genprnllj'  wi»rtl»y 
<»f  a  visit  rroiii  all  salosincii. 

MONTEGO  BAY,  I'Mfisli  of  St.  .laiiK'S,  cm  northwost  cml  of 
island;  |)o|nilalion.  <;,(;(M);  22  miles  (8.')  km.)  from  Fnliiiontli:  10 
miles  (10  km.)  from  Montpelier ;  113  miles  (183  km.)  from  Kings- 
ton. Principal  products:  Sugar,  coffee,  bananas,  dyewoodfj,  rum. 
Industries:  Ice  factory,  aerated-water  works,  native  wines  and 
cordials. 

American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Walter  Coke  Kerr. 

How  Reached. — From  Savanna  la  Mar,  by  steamer,  a  2n-hour  jour- 
ney ;  fi-oni  Kingston,  by  rail,  fare  .S4.r><>;  from  Fahiioutli.  by  sieamer, 
4-liour  journey,  or  by  road,  GJ-hour  trip;  from  St.  Anns  Day,  by 
motor  car  (every  Friday),  fare  $6.50;  from  Port  Antonio,  by  motor 
cars,  about  8  hours. 

Principal  Hotels. — Spring  Hill,  Montego  Bay,  Caribee,  Stafford- 
shire. 

Banks. — Rank  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  Colonial  Bank. 

Note. — This  is  the  most  important  city  of  the  pari.sh  and  a  very 
fair  trade  is  carried  on.  Visited  by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller 
pkices. 

PORT  ANTONIO,  Parish  of  Portland:  population,  8,000;  75  miles 
(120  km.  I  from  Kingston:  5!)()  natntical  miles  from  Cristobal,  Pan- 
ama. Landing:  Vessels  anchor  offshore.  Products:  Bananas  and 
other  fruits.  Industries:  Ice  factory,  bottling  works,  tannery,  cigar 
factory. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.     Lloyd's  agent,  D.  S.  Gideon. 

How  Reached. — From  Kingston,  by  rail,  time  4  to  5  hours,  fare 
$3 ;  from  Montego  Bay,  by  rail ;  from  Cristobal,  by  United  Fruit  Co. 
steamers. 

Banks. — Bank  of  Nova  Scotia ;  Colonial  Bank. 

Principal  Hotels. — Titchtield,  Waverly. 

Note. — The  most  important  town  of  the  parish.  There  is  an  ex- 
cellent harbor  with  'accommodations  for  all  vessels.  A  very  large 
retail  trade  is  carried  on.  The  Uuited  Fruit  Co.  has  a  commissary 
at  this  point  anil  has  done  much  to  develop  the  surrounding  dis- 
trict. During  the  winter  many  tourists  from  the  United  States  use 
this  place  as  h  port  of  call. 

ST.  ANNS  BAY,  Parish  of  St.  Ann;  population,  2,500;  70  miles 
(113  km.)  from  Kingston.  Landing:  Vessels  anchor  offshore. 
Principal  products :  Fruits,  pimento,  coffee,  dyewoods,  coconuts. 
Industries :  Manufacture  of  essential  oils.  Lloyd's  agent.  A.  B.  D. 
Kerrie. 

How  Reached. — From  Falmouth,  by  steamer,  20-hour  journey : 
from  Annotto  Bay,  by  steamer. 

Principal  Hotels. — Seville,  Osborne,  Moneague,  Richmond,  Holly- 
mount. 

Bank. — Bank  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Note. — A  small  town,  but  the  most  important  one  in  the  parish. 
A  good  retail  business  is  carried  on  in  general  merchandise  and 
estate  stores. 

SA"VANNA  LA  MAR,  Westmoreland,  on  Cabaritta  River;  popula- 
tion. 3,")0(»;  21  miles  (33  km.)  froni  .Montpelier.  Landing:  Steamers 
lie  alongside  wharf.     Principal  products:   Sugar,  colTee,  dyewoods, 


192  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

rum,  ginger.  Industries :  Aerated  water  bottling  works.  Lloyd's 
agent,  B.  H.  Segre. 

How  Reached. — From  Kingston  by  coastal  steamers  which  leave 
Kingston  Monday  evening  and  arrive  at  Savanna  la  Mar  Tuesday 
at  3  p.  m. ;  or  by  train  via  Montego  Bay  line,  7  hours. 

Banks. — Bank  of  Nova  Scotia;  Colonial  Bank  (Leyden  &  Co., 
agents). 

Note. — A  fairly  important  commercial  town  with  a  good  retail 
business  in  ordinary  lines,  estate  stores,  etc.  One  of  the  more 
important  towns  of  .Jamaica. 

SPANISH  TOWN,  Parish  of  St.  Catherine,  on  the  Rio  Cobre;  popu- 
lation, 7,500;  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  Kingston.  Industi'ies :  Dye- 
wood  extract  factory. 

How  Reached. — From  Kingston,  by  rail,  35  minutes,  fare  50  cents ; 
from  Port  Antonio,  by  rail ;  from  Annotto  Bay,  by  rail,  time  3 
hours. 

Banks. — Bank  of  Nova  Scotia;  Colonial  Bank. 

Principal  Hotels. — Kio  Cobre,  JMarble. 

Note. — This  was  formerly  the  capital  of  .Jamaica.  A  fair  volume 
of  business  is  carried  on  in  dry  goods,  estate  stores,  etc.  Visited 
by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  towns. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  COMMERCIAL  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  less  important  places  in  .Jamaica.  Some  of 
these,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  canvass  their  terri- 
tory closely.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the  business 
available  in  these  places  be  made  in  the  largest  towns  near  them. 

Annotto  Bay,  on  right  bank  of  AVag  Water  Iliver ;  29  miles  (47 
km.)  from  Port  Antonio,  50  miles  (81  km.)  from  Kingston.  Princi- 
pal products :  Bananas,  coconuts,  cocoa,  coffee,  kola,  dyewoods. 
Railway  communication  with  Kingston,  Port  Antonio,  and  Montego 
Bay, 

Black  River,  Parish  of  St,  Elizabeth ;  population,  1,300 ;  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Black  River,  Chief  exports  are  coffee,  ginger, 
citrus  fruits,  sugar,  etc.     Bank :  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Brownstown,  largest  town  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Ann ;  population, 
1,100.     Retail  trade  in  general  merchandise  and  estate  stores. 

Ewarton,  altitude,  760  feet;  17  miles  (27  km.)  from  Spanish 
Town,  29  miles  (47  km.)  from  Kingston.  Terminus  of  branch  line 
from  Port  Antonio  and  Kingston.  Hotels:  Hollymount  and  Mone- 
ague, 

Highgate,  Parish  of  St,  Mary;  8  miles  (13  km.)  from  Port  Maria. 
Products :  Bananas,  cocoa,  coffee,  dyewoods,  oranges,  coconuts. 
Reached  by  rail  from  Kingston  and  Port  Antonio. 

Lucea,  chief  town  of  Hanover  Parish ;  population,  1,600.  Prod- 
ucts :  Sugar,  bananas,  coconuts,  rum,  pimento,  ginger,  yams,  ax'row- 
root,  etc. 

Montpelier,  situated  in  an  agricultural  district;  10  miles  (16  km.) 
from  Montego  Bay;  reached  by  rail.  Railway  connects  also  with 
Kingston  and  Port  Antonio. 

Old  Harbour,  inland  town  about  2  miles  (3  km.)  from  Old  Harbour 
Bay.    Reached  by  rail  from  Kingston. 


I 


JAMAICA.  193 

Ora  Cabessa,  I'arisli  of  St.  .Mary.  Shipping  port  for  fruit  trudi-. 
riodiicts:  Hai'iiuas  and  citrus  fruits. 

Port  Maria,  chief  town  of  I'arisli  of  Port  Muria  ;  population,  2,9<X). 
Products:  Lojjwood,  coffee,  coconuts,  oranges,  bananas,  pimento. 
Reached  l).v  coasting  vessels  fr«»in  Port  Antordo.  Hanks:  Hank  of 
Nova  Scotia;  Colonial  Hank.  The  Wentworth  plantation,  largest 
coconut  plantation  in  the  world,  is  located  in  this  parish. 

Cayman  Islands. — These  islands  form  a  i>art  of  the  colony  of 
Jamaica.     Population,  r>,.">70  (about  half  of  i>opulation  white). 

Grand  Cayman  lies  ITS  miles  (280  km.)  from  Jamaica;  popula- 
tion, over  1,(V)(>.  Products:  Dyewoods,  pliospiuite  deposits,  cattle. 
poultry.  Towns:  (Jeortretown  (cajiital),  ^^'est  Bay,  Prospect.  Kiis\ 
End,  and  Hodden  Town.     Lloyd's  agent,  W.  M.  Cocliran. 

Little  Cayman  is  HS  miles  (9S  km.)  northeast  of  Grand  Cayman. 
Products:  Coconuts.     Lloyd's  ajient,  William  Hunter. 

Cayman  Brae  is  08  miles  (83  km.)  northeast  of  Grand  Cayman. 
Products :  Coconuts. 

The  business  of  the  i.slauds  is  handled  through  Jamaica,  and  is 
comparatively  small.  Reached  by  schooner  and  small  sailing  ves- 
sels. 

144297'— 20 13 


HAITI. 

Maps  Nos.  5  and  6. 

location. — The  Republic  of  Haiti  aud  the  Dominican  Republic 
occupy  an  island  southeast  of  Cuba,  lying  between  Cuba  and  Porto 
Kico.  Cape  St.  Nicolas,  Haiti,  is  about  130  miles  distant  from 
Point  de  Maisi,  Cuba,  via  the  Windward  Passage. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Haiti  is  estimated  at  10,204 
square  miles.  The  population  is  estimated  at  2,.500,000,  or  about 
245  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  This  makes  it  one  of  the  most 
populous  of  the  American  Republics. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  Negroes,  fully  90  per  cent 
being  black.  There  are  also  a  considerable  number  of  mulattoes, 
descendants  of  former  French  settlers,  and  about  5,000  foreigners, 
of  whom  about  10  per  cent  are  white. 

Topography. — Haiti  is  a  land  of  forested  mountains  and  fertile 
valleys,  shaped  like  an  immense  U,  the  arms  including  the  Gulf  of 
Gonaives.  It  has  the  highest  mountain  in  the  West  Indies,  Loma 
Tina,  over  10,000  feet.  The  average  altitude  of  the  Sierra  del 
Cibao  is  7,000  feet. 

Rivers  and  Lakes. — Although  Haiti  has  numerous  rivers,  the  only 
navigable  one  is  the  Artibonite.  It  is  the  largest  sti-eam  on  the 
island  and  is  navigable  for  about  100  miles.  Other  important  rivers 
are  the  Grand  Anse  and  the  Trois  Rivieres.  The  largest  lake  is 
Etang  Sammantre,  16  miles  long  and  4  miles  broad.  It  is  navi- 
gable. 

Climate.— Owing  to  the  diversity  of  its  topographical  formation, 
there  is  a  wide  range  of  climate.  This  is  influenced  by  the  constant 
sea  breezes.  Because  of  the  mountainous  character  of  the  country, 
the  climate  in  many  places  is  pleasant  and  healthful. 

Seasons. — The  seasons  vary  according  to  the  section  of  the  island 
and  the  altitude.  In  the  mountains  there  is  always  a  considerable 
amount  of  moisture,  which  forms  mists  and  dew.  The  rainy  sea- 
son, generally  speaking,  lasts  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the 
middle  of  October.  During  that  time  the  temperature  averages 
94°  F.  The  dry  season,  generally  speaking,  lasts  from  the  middle 
of  October  to  the  middle  of  April ;  average  temperature,  84°.  The 
rainfall  varies  considerably.  It  is  heaviest  during  the  months  of 
May  and  .Tune,  and  ranges  from  24  inches  in  some  places  to  144 
inches  in  others.  Port  aw  Prince  is  one  of  the  hottest  points  on 
the  island.  The  average  summer  temperature  there  is  80°  to  95° ; 
v.inter  temperature,  70°  to  80°. 

Agricultural  Wealth. — Haiti  is  essentially  an  agricultural  coun- 
try. The  most  important  crop  is  coffee.  Next  in  importance  are 
coconuts,  while  the  raising  of  cacao,  tropical  fruits,  cotton,  tobacco, 
yucca,  etc.,  is  increasing. 

Forest  Wealth. — The  timber  resoures  of  Haiti  are  as  yet  not 
fully  developed,  but  the  outlook  is  promising.  The  chief  timber 
exported  is  logwood,  next  lignum-vitse. 

194 


HAITI.  195 

Cattle  Industry. — Tlic  tattle-raisinj^  iiulustry  is  dcvcloiiiiiK,  as 
there  is  a  vt'i-y  c<)iisitleral)lt'  JUTeaue  suitable  for  gruziiix.  Goat- 
sklus  and  hides  in  k^M'^'Ih'  are  exported. 

Mineral  Wealth. — Haiti  lias  retuarl<able  wealth  in  mineral  re- 
suiines,  hut  they  are  y^rt  undeveloped. 

Manufacturing. — Tiiere  are  no  industries  of  importance.  Tliere 
are  a  lew  su.i;ar  mills  and  tiie  number  is  growinf,'.  A  number  of 
small  factories  supply  local  r»H|uirements  for  cigars,  cigarettes, 
Kill  her,  etc. 

Language. — French  is  the  commercial  language.  Most  of  the 
peo])le  speak  a  dialect  known  as  Creole  Frenclj. 

Currency. — The  money  of  Haiti  is  based  upon  the  gold  gourde, 
which  has  a  value  of  .$0.25.  Paper,  however,  is  the  actual  currency, 
which  fluctuates  in  value.  No  gold  coins  have  been  minte<l.  Owing 
to  tlie  fact  that  all  exjjort  duties  and  the  surtax  of  2't  per  cent  on 
imi)orts,  with  an  additional  15  per  cent,  are  payable  in  Unite<l 
States  gold,  Ameritan  coins  are  current  in  the  Kepublif.  Paper 
currency    (irredeemable)   consists  of  5,  2,  and  1  gourde  bills. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  prevails ;  pounds,  tons, 
and  gallons  are  also  used. 

Postage. — Letters  from  the  United  States  require  5  cents  for  the 
first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fractional  part 
theriM^f. 

Telegi'aph. — The  principal  towns  are  connected  by  a  Government 
telegrai)h  sy.steni. 

Cable. — There  are  cable  connections  with  Cuba,  the  Dominican 
]{ei>ublic,  the  I'nited  States,  and  South  Ainerica.  Cable  rate  be- 
tween Cape  Haitieu,  Mole  St.  Nicolas,  Port  au  Prince,  and  points 
in  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississijtpi,  SO  cents  per  word  : 
west  of  the  river,  85  cents  per  word.  To  all  other  points  in  Haiti 
the  rate  is  $1.30  and  $1.35,  respectively. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 
LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  Line. — Punch,  Edye  &  Co..  agent.<?, 
10  Bridge  Street,  New  York.  Sailings  from  Pier  3.  Rush  Terminal, 
Forty-seventh  Street,  Brooklyn.  Departures  for  Haiti  about  every 
two  weeks.  Fares  from  New  York:  To  Cape  Haitien.  Port  de 
Paix,  Gonaives,  St.  !Marc,  Port  au  Prince.  Petit  Goave,  Miraginine, 
ami  Jeremie,  $90;  to  Aux  Cayes  and  .Tacmel.  .$105.  Time  to  Cape 
Haitien,  about  0  days;  to  Port  uu  Prince,  about  10  days. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line. — OtTice,  24  State  Street,  New 
York.  Sailings  from  Pier  67,  ^^'est  Twenty-seventh  Street.  De- 
partures semimonthly  for  Port  au  Prince.  Haiti,  and  Colon,  Panama. 
Fares:  New  York  to  Port  au  Prince,  .$75;  Cristobal  to  Port  au 
Prince,  $45.  Time  from  New  York  to  Port  au  Prince,  about  five 
days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  HAITIAN.  PORTS. 

Corapagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Mon-thly  service  from  Porto 
Itlco  and  Martinique:  semimonthly  service  from  Dominican  Kc^ 
public  and  Virgin   Islands. 

Haitian  Navigation  Co. — Steamers  GriseUe  and  Amazone  furnish 
coastwise  servict-  between  Haitian  ports. 


196  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

RAILROADS  IN  HAITI. 

Central  Railroad  of  Haiti  (also  known  as  Cul  de  Sac  Railroad). — 
From  Port  au  Prince  to  tlie  Doiuiuican  frontier,  35  miles  (56  km.)  ; 
from  Port  au  Prince  to  Leoganes,  20  miles  (32  km.). 

National  Railroad. — This  road,  when  completed,  will  traverse  al- 
most the  entire  country  from  north  to  south.  The  following  sec- 
tions are  now  in  operation :  Cape  Haitien  to  Grande  Riviere,  14 
miles  (23  km.)  ;  Gonaives  to  Ennery,  20  miles  (32  km.)  ;  Port  au 
Prince  to  St.  Marc,  64  miles  (103  km.)  ;  Grande  Riviere  to  Bahon, 
10  miles  (16  km.). 

CANVASSING  HAITI. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — Samples  possessing  no  commercial  value  are 
admitted  free  of  duty. 

Giving  Bond.— If  samples  have  a  commercial  value,  and  it  is  de- 
sired to  reexport  them  later,  bond  may  be  given.  The  details  can 
be  arranged  through  a  customhouse  broker. 

Exportation  of  Samples  Through  Another  Port. — Samples  may  be 
entered  through  one  port  and  reexported  from  another.  The  trav- 
eler should  obtain  from  the  port  of  entry  a  document  which  will 
certify  that  bond  has  been  given.  If  this  is  carefully  preserved 
and  presented  at  the  port  of  reexportation  there  is  no  dilticulty, 
provided  no  samples  have  been  sold  and  that  the  contents  of  the 
trunks  agree  with  the  memorandum  of  importation. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — The  laws  of  Haiti  place  no  re- 
strictions on  advertising  matter. 

Travelers'  Taxes. — There  are  no  taxes  of  any  kind  assessed  by 
either  the  National  Government  or  municipalities.  No  license  is  re- 
quired for  conunercial  travelers. 

Documents  Required. — The  Department  of  the  Interior  of  Haiti 
requires  a  traveler  who  leaves  a  port  of  entry  to  obtain  a  permit 
before  visiting  other  points  in  Haiti.  This  is  issued  free  upon 
application.  A  pas.sport  is  also  required  in  the  event  a  traveler 
wishes  to  leave  for  another  country ;  application  should  be  made  to 
the  American  consul. 

Important  Centers. — The  two  important  cities  of  Haiti  are  Cape 
Haitien  and  Port  au  Prince.  Commercial  travelers  usually  visit 
Port  au  Prince  first  and  then,  if  conditions  warrant,  arrange  to 
visit  Cape  Haitien.  Travel  is  difficult  and  quite  expensive.  A 
number  of  houses  located  in  the  smaller  places,  such  as  Port  de 
Paix.  Gonaives,  and  Jeremie,  import  direct.  Therefore  it  is  to 
the  traveler's  interest  to  include  them  in  his  itinerary,  provided  his 
efforts  are  not  confined  to  wholesalers. 

Agencies. — Because  of  the  difficulties  of  communication,  agencies 
are  often  established  in  both  Port  au  Prince  and  Cape  Haitien. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the  trade  of  Haiti  is  lim- 
ited, and  in  order  to  obtain  a  volume  of  business  sufficient  to  make 
it  of  interest  to  a  commercial  representative,  an  agency  for  the  en- 
tire country  is  often  insisted  upon.  Care  should  be  taken,  if  a 
representative  is  appointed  in  Port  au  Prince,  to  ascertain  whether 
he  visits  the  other  city.  This  is  very  important,  else  dissatisfaction 
may  result. 


HAITI.  197 

Best  Visiting  Time.— Tlie  most  ii^in-cabli'  tiiiio  to  visit  Haiti  i.s 
from  OctoiuM-  to  Fehruary.  It  siiouid  hv  home  in  miiul  tluit  nier- 
chiinls  i)ivft'r  to  liave  a  Rood  stock  for  the  two  tlii«-f  seu.soiis, 
Cliristmas  and   Mastt-r. 

Obtaining  Delivery  of  Goods. — I >o  not  forget  tiiat  Haiti  is  one  of 
tlie  counlrirs  in  wiiicli  tlie  direct  consii.'nce  of  niercliandiHe  is  en- 
titled to  delivery  without  the  nee<l  of  t?xiKjrt  dmunient.s.  Explain 
this  to  your  house.  In  the  case  of  "  docunii-nts  to  order,"  parlies 
proving  interest  therein  liave  been  known  to  obtain  delivery  by 
depr)sitinf;  in  trust  the  value  of  the  goods. 

Exchange. — For  the   punjo.se   of  saving  your   house  the  cost   of 

exchange,  drafts  should  read  as  follows:  "  l'ayal)le  to  Bank, 

selling  rate  for  Haiti,  check  on  New  York."  This  makes  it  possiide 
for  the  bank  to  collect  from  the  drawees  at  the  selling  rate,  plus 
stamps,  the  remitting  charges  and  collection  fee  being  borne  by  the 
remitters. 

Credit  Conditions. — It  is  w«'ll  to  exercise  extreme  caution  in  grant- 
ing credit.  Careful  investigation  should  be  made,  and  when  thor- 
oughly reliable  reports  are  not  available,  cash  should  be  insisted 
upon. 

Hotel  Rates. — There  is  a  vast  difference  in  the  hotel  accommoda- 
tions in  Haiti.  In  Port  an  rrince  the  best  hotels  are  very  comfort- 
able, the  rates  averaging  from  .Sr?.">0  to  ."?•">  i>er  day  on  the  Anierican 
plan.  In  the  smaller  towns  the  I'ates  are  somewiiat  lower  and  the 
.service  is  inferior. 

Koads. — Haiti  is  lacking  in  means  of  transjxirtation.  Most  of  the 
towns  are  connected  by  roads  which  are  hardly  better  than  trails, 
but  there  is  promise  of  improvement  in  this  respect.  A  number  of 
important  highways  are  contemplated  and  will  materially  help  the 
situation. 

Holidays  in  Haiti. — The  State  religion  being  Uoman  Catholic, 
many  of  tlu'  feast  days  of  the  church  are  observe<I.  Other  days 
obse'rve<l  are  New  Year's  Day,  Agriculture  Day  (May  1),  and 
Christmas  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

AUX  CAYES,  capital  of  Department  of  tlie  South  ;  on  southeastern 
coast  of  Peninsula  Tiburon ;  population,  25,000.  Landing:  Steamers 
lie  alongside  wharf.  Distant  1.4S7  nautical  miles  from  New  York, 
92  miles  (148  km.)  southwest  of  Port  au  Prince.  Products:  Coffee, 
sugar,  dyewoods,  cotton.  Industries :  Distilleries.  Lloyd's  agents, 
Roberts.  Dutton  &  Co.  Customhouse  brokers,  Roberts,  Dutton  &  Co. 
and  F.  Calisti. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail 
.steamers;  from  .lacmel,  by  steamer. 

Banks. — Bancpie  Nationale  de  la  Republique  d'Haiti ;  John  Jacob- 
sen  ;  Roberts,  liutton  &  Co. 

Hotel. — International. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  town  of  the  district.  Considerable  direct 
importing  is  done  and  most  of  the  buyers  have  relations  with  Ameri- 
can export  houses.  Travelers  who  canvass  Haiti  should  visit  this 
place. 


198  C4UiDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

CAPE  HAITIEN,  capital  of  Department  of  the  North ;  population, 
19,000.  Landing:  Steamers  anchor  about  one-half  mile  from  town. 
Distant  34  nautical  miles  from  Monte  Christi,  Dominican  Republic ; 
40  nautical  miles  from  Port  de  Paix,  Haiti;  85  miles  (137  km.) 
northeast  of  Port  au  Prince.  Climate,  pleasant;  temperature  aver- 
ages 86°  F.  Principal  products :  Coffee,  cacao,  honey.  American 
consul  and  vice  consul,  Lloyd's  agent,  Jules  Deve.  Customhouse 
broker,  F.  M.  Altieri. 

How  Reached. — From  Monte  Christi  and  Port  de  Paix,  by  steamer. 

Steamship  Service.— Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  from  New 
York  about  every  two  weeks  ;  Raporel  Line,  occasionally  ;  Compaguie 
(Jeuerale  Transatlantique,  monthly. 

Railroad. — The  National  Railroad  runs  from  here  to  Grande 
Reviere,  14  miles  (23  km.),  and  from  Grande  Reviere  to  Bahon.  10 
miles  (16  km.). 

Highway. — A  national  highway  extends  from  Cape  Haitien  to 
Port  au  Prince,  180  miles  (273  km.). 

Banks.— American  Foreign  Banking  Corporation ;  Banque  Na- 
tionale  de  la  Republique  d'Haiti. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  city  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Republic ; 
growing  in  importance  and  worthy  of  the  attention  of  all  salesmen 
who  visit  Haiti,     There  is  considerable  direct  importing. 

GOWAIVES,  capital  of  Department  of  Artibonite;  population, 
14,000.  Landing :  Vessels  anchor  about  one- fourth  mile  from  shore. 
Principal  products :  Sugar  cane,  tobacco,  cotton,  mahogany,  Ameri- 
can consular  agent.  Lloyd's  agent,  James  Muir  McGuffle.  Custom- 
house brokers,  Lancelet  &  Co, 

How  Reached, — From  Cape  Haitien  and  Port  au  Prince,  by  carre- 
tera  or  steamer.  Steamer  leaves  Cape  Haitien  Wednesday,  ar- 
rives Port  au  Prince  Friday ;  leaves  Port  au  Prince  Wednesday,  ar- 
rives Gonaives  Thursday. 

Railroad. — National  Railroad  to  Ennery,  20  miles  (32  km.). 

Banks. — Banaue  Nationale  de  la  Republique  d'Haiti;  Simmonds 
Bros. 

Hotels. — Boarding  houses  only  ;  uncomfortable. 

Note. — This  town  is  in  the  western  part  of  Haiti ;  growing  in  im- 
portance; considerable  volume  of  exporting.  There  is  some  direct 
importing,  and  most  of  the  houses  here  have  agencies  in  New  York 
City. 

JACMEL,  on  southeastern  coast  of  Tiburon  Peninsula,  on  eastern 
side  of  Rio  Grande;  population,  12,000.  Vessels  anchor  about  one- 
half  mile  from  shore..  Distant  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Port  au 
Prince  ;  1,489  nautical  miles  from  New  York.  Products  :  Coffee,  log- 
wood, cotton,  cottonseed,  wax,  and  honey.  American  consular  agent. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Jerome  Poggi.  Customhouse  broker,  Rene  de  la 
Jaible. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail 
.steamers ;  from  Port  au  Prince,  by  steamer. 

Bank. — Banque  Nationale  de  la  Republique  d'Haiti. 

Note. — An  important  and  growing  city.  A  considerable  volume  of 
exports  is  shipped  from  this  place,  and  there  is  also  a  good  deal  of 
direct  importing,  Muny  pf  tUe  houses  have  agents  in  New  York 
City. 


HAITI.  199 

J£E£MI£,  iiiR-n  ]«>v[,  on  noillH-ni  lij)  of  Tihuron  IVninsnlu  ;  ves- 
sels jiiichor  short  (li.staiice  from  shore;  1(M>  nautical  miles  from  Port 
au  I'riiice.  rojMilallon,  l.l.tXX).  rrinciiial  products:  ("ollif,  suuar 
t:uio,  lofoa.  loiiwood,  hides,  inahotrauy.  Anierlcuu  consular  a;:fut. 
Custonilutuse  brokers,  Uoherts,  Dutlou  &  Co.  Lloyd's  aceut,  <!. 
Gaveau. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Royal  l>ul(h  West  India  Mail 
sU-auiors;  Iroui  Port  au  Prince,  by  .steamers. 

Banks. — Banque  Nationale  de  la  Hepublique  d'Haiti;  Roberts, 
Dutlou  &  Co. 

Note. — A  city  of  growing  commen-ial  importance  with  considerable 
export  trade.  There  is  some  direct  importin},'.  Should  be  visite<l 
by  most  salesmen  who  canvass  Haiti. 

MIEAGOANE,  on  .southern  shore  of  Culf  of  Port  au  I'rince;  popu- 
lation, 7,500;  70  miles  (114  km.)  from  Port  au  Prince.  Climate, 
pleasant  and  healthful.  I'roducts:  Lignum-vit.-e,  logwood,  coffee, 
cotton,  honey,  and  wax.     Customhouse  broker,  E.  Guilliod. 

Steamship  Service. — Royal  I>iitch  West  India  Mail,  monthly: 
Comj)agnie  Cenerale  Transatlantique,  monthly. 

Note. — A  place  of  growing  importance;  good  volume  of  exporting 
is  carried  on  in  logAvood,  coffee,  goatskins,  etc. ;  some  direct  import- 
ing. 

PORT  AU  PRINCE,  capital  of  the  Republic ;  in  the  Department  of 
tlie  West;  on  Port  au  Prince  Bay;  good  harbor,  pier;  population, 
90,000;  1,053  nautical  miles  from  Trinidad,  1.372  miles  from  New 
York,  195  miles  from  Cape  Haitien,  ISG  miles  from  (Juantanamo 
Bay,  Cuba.  Climate,  plea.sant  and  healthful.  American  minister, 
consul,  and  vice  c;)nsid.  Lloytl's  agent,  C.  A.  I'aync.  Cnstomhoust> 
brokers,  Roiterts,  r>utton  &  Co.  and  Georges  Leon. 

How  Reached. — Fnin  Nev.-  Ytrrk.  by  Royal  Dutcli  Wist  India 
Mail  stcaiiiiis  and  I'auama  Railroad  Steamshiii  Line. 

Steamship  Service. — Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail,  about  semi- 
monthly; Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique,  monthly;  Panama 
Railroad  Steamship  Line,  semimonthly. 

Railroads. — Natiouiil  Railway  to  St.  Marc.  64  miles  (103  km.)  ; 
Central  Railway  to  the  Dominican  frontier,  35  miles  (56  km.),  and 
to  Leoganes,  20  miles   (32  km.). 

National  Highway.^A  national  highway  extends  from  here  to 
Cape  Haitien.  distance  ISO  miles   (27.S  km.). 

Banks  and  Bankers. — American  I-'oreign  Banking  Corporation: 
Ban(|ue  NatiiMiaie  de  la  Repubiiipie  d'Haiti:  Banque  de  France; 
Roberts,  Dutton  &  Co.;  Richardson  &  Co. 

Hotels. — American,  Bellevue,  t'rance,  and  Montague. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  connn«'rcial  city  of  Haiti  and  the  logical 
phut'  in  which  to  establish  an  agency.  Other  points  in  Haiti  may 
be  eiisiiy  canvassed  from  here.  There  are  local  coasting  service  aial 
railways  to  a  number  of  towns.  Salesmen  who  visit  Haiti  should 
pay  most  attention  to  Port  au  Prince  and  use  it  as  their  head- 
quarters.    There  are  a  numlter  of  houses  here  who  import  direct. 

PORT  DE  PAIX.  capital  of  tlie  Department  of  the  Northwest; 
population,  Id.tHMi;  'A't  nautical  miles  from  Cai)e  Haitien.  140  nauti- 
cal miU's  from  I'ort  au  Prince.     Climate,  plea.sant  and  healthful. 

How  Reached. — l<"rom  New  York,  by  Royal  Dutch  West  Imlia  Mail 
steamers;  from  Cape  Haitien,  by  steamer. 


200  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — May  be  most  easily  canvassed  from  Port  an  Prince.  A 
fair  voluuie  of  business  is  carried  on.  Ttiere  are  numerous  dealers, 
most  of  whom  have  New  York  connections.  Worthy  of  attention 
by  most  travelers. 

ST.  MARC,  situated  at  the  head  of  St.  Marc  Bay ;  vessels  lie  along- 
side wharf;  population,  8,000.  Distant  64  miles  (103  km.)  from 
Port  au  Prince.  Products:  Logwood,  coffee,  cotton.  Industries: 
Cottonseed-oil  mill.  American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  brok- 
ers, Lucas  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail 
Line ;  from  Port  au  Prince,  by  National  Railroad. 

Banks. — American  Foreign  Banking  Coriioration ;  Banque  Na- 
tionale  de  la  Republique  d'Haiti. 

Note. — On  the  west  coast,  south  of  Gonaives.  A  very  fair  volume 
of  business  is  done  here;  there  is  also  some  direct  importing. 
Rather  important  place  for  general  business. 


DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Mai)  •^"-  ^■ 

Location. — The  Doininican  Uopuldu"  (xuupies  the  eastern  and 
liirfTtT  part  of  tlio  island  of  Haiti. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  is  about  18,045  square  miles, 
twice  the  size  ol"  tlie  llepublie  of  Haiti,  and  more  tlian  live  times 
the  area  of  Porto  Uico.  Tlie  i)opulatiou  is  estimated  at  7U8.(X)0,  or 
al)out  40  iidiahilants  p«'r  sipiare  mile. 

Inhabitants. — Tlie  peoj^lc  are  a  mixed  race,  chiefly  of  European, 
African,  and  Indian  blood.  In  the  city  of  Santo  DominRo  there  are 
a  great  many  Turks  and  Syrians,  who  dominate  tlie  dry -px^ds  trade. 
Merchants  of  these  uatiouulilies  are  also  found  in  other  parts  of  tlie 
island. 

Topography. — The  country   is  traversed  by   four  nearly  parallel 
mountain  ranges.     Tliere  are  numerous  fertile  valleys,  and  the  dif- 
ferences in  altitude  produce  various  climates.     Some  of  the  peaks 
•are  quite  high. 

Rivers. — The  principal  rivers  are  the  Yaqui  del  Norte,  about  25<) 
miles  (40(t  km.)  long,  navigable  at  certain  seasons  for  flat-bottom 
boats  for  about  40  miles  (G4  km.)  ;  the  Yaqui  ilel  Sur,  about  l.'iO 
nnles  (208  km.)  long,  navigable  at  certain  times  f«)r  liglit-<lraft 
IxMits  for  about  15  miles  (24  km.)  ;  the  Yuna,  navigable  for  about 
40  miles  (G4  km.)  ;  the  Ozama,  navigable  for  about  16  miles 
(25  km.). 

Climate. — While  the  climate  is  tropical,  it  is  pleasant  and  .salu- 
brious. Although  it  is  very  warm  during  the  middle  of  the  day. 
the  temperature  even  in  sunmier  seldom  reaches  90°  F.  The  nights 
at  all  seasons  are  cool  and  pleasant.  The  climate  is  tempered  by 
trade  winds,  which  blow  almost  ct>ntinuously  during  the  day.  and 
at  night  the  land  breeze  is  very  refreshing.  The  average  annual 
temperature  of  the  coast  towns  is  ai)out  79°  F.  It  is  cooler  inland, 
the  temperature  varying  with  the  altitudes. 

Seasons. — In  the  southern  part  of  the  island  there  is  a  marked 
distinction  between  the  dry  and  rainy  seasons.  The  dry  season  is 
during  the  months  of  September  to  March,  while  the  rainy  sea- 
son extends  from  April  to  August.  From  early  December  until 
.lune  there  is  very  little  rain.  In  the  northern  half  of  the  island  it 
rains  mon;  or  le.ss  all  the  yesir,  although  the  heaviest  rainfall  occurs 
from  November  to  April. 

Agricultural  Products. — The  chief  crop  is  sugar.  New  mills  are 
constantly  being  built  and  the  production  is  increasing.  Second  in 
importance  is  cacao,  which  is  rapidly  developing  into  a  large  indus- 
try. Another  important  crop  is  tobacco.  Other  products  are  ba- 
nanas, beeswax,  coconuts,  honey,  vegetable  fibers,  etc. 

Cattle  Industry. — The  raising  of  cattle  is  making  steady  progress. 
The  export  i>f  hides,  goatskins,  etc.,  is  also  increasing. 

Mineral  Wealth. — The  Kepublic  is  ver>'  rich  in  minerals,  but  up 
to  the  present  they  have  not  been  exploited.  There  has  been  some 
shipment  of  copper. 

201 


202  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Forest  Wealth. — The  forests  are  exceedingly  important,  and  the 
oiitl<x)k  for  the  exploitation  of  these  is  promising.  The  chief  woods 
are  lignum-vitse  and  mahogany. 

Industries. — The  Dominican  Republic  is  not  an  industrial  country, 
but  the  number  of  small  plants  for  providing  local  requirements  is 
increasing.  These  include  cigar  and  cigarette  factories,  candle  f.-u-- 
tories,  planing  mills,  etc. 

language.— Spanish. 

Currency. — The  standard  is  the  gold  dollar,  equivalent  to  the  dol- 
lar of  the  United  States.  The  Dominican  peso  is  one-fifth  of  the 
gold  dollar.  This  peso  and  its  subdivisions  are  relatively  stable  at 
this  rate  of  exchange.  Uuited  States  money  circulates  freely  at  its 
face  value. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  prevails  here. 

Postage. — The  first-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States 
is  2  cents  for  each  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Telegraph. — There  is  telegraph  service  between  Santo  Domingo, 
Puerto  Plata,  and  Santiago,  and  from  Santiago  to  Monte  Christi ; 
also  along  the  railway  from  Sanchez  to  La  Vega. 

Cable. — There  is  cable  communication  between  Puerto  Plata  and 
New  York  and  between  Santo  Domingo  and  Porto  Rico  and  Curacao. 
The  rate  for  points  in  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippf 
River  is  $1  per  word,  and  for  i)oints  west  of  the  Mississippi  $1.0.") 
per  word. 

Wireless. — AVireless  stations  are  in  operation  at  Santo  Domingo 
and  La  Romana,  having  a  communicating  radius  to  Porto  Rico. 
The  Dominican  Government  controls  the  Servicio  Radiognttico  del 
Estado.  It  has  a  wireless  station  at  Santo  Domingo  that  works 
with  one  at  San  Pedro  de  Macoris;  this  station  relays  messages  to 
the  station  at  La  Romana,  owned  by  the  Central  Romana.  From 
this  point  messages  are  relayed  to  Guanica,  Porto  Rico;  from  there 
to  Ponce ;  thence  to  San  .Juan,  from  which  point  messages  are  sent 
to  the  United  States.  The  rate  is  80  cents  per  word  for  points  east 
of  the  Mississippi  and  85  cents  for  points  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Clyde  Steamship  Co.  (Santo  Domingo  Line). — Office,  11  Broadway, 
New  York.  Sailings  from  Pier  34,  Atlantic  Basin,  Brooklyn.  De- 
partures, semimonthly  for  Turks  Island.  Puerto  Plata,  Samana, 
Sanchez.  Monte  Cristi,  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  and  Santo  Domingo 
City.  IMonthly  for  La  Romana  and  Azua.  Pares  from  New  York: 
To  Monte  Cristi,  $50 ;  Puerto  Plata,  $55 ;  Samana  and  Sanchez,  $65 ; 
San  Pedro  de  Macoris  and  La  Romana,  $75 ;  Santo  Domingo,  $80 ; 
Azua,  $85.  Itinerary:  Leave  New  York,  first  day;  arrive  Turks 
Island,  fifth  day ;  Monte  Cristi,  sixth  day ;  Puerto  Plata,  seventh 
"day;  Sanchez,  ninth  day;  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  tenth  day;  Santo 
Domingo,  eleventh  day. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Bull-Insular  Line.— Steamer  Marina  between  San  Juan,  Mayaguez, 
and  Ponce,  Porto  Rico ;   and  La  Romana.  San  Pedi'o  de  Macoris, 


DOMINICAN    KKI'UIILIC.  203 

Santo  Domingo,  Sanchez,  I'uertu  Plata,  ami  Azua.  Aliout  two  or 
thwe  round  trips  i>er  montii.  Monthly  sorvire  i'«int<Mnplated  to  two 
ports  in  Haiti.     Faro,  I'nerto  I'lala  to  I'orto  Uico,  .S22. 

Campania  Trasatlantlca. — Monthly  service  from  Spain  to  Porto 
Hico;  I'lierto  I'hita,  l>oniiniran  KfjMihlic ;  Habana,  t'ulia;  I'uri 
l.iinnii,  Costa  Hira  ;  ("i>ioii.  Panama  ;  Puerto  Colombia,  Colombia; 
Ciiracau;  Puerlo  Cahcllo  and  La  (Jnaira,  Venezuela. 

Compagnie  General  Transatlantiquc. — Sicanu'r  from  Martinique 
and  (Juadeloupc  every  III  days;  calls  ai  Iieniinican,  Haitian,  and 
Porto  Rican  ports  and  at  St.  Thomas.  Another  steamer  (from 
France)  touches  at  Puerto  Plata,  ami,  returninj:,  touches  at  Sanchez, 
and  thence  continues  to  Porto  Kico  and  St.  Thomas. 

Herrera  Line  of  Habana  (Empresa  Naviera). — Steamer"  from 
Habana  and  Santiago  de  <'ul)a  about  every  1*1  days,  calling:  jit 
Santo  Dominfio.  San  Pedro  de  Mncoris,  La  Ilomana,  and  Porto  Uican 
])orts ;  returning  in  about  10  days.  Fares;  Habana  to  Santo  Do- 
mintro,  ^^^2;  Habana  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  .$."»4 ;  Santiatro  de 
Cuba  to  Santo  Dominiro,  .'^40;  Santiajio  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris, 
)>4l  ;  Santo  Doininjro  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  .'?G ;  San  Pe<lro  de 
Macoris  to  San  .Tuan,  .'^2.";  Mayapniez  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  .S2o  : 
^Mayaguez  to  Santo  I>nniini:o.  .fL'Ci;  I'ouce  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris, 
§!22 ;  Ponce  to  Santo  T)oniin,:,'o,  .S2.S. 

Dominican  Steamer  "  Mousquetaire." — Weekly  sailings  between 
Santo  Iioniimro  and  San  .luan.  Poi-to  Rico. 

Dominican  Steamer  "  Santo  Domingo." — Weekly  .sailings  for  San 
Juan,  Porto  Rico,  connecting  with  steamers  of  the  New  York  & 
Porto  Rico  Steamship  Co.,  which  leave  New  York  on  Saturday  and 
arrive  at  San  Juan  on  Thursday;  arrive  at  Santo  Domingo  on 
L'riday. 

French  Steamers  "Abd-el-Kader  "  and  "  Santiago  de  Cuba." — Sail- 
ings about  every  three  weeks  for  Porto  Rico. 

From  .Tanuiiry  to  June,  during  the  sugar-grinding  season,  daily 
service  is  maintained  between  La  Romana  and  Ciuanica,  Porti» 
Rico. 

Coastwise  Service. — Coastwise  service  is  maintaintnl  by  several 
small  vessels  and  the  steamers  of  the  Herrera  Line. 

Stearuers  of  the  ("omiianfa  Anonima  de  Navagacion  leave  on  Mon- 
days from  Santo  Honnngo  for  San  Pedro  de  Macoris  and  La 
Romana.  returning  on  Werlnesdays;  leave  Thursdays  for  Azua. 

RAILROADS  IN  THE  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 


an 


Dominican  Central  Eailway. — From  Puerto  I'lata  to  Santiago,  with 
„.j  extension  to  Moca  ;  total  length,  60  miles  (90  km.).  Train  lesives 
I'uerto  Plata  daily  except  Sundays  and  holdiays  at  8  a.  m. ;  arrives 
at  Santiago  at  1.80  p.  m. ;  lejxves  Santiago  at  2  p.  m. ;  arrives  at  Moca 
at  3.r).">  p.  m.  Returning,  train  leaves  Moca  at  0.4.3  a.  m. ;  arrives 
at  Santiago  at  8.20  a.  in.;  leaves  Santiago  at  8.4.")  a.  m. :  arrives  at 
Puerto  Plata  at  2.10  p.  m.  Fares:  Between  Puerto  Plata  and  San- 
tiago. .So.S.l ;  between  Santiago  and  Moca.  .$1.10.  Free  baggage  al- 
lowance. .").")  i)oun(ls  (2.1  kilos)  :  excess,  35  cents  per  220  pounds  (100 
kilos),  plus  '2~^  jier  cent  ad  valorem. 

Samana  &  Santiago  Railway. — From  Sanchez  to  La  Veg;i.  with  a 
brancii  to  Salcedo  and  another  branch  from  Salcedo  to  Moca,  cou- 


204  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

necting  with  the  Dominican  Central ;  total  length,  80  miles  (130  km.). 
Train  leaves  Sanches  daily  except  Sunday  at  6.20  a.  m. ;  arrives  at 
Macoris  at  9.48  a.  m. ;  La  Vega  at  10.37  a.  m. ;  Salcedo  at  11  a.  m. ; 
Moca  at  11.35  a.  m.  Returning,  train  leaves  Moca  at  12.15  p.  m. ; 
arrives  at  Sanchez  at  5.30  p.  m.  Fares  from  Sanchez :  To  Macoris, 
$3.50;  La  Vega,  $3.50;  Salcedo,  $4.80. 

CANVASSING  THE  DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Traveler's  License. — Annual  license  for  doing  business  costs  $10. 
There  are  no  other  taxes  or  restrictions. 

Samples. — Under  the  laws  of  the  Dominican  Republic,  commercial 
travelers  can  bring  in,  free  of  duty,  unsalable  samples  or  those 
having  no  commercial  value.  Samples  not  exceeding  $2,000  in 
value,  imported  by  bona  fide  commercial  travelers,  may  be  admitted 
free  of  duty  under  bond,  provided  that  they  do  not  remain  in  the 
Republic  for  more  than  four  months,  although  this  period  is  some- 
times extended.  The  privileges  of  temporary  importation  still  hold 
good,  even  if  some  of  the  samples  have  been  disposed  of. 

Clearance  of  Samples. — Samples  can  usually  be  cleared  without 
difficulty  or  delay. 

Advertising  Matter. — L'nder  the  Dominican  tariff  law,  there  is 
free  admission  of  chromos,  cards,  almanacs,  and  similar  advertis- 
ing matter  without  commercial  value,  if  intended  for  free  dis- 
tribution. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — This  depends  largely  upon  the  particular  line 
of  goods  it  is  sought  to  sell.  Purchases  are  usually  made  in  accord- 
ance with  the  requirements  and  conditions  of  the  trade.  As  in  most 
Latin-American  countries,  it  is  usually  desirable  to  have  good 
stocks  on  hand  for  the  Christmas  and  Easter  holidays.  The  coolest 
time  of  the  year  is  November  to  March,  which  happens  to  come  be- 
tween two  important  crops  of  the  island — cacao  and  tobacco. 

Chief  Distributing  Centers. — Santo  Domingo  has  two  important 
cities — the  capital,  Santo  Domingo,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
island,  and  Santiago  in  the  north.  The  most  important  place  of 
business  is  Santo  Domingo,  to  which  most  travelers  go  first.  Here 
they  will  find  the  priftcipal  wholesale  houses  which  supply  the  small 
cities.  Santiago  is  another  important  distributing  center,  which 
should  have  the  attention  of  the  visiting  salasman.  It  may  be 
stated  that  in  the  smaller  places,  such  as  Samana,  Puerto  Plata, 
San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  and  Monte  Cristi,  are  dealers  who  import 
direct,  and  those  who  canvass  the  island  will  find  merchants  in  each 
of  these  places  who  are  worthy  of  a  visit. 

Routes  to  Follow.- — As  a  general  rule,  salesmen  begin  in  Santo 
Domingo  and  then  visit  in  order  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  Moca,  San- 
chez, Samana,  and  then  Puerto  Plata.  From  Puerto  Plata  they  can 
easily  reach  Santiago  by  rail.  They  can  also  go  from  Puerto  Plata 
to  Monte  Cristi.  Some  travelers  who  can  arrange  proper  connec- 
tions go  from  Cape  Haitien,  in  Haiti,  to  Monte  Cristi,  thence  to 
Puerto  Plata  and  Santiago,  and  continue  to  Sanchez  and  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  island,  including  Santo  Domingo.  It  is  necessary 
for  travelers  to  inform  themselves  regarding  sailing  of  vessels  and 
the  possible  connections  to  be  made. 

Roads. — During  the  dry  season  most  of  the  roads,  which  are 
hardly  more  than  bridle  paths  or  trails,  are  passable.     In  the  wet 


DOMINICAN    RUrUBLIC. 


205 


I 


season,  however,  it  is  practically  impossible  to  use  them,  aii<l  for 
that  reason  they  shoiihl  h*>  avoided. 

Precautions. — I>urinj;  the  hot  sj'sison,  July  to  Octoher,  the  traveler 
should  Ik-  carelul  to  avoid  coutractinj;  oue  of  the  fevers  of  the  coun- 
try.    The  danger  from  infe<"tion  is  greatest  during  that  period. 

Traveling  Overland. — When  traveling  overland,  provision  should 
he  niiidf  tor  liic  neces.sary  supi»lies.  The  inns  to  he  found  en  route 
are,  as  a  rule,  of  the  jxjorest  character. 

Hotel  Rates. — The  rates  of  the  hotels  in  the  Dominican  Repuhlic 
vary  considrably.  In  Santo  I'orainp),  Puerto  Plata,  and  Santi- 
ago the  usual  custom  is  U)  enf:a;.:e  rooms  (»n  thr  American  plan.  The 
rates  in  the  hest  hotels  ran^'e  from  $3  to  .$.1  gohl.  Those  of  tlu* 
second  cla.ss  are  somewhat  le.ss.  In  the  smaller  towns,  generally 
speaking,  the  hotel  accommodations  are  poor.  The  charges  run 
from  .$!.."»<»  to  .S-S..")**  per  (hiy. 

Bill  of  Lading  Not  Necessary  to  Obtain  Goods.— Under  the  Domini- 
can law  it  is  not  neces.snry  for  the  importer  to  present  the  hill  of 
lading  at  the  customhou.se  in  order  to  ohtain  the  goods.  The  essen- 
tial thing  is  a  copy  of  the  consular  invoice.  The  law  also  pro- 
vides that  if  the  importer's  copy  of  the  consular  invoice  has  been 
lost  or  delayed,  he  may,  on  proof  that  he  has  ordered  the  goods  and 
is  the  real  con.signee.  have  a  coi)y  made  from  the  one  received  at 
the  customhouse,  and  on  this  copy  he  may  clear  the  shipment. 
There  is  no  real  protection  for  the  shipper  and  he  should  ascertain 
in  advance  that  he  is  dealing  with  a  reliable  lirm. 


POPULATION   OF  PROVINCES   AND  CAPITAL   CITIES. 


Province.            'T'opulation.                               Capital. 

Poprdation. 

Santo  Domingo 

127,970 
08, 13.-, 
59,7S3 

123,972 
64,108 

105,001 
28,000 
17,891 
12,075 
90,569 

Santo  Drwninfn 

40,000 
3,000 
3,000 

15,000 
5,000 
9,000 

14,000 

Seybo 

Santa  Cruz  del  Seyho 

.\zua 

Azua. .  . 

Santiaso .'. .. 

Santia*;o  de  los  CatmUeros 

Moca.. . 

Espaillat 

La  Vega 

La  Vega                        

San  Pedro  Macoria 

San  Pedro  Mncoris 

Barahona 

Barahona 

Sam  an  a 

Santa  Barbara  de  Samana... 

5,666 
5,000 
7,000 
3,820 

Paciflcador 

San  FYancisco  de  Macoris 

Puerta  Plata i 

San  Felipe  de  Puerto  Plata 

Monte  Cristi 

41,459 

San  Fernando  de  Monte  Cristi 

Holidays  in  Santo  Domingo. — The  State  religion  being  Roman 
Catholic,  many  of  the  feast  days  of  the  church  are  observed.  Other 
holidays  are :  .January  1.  New  Year's  Day  ;  February  27.  founding 
of  the  Republic;  .luly  7,  Memorial  Day;  August  16,  war  for  inde- 
pendence ;  September  24,  Las  Mercetles ;  October  12,  discovery  of 
America  ^  and  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 


AZUA,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Azua,  3  miles  ( .">  km.)  from  the 
south  coast;  i)0])iilation,  8,(XX) ;  •").">  miles  (88  km.)  from  Santo  Do- 
mingo City,     Priucipal  products:   Sugar,  coffee,  cacao.   appU>s.  po- 


206  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

tatoes.  American  consular  agent.  Lloyd's  agent,  Eugenio  Choisne. 
Customhonse  broker,  Feites  Hnos. 

How  Reached. — From  Santo  Domingo,  by  steamer  Marina  or  Clyde 
Line.     Plantation  railway  connects  city  with  wharf. 

Note. — This  is  the  most  important  town  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  Republic.  Quite  a  number  of  the  merchants  do  a  direct  im- 
porting business.     Worthy  of  a  visit. 

LA  ROMANA,  Province  of  Espaillat ;  population,  4,000 :  23  miles 
(37  km.)  east  of  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  12  miles  (19  km.)  from 
La  Vega,  13  miles  (20  km.)  from  Santiago,  74  miles  (120  km.) 
from  Santo  Domingo.  Climate,  tropical,  but  pleasant.  American 
consular  agent.  Principal  products :  Cotton,  coifee,  cacao,  wax, 
hides,  tobacco,  sugar  cane. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan  and  Ponce,  Porto  Rico,  and  from 
Santo  Domingo  and  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  by  steamer  Marina. 

Hotel.— Europa. 

Note. — This  is  the  outlet  for  the  Province  of  Seybo.  There  is 
considerable  business  in  agriculture,  particularly  sugar,  Thei'e  is 
some  direct  importing.  This  place  may  be  visited  by  those  who 
canvass  the  small  towns. 

LA  VEGA,  capital  of  the  Province  of  La  Vega ;  population,  9,000 ; 
12  miles  (19  km.)  from  La  Romana,  62  miles  (100  km.)  from  San- 
chez, 9.5  miles  ( 1.52  km. )  from  Santo  Domingo.  Products :  Cattle, 
tobacco,  coffee,  cocoa. 

How  Reached.— From  Sanchez,  by  Samana  &  Santiago  Railway ; 
from  Monte  Cristi,  via  Moca  and  Santiago,  about  100  miles  (162 
km.),  regular  auto  service. 

Hotels. — Giconda,  Monalisa,  Italia.  La  Delicia.s. 

Note. — Being  the  capital  of  the  Province,  this  town  is  naturally 
an  important  distributing  point.  Worthy  of  a  visit  from  travelers, 
and  can  be  easily  reached  from  Santiago  and  Sanchez.  There  are 
some  merchants  who  import  direct. 

MOCA,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Espaillat ;  midway  between  Ma- 
coris and  Santiago;  population,  5.000;  59  miles  (9G  km.)  from 
Puerto  Plata,  17  miles  (28  km.)  from  Santiago,  12  miles  (19  km.) 
from  La  Vega.  Climate,  tropical,  but  pleasant.  Center  of  coffee- 
raising  i-egion. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Plata,  by  Dominican  Central  Rail- 
way, 7i  hours;  from  Santiago,  by  Dominican  Central  Railway,  ^ 
hours. 

Bank. — Lara  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Frances,  Union,  Mocano. 

Note. — A  distributing  point  of  growing  importance ;  easily  reached 
from  Puerto  Plata.  There  are  several  houses  here  that  import  di- 
rect. 

Monte  Cristi.     See  San  Fernando  de  Monte  Cristi. 

PUERTO  PLATA,  Province  of  Puerto  Plata;  population.  7,000; 
principal  seaport  on  northern  coast ;  vessels  lie  about  one-fourth 
mile  offshore;  1.50  miles  (240  km.)  from  Samana,  42  miles  (68  km.) 
from  Santiago,  60  miles  (96  km.)  from  Moca,  1.2.55  nautical  miles 
from  New  York,  710  nautical  miles  from  Hal)ana.  Principal  pi'od- 
ucts:  Tobacco,  bananas,  hides,  coffee,  cocoa,  mahogany. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  John  Poloney. 
Cu.stomhouse  brokers:  Jose  Arzeno  e  Hijos;  J,  M,  BatUe  &  Co.; 
Divanna,  Grisolia  «&  Co. ;  Loinaz  &  Co. ;  .Julio  Simon  &  Co. 


I 


DOMINICAN    KEl'UHLIO.  207 

How  Reached. — From  Simliago,  by  Doniinicuu  Central  Railway, 
~j  to  0  hours. 

Banks. — I'.anco  Nacional  do  Santo  Domingo;  Ilojral  Rank  of  Can- 
aila  ;  Inlfiiiaiinual  I5anking  Corixiration   (Sues,  to  S.  Miolielena). 

Principal  Hotels. — Kuropa.  Ontrai,  Esi>a!ia,  Puerto  Uioo,  Anil)os 
Miindos,  Kaiiiieri. 

Note. — Beinji  the  capital  of  the  Province  and  the  port  of  entry  for 
Snnriago  and  Moca,  it  is  tlie  set'ond  city  in  importance  of  the 
Ixiuiinican  Uepul>lic.  It  is  also  the  terminus  and  h<'ad«|uarters  of 
tile  Donunican  Central  Kailway.  There  are  a  number  of  lirnis  who 
carry  on  a  large  husiuess  and  there?  is  also  considi-rahlf  importing. 
This  place,  as  well  as  Santo  Domingo  City  and  Santiago,  is  par- 
ticularly worthy  of  the  attention  of  travelers.  It  is  a  very  enter- 
I)rising,  well-built,  clean,  modern  city. 

SANCHEZ,  Province  of  Samana  ;  on  Bay  of  Saraana ;  vessels  lie 
about  live  cable  lengths  from  shore;  population,  8,(J<K);  24  miles  (40 
km.)  from  Samana,  G2  miles  (1(X)  km.)  from  La  Vega.  Principal 
I)ro<luct,  cacao.  American  consular  agent.  Lloyd's  agent,  M.  de 
Moya  Ilijo  &  Co.  Customhouse  brokers,  Senior  &  Co.  and  M.  de 
.Moya  Hi  jo  cNc  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Plata,  by  railway,  via  Salcetlo  and 
Moca ;  from  San  I'eilro  de  ilacoris,  by  steamer ;  from  La  Vega,  by 
Samana  &  Santiago  Kailway,  4  hours. 

Banks. — Banco  rs'acional  ile  Santo  Donungo;  Royal  Bunk  of  Can- 
ada; International  IWinking  Corporation. 

Principal  Hotel. — Hagen. 

Note. — Tlie  second  most  important  port  in  the  famous  Seybo  dis- 
trict. It  is  the  port  of  entry  for  La  Vega,  Salcedo,  San  Francisco 
de  Macoris.  and  other  towns  on  tlu'  Samana  (5c  Santiago  Railway, 
The  terminus  and  oflices  of  the  railway  company  are  located  here. 
There  are  several  importing  houses  which  should  be  canvassed  by 
salesmen  who  visit  the  Dominican  Republic. 

SAN  FERNANDO  BE  MONTE  CRISTI,  capital  of  the  Province  of 
Monte  Cri.sti ;  iioptilatiim.  ;i.S(M».  Lauding:  Vessels  lie  about  a  mile 
offshore.  Distant  190  miles  (318  km.)  northwest  of  Santo  Domingo 
City.  34  nautical  miles  from  Cape  Haitieu,  Haiti.  Climate,  tropical, 
hut  pleasant.  Principal  products:  Cottonseed,  logwood,  wax,  honey, 
woods.     Lloyd's  agents  and  customhouse  brokers.  Petit  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Santo  Domingo  City,  by  steamer;  from  La 
Vega,  by  regular  automobile  service;  from  Santiago,  by  automobile, 
4  to  5  hours. 

Principal  Hotels. — American,   Europa.   Xoroeste. 

Note.^ — An  important  seaport  and  capital  of  the  Province.  :Much 
cotton  is  grown  in  the  vicinity.  There  is  considerable  exporting  of 
hides  and  skins,  cotTee,  etc.  Tlieire  is  a  very  fair  volume  of  imports, 
and  the  place  is  deserving  of  the  attention  of  most  salesmen.  Easily 
rea<-lied  from  Santiago,  Santo  Donungo  City,  and  La  Vega. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  DE  MACORIS.  Province  of  Paciticada  ;  popula- 
tion, .D.tXtU;  ."iS  miles  («•.>  km.)  from  Jloca,  85  miles  (i:33  km.)  from 
Santo  Domingo  City.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  leather,  wax,  coal, 
brandy. 

How  Reached. — From  Sanchez  and  La  Vega,  by  Samana  &  Santi- 
ago Railway. 

Hotels. — Hispano,  Inglaterra,  San  Francisco,  Macorizano. 


208  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — This  town  is  in  the  midst  of  a  very  rich  agricultural  dis- 
trict, the  chief  product  of  which  is  cacao.  A  number  of  houses  do 
a  direct  importing  business.  Generally  speaking,  it  is  of  interest  to 
those  who  canvass  the  Dominican  Republic. 

SAN  PEDRO  DE  MACORIS,  capital  of  the  Province  of  same  name ; 
population,  14,000.  Landing:  From  steamer  to  lighter  and  thence 
to  shore.  Distant  45  miles  (72  km.)  from  Santo  Domingo.  Cli- 
mate, tropical,  but  pleasant ;  temperature  averages  82°  in  daytime, 
55°  at  night.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  molasses,  wax,  timber. 
American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Juan  Moll. 

How  Reached. — From  Santo  Domingo,  1)y  steamer  or  carretera. 
There  is  a  wagon  road  under  construction  from  this  point  to  Santo 
Domingo. 

Sanks. — Banco  Nacional  de  Santo  Domingo ;  Royal  Bank  of 
Canada ;  International  Banking  Coi'poration. 

Principal  Hotels. — Las  dos  Americas,  Hispano  Americano,  Ingla- 
terra,  Porto  Rico. 

Note. — This  is  the  country's  principal  sugar  port.  A  considerable 
volume  of  importing  is  done  and  there  are  several  very  good  firms, 
besides  sugar  "  ingenios,"  etc.,  worthy  of  the  attention  of  travelers 
who  visit  the  island. 

SANTA  BARBARA  DE  SAMANA,  Province  of  Samana ;  population, 
5,000;  on  Samana  Bay;  vessels  anchor  in  bay;  80  miles  (128  km.) 
from  Santo  Domingo,  150  miles  (240  km.)  from  Puerto  Plata. 
Climate,  tropical,  but  pleasant ;  summer  temperature  averages  82°, 
winter  temperature,  55°  F. 

Customhouse  brokers :  F.  Lample  and  G.  Beretta  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Santo  Domingo,  by  road  or  steamer;  from 
I'uerto  Plata,  by  steamer. 

Principal  Hotels. — Becky,  Diluvio,  Kaiser. 

Note. — A  considerable  volume  of  exporting  is  carried  on  here,  par- 
ticularly in  cacao,  coconuts,  and  copra.  There  is  considerable  agri- 
cultural activity  and  a  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  transacted. 
There  are  some  excellent  houses  that  import  direct.  Worthy  of  a 
visit  from  most  salesmen. 

SANTIAGO,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Santiago;  on  a  high  blufE 
of  Yaque  River;  population,  15.000;  42  miles  (68  km.)  from  Puerto 
Plata,  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  La  Vega,  114  miles  (184  km.)  from 
Santo  Domingo.  Principal  products :  Tobacco,  coffee,  cacao,  wax, 
hides.     Industries:  Cigar  and  cigarette  making. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Plata,  by  Dominican  Central  Rail- 
way, about  6  hours ;  from  Monte  Cristi,  by  automobile.  4  to  5  hours. 

Banks. — International  Banking  Corporation  (Sues,  to  S.  Michel- 
ena)  ;  Banco  Nacional  de  Santo  Domingo;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Hotels.^Garibaldi,  Frances,  Italian,   Santiago. 

Note. — This  is  the  largest  town  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Repub- 
lic and  its  chief  commercial  center.  In  the  vicinity  tobacco  cultiva- 
tion is  carried  on  extensively.  INIany  firms  find  it  advantageous  to 
divide  the  territory  into  two  parts  and  establish  one  agency  in 
Santo  Domingo  and  the  other  in  Santiago. 

SANTO  DOMINGO,  capital  of  the  Republic;  population,  40,000;  at 
the  mouth  of  Ozama  River ;  landing,  steamer  to  wharf ;  83  miles 
(134  km.)  from  Azua,  95  miles  (152  km.)  from  La  Vega,  231  nauti- 


DOMINICAN    REPUBLIC.  209 

ml  miles?  from  .S.in  .Tuim,  Porto  Kico.  ('liiMMto,  tropic;il,  l»ui  pU^s- 
ant ;  maximum  lem|»«'ratun',  !(:i°,  minimum,  CAi"  F.  Sliowcrs  are 
frequent;  ni^ilifs  (jei-idedly  eof)l.  Most  i)l«'.isniit  montlis,  1  )e(.»'mi)»n* 
to  l'\'l)ruar.v.  rrimipal  products:  CotTce,  cotton,  cocoa,  wax,  hides, 
skins.     Imlustries:  Su>:ar-<'ane  cultivation. 

American  Minister  and  <'onsnl.  Lloyd's  a^ent,  H.  H.  (lo.slinjj. 
Customliouse  brolvers,  Sues,  to  S.  Miclielena. 

How  Reached.— I'^rom  Han  I'edro  de  Macoiis,  by  .steamer  or  oarre- 
tera  ;  from  New  York,  Ity  (,'lyde  I^ine ;  from  San  .luau  and  MayaK^ue/., 
I'orto  Hico.  by  steamer  Marina.  A  wa^on  road  (o  San  I'edro  de 
Macoris  is  in  cour.se  of  construction. 

Hotels. — Francis,  Chaimay,  Ami-rica,  xVmbos  Mundo.s,  (Jran  Via, 
Asturia,  Central,  ('il)ao,  Marina. 

Banks. — Socieihid  Auonima  Bancaria  ;  International  Banking  Cor- 
poration (Sues,  to  S.  Micheieua)  ;  Itoyal  Bank  of  Canada;  Banco 
Naclonal. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  city  of  the  Republic  and  its  capital.     .V 
large  volume  of  importing  and  exjiorting  is  carried  on.     It   siiould 
be  canvasseil   by  all  salesmen  who  visit  the  Republic.     The  chief 
commercial  houses  are  located  in  this  city, 
144297"— 20 14 


PORTO  RICO. 

Map  No.  6. 

Location. — Porto  Rico  is  the  most  easterly  of  the  four  Greater 
Antilles,  which  include  Cuba,  Haiti,  .Tamaica,  and  Porto  Rico.  It 
is  about  70  nautical  miles  east  of  Haiti  and  40  west  of  St.  Thomas 
(Virgin  Islands).     It  is  a  United  States  Territory. 

Area  and  Population. — Porto  Rico  is  about  100  miles  (160  km.) 
long  and  approximately  40  miles  (62  km.)  wide.  Its  area  is  about 
3,606  square  miles ;  population,  about  1,118,000.  There  are  approxi- 
mately 310  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  Some  small  islands  lie  off 
the  coast.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  descendants  of  the  Spaniards. 
There  is  a  considerable  Negro  element. 

Topography. — The  island  is  travei'sed  by  a  mountain  range  from 
east  to  west,  the  highest  point  of  which  (El  Yuque)  is  about 
3,700  feet  above  sea  level. 

Rivers. — There  are  over  1.200  streams,  about  50  of  which  may  be 
classified  as  rivers.  The  principal  ones  are  Rio  Loiza,  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  Rio  Manati,  and  Rio  Arecibo. 

Climate. — The  temperature  of  Porto  Rico,  on  an  average,  is  lower 
than  that  of  any  other  island  in  the  Tropics.  The  annual  average 
temperature  is  76°  F. ;  average  during  the  winter  months,  73°  ;  and 
during  the  summer,  79°.  In  the  towns  on  the  coastal  plain  the  tem- 
perature runs  from  7.5°  in  January  to  81°  in  August.  The  tempera- 
ture ranges  between  67  and  76  in  the  higher  altitudes.  The  nights 
are  always  pleasant  and  cool.     There  is  constant  high  humidity. 

Seasons. — There  are  no  definetl  wet  and  dry  seasons.  February  is 
the  driest  month.  The  rainfall  increases  from  February  to  May. 
F'rom  May  to  November  the  difference  in  rainfall  is  small.  The 
maximum  rainfall  along  the  east  coast  occurs  in  September,  along 
the  south  coast  in  October,  and  along  the  north  coast  in  November, 
while  in  the  interior  it  occurs  during  one  of  the  sununer  months  and 
sometimes  as  early  as  May.  Cool  weather  usually  begins  in  No- 
vember and  lasts  until  early  in  March,  and  this  is  the  best  time  to 
visit  Porto  Rico.     The  annual  precipitation  is  about  60  inches. 

Principal  Products. — The  chief  products  are  tobacco,  sugar,  coffee, 
rice,  corn,  oranges,  pineapples,  bananas,  cotton,  cattle,  coconuts, 
cacao,  beans  and  peas,  potatoes,  ginger,  divi-divi,  patchouli,  san- 
sevieria,  sisal,  malva  blanca,  annatto,  tumeric,  hides  and  skins. 

Mineral  Deposits. — Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lignite,  salt,  pe- 
troleum, marble,  and  limestone  are  found  in  small  quantities. 

Industries. — Coaling  stations,  shipyards,  cigar  and  cigarette  fac- 
tories, ice  plants,  bottling  works,  breweries,  machine  shops,  manu- 
facture of  hats,  laces,  embroidery,  drawn  work,  etc. 

Commercial  Growth. — Porto  Rico  has  had  a  remarkable  develop- 
ment since  1896.  The  sugar  industry  has  grown  greatly,  the  exports 
of  raw  sugar  for  1917  having  reached  a  total  of  448,689  tons,  with 
a  value  of  approximately  .$54,000,000.  The  output  of  tobacco  has 
likewise  increased,  the  crops  now  being  around  15,000,000  pounds. 

210 


PORTO    KICO.  211 

In  1017  tlu>  «'\-i)orts  of  raw  tol.iicc.i  rca<lie<l  almost  $4,000,000.  The 
tiiiislu'd  jinxluct  in  tlir  sliapt*  of  cl^iars  ami  ciuarrltfs  also  lias  a 
Int-iH'  monetary  valiu',  brins;  n  litth'  less  than  .fS.iXMI.OOO  in  11)17. 
ColltH',  the  i-aisini;  of  tropical  fruit,  inclndini;  pineapples,  grapefruit, 
oran;res,  etc.,  has  had  an  amazing  developnienl.  Slii|)nients  of  theHe 
products  total  ahout  $3,000,000  annually. 

Language. — Spanish  In  general.  English  is  taught  in  the  public 
schools. 

Currency.- -Same  as  in  the  United  States. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  is  ollicial ;  English 
weiu'hts  and  measures  are  also  used. 

Postage. — The  lirst-dass  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States? 
is  2  cents  per  ounce  ()r  fractional  jjart  thereof. 

Cable. — There  is  direct  cable  communication  \vith  the  Dominican 
Kepnblic,  Curacao.  Venezuela,  and  other  South  American  countries 
via  lines  of  the  West  India  tk  Panama  Telegraph  Co.  The  French 
Ti'lej;rai(h-Cable  Co.  operates  via  Cape  Haitien  from  San  .luan  to 
New  York.  The  rat«'  to  New  York  City  and  points  east  <;>f  the 
Mi.ssissijtpi  is  HO  cents  per  word,  while  for  points  west  of  the  Mis-sis- 
sijtpi  the  rate  is  ;").">  cents  per  word. 

Telegraphs  and  Telephones. — There  is  good  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone  service. 

Wireless. — There  is  a  wireless  station  at  San  Juan,  owned  by  the 
United  States  Government,  which  can  transmit  messages  within  a 
radius  of  3(K)  miles  in  daytime  aial  1.000  miles  at  night.  Mes.sages 
can  be  relayed  to  p<»ints  in  Porto  Rico  or  by  cable  to  other  countries. 
Inbound  messages  are  charged  at  the  rate  of  0  cents  per  word,  with 
u  10-vvord  minimum;  to  this  nmst  be  a«lded  the  insular  telegraph 
tariff  of  20  cents  for  10  wonls  and  2  cents  for  each  additional  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

New  York  &  Porto  Rico  Steamship  Co. — V.  K,  Hull,  agent,  11 
l*>r(tadway.  Sailings  from  Pier  ;>."),  I'.rooklyn.  Departures  for  San 
Juan.  Ponce,  and  Mayaguez  every  Saturday  ;  for  Arecibo,  AguadlUo, 
and  Arroyo  about  every  two  weeks.  For  Ilumacao.  Fa.iardo,  Jobos. 
Vieques  (Puerto  Mulas),  and  Guanica  about  once  a  month.  Fare 
from  New  York  to  San  Juan,  $05  and  up.  according  to  location  of 
stateroom.  Time  of  trii>:  Leave  New-  York,  first  day;  arrive  San 
Juan,  fifth  day;  leave  San  Juan,  .seventh  day;  arrive  Ponce,  .seventh 
day ;  arrive  Mayaguez,  eighth  day. 

Red  D  Line.— Bliss.  Daliet  &  Co.,  general  agents.  82  Wall  Street. 
Sailings  from  Pier  11,  Brooklyn,  foot  of  Montague  Street,  for  San 
.luan  and  Mayaguez  on  alternate  ^Vednesdays.  Fares:  New  I'ork  to 
San  Juan,  .$4.>-.$00 ;  New  York  to  Mayaguez.  .%5o ;  San  Juan  to  Cura- 
cao and  La  (iuaira,  ^^'Sy;  San  Juan  to  Puerto  Cabello,  .$30;  Puerto 
Cabello  to  San  .luan,  .S2.~) ;  Mayaguez  to  La  (iu.-iira  and  Curacao.  $25; 
Mayaguez  to  Maracaibo,  $40.  Kound-trip  tickets  are  issuetl  at  a 
reduction  of  10  iier  cent  from  regular  rates,  and  are  good  for  12 
months.  Time  of  trip:  Leave  New  York,  lirst  day;  arrive  San  Juan, 
fifth  day ;  leave  New  York,  first  day  ;  arrive  Mayaguez,  seventh  day. 


212  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

OTHER   LINES   VISITING  PORTO   RICO. 

Bull-Insular  Line  (Steamer  "Marina"). — Service  between  San 
Juan,  Mayaguez,  and  Ponce,  Porto  Rico ;  La  Romona,  San  Pedro  de 
Macoris,  Santo  Domingo,  Sanchez,  Porto  Plata,  and  Azua,  Dominican 
Republic.  About  two  round  trips  per  month.  Fare:  Porto  Plata 
(Dominican  Republic)   to  Poi-to  Rico,  $22. 

Compaiiia  Trasatlantica. — Monthly  service  from  Spain  to  Porto 
llico ;  Puerto  Plata,  Dominican  Re|)ublic ;  Habana.  Cuba;  Port 
Limon,  Costa  Rica  ;  Colon,  Panama ;  Puerto  Colombia,  Colombia  ; 
Curacao;  Puerto  Cabello  and  La  (iuaira,  Venezuela. 

Compagnie  Generate  Transatiantique. — Semimonthly  .service  from 
Trance,  calling  at  Martinique,  Guadeloupe,  St.  Thomas,  Ponce. 
Mayaguez,  Santo  Domingo,  Jacmel,  Poi't  an  Prince ;  thence  returning 
to  Martinique  via  Petit  Goave,  Jeremie,  Santiago  de  Cuba,  Jacmel, 
St.  Thomas,  and  Guadeloupe.  Fare;  St.  Thomas  to  San  Juan,  $20; 
time,  seven  to  eight  hours. 

Empresa  ITaviera  de  Cuba. — Monthly  service  between  principal 
ports  of  Porto  Rico,  Dominican  Repulilic,  and  Cuba.  Fares ;  Ha- 
bana to  San  Juan.  $55;  Santiago  de  Cuba  to  San  Juan,  $50;  Santo 
Domingo  to  San  Juan,  $25.  Fares  from  San  Juan :  San  Pedro  de 
Macoris,  $20;  Santo  Domingo,  $27;  Santiago  de  Cuba,  $50  ;_Habana, 
$00.  Fares  from  INIayaguez :  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  $25;  Santo 
Domingo,  $20;  Santiago  de  Cuba,  $49;  Habana,  $58.  Fares  from 
Ponce :  San  Pedro  de  Macoris,  $22 ;  Santo  Domingo,  $23 ;  Santiago 
de  Cuba,  $56. 

Steamers  "  Oriole  "  and  "  Carmen." — Weekly  sailings  between  St. 
Thomas  and  Fajardo ;  automobile  service  between  Fajardo  and  San 
Juan.  Fares:  St.  Thomas  to  Fajardo,  $10;  St.  Thomas  to  San 
Juan,  $15  one  way,  $25  round  trip.  Time  from  St.  Thomas  to 
Fajardo,  one  night. 

Steamer  "  Santo  Domingo." — Weekly  service  between  San  Juan 
and  Mayaguez  to  San  Pedro  de  Macoris  and  Santo  Domingo. 

RAILROADS  IN  PORTO  RICO. 

American  Railroad  Co. — San  Juan  to  Ponce.  167  miles  (270  km.). 
Two  trains  daily,  leaving  San  Juan  at  7.20  a.  m.  and  8.45  p.  m. 
First-class  fare,  3  cents  per  kilometer.  Free  baggage  allowance.  100 
pounds ;  excess,  20  per  cent  of  each  fiirst-class  ticket  for  each  100 
pounds  excess. 

San  Juan  to  Carolina,  13  miles  (22  km.)  :  Trains  leave  San  Juan 
at  5.30  p.  m.,  Carolina  at  7  a.  m. 

Ponce  to  Guayama :  Trains  leave  Ponce  at  3.52  p.  m. ;  arrive 
Guayama  at  6.14  p.  m. ;  leave  Guayama  at  7.30  a.  m. ;  arrive  Ponce 
9.48* a.  m. 

Linea  Ferrea  del  Oeste. — Catano  to  Bayamon  (ferryboat  service 
!)etween  Catano  and  San  .Tuan).  Railroad  service  on  half-hourly 
schedule:  fare,  10  cents  per  trip.  Ferryboat  service  every  eight 
minutes ;  fare,  3  cents  per  trip.  Passengers  may  carry  two  or 
three  handbags  free  of  charge. 

Porto  Eico  Railway,  Light  &  Power  Co. — Rio  Pedras  to  Caguas, 
18  miles  (29  km.).  Trains  leave  Caguas  at  8  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m. ; 
leave  Rio  Pedras  at  9.30  a.  m.  and  6  p.  m. ;  time  of  trip,  one  hour. 
Fai'e,  3  cents  per  kilometer. 


pouTo  ijuo.  213 

Electric-Car  Service. — Saii  .luiiii  in  Itin  rnlras,  7  miles  j  11  km.)  ; 
Sau  Juan  i<>  UnriiKiuen  I'ark,  via  I'ark  line,  ~)  iiiih's  (S  km.)  ;  via 
Coiulado  11m*,  4  miles  ((J  km.).  Fare,  San  Juan  to  lliu  I'lMlras,  10 
cents.     (Jperatcil  liy  the  I'orto  llico  Hallway,  Li;;ht  &  Tower  Co. 

AUTOMOBILE  TRANSPORTATION. 

Atlas  Line. — OlHce,  San  Juan,  Allen  L'S ;  Police,  Comercio  2.  Tour- 
inji  ear,  I'onee  to  San  .luan,  via  Aiixmilo,  leaves  daily  J't  T.:{<)  a.  ni., 
both  directions.  Stops  at  Rio  I'edras,  Ca^nias.  Cayey,  Aibonito, 
Coanio,  and  Juana  Diaz.  Fare,  Ponce  to  San  Juan,  ijiO.ry).  Omnibus. 
Ponce  to  San  Juan,  via  Aibonito,  leaves  daily  at  12.30  p.  m.,  both 
directions.     Fare,  .">4..~iO. 

Touring'  car,  Ponce  to  San  Juan,  via  (Juayama.  Stoi)s  at  Itio 
I'edras,  Caguas,  Cayey,  Guayama,  Salinas,  and  Santa  Isabel.  Fare, 
Ponce  to  San  Juan.  $6.r)0.  onmibus.  Ponce  to  San  Juan,  via 
Guayama,  leaves  daily  at  7.:^)  a.  m.,  both  direction.s.     Fare,  $4..oO. 

Porto  Rico  Transportation  Co. — Daily  passenger  service  between 
San  Juan  and  I'nnce,  tnudiin;;  en  route  Cajrnas,  Cayey,  Guayama, 
and  intermediate  points.  Autos  leave  San  Juan  plaza  at  8  a.  m. 
and  3.30  p.  m. ;  leave  Ponce  at  7.30  a.  m.  and  3  ii.  m.  This  company 
also  maintains  auto  .service  between  San  Juan  and  Huuiacao. 

CANVASSING  PORTO  RICO. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — Samples  of  any  character  carrietl  from  the 
Uniteil  States  to  Porto  Rico  are  admitted  without  any  dilliculties. 
It  is  not  neci'ssary  to  fiive  bond  or  to  take  any  of  the  stei)s  which 
are  oblijiatory  in  other  Latin-American  countries. 

Advertising  Matter. — TlK-re  are  no  duties  on  advertising  matter 
from  the  liiited  States  into  Porto  Rico.  Salesmen  who  carry 
American-uuide  goods  and  arrive  from  Cuba,  Santo  I)omin>:o,  Haiti, 
etc.,  are  sub.ject  t(t  no  other  reflations  than  those  c-omiug  direct 
from  the  United  States. 

Taxes. — No  taxes  of  any  nature  are  levied  eitlier  by  the  Territorial 
government  of  Porto  Rico  or  by  the  municipalities. 

Important  Centers. — There  are  two  imi)ortant  towns  in  I'orto  Rico, 
San  Juan  and  Ponce.  In  both  of  these  are  located  the  chief  im- 
porting tirnis.  including  those  .who  do  a  wholesale  business  and  act 
as  jobbers  and  distributors  to  the  smaller  merchants. 

General  Character  of  the  Trade. — It  must  be  remembered  that 
Porto  Rico  is  a  possession  of  the  United  States.  The  conditions  are 
qiiite  different  frt)m  those  prevailing  in  other  Latin-American  coun- 
tries. Many  of  the  retailers  in  Porto  Rico  import  direct  und  do  not 
depend  upon  tlu'  local  whoh'salers.  This  applies  even  to  retailers  in 
smaller  places,  such  as  Arecibo,  Mayagiiez,  etc.  Porto  Rico,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  population,  uses  perhaps  a  greater  quantity  of  so- 
called  <'heap  goods  than  almost  any  other  tropical  country.  While 
better  grades  of  merchandise  are  imported,  the  volume  of  business 
is  done  in  the  cheaper  lines.  This  is  particularly  true  of  wearing 
apparel.  Almost  atiything  that  is  low  in  luice  will  find  a  sale,  pro- 
vided that  the  color  anil  siuipe  are  such  as  to  suit  the  local  fancy. 
Retailers  who  import  direct  are  scattered  throughout  the  island. 

Roads.-  In  the  matter  of  roads.  Porto  Rico  is  more  fortunate  than 
the  other  West  Indies.     Road  making  has  made  a  remarkable  de- 


214  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

velopment,  and  to-day  there  are  over  1,100  miles  of  roads,  besides 
300  miles  of  railways.  The  most  important  railroad  system  is 
that  of  the  American  Railroad  Co.,  which  operates  a  line  from  San 
Juau  to  I'once,  also  from  San  Juan  to  Carolina.  The  other  im- 
portant roads  are  outlined  elsewhere.  Many  extensions  to  existing 
lines  are  contemplated,  and  a  new  line  is  also  projected. 

Routes  to  Follow. — It  is  practically  impossible  and  unnecessary  to 
lay  out  a  definite  route  for  the  traveler  to  follow.  Most  commer- 
cial men  arrive  by  way  of  San  Juan,  which  they  thoroughly  canvass, 
and  then  go  to  Ponce,  which  is  easily  reached.  The  smaller  places 
of  importance  are  also  easily  reached,  and  the  traveler  cau  deter- 
mine while  on  the  ground  the  best  manner  in  which  to  visit  them. 

Special  Note. — Trips  to  Cuba,  Haiti,  the  Dominican  Republic,  aud 
Virgin  Islands  can  be  planned  in  connection  with  visits  to  Porto 
Rico. 

Island  of  Vieques. — This  island  lies  about  13  miles  east  of  Porto 
Rico.  It  is  about  21  miles  long  and  6  miles  broad.  Inhabitants 
number  about  6,000.  The  chief  industries  are  the  growing  of 
sugar  cane,  the  raising  of  cattle,  tropical  fruits,  etc.  This  island  is 
very  fertile  and  there  is  a  brisk  trade  in  a  small  way. 

Hotel  Rates. — The  best  hotel  accommodations  in  Porto  Rico  are 
to  be  found  in  San  Juan  and  Ponce.  Here,  for  the  leading  estab- 
lishments, the  rates  are  from  $3  to  $6  for  the  American  plan.  The 
hotels  of  the  second  grade  charge  somewhat  lower  rates.  Accom- 
modations may  also  be  had  upon  the  European  plan,  as  there  are 
some  good  restaurants  in  both  these  places.  For  hotels  in  the 
smaller  towns  the  rates  range  from  $2  to  $4  per  day  on  the  American 
plan,  depending  upon  the  character  of  the  place.  As  a  rule,  the 
accommodations  are  much  inferior  to  those  in  the  larger  towns,  but 
occasionally  there  is  an  exception. 

Holidays  in  Porto  Rico. — The  population  being  largely  Roman 
Catholic,  many  of  the  feast  days  of  the  church  are  observed.  Other 
days  observed  are  New  Year's  Day,  Lincoln's  birthday,  Washing- 
ton's birthday,  Emancipation  Day  (Mar.  13),  Decoration  Day,  Inde- 
pendence Day  (.July  4),  Occupation  Day  (July  25),  Labor  Day, 
Columbus  Day,  Thanksgiving  Day,  and  Christmas. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

AGUADILLA,  Department  of  Aguadilla ;  population  of  town,  6,500, 
municipality,  23.000;  port  on  northwestern  coast;  steamers  anchor 
cable  length  from  shore ;  30  miles  ( 58  km. )  from  Arecibo,  29  miles 
(47  km),  from  Mayaguez,  and  87  miles  (139  km.)  from  San  Juan 
(by  rail).  Climate,  excellent.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  oranges, 
coffee,  tobacco,  pineapples.  Industries :  Manufacture  of  straw  hats. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Thos.  Boothby,  jr. 

How  Reached. — From  Arecibo,  by  railroad,  time  about  2i  hours; 
from  Maya,<:::uez,  by  railroad,  time  about  IJ  hours. 

Banks.— Julio  O.  Abril ;  Sanders,  Phillipi  &  Co.,  Sues. ;  J.  T.  Silva 
&  Co. 

Hotels. — Borinquen,  Puerto  Rico,  Universo. 

Note. — This  is  a  flourishing  and  growing  city ;  chief  dependence 
upon  tropical  agriculture.  It  deserves  the  attention  of  almost  all 
salesmen  who  visit  Porto  Rico, 


lt)RTO   RICO.  215 

ANASCO,  Dopartniont  <>f  Mji.vajriU'Z,  in  \vcsi«>ni  part  of  isljind  ; 
j)<i|MilMli<ni  (>r  iiiimicipiility,  1.">.4<H);  town.  ."■{.•KM):  ii:t  niilfs  (."{7  km.) 
lioni  A^'^uailillu.  0  miles  (10  iim. )  from  Miiya>iuez.  ami  ;>  miU's  ( ."i 
km.)  from  the  sea.  Triucipal  prmlucts:  Suj^ar,  tobacro,  cotTce,  co- 
conuts. 

How  Reached. — From  A;,'uaililla.  ))y  American  Railroad,  time  1 
hour  ami  Kl  minutes;  from  Mayaffuez,  by  American  Itailroad.  time 
about  15  minutes. 

Note. — A  small  city  of  some  commercial  importance.  Those  wlio 
canvass  small  places  will  find  it  advantaKe<>vis  to  visit  Anasco. 

ARECIBO,  Departmeni  of  Areciix) ;  population  of  nnmicipality, 
4o,51K>;  town.  Kt.lMMj.  Situat«Ml  at  mouth  of  Arei-ibo  Kiver  ;  vessels 
anchor  about  a  niik'  from  shore:  •").{  miles  (8()  km.)  from  San  .luaii 
by  rail;  'M  miles  (."»8  km.)  from  A;,'uadilla.  Principal  products: 
Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco.     Lloyd's  agents:  Successors  to  Hoses  iV  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  San  .luan,  by  American  Railroad,  time 
about  3  hours;  from  A^'uadilla,  by  American  Railroad,  time  about  i:A 
hours. 

Banks. — American  Colonial  Bank;  Successors  to  de  Uo.ses  .Jc  Co.; 
Sanders,  rhillii)i  iSc  C<).,  Sues. 

Hotels. — Los  lialearos.  Inj,'l:iterra,  Puerto  Rico,  Boston,  Comercio. 

Note. — Aretibo  is  ;i  flourishlni;  and  growing  city  and  deserves  the 
attention  of  almost  all  salesmen. 

AP.ROYO,  I>ei)aiim*'iit  of  Cuyama ;  population  of  municipality, 
S,(M»U;  town.  y..")CM);  .seaport  for  Guayama  district:  ve.s.sels  anchor 
about  one-fourth  mile  from  shore.  lUstant  4  miles  (G  km.)  from 
Guayama.     Lloyd's  agent,  .1.  R.  Nieves. 

How  Reached. — From  (Juayama  and  Fajanlo,  by  carretera ;  from 
Humacao.  via  Pouce-Humacao  road. 

Hotel. — Alhambra. 

Note. — There  are  some  houses  here  which  import  direct. 

BAYAMON,  l>epartmeiit  of  San  Juan;  population  of  municipality, 
27,7r)U;  town,  .").4(Xt;  distant  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  San  .(nan. 
Principal  products:  Sugar  caue,  coffee,  fruits.  Industry:  Cigar 
factories. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan  by  American  Railroad,  liourly 
train  service.  J-hour  trip;  from  Catana,  by  railroad.  Linea  Ferrea 
del  Oeste. 

Hotel.— Buena  Vista. 

Note. — This  place  is  visited  by  many  salesmen  who  work  the 
sinalhM-  places.     A  fair  volume  of  retail  trade  is  carried  on. 

CAGUAS,  Department  of  Humacao;  population  of  municipality, 
29.1.^>0:  town,  11,5(X);  20  miles  (36  km.)  from  Sau  Juan,  60  miles 
(t)S  km.)  from  Ponce.  Principal  products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  to- 
bacco, fruits.     Industry :  Agricultural. 

How  Reached. — From  San  .Tuan  by  automobile,  fare  .$1.7.">,  or  by 
trolley  to  Rio  Piedras  and  thence  by  train.  From  Ponce  by  automo- 
bile, fare  .$4.75.  Autos  leave  daily  at  7.30  a.  m.  and  12.30  p.  ni. 
from  San  .luan  and  Ponce. 

Hotels. — America.  Filo. 

Note. — This  town  is  located  in  one  of  the  greatest  tobacco- 
growing  sections  of  Porto  Rico.  It  is  the  terminus  of  tlie  railway 
line  from  Rio  Piedras.  A  go(»d  business  is  carrie<l  on,  due  to  tlie 
wealth  of  the  surrounding  country. 


216  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

CAROLINA,  Department  of  Sau  Juan  ;  poimlation  of  municipality, 
16.451.  town,  3,600;  13  miles  (23  km.)  from  Sau  Juan.  Principal 
products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  coconuts,  tobacco.  Industries:  Agri- 
culture. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan,  by  branch  of  American  Railroad, 
l|-hour  trip. 

Ifote. — This  is  the  terminus  of  the  branch  railway  from  San  Juan. 
Although  a  small  place,  a  good  retail  business  is  done.  Usually 
visited  by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  places. 

CAYEY,  Department  of  Guayama ;  altitude,  2,300  feet ;  population 
of  municipality,  19,000,  town,  5,200;  37  miles  (59  km.)  from  San 
Juan,  14  miles  (23  km.)  from  (juayama.  Products:  Coffee,  tobacco, 
sugar  cane,  and  fruits.     Rainfall  averages  about  68  inches  annually. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan,  by  autobus,  3-hour  trip,  fare,  $2 ; 
from  Ponce,  by  autobus,  4-houi-  trip,  fare,  .$2.50.  Autos  leave  San 
Juan  and  Ponce  daily  at  7.30  a.  m. 

Hotels. — La  Esperanza,  Gloi'ia,  Inglaterra,  Frances. 

FAJARDO,  Department  of  Humacao,  a  seaport  on  extreme  north- 
eastern coast;  population  of  municipahty,  19,300,  town,  6,600;  situ- 
ated li  miles  (2  km.)  from  northern  coast,  31  miles  (50  km.)  from 
Rio  Piedras  (by  carretera),  21  miles  (35  km.)  from  Humacao  (by 
carretera).     Average  annual  rainfall,  70  inches. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan,  by  automobile  service;  from  St. 
Thomas  (Virgin  Islands),  by  steamers  Oriole  and  Carmen,  weekly 
service. 

Bankers. — Bird  Leon  e  Hijos. 

Hotels. — Fajardo,   San  Rafael. 

Note. — This  town  is  in  the  center  of  a  sugar  district  of  consider- 
able importance.  There  is  considerable  direct  importing.  Easily 
reached  from  San  Juan. 

GUAYAMA,  Department  of  Guayama,  on  southeastern  coast ;  alti- 
tude. 200  feet;  population  of  municipality,  18,300,  town,  9,100;  on 
Ponce-Humacao  road,  37  miles  (59  km.)  east  of  Ponce;  14  miles 
(22  km.)  from  Cayey,  208  miles  (337  km.)  from  San  Juan.  Princi- 
pal products:  Sugar,  coffee,  coconuts,  and  fruits. 

How  Reached. — From  Humacao,  by  carretera;  from  Cayey,  by 
carretera.  automobile  service,  fare,  .$0.75 ;  from  Ponce,  by  carretera, 
automobile  service,  fare,  $1.75 ;  from  San  Juan,  liy  carretera,  auto- 
mobile service,  fare,  $2.75.  Autos  leave  daily  at  7.30  a.  m.  from 
San  Juan  and  Ponce. 

Bank. — Credito  Ahorro  Ponceno,  Suca 

Hotels.— Paris,  Gloria,  Inglaterra,  Roma.  Frances,  Borinquen. 

Note. — A  place  of  growing  importance  and  great  agricultural 
wealth.  A  fair  volume  of  business  is  done.  Should  be  visited  by 
practically  all  salesmen. 

HUMACAO,  Department  of  Humacao;  seaport  on  eastern  coast; 
vessels  anchor  about  2  miles  from  shore;  population  of  municipality, 
19,000,  town,  6,400;  3  miles  (5  km.)  from  ea.stern  coast  of  island, 
21  miles  (35  km.)  from  Fajardo  by  carretera.  Principal  products: 
Sugar  cane,  coconuts,  and  fruits. 

How  Reached. — From  San  Juan  and  Ponce,  by  carretera;  from 
Caguas,  by  autobus,  time,  1*  hours.     From  Caguas  there  is  autobus 
connection  to  San  Juan,  time,  1$  hours,  fare,  $1.50. 
Bank. — Antonio  Roig. 


PORTO   RIOO.  217 

Hotels. — Auicrica,  Maxim.   Oriculc.   raris. 

Note. — A  i)la<v  of  Ki">\vin;r  imitorlaiicc  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
island.     Wortiiy  of  altt'iitioii  and  siioiild  lie  canvas-^eil. 

MAYAGUEZ,  l)t'i)artnu'iit  of  Maya^riic/.,  oil  cxtrcnic  \v«'stern  coast 
if  island;  vessels  anchor  in  l)ay  ;  population  of  inuiiicipaliry,  42.r)<»«); 
town,  17,.">(X>;  21)  miles  (47  l<ni.)  from  AKumlilla,  11  miles  (18  km.) 
from  San  (Jerman,  117  miles  (18!)  km.)  from  San  .luan.  Tempent- 
lure  rarely  exceetls  Su'  F.  in  summer;  rainfall  aliout  80  inchi's  an- 
nually. l'rincii»al  products:  Supir,  colfee,  pineapi)l(^.  coconuts, 
fruits,  hides,  etc     Lloyd's  ajieut,  Thomas  Bootlihy,  jr. 

How  Reached. — Kmm  Airuadilla,  lA  hours  hy  rail;  from  San 
German,  4.1  minutes  hy  rail;  from  San  Juan,  hy  American  Kailroail, 
6A-hour  trip;  from  I'once,  hy  American  Railroad,  S-liour  triji. 

Hotels. — Injilaterra,  Paris,  I'almer,  I'inar,  Nacional,  CosmopoUta, 
America.  Tortu  Kico. 

Banks. — National  City  Bank  of  New  York  (hrancli);  American 
Colonial  Kank;  Banco  de  I'uerto  Kico;  Royal  Rank  of  Canada; 
Sues,  de  Rlant's;  Moral  &  Co.;  Tcmias  Quinonez. 

Note. — This  is  one  of  the  most  iuji)ortant  cities  of  Porto  Rico.  It 
has  an  excellent  port  with  jrood  aia-luiratre.  Important  export  and 
import  husine.ss  done.     Sliould  he  visited  hy  all  .salesmen. 

PONCE.  Department  of  Ponci';  second  important  port;  ves.seis  an- 
chor t)  cahle  lt>nj;ths  from  shore;  jMipulation  of  munir-ii>ality.  (j8,(KK); 
town,  37.<.)0O.  l>islant  '2'2  miles  (3.")  km.)  from  Yauco.  SI  miles  {I'M) 
km.)  from  San  .luan  via  military  road,  171  miles  (274  km.)  from 
San  .luan  via  railroad.  37  miles  (.")!>  km.)  from  Guayama,  1.462 
nautical  miles  from  New  I'^ork.  Rainfall  averages  ahout  41  inches 
per  year.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  molasses,  coffetN  tohacco,  or- 
anges, hides,  cattle.  Industries:  Carriage,  cigar,  cigarette,  hut,  and 
lace  factories,  ice  plant,  rum  distilleries,  and  soda-bottling  works. 
Lloyd's  agent,  F.  M.  Foro. 

How  Reached. — From  Y'auco,  hy  railroad,  time  1  liour.  From 
Guayama,  by  railroad,  time  2  hours.  From  San  .luan,  by  steamer; 
by  railroad  (fare  $10..~>0),  time  about  9i  hours;  hy  automobile  (fare 
$4.50).  \  ia  (juayania  or  Aibonito.  From  New  York,  by  New  York  & 
Porto  Rico  Line. 

Hotels.— Frances.  Melia,  Leon-Oro.  Inglaterra,  Hogar,  America, 
Habana,  Espanol,  Antillano,  Vesubio,  Las  Delicias. 

Banks. — National  City  Hank  of  New  York  (branch)  ;  Banco  de 
Puerto  Rico;  Credito  y  Ahorro  Ponceno ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada; 
Carlos  Armstrong  e  Hijos  ;  Ramon  Cortado  &  Sues. ;  Cosio  &  Primo  ; 
Mayol  Hermanos  &  Co..  Sues. 

Note. — Second  city  in  importance.  Easily  reacheil  and  well 
worthy  of  a  visit. 

RIO  PIEDRAS,  Department  of  San  Juan;  population  of  munic- 
ipality, 1G.9G8;  town,  3,200;  7  miles  (11  km.)  from  San  .luan,  18 
miles  (29  km.)  from  Cagiias.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  piueai> 
pies,  and  other  fruits. 

How  Reached.— From  San  .luan.  by  trolley  ear  every  seven  min- 
utes; also  by  automobile  (fare  $0.2.")).  From  Caguas,  hy  Porto 
Rico  Railway,  two  trains  daily;  also  by  automobile  (fare  .?1.25). 
From  Ponce,  by  automobile  service  (fare  $4.2.1).  Autos  leave  San 
Juan  and  Pon(t>  daily  at  7.30  a.  ui.  and  12.30  p.  m. 

Hotel. — San  Juan, 


218  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

jjote. — This  place  is  tlie  terminus  of  the  Caguas-Rio  Piedras  Rail- 
way and  of  the  trolley  line  from  San  Juan.  It  is  worthy  of  a  visit 
by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  places. 

SALINAS,  Department  of  Guayama,  on  the  S(nithern  coast ;  popu- 
lation of  municipality,  12,340;  town,  2,000;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from 
(iuayama,  21  miles  (35  km.)  from  Ponce.  Principal  products: 
.Sugar  cane,  coffee,  tobacco,  and  fruits.     Industry :  Agricultural. 

How  Reached. — By  automobile  service,  from  Guayama  (fare 
$0.75),  from  Ponce  (fare  $1),  from  San  Juan  (fare  $3.50).  Autos 
leave  both  San  Juan  and  Ponce  at  7.30  a.  m. 

Hotel. — Cosmopolita. 

Note. — This  town  is  located  near  the  gi*eat  Aguirre  sugar-cane 
section.  Considerable  retail  trade  is  done.  Visited  by  those  who 
"  work  "  the  smaller  places. 

SAN  GERMAN,  Department  of  Mayaguez ;  population  of  munici- 
pality, 23.767,  town,  5,400;  37  miles  (61  km.)  from  Ponce,  130  miles 
(209  km.)  from  San  Juan.  Principal  products:  Sugar  cane,  tobacco, 
coffee,  and  fruits. 

How  Reached.— From  San  Juan,  by  American  Railroad,  OJ-hour 
ti'ip ;  from  Ponce,  by  American  Railroad,  2]-liour  trip. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Economias  y  Prestamos;  Banco  Popular  de 
Ahorros  y  Prestamos. 

Hotels. — Central,  Frances,  La  Lucha. 

Note. — ^This  town  is  located  in  a  rich  sugar  cane  and  coffee  grow- 
ing district.  There  is  considerable  prosperity  and  a  brisk  retail 
trade  is  transacted. 

SAN  JUAN,  Department  of  San  Juan,  on  northern  coast ;  popula- 
tion, 60,000.  Landing,  steamer  to  pier.  Distant  1,399  nautical  miles 
from  New  York,  36  miles  (58  km.)  from  Manati,  7  miles  (11  km.) 
from  Rio  Piedras,  171  miles  (274  km.)  from  Ponce  by  railroad,  81 
miles  (130km.)  from  Ponce  by  carretera.  Climate,  healthful;  rain- 
fall, 64  inches;  temperature  averages  79°  F..  highest  (noon),  92°. 
Principal  products :  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  tobacco,  pineapple,  grape- 
fruit. Industries :  Shipyards,  coaling  stations,  cigar  and  cigarette 
factories,  brewerj',  machine  shops.  Ice  plants,  soda  bottling  works. 
Lloyd's  agent,  T.  G.  T.  Waymouth. 

How  Reached. — From  Manati,  by  railroad,  time,  48  minutes,  fare, 
$1 ;  from  Ponce,  by  railroad,  fare  $10.50,  time  about  9i  hours ;  by 
auto,  fare  $4..50. 

Banks. — National  City  Bank  of  New  York  (branch)  ;  Americano 
Colonial  Bank  of  Porto  Rico ;  Banco  Popular  de  Economias  y  Presta- 
mos;  Banco  Territorial  y  Agricola  de  Porto  Rico;  Banco  Comercial 
de  Porto  Rico;  Bank  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada ;  Behn 
Bros. ;  Sobrinos  de  Ezquiaga ;  Sobrinos  de  Izquierdo  &  Co. ;  Sues, 
de  L.  Villamil  Marina  ;  J.  T.  Silva  &  Co. 

Hotels.— Eureka  Miramar,  Inglaterra,  Comercio,  Nava,  Romia, 
America,  Bella  Napoli,  Puerto  Rico,  Colonia,  Plaza.  Cosmopolita, 
Borinquen,  Las  Palmas,  Mayflower,  San  Juan,  Helvetia,  Cataluna, 
France. 

Note. — The  most  important  city  of  Porto  Rico.  The  logical  place 
for  an  agency,  as  the  chief  commercial  houses  of  the  island  are 
established  at  this  point. 

VIEftUES,  ISLAND  OF,  short  distance  off  eastern  coast;  popula- 
tion, 0,000;  13  miles    (21  km.)   east  of  Humacao.     Principal  prod- 


poitTo  Kiro,  219 

ucts :  Su^TJir  <;ine,  coflVe,  tiopiciil  fiiiits.  Irxliistiies :  Cattle  raisin;; 
and  ;iv:ricultiiit'. 

How  Reached. — From  Hiiiiiai:i<>  iiiitl  San  Juan  by  l<K."al  steiiiuer. 

Hotels.— I'nion,  San   Luis. 

Note. — There  are  a  iiunil)er  dI"  luiiise.s  here  that  import  dirert. 

YATICO.  Department  of  I'oikv  ;  on  .'<t>uthern  coast  uf  island;  on 
road  from  I'oiiee  to  San  (lerman;  poiiulation  of  niunic-i|)alit.v,  20,1)<J*), 
town,  7,."ilM>;  131  miles  ('212  lini. )  from  San  .luan.  21  miles  (34  km.) 
from  San  (lerman,  22  miles  (S.")  km.)  from  Ponce,  7  miles  (11  km.) 
from  CJuanica.  Principal  jiroducts:  Sugar  cune,  colTee,  tobacco, 
fruit. 

How  Reached. — From  San  (Jerman.  by  railroatl.  time,  1\  hours; 
from  (iiianica.  by  carretcra  ;  from  Ponce,  by  railroad,  time,  1  hour. 

Bank. — Cri'dito  &  Ahorro  Popular  de  Yauco. 

Hotels.  — >raria,  Pla,  Victoria. 

Note. — A  place  of  f;ro\\ing  importance  and  worthy  of  attention. 
Most  salesmen  who  visit  small  places  tind  it  pays  to  canva.s.s  this 
l)lace  also. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Below  is  a  list  of  the  less  important  phices  in  Porto  Rico.  Some 
of  these,  however,  are  of  interest  to  travelers  who  canvass  their 
territory  closely.  It  is  suggested  that  inquiry  regarding  the  busi- 
ness available  be  made  in  the  largest  towns  near  them. 

Adjuntas.  l)ci>artnient  of  Pouce;  population  of  ruuuicipality. 
18,197;  town.  l.tRMJ:  18  miles  (29  km.)  fri>m  Ponce  by  carretera,  31 
miles  (o(»  km.)  from  Arecibo  by  c-arretera.  Proilucts:  Sugar  cane, 
coffee,  fruits.     Hotels:  Aparicio,  Ibero  Americano. 

Aguado,  Department  of  Aguadilla,  on  northwestern  coast;  p<ipu- 
lation  of  municipality,  12.437;  town.  1.20() ;  94  miles  (157  km.)  from 
San  ,Fuan.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  coconuts.  Hotels:  Ino- 
cencio,  Charneco.  Reached  from  San  Juan  and  I'ouce  by  American 
Railroad. 

Aguas  Buenas,  Department  of  Humacao ;  population  of  muni- 
cipality. 8.lHi(i;  town,  1,3(>0 ;  2  miles  (3  km.)  fioni  western  coast.  27 
miles  (44  km.)  from  San  Juan,  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Cayey. 
I'roducts :  ColTee,  tobacco.  Carreteras  to  Caguas  and  to  the  gi-eat 
military  road  between  San  Juan  and  Ponce.  Hotels:  Juaua  Diaz, 
Jose  Lopez. 

Aibonito.  Department  of  Guayama ;  highest  point  on  the  military 
road  from  San  .luan  to  Ponce:  population  of  municipality,  ll.GdS; 
town,  2,2.")(>:  3(»  miles  (47  km.)  from  tJuayauja  by  carretera. 
Products:  Coffee,  tobacco,  and  fruits.  Hotel:  Diego  Recerra.  To- 
bacco-grf)wing  center.  Reaclie<l  from  Ponce  by  automobile  service 
(fare  .$1,751  and  from  San  Juan  (fare  .$2.75). 

Attalio,  Department  of  Arecibo,  on  north  central  coast;  6  mile.s 
(10  km.  I  from  Arecibo,  .53  miles  (88  km.)  from  San  Juan. 

Barceloneta,  Dei)artment  of  Arecibo;  pojtulation  of  municipality, 
12,5tK);  town,  SUO ;  4  miles  ((5  km.)  from  Manati,  40  miles  (05  km.) 
from  San  Juan.  Products :  C'ane,  coffw,  pineapples,  and  other 
fruits.  Industry  :  Cigar  factories.  Reached  from  San  Juan,  Ponce, 
and  Manati  by  the  American  Railroad.  Hotels:  Jose  Guerrero,  J. 
Martinez  &  Co. 


220  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Barranquitas,  in  Department  of  Guayania,  near  center  of  tlie 
island;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Barros;  population  of  nmnicipality. 
11.273 ;  town,  900.     Principal  products :  Coftee,  tobacco,  fruits. 

Barros,  Department  of  Ponce,  near  center  of  island;  population  of 
municipality,  16,000;  town,  l,2tK);  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Ponce  by 
carretera.  Rainfall  averages  77  inches  annually.  Products :  Cof- 
fee, tobacco,  sugar  cane,  fruits.  Only  means  of  communication  are 
narrow  trails. 

Cabo  Rojo,  Department  of  Mayaguez ;  population  of  municipality, 
20,996;  town,  4,200;  near  western  coast;  10  miles  (16  km.)  south  of 
Mayaguez  by  carretera.  Industry :  Manufacture  of  straw  hats. 
Products:  Sugar  cane,  pineapples,  coconuts.  IJanks :  Banco  de 
Economias  y  Prestamos.     Hotel :  Fenix. 

Camuy,  Department  of  Arecibo,  on  northern  coast ;  population  of 
municipality,  12,174;  town,  1.2.50;  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Arecibo, 
reached  by  American  Railroad;  62  miles  (100  km.)  from  San  Juan, 
reached  by  American  Railroad.  Products  :  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  fruits. 
Hotel :  Turiano  Rivera. 

Catano,  Department  of  San  Juan ;  across  the  bay  from  San  Juan, 
28  miles  (46  km.).  Carretera  to  Aibonito;  ferryboat  every  eight 
minutes  to  San  Juan ;  fare,  3  cents.  Reached  from  Bayamon  by 
railroad. 

Ceiba,  Department  of  Humacao,  in  extreme  northeastern  part  of 
island;  population  of  municipality,  4,739.  town,  1,0.50;  35  miles  (58 
km.)  from  Rio  Piedras,  by  carretera;  17  miles  (27  km.)  from 
Humacao,  by  carretera.     Principal  products :  Sugar  cane  and  fruits. 

Ciales,  Department  of  Arecibo,  in  north  central  part  of  island ; 
population  of  municipality,  19,747,  town,  1,800 ;  19  miles  (33 
km.)  from  Arecibo,  by  carretera;  8  miles  (13  km.)  from  Manati,  by 
carretera.     Products:  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  fruits. 

Cidra,  Department  of  Guayama ;  population  of  municipality, 
11,372,  town,  1,700;  near  the  Military  Road,  10  miles  (16  km.)  from 
Guayama,  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Caguas,  by  carretera.  Products: 
Tobacco,  fruits,  coffee,  sugar  cane.  Hotels :  F.  Gonzalez,  Wenseslao 
Segarra. 

Coamo,  Department  of  Ponce,  in  south  central  part  of  island; 
population  of  municipality,  18,100.  town,  4,000;  60  miles  (98  km.) 
from  San  Juan,  by  autos,  fare,  .$3.25;  80  miles  (130  km.)  from 
Ponce,  by  autos,  fare,  .$1.25.  Products :  Coffee  and  fruits.  Hotels : 
Isabel  Pico.     Near  here  are  the  famous  Coamo  Springs. 

Comerio,  Department  of  San  Juan;  population  of  municipality, 
12,000,  town,  2,000;  17  miles  (27  km.)  from  Bayamon,  by  carretera. 
Products :  Tobacco,  coffee,  fruits.  Connection  with  Las  Cruces  on 
Military  Road ;  roads  to  Bayamon  and  Catana.  where  there  is  a 
ferry  to  San  Juan.     Hotels :  Cirito  Cruz,  Levacadio  Riviera. 

Corozal,  Department  of  San  Juan ;  population  of  municipality, 
13,930,  town,  1,400;  15  miles  (25  km.)  southwest  of  Bayamon, 
reached  by  carretera.     Products :  Coffee,  cane,  fruits. 

Culebra,  small  island  off  the  east  coast  of  Porto  Rico;  population, 
1.411.     Products:  Fmits.     Reached  by  .small  .steamers. 

Dorado,  Department  of  San  Juan ;  population  of  municipality, 
5.243,  town,  1,100;  21  miles  (33  km.)  west  of  San  .Tuan.  Products: 
Sugar  cane,  pineapples,  and  other  fruits.  Reached  from  San  Juan 
by  American  Railroad. 


PORTd    RICO.  221 

Giianica.  KcpMitnu'iit  oC  .Mayii^'Uf/,.  mi  sinitliwcsumi  coast  ;  popula- 
liori  of  nmiiicipality,  «!,0(K).  town.  I.IMMC.  S  miles  (13  km.)  from 
I'(t!icc,  vc.kIiciI  by  cai-n'tora.  One  of  tlie  greatest  sunar  centers  of 
the  \vorl<l. 

Guayanilla.  DepjffiiK'iit  of  IN.nce,  in  southwestern  part  of  island; 
population  of  nnmicipality,  n.lKi,  town,  1.2riO;  14  miles  CSI  km.) 
from  Tonce,  reaHiecl  iiy  American  ltailn>a(i.  I'roducts:  CoflVe. 
sutrar  cane,  and  fruits. 

(Gurabo.  Department  of  Humacao,  a  few  miles  east  of  CaRuas, 
reached  hy  carn>tcra  ;  ir?  miles  (•J2  km.)  from  Humacao.  readied  by 
earietera  :  i)opulati.>ii  of  municipalily.  Il.lt.")*;.  town.  2.4<M).  Rich 
tobacc<.  sc(tion.  Hotels:  Marcial  Maldonado.  Jose  lianion  c^iinonez, 
Antonio   \'az(|uez. 

Hormigueros,  Department  of  Mayajrue,:,  in  soiitliwesiern  itart  of 
island:  poiadation  of  municipality.  4.17'J.  town.  l.(XKi:  1'J4  miles 
nOS  km.)  from  San  ,Tuan,  reached  by  American  Railroad;  6  miles 
(0  km.)  from  Mayairuez,  reached  by  American  Railroad.  l*roducts: 
Susrar  cane,  coffee,  fruits. 

Isabela.  Dcimrnnent  of  Auiiadilla,  on  extreme  northwestern  coast: 
]>opulation  of  municipality,  18,088:  town.  1.44K):  11  miles  (18  km.) 
from  Ajruadilla,  reached  by  American  Railroad:  7.T  miles  (122  km.) 
from  San  .Tuan,  reacbe<l  by  American  Railroad:  Ixi  miles  (147  km.) 
from  Ponce,  reachtnl  by  American  Railroad.  I'roducis:  Suirar 
cane,  coffee,  fruits.     Hotels:  Parada.  Estacion. 

Jayiiya,  Department  of  Ponce;  population  of  municipality,  11.03.3: 
town,  (KM):  12  miles  (21  km.)  from  Coanio,  reachetl  by  carretera. 
Products :  Coffee,  fruits,  sujrar  cane. 

Juana  Diaz,  Department  of  Ponce,  on  the  military  road,  a  few 
miles  northwest  of  I'once :  poym'ation  of  municiimliry,  31.2(Ki:  town. 
2.2(HK  Products:  Coffe«\  sutrar  cane,  and  fnnts.  Hotels:  15r>rin- 
quen.  Italia,  Puerto  Rico.  Reached  from  San  Juan  by  auto  service: 
fare.  84:  from  Ponce  by  auto  service:  fare.  ,$0.50.  Autos  leave  San 
Juan  and  Ponce  at  7..S0  o.  m.  and  12..S0  p.  ni. 

Juncos,  Department  of  Humacao,  midway  between  Cajaias  and 
Humacao:  about  0  ndles  (14  km.)  from  each:  3G  miles  (00  km.) 
from  r.uayama :  population  of  municipality.  12. .149;  town,  4,400. 
Products:  Sutrar  cane,  tobacco,  fruits.     Hotel:  Estela  Bohonis. 

Lajas,  Department  of  Mayajaiez ;  population  of  municipality, 
11.883;  town.  800:  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  San  German,  reached  by 
American  Railroad;  13(i  miles  (21f)  km.)  from  San  Juan,  reached 
by  AmericJin  Railroad.  Products :  Sugar  cane,  pineapph-s.  to- 
bacco, etc. 

Lares,  Department  of  Ajaiadilla  ;  22  miles  (37  km.)  from  A.cua- 
dilla,  reache<l  by  carretera:  population  of  municipality,  24,311: 
town,  3.900.  Products:  Toffee,  fruits,  sugar  cane.  Carretera  to 
Arecibo  and  Mayasruez ;  automobile  service  to  Maya.guez.  Bank: 
P.anco  Territorial  Apricola.     Hotels:  America.  Central.   Roma. 

Las  Marias,  Department  of  Mayajniez ;' population  of  municipality, 
10.783;  town.  400;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Maya.guez,  reached  by 
ca  rretera . 

Las  Piedras,  Department  of  Humacao;  population  of  nmnicipality. 
9,717:  town,  oOO;  near  eastern  coast;  14  mih>s  (22  km.)  from 
Caguas,  reached  by  carretera;  4  miles  (6  km.)   from  Huai.u-ao. 


222  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Loiza,  Department  of  Sau  Juan ;  population  of  municipality, 
14,293;  town,  1,200;  on  the  northeastern  coast;  18  miles  (31  km.) 
east  of  San  Juan,  reached  by  carretera ;  11  miles  (17  km.)  from 
Rio  Piedras,  reached  by  carretera.  Products :  Sugar  cane,  coco- 
nuts, etc. 

luquillo,  Department  of  Humacao,  near  northeastern  coast,  in  the 
Fajardo  district ;  population  of  municipality,  6,659 ;  town,  1,250 ; 
25  miles  (40  km.)  from  Rio  Piedras,  reached  by  carretera;  28  miles 
(45  km.)  from  Humacao,  reached  by  carretera. 

Manati,  Department  of  Arecibo,  near  northern  coast ;  population 
of  municipality,  18,500;  town,  4,600;  36  miles  (58  km.)  from  San 
Juan,  two-hour  trip  by  American  Railroad;  17  miles  (27  km.)  from 
Arecibo,  one-hour  trip  by  American  Railroad;  3  miles  (5  km.)  from 
ocean.  Products :  Sugar  cane,  rice,  tobacco,  coffee,  fruits.  Market 
place  for  Ciales  and  Morovia.  Hotels :  Central,  Comercio,  Coney 
Island,  Puerto  Rico. 

ULaricsiO,  Department  of  Mayaguez,  on  carretera  from  Mayaguez 
to  Laz  Marias ;  population  of  municipality,  7,683,  town,  900 ;  10  miles 
(16  km.)  east  of  Mayaguez.     Hotel:  P.  Cordero. 

Maunabo,  Department  of  Humacao,  in  extreme  southeastern  cor- 
ner of  island ;  population  of  municipality,  7,627 ;  town,  1,100 ; 
55  miles  (90  km.)  from  Ponce,  reached  by  carretera;  14  miles  (25 
km.)  from  Arroyo,  reached  by  carretera.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar 
cane,  coconuts. 

Moca,  Department  of  Aguadilla  ;  population  of  municipality,  16,460, 
town,  1,650;  5  miles  (8  km.)  southeast  of  Aguadilla,  reacheil  by 
carretera.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  and  fruits.  Hotels: 
Josefa  Cotto  Vda.  de  Perez ;  Aurora  Gonzalez  de  Miranda. 

Morovis,  Department  of  Arecibo;  15  miles  (24  km.)  from  Manati, 
reached  by  carretera;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Arecibo,  reached  by 
carretera;  population  of  municipality,  13,359,  town,  1,200.  Prod- 
ucts :  Coffee,  fruits,  sugar  cane. 

Naguabo,  Department  of  Humacao,  in  central  part  of  eastern 
coast;  population  of  municipality.  15,418,  town,  4,000;  14  miles  (25 
km.)  from  Humacao,  reached  by  carretera;  18  miles  (30  km.)  from 
Fa.iardo,  reachetl  by  carretera. 

Naranjito,  Department  of  San  Juan ;  population  of  municipality, 
9,527,  town,  900;  15  miles  (24  km.)  from  San  Juan,  reached  by 
carretera.    Products:  Coffee,  fruits. 

Patillas,  Department  of  Guayama,  near  southeastern  coast ;  10 
miles  (16  km.)  from  Guayama,  reached  by  carretera;  44  miles  (72 
km. )  from  Ponce,  reached  by  carretera.  Population  of  municipality, 
15,507,  town,  2,400.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  fruits.  Hotels: 
Jesus  M.  Marquez,  Raf  del  Ortiz. 

Penuelas,  Department  of  Ponce;  population  of  municipality, 
12.870,  town,  1,200;  10  miles  (16  km.)  west  of  Ponce,  reached  by 
carretera;  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  Guayanilla,  reached  by  carretera. 
Products:  Coffee,  fruits,  sugar  cane. 

ftuebradillas,  Department  of  Arecibo,  on  northwestern  coast;  68 
miles  (111  km.)  from  Snn  Juan,  reached  V;y  American  Railroad; 
98  miles  (159  km.)  from  Ponce,  reached  by  American  Railroad; 
18  miles  (30  km.)  from  Aguadilla,  reached  by  carretera  or  railroad. 
Population  of  municipality,  8.750;  town,  1,300,  Products:  Sugar 
cane,  coffee,  fruits. 


I'oirro  Kico.  223 

Rincon,  I  •(■iiiiitiniiit  of  AKUudiUa,  most  wcstfrly  town  of  Torto 
Rico;  population  oi  iminiciimlity,  7,S08,  town,  l,7()f»;  'M  iiiilos  (iVJ, 
km.)  from  Areciho.  readied  l)y  American  Kailroail;  loi  miles  (104 
km.)  from  San  Juan,  reached  hy  American  Kailroad.  I'rocluct.s : 
Coconuts,  sugar  cane,  cofl'ei\ 

Rio  Grande,  Department  of  San  Juan,  on  nortliensiern  coast; 
poiiulalioM  of  municipality,  lli.8!»4.  town,  2.(XK>;  0  miles  (15  km.) 
fnan  San  .Fuaii,  hy  carretera.  rroducts:  Suj-'ar  cane,  coffee,  coco- 
nuts.    Hotels:    .Vdelina   Quimonez,    Saturiiio   Reyes. 

Sabana  Grande,  I'epartment  of  MayaLcuez;  jKtpulation  of  mnnici- 
pality,  12,30i),  town.  2.800;  0  miles  (10  km.)  from  Coamo,  reached 
by  carretera;  15  miles  (24  km.)  soutlieast  of  Mayajiue/,,  reached  l»y 
carretera;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Yauco.  n-aclied  by  carretera. 
Products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  tobacco.  Hotels:  Magdalenu  Acosta, 
.Tuana  Rodriguez. 

San  Lorenzo,  I  )epartmeDt  of  Humacao,  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
island.  It  few  miles  northwest  of  Humacao,  reached  by  carretera  ; 
population  of  municipality.  15,325;  town,  2.5<K).  Pro<lucts :  Sugar 
cane,  coffee,  fruits.     Hotel:  Teresa  Machin. 

San  Sebastian,  Department  of  Agiiadilla,  18  miles  (23  km.)  south- 
east of  Agiiadilla.  reaclu^l  by  carretera  ;  pojjulation  of  nmnicipality, 
20,290;  town,  2,100.  Products:  CotTee,  sugar  cane,  fruits.  Hotel: 
Julia. 

Santa  Isabel,  Department  of  Ponce,  near  the  southern  central 
coast;  population  of  municipality,  7,409;  town,  1,400;  3  miles  (5 
km.)  from  Coamo,  reached  by  carretera;  13  miles  (23  km.)  from 
Ponce,  reached  by  auto  service,  fare  $0.75.  Reached  by  automobile 
service  from  (Juayama.  fare  ,$1. 

Santurce,  li^partment  of  San  .Tuan,  a  residential  suburb  of  San 
Juan;  3  miles  (5  km.)  from  San  Juan,  reached  by  electric  railway. 
Hotels :  Nava,  Eureka  Miramar. 

Toa  Alta,  Department  of  San  Juan;  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  San 
Juan,  reached  by  carretera;  9  miles  (14  km.)  from  Corozal,  reache<I 
by  carretera;  population  of  nnmicipality,  9,790;  town,  1,100.  Prod- 
ucts: Sugar  cane  and  citrus  fruits.     Reached  via  Bayamon. 

Toa  Baja,  Department  of  San  Juan;  10  miles  (32  km.)  from  San 
Juan,  reached  by  American  Railroad ;  population  of  municipality, 
0,713;  town,  1.000.     Great  sugar-cane  district. 

Trujillo  Alto,  Department  of  San  Juan  ;  3  miles  (5  km.)  southwest 
of  San  Juan,  reached  by  electric  railway ;  population  of  munic- 
ipality, 6.810;  town,  800.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  pineapples,  and 
other  fruits. 

Iltuado,  Department  of  Arecibo,  in  central  western  part,  south  of 
Arecibo;  31  miles  (.50  km.)  from  Ponce,  reached  by  carretera;  54 
miles  (90  km.)  from  San  Juan,  reached  by  carretera  ;  population  of 
nmnicipality,  33.032 ;  town,  3,500.  Products :  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  to- 
bacco, fruits.  Ranks:  Artau  &  Casellas ;  J.  Ginard  iVc  Co.;  Mestres 
Hnos. ;  Sues,  de  Roses  &  Co.  Hotels :  La  Bruja,  Juan  Gilves,  Hotel 
Univerco. 

Vega  Alta,  Department  of  San  Juan.  In  Bayamon  district ;  popu- 
lation of  municipality,  8.730;  town,  1,9(X);  21  miles  (35  km.)  from 
San  Juan,  reached  by  carretera;  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  Bayamon, 
reached  by  carretera.  Products  :  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  fruits.  Hotel : 
Jose  Escalera. 


224  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Vega  Baja,  Department  of  Sau  Juun,  midway  between  San  Juan 
and  Arecibo;  29  miles  (46  km.)  from  San  Juan,  readied  by  Ameri- 
can railroad;  2.1  miles  (40  lim.)  from  Catano,  reached  by  carretera ; 
population  of  municipality,  13,772;  town,  3,400.  Products:  Sugar 
cane,  pineapples,  and  other  fruits.     Hotel :  Victoria. 

Yabucoa,  Department  of  Humacao,  in  exti'eme  southeastern  part 
of  island;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Humacao,  reached  by  carretera; 
population  of  municipality,  18,609;  town,  3,000.  Products:  Sugar 
cane,  coconuts,  fruits.  Carretera  to  Humacao  and  Guayama. 
Hotels ;  Jose  Borrego,  Francisco  Lanarse,  Isais  Medina. 


BERMUDA  ISLANDS. 

Location. — This  proup  of  isljimls  is  not  proporly  a  part  of  the 
Wost  Indies.  Tho  islands  niimlior  :ii)out  .^OO  and  lio  off  tiie  coast 
of  (lie  United  StJites,  abovit  .".IS  miles  east  of  C'app  Ilatteras  and 
668  miles  from  New  York.  Only  18  or  2(t  of  the  islands  are  inhab- 
ited, while  only  5  are  of  any  importance.  These  are  Bermuda  (chief 
island),  Somerset,  Ireland,  St.  neor^es,  and  St.  David. 

Popiilation.— The  population  of  the  islands  is  about  21,000. 
Anions  the  inhabitants  there  is  a  lar^e  percentage  of  Nef^roes. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  most  delif^htful.  and  during  the  winter 
Maiiiilton  is  a  Mecca  of  tourists.  The  temperature  averages  be- 
tween 60°  and  70°  F.  The  rainfall  is  between  55  and  60  inches 
annually.     There  are  always  very  pleasant  breezes. 

Chief  Prodiicts. — Kermuda  is  justly  famous  f<>v  the  onions  l)earinK 
its  name.  Besides  onions,  Bermuda  also  produces  potatoes,  toma- 
toes, arrowroot,  lily  biillis,  elc.  Much  of  the  iirnsperity  of  Bermuda 
is  dependent  upon  the  hotel  industry  and  the  numerous  tourists, 
who  come  here  at  all  seasons,  but  especially  during  the  winter. 

Language. — English. 

Currency. — English ;  but  American  money  is  accepted. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  England. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  Uie  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable  Rates. — There  are  two  cable  companies — the  Halifax  & 
Bermuda  Cable  Co.  and  the  Direct  West  India  Uf.hle  (\-,.  Kate  to 
United  States,  about  35  cents  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Office  32  Broadway,  New  York.  Sailings 
from  Pier  47.  ^Vest  Tenth  Street,  New  York.  Departures,  semi- 
weekly  for  Hamilton,  Bermuda.  First-class  passenger  fare.  New 
York  to  Bermuda,  round  trip.  ^75.  Time  of  trip,  about  40  hours. 
Distance,  068  nautical  miles. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING   BERMUDA. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co. — Canada-West  Indies  steamers. 
Fortnightly  service  from  St.  John  and  Halifax  to  Bermuda  and 
other  British  West  Indies.  Fares  from  Bermuda  :  To  St.  Kitts. 
.$02..50:  Antigua,  $62.50;  Montserrat,  $<;5:  Doniini'a.  .$70;  St.  Lucia, 
.$70;  Barbados,  $75;  St.  Vincent,  $80;  Grenada.  .$80;  Trinidad,  $85; 
Denicrara,  $95. 

Local  Service. — Service  between  the  principal  islands  is  main- 
tained by  the  Island  Steam  Service,  at  low  rates.  There  are  also 
available  numerous  motor  boats. 

144297"-  20 -15  225 


226  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

CANVASSING  BERMUDA. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License. — No  license  is  required  for  com- 
mercial travelers. 

Samples. — Samples  may  be  imported  and  cleared  without  difficulty. 
Samples  without  commercial  value  are  admitted  free;  other  samples 
may  be  covered  by  bond,  which  is  canceled  upon  reexportation. 
Samples  may  be  reexported  from  either  Hamilton  or  St.  Georges. 
There  is  no  time  limit. 

Holidays  in  Bermuda.— The  following  are  the  holidays  of  Ber- 
muda. This  being  a  British  possession,  the  holidays  are  those  usu- 
ally observed  in  Great  Britain :  January  1,  New  Year's  Day ;  Good 
Friday ;  May  24,  Empire  Day ;  June  3,  King's  birthday ;  August  5, 
bank  holiday ;  December  25,  Christmas. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

HAMILTON,  the  capital  and  principal  town  of  Bermuda ;  popula- 
tion, 6,500 ;  located  on  the  coast  of  the  mainland.  Landing :  Steamer 
to  wharf;  harbor  is  entered  through  a  long  passage.  Distant  668 
nautical  miles  from  New  York.  Industries :  Negligible ;  some  manu- 
facturing of  soda  water  and  ice.  The  island  is  largely  dependent 
on  the  tourists,  and  there  are  many  visitors,  particularly  during  the 
winter. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached.— From  New  York,  by  Quebec  Steamship  Co. ;  time, 
40  hours. 

Conveyances. — Carriages,  $3  to  $4  per  day,  or  according  to  distance 

traversed. 

Banks.— Bank  of  Bermuda;  N.  T.  Butterfield  &  Son   (Ltd.). 

Hotels. — Hamilton  House,  Pension,  Princess,  American  House, 
Belmont.  Allenhurst,  Kenwood,  Imperial,  Point  Pleasant,  New  Wind- 
sor, Frascati,  Grasmere. 

Customhouse  Brokers.— John  S.  &  James  Dell;  H.  S.  Conyers  & 
Co. ;  W.  T.  James  &  Co. ;  Thompson,  Roberts  &  Co. ;  Bermuda  Trans- 
portation Co. 

Uote. — This  is  largely  a  retail  market,  and  the  amount  of  business 
transacted,  while  of  a  very  fair  volume  per  capita,  is  not  large  in 
the  aggregate.  The  merchants  are  practically  all  retailers,  while 
one  or  two  do  a  little  wholesaling  with  the  islands  of  St.  Georges, 
Sorncrsc't    etc. 

ST.  GEORGES,  a  small  town,  about  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  Hamil- 
ton. Coaling  station.  Considerable  tourist  traffic.  American  con- 
sular agent. 

Principal  Hotels.— St.  George,  Globe. 

SOMERSET,  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Hamilton.  A  small  town, 
chiefly  a  resort  for  tourists.     Hotel :  Somerset. 


BAHAMA  ISLANDS. 

Map  No.  5. 

Location.^ — Tlio  llaliaiuas  Hre  a  ^'foii])  ni  islauds  lielonpriiiK  to 
Great  !'>rifaiii,  lyuvA  t'ust:  of  Florida  and  nurtiifast  of  Culm.  There 
are  over  3,0'"'  islets,  cays,  etc.,  but  oidy  a  few  are  inliabite<l. 

Principal  Islands. — New  Providenee,  poiiuiation,  IS.").")!;  Abaco, 
4,403;  Harbour  Island,  1.031;  <}rand  iJaiiauui,  1.824;  Sau  Salvador, 
5,072;  I.on,ir  Island.  4.1.")0;  Eleutliora,  6,533;  Andro.s  I.slauil,  7.54;j ; 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Grand  Turk  Island. 

Area  and  Population. — Tbe  total  area  i.s  approximately  4,404 
square  miles;  ]io[>n!ali(>n  of  entire  jjroup,  about  .IG.OOO. 

Climate. — (ienerally  tine,  but  hurricanes  and  long  droajrlits  occur. 
Temperature,  ^'o^(■ulber  to  May,  00^  to  7.")^  F. ;  balance  of  year  75° 
to  85°  F.  Ha  in  fail  averages  4U  indies  annually.  During  the  winter 
months  there  i.s  little  rain. 

Products. — Sponges,  sisal,  hemp,  cotton,  fruits,  hides  and  skins, 
tomatoes,  lumber. 

Language. — English. 

Currency,  Weights,  and  Measures. — English. 

Postage. — I'irst  tia.s.s   letter  rale  to  and  from  the  Uuite«l   States, 

2  cents  per  ounce  or  fi-actiouai  part  thereof. 

Telegraph  and  Telephone. — Nassau  has  telegraphic  communication 
with  llie  ontsidi'  world  by  nuans  of  wireless.  There  is  a  telephone 
.system  willi  ."J."!!  stations. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YOUK. 

New  York  &  Cuba  Mail  Steamship  Co.  (Ward  Line). — Offices  foot 
of  Wall  Street.  iOast  Iliver,  New  York.  Departures  from  Piers  13 
and  14,  Wall  and  Pine  Streets.  Sailings  weekly  for  Nassau,  Baha- 
mas, during  December,  January,  February,  and  March;  forinightly 
during  tlie  other  months  of  the  year.  Fares:  New  York  to  Nassau, 
$71;  Habana  to  Nassau,  $33.    Time  of  trip,  New  York  to  Nassau, 

3  days. 

Clyde  Line  (Santo  Domingo  Line). — Office,  11  Broadway,  New 
York.  Sailings  frou)  I'ier  34,  Atlantic  Basin.  Brooklyn.  Depar- 
tures, sennmonthly  for  Turks  Island  and  ports  in  Dominican  Re- 
public.    Fare,  New  York  to  Turks  Island,  $40;  time  of  trii),  5  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  THE  BAHAMAS. 

Ward  Line. —  From  .Jacksonville  and  Miami,  Fla.,  to  IS'assau. 

The  Pickford  &  Black  Line. — Monthly  service  from  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia. 

Outer  islands  are  reached  by  schooners  from  Nasstiu.  The 
Admiral  Deiceii.  an  American  steamer,  maintains  service  between 
Wilsoi\  Citv,  Abaco  Island,  and  Nassau. 

227 


228  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

CANVASSING  THE  BAHAMAS. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License. — Commercial  travelers  are  not  re- 
quired to  take  out  auy  license. 

Samples.— Samples  having  no  value  are  admitted  free  of  duty. 
Samples  having  a  commercial  value  must  be  covered  by  a  deposit 
equal  to  the  amount  of  duty  thereon.  This  amount  is  refunded 
when  samples  are  reexported. 

Trading  in  General. — The  chief  exports  of  the  Bahamas  are  lum- 
ber, sisal,  and  sponges.  At  Wilson  City,  Abaco,  there  is  a  great 
production  of  yellow  pine.  Fruits  are  also  grown,  including  grape- 
fruit, pineapples,  tomatoes,  etc.  The  requirements  of  the  smaller 
places,  such  as  Governors  Harbor,  Island  of  Elenthera,  Grand  Ba- 
hama, Nicolls  Town,  etc.,  are  usually  supplied  from  Nassau. 

Holidays  in  the  Bahama  Islands. — The  following  are  the  chief 
holidays  of  the  Bahamas.  It  will  be  noticed  that  these  are  the 
holidays  usually  observed  in  Great  Britain :  January  1,  New 
Year's  Day ;  Good  Friday ;  May  24,  Empire  Day ;  June  3,  King's 
birthday ;  June  23,  Prince  of  Wales'  birthday ;  August  4,  bank  holi- 
day ;  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

NASSAU,  capital  and  chief  town  of  the  Bahamas ;  altitude,  100 
feet ;  population.  12.554 ;  on  the  island  of  New  Providence.  Land- 
ing: Steamers  lie  alongside  pier.  Climate:  Equable  and  healthy; 
temperature  averages  77°  F.  Distant  145  nautical  miles  from  Mi- 
ami, Fla ;  960  nautical  miles  from  New  York ;  116  nautical  miles 
from  Abaco.     Industry :  Canning  of  pineapples. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agents,  R.  H.  Curry 
&  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Miami,  triweekly  steamer,  one-night  trip ; 
from  New  York,  Ward  Line,  three-day  trip. 

Principal  Hotels. — Colonial,  Royal  Victoria,  Clifton. 

Bank. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Note. — This  place  owes  its  chief  importance  to  the  fact  that  it  is 
a  great  pleasure  resort,  with  a  delightful  climate.  The  chief  sources 
of  wealth  are  fibers,  sisal,  hemp,  sponges,  pineapples,  limes,  etc. 
The  business  is  chiefly  retail  and  the  volume  is  fair. 

ABACO  ISLAND;  population,  4,463;  116  nautical  miles  from  Nas- 
sau. Settlements  consist  of  New  Plymouth,  Hopetown,  Cherokee 
Sound,  Marsh  Harbor,  Green  Turtle  Cay,  and  Wilson  City.  Port 
of  entry,  Green  Turtle  Cay,  on  northeastern  sliore.  Industries : 
Fishing,  turtle  catching,  agriculture. 

How  Reached. — Steamer  Admiral  Deivey  makes  weekly  trips  be- 
tween Nassau  and  Wilson  City. 

Note. — A  small  island  with  a  correspondingly  small  volume  of 
trade.  A  number  of  retail  merchants  in  dry  goods,  supplies,  etc., 
are  located  here. 

ANDROS  ISLAND;  population,  7,545;  20  nautical  miles  from  New 
Providence.  Reached  by  schooners  fron^i  Nassau.  Products :  Coco- 
nuts and  sisal. 

CAICOS  ISLANDS,  southeast  end  of  Bahamas;  consist  of  North, 
South,    Fast,    West,    and    Grand    Caicos ;    population,    about    3,000 


BAHAMA    ISLANDS.  '220 

(ubdut  1<H»  wiiilt'si.  I'nxlucls  :  Sp(iM;,'i's,  pink  poarls,  sjilt.  Ko!utio<l 
!)>■  scliooiici'^  Iroiii   Nassau. 

ELEUTHERA  ISLAND,  I'ast  of  Nassau.  I'roducts:  Toniatot'S  and 
Iiint'iipplcs.     IJiached  by  schooners  from  Nassau, 

GRAND  BAHAMA,  off  east  coast  of  Florida;  population,  1.824. 
rroducls:  Timber,  tish.  turtles,  ^vapefruit,  suj^ar  cane,  molasses. 
Keaciied  by  schooners  from  Nassau. 

GRAND  TURK  ISLAND,  .")0<>  nautical  miles  from  Kingston, 
Jamaica.  I.nndiiiL: :  Xcssels  anchor  at  coral  rw^f  one-lialf  mile  from 
shore,     ("limaie,  hot,  but  healtliful.     Chief  i)roduct :   Salt. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York  an<l  from  Santo  Domingo  by 
Clyde  Line. 

SAN  SALVADOR  ISLAND;  population.  5,072.  Products:  Sisal, 
cattle,  horses,  corn,  sheep,  pi?:s,  poultry,  eggs.  Monthly  mail 
schooner  from  Nassau.  Small  schooners  ply  between  Nassau  and 
San  Salvador. 

INAGUA  ISLAND,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Bahama  Islands, 
about  r.iK)  square  miles;  60  nautical  miles  north  of  Haiti;  50  nau- 
tical miles  northeast  of  Cape  Alaisi,  Cuba.  I'roducts:  Salt,  c«ico- 
nuts,  lignum-vita\  satinwood.  Lloyd's  agent.  Arthur  L.  Symonett. 
Chief  settlement  is  IVIatthewtowu.  Reached  from  Nassau  by 
schooners. 


VIRGIN  ISLANDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Map  No.  6. 

location. — The  Virgin  Islands  compri.se  a  sroup  of  over  50  islands 
in  tlie  (Jaribbean  Sea,  40  miles  east  of  Porto  Rico.  These  were  for- 
merly known  as  the  Danish  West  Indies.  Only  tliree  islands  in  the 
group  have  any  importi.nce— St.  Tiiomas,  St.  Croix,  and  St.  John. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  is  138  square  miles ;  population, 
about  27,000.  Fully  93  per  cent  of  the  inhabitants  are  Negroes. 
The  purchasing  power  is  small. 

Topography. — The  islands  are  of  volcanic  origin.  St.  Thomas 
(28  square  miles)  has  a  range  of  hills  running  east  and  west,  whicli 
slope  down  to  the  sea.  St.  Croix  (84  square  miles)  liicewise  has  a 
range  of  hills,  which  are  parallel  to  the  coast  at  the  western  end. 
The  highest  point  is  Blue  Mountain.     St.  John  has  20  square  miles. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  good  and  particularly  enjoyable  during 
the  winter  months. 

Seasons. — There  are  no  marlved  seasons,  but  August,  September, 
and  October  are  the  hottest  months,  although  the  temperature  sel- 
dom goes  over  91°.  In  January,  February,  and  March  the  tempera- 
ture is  occasionally  as  low  as  65°.  St.  Croix  is  slightly  warmer 
than  either  St.  Thomas  or  St.  John.  The  average  rainfall  is  about 
31  inches  annually. 

Products. — The  products  are  chiefly  agricultural.  Tliey  include 
sugar,  bay  rum,  bay  leaves,  tropical  fruits,  limes,  cotton,  lime  juice, 
molasses,  etc. 

Industries. — ^There  is  raising  of  small  animals,  such  as  goats, 
sheep,  hogs,  and  donkeys.  The  export  of  hides  and  skins  is  increas- 
ing. There  are  some  sugar  factories,  bay-rum  distilleries,  machine 
shops,  shipyards,  and  a  floating  dock. 

Language. — Principally  English. 

Currency. — Same  as  in  the  United  States. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  the  United  States. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thei^of. 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — St.  Thomas  is  the  headquarters 
of  the  West  India  &  Panama  Telegraph  Co.,  which  maintains  serv- 
ice to  all  the  West  Indies  and  the  v.-est  coast  of  South  America, 
connecting  at  Jamaica  with  cables  from  Europe  and  the  United 
States.  The  rate  from  New  York  to  St.  Thomas  or  St.  Croix  is 
50  cents  a  word.  Between  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix  the  rate  is 
4  cents  a  word.  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix  have  also  good  telephone 
service. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Quebec  Mail  Steamship  Co. — Furness,  Withy  &  Co.,  agents,  32 
Broadway,  New   York.     British   steamers.     Sailings  from   Pier  47, 

230 


VIRGIN    ISLANDS    OF   THK    UNITKD    .STATKS.  231 

North  Kivcr  (West  Toiitli  Stroet).  l)eparturos  for  St.  T'iomkih,  St. 
Croix,  St.  Kitls,  Antiiruu,  (iua(lel<)iii)e,  Doniiiii«':i,  Miirtiniciut*,  St. 
Lucia,  Biirltados.  aiuJ  iH'iucrara  (Ilritish  Giiiaim)  evory  10  days. 
Tiuie  of  trip:   Xt'w  Yuri<  to  St.  TliDUias,  (J  days;  to  St.  ("roix,  7  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  ST.  THOMAS. 

Bull-Insular  Line. — SicaiiitM-  MariiKi.  Moiitldy  st-rvire  l)ftwecii 
San  .luaii   (I'orio  Uico),  St.  Croix,  and  St.  Thomas. 

Compagnie  Gen6rale  Transatlantique. — Steamer  Abfl-rl-Knder. 
Montiily  service  to  Porto  Kico.  Cuba,  Haiti.  Santo  Domingo,  anrl 
ports  in  tlie  l.e.ssi-r  Antilles.  I'iire  from  San  .Juan  to  St.  Thomas, 
$110;  time,  7  to  8  lioiii-s. 

Steamers  "Oriole"  and  "Carmen." — Weekly  sjiilinps  between  St. 
Thomas  and  Farjado  (Porto  Rico).  Fare,  Fajardo  to  St.  Thomas, 
$10;  San  Juan  to  St.  Thomas  (.'intomobile  between  Fajardo  and 
San  Juan),  $15  one  way,  $2o  round  trip.  At  San  Juan  it  is  pos- 
sible to  niatce  conne<-tions  with  steamers  for  tlie  I'nite<l  States,  Cuba, 
Dominican  Republic,  and   South   Ameri<a. 

Lines  Which  Visited  St.  Thomas  Prior  to  the  War.— The  East 
Asiatic  Co.,  witli  monthly  service  from  Copenha.i:en,  Rotterdam,  and 
Entrland  to  St.  Thouias,  .Vntiiitia,  Dominica.  St.  Lucia,  Barbados, 
Trinidad.  Demerara,  and  Paramaribo;  Royal  Dutch  West  India 
Mail;  La  Veloce ;  Leyland  Line;  Herrera  Line,  fnuu  Cul);i  and  Porto 
Rico. 

Local  Steamer  Service, — Local  sailins:  sloops  ply  between  the 
islands;  fare,  one  way,  $3.  Sloop  Mizixih  leaves  St.  Thomas  Mon- 
days and  Fridays  nt  noon  for  St.  Croix ;  averac-e  tin)e  of  trip,  about 
six  hours.  Mail  boat  leaves  St.  Thomas  for  St.  John  on  Tuesd.ays 
and  Fridays.  Motor  boats,  sloops,  and  other  .small  vessels  make 
irregular  trips  between  St.  Thomas.  St.  John,  and  the  neighboring: 
islands  of  Porto  Rico,  Tortola,  etc. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ST.  CROIX,  40  nautical  miles  .southeast  of  St.  Thomas ;  area, 
about  84  square  miles;  population,  15.500;  comparatively  few 
whites.  Clinuite:  Healthful;  somewhat  warmer  than  St.  Thomas; 
hottest  period,  latter  part  of  August  to  middle  of  September:  cool- 
est period,  January;  avera^'e  annual  rainfall,  about  31  inches; 
rainy  season,  August  to  December.  Principal  products :  Su^rar,  cat- 
tle, iind  tropical  fruits.  Industries:  Agriculture,  distilling:  of  rum. 
soda-\\ater  works,  ice  plant.  Reached  from  New  York  by  Quebec 
SteaTuship  Co;  from  Porto  Rico  by  Bull-Insular  Line;  from  St. 
Thomas  by  motor  schooner,  semiweekly  service. 

Principal  Towns, — Christiansted,  or  Bassin,  on  the  north  shore: 
population,  4. GOO;  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Frederiksted  ;  reached  by 
automobile  from  Frederiksted.  fare  $G.  Bank:  National  Bank  of 
the  Danish  West  Indies.  Customhouse  brokers.  R.  L.  Merwin  & 
Co.  Those  who  visit  St.  Thomas  may  find  it  desirable  to  make  the 
short  journt^y  to  this  place  and  Frederikstetl.  The  business  is  nec- 
essarily of  u  retail  character. 


232  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Frederiksted,  or  Westend,  at  western  end  of  island.  Landing: 
Open  roadstead  ;  sliips  anclior  about  one-fourtli  mile  offsliore.  Pop- 
ulation, 3,000.  There  are  about  100  miles  of  ji'ood  roads.  Automo- 
biles can  be  hired ;  fare,  20  cents  per  mile.  Bank :  National  Bank 
of  the  Danish  West  Indies.  Customhouse  brokers,  R.  L.  Merwin  & 
Co.  Eighty  per  cent  of  the  imports  are  handled  through  this  port. 
Travelers  who  canvass  St.  Thomas  may  find  it  desirable  to  visit 
Frederiksted. 

ST.  JOHN,  about  4  miles  east  of  St.  Thomas ;  area,  about  21 
.square  miles ;  population,  950.  Climate,  similar  to  St.  Thomas. 
Principal  products :  Bay  leaves,  bay  rum,  and  limes.  Industries : 
Agriculture,  soda-water  works,  and  ice  factory.  Reached  from  St. 
Thomas  by  mail  boats,  semiweekly  service.  Numerous  motor  boats, 
sloops,  and  sailing  vessels  make  trips  between  St.  Thomas  and  St. 
John ;  also  to  the  neighboring  islands.  Horseback  is  the  only  means 
of  interior  transportation ;  roads  not  .suitable  for  carriages  or  auto- 
mobiles.    Horses  can  be  hired  for  $3  per  day. 

Principal  Town. — Cruz  Bay ;  popidation,  50. 

ST.  THOMAS,  40  nautical  miles  east  of  Porto  Rico,  150  nautical 
miles  northwest  of  St.  Kitts,  1,400  nautical  miles  from  New  York, 
1,020  nautical  miles  from  Colon,  480  nautical  miles  from  La  Guaira. 
Area,  about  13  miles  long  and  2  miles  wide;  population,  10,700. 
Climate :  Healthful ;  enjoyable  in  winter ;  August,  September,  and 
October  are  the  hottest  months,  .January,  February,  and  March  the 
coolest ;  maximum  temperature,  91°  F.,  minimum,  64°  F.  Principal 
products :  Sugar,  bay  rum,  tropical  fruits.  Industries :  Floating 
dock,  shipyards,  machine  shops,  bay-rum  distilleries,  soda-water 
works,  and  ice  factory.  Reached  from  New  York-by  Quebec  Steam- 
ship Line;  from  Porto  Rico  by  Bull-Insular  Line  and  steamers 
Oriole  and  Carmen;  from  St.  Croix  by  sailing  vessels.  There  are 
about  15  miles  of  good  road ;  carriages  and  automobiles  are  avail- 
able. 

Principal  Town. — Charlotte  Amalie;  population,  8,250.  Landing 
from  steamer  to  pier.  Lloyd's  agent.  Charles  Bertram  Stewart. 
Customhouse  brokers.  National  Bank  of  Danish  West  Indies.  Ho- 
tels: Commercial,  Grand,  Italia.  Bank,  National  Bank  of  Danish 
West  Indies.  This  is  the  most  important  town  of  the  Virgin  Islands 
and  a  place  of  growing  importance.  There  is  some  wholesale  busi- 
ness, but  the  principal  trade  is  necessarily  of  a  retail  character. 
This  place  may  be  visited  to  advantage  by  those  who  sell  machinery 
and  other  goods  for  the  industries  given  above. 


LEEWARD  ISLANDS. 

Maps  Nos.  G  and  9. 
MONTSERRAT. 

Location. — A  British  possossioii  in  tlie  Looward  Orniip.  27  nautical 
miles  soiifhwost  of  AntiRua  and  about  35  from  Nevis. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  33  square  miles ;  population, 
]n,(HH»,  or  abouf  -l.".~)  inhaltitants  per  square  nillo. 

Topography. — Tiie  island  is  of  volcanic  oricrin  and  has  three 
groups  of  mountains.  Soufriere,  12.20()  feet  above  sea  level,  is  the 
highest  point.  Tiie  cultivated  land  is  cliielly  on  the  western  and 
southeastern  side.s.     There  are  n\imerous  small  streams. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  comparatively  cool  and  healthy.  The 
southern  part  is  rather  dry,  while  the  north  has  an  abundance  of 
water.  Tiie  annual  temjierature  averages  78°  F.  The  average  an- 
nual rainfall  is  40  to  80  inches. 

Principal  Products. — Cotton,  sugar,  lime  juice,  cattle,  cotton  seed. 

language. — l^uLrlish. 

Currency. — I5ritisli. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land. 

Postage. — First-clas.s  letter  rate  to  and  from  tlie  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable.  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — Montserrat  has  no  direct  cable 
communication;  there  is,  however,  a  cable  station  at  Antigua,  to 
which  point  messages  can  be  sent  by  flashlight.  There  is  local  tele- 
phone service. 

STEAMSHIP    LINE    FROM    NEW    YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furne.ss  "Withy  &  Co.,  agents.  .32  Broadway. 
Sailings  from  Tier  47,  North  River  (West  Tenth  Street).  Depar- 
tures for  St.  Thomas.  St.  Croix,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua,  Guadeloupe, 
Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  and  Barbados  every  10  days. 
Transshipment  by  sloop  at  St.  Kitts  or  Antigua.  Fare  from  New 
■^'ori^  to  St.  Kitts  or  Antigua,  $60  to  .$75. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  MONTSERRAT. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Fortnightly  .serv- 
ice from  St.  .Tohn  (New  Brunswick)  and  Halifax,  for  Bermuda, 
St.  Kitts,  Antigu.i.  Montserrat,  Dominica,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent, 
Barbados.  Grenada,  and  Trinidad.  Fares  from  Montserrat:  To  St. 
Kitts.  $6.25;  Dominica.  .$9.50:  St.  Lucia,  .<?12..50;  Barbados,  .$17..50; 
St.  Vincent,  $2');  Trinidad,  S27.50. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — Fortniglitly  sail- 
ings from  London  for  P.arl>ado.s.  Grenada,  Trinidad,  and  Denierara. 
Transshipment  at  Barbados  for  ^lontserrat. 

233 


234  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

CANVASSING   MONTSERRAT. 

Commercial  Travelers'  license. — No  license  is  required  for  coiu- 
mercial  travelers.     No  tax  is  levied  on  any  sales  effected. 

Samples. — Samples  of  no  value  are  admitted  free.  Witli  samples 
of  value  the  u.^iual  custom  is  for  the  officials  to  check  the  samples 
on  arrival  and  departure  of  traveler.  If  anj'  samples  are  sold,  duty 
is  charged  at  the  usual  rates.  There  Is  no  time  limit  for  reexporta- 
tion. 

Foreign  Trade. — The  total  foreign  trade  of  Montserrat  for  1914 
was  $324,392,  imports  amounting  to  $164,639  and  exports  to  $159,753. 
Of  the  imports,  35  per  cent  came  from  the  United  Kingdom,  24  per 
cent  from  British  North  America,  20.5  per  cent  from  the  United 
States,  and  20.5  per  cent  from  other  places.  Of  the  exports,  70.5 
per  cent  went  to  the  United  Kingdom,  2.5  per  cent  to  British  North 
America,  3  per  cent  to  the  United  States,  and  24  per  cent  to  other 
places.  In  1915  the  imports  totaled  $144,452  and  the  exports 
$179,355. 

PLYMOUTH,  the  principal  town  of  IMontserrat ;  population,  1,550. 
Landing :  By  shore  boats.     Climate,  healthful. 

How  Reached. — From  Antigua  i'.nd  from  St.  Kitts  there  is  weekly 
service  by  a  Government  sloop. 

Hotel. — Coconut  House. 

Note. — MontseriTit  is  a  small  island  depending  almost  exclusively 
upon  the  cultivation  of  limes,  sea-island  cotton,  and  sugar  for  its 
wealth.  The  trade  is  small.  Visited  by  those  who  canv^ass  the 
smaller  places. 

ST.  KITTS. 

Location. — An  English  possession  in  the  Leeward  Group,  about  45 
nautical  miles  from  Guadeloupe.  St.  Kitts,  with  Nevis  and  Anguilla 
Islands,  forms  one  presidency. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  about  65  square  miles ;  population, 
about  30,000,  or  about  454  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  The  popu- 
lation is  very  largely  Negro,  Avitli  a  few  Englishmen  and  native-born 
vrhites. 

Topography. — The  island  is  A'ery  mountainous.  The  central  part 
is  occmpied  by  a  mountain  range,  running  northwest  to  southeast. 
The  highe.st  point  is  Mount  Misery,  4,300  feet  above  sea  level. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  healthful.  The  temperature  averages 
between  66°  find  88°  F.  The  annual  rainfnll  is  betv,'een  .50  and  90 
inches.  The  eastern  side  of  the  island  is  the  coolest,  owing  to  the 
trade  winds.  The  island  is  sometimes  visited  by  hnn'icanes,  usually 
in  Jilarch,  August,  or  September. 

Principal  Products. — Sugar,  sea-island  cotton,  and  rum. 

Language. — English  in  general.  The  lower  classes  .speak  a  West 
Indian  patois  called  "  Creole." 

Currency. — Pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  are  in  circulation.  Two 
branch  banks  issue  $5  bills.  Canadian  and  American  bills  also 
circulate.     The  usual  r;ite  of  exchange  is  $4.92  to  the  pound  sterling. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  England  and  the  United 
States. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States.  2 
cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 


I.Ki:\\AHl»    ISLANDS.  235 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — (Jiible  fi)iiiiiiuiii<ation  is  hud 
witii  the  oulsi(k>  world  via  SI.  Tlioiuas.  The  raU*  from  |iuints  east 
ol'  till'  Mississiiipi  Kiver  is  30  ct'iits  per  wonl,  ami  for  points  west 
of  tin-  river  4r  cents  per  wcird.  Tlu're  is  local  teieurapli  and  tele- 
phone service. 

STEAMSHIP    LINE    FROM    NEW    YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness,  ^\■itlly  iS:  Co..  a^'ents.  32  Droad- 
way.  IJritish  steuni«*rs.  Sailin^rs  from  I'ier  47,  North  Kiver  (West 
Tenth  Street).  Departures  for  St.  Tlionias,  St.  Croix.  St.  Kitts, 
Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbados, 
and  Demeraru  (British  fJuiana)  every  10  days.  Fare  to  St.  Kitts. 
ii'.C  :  I  iiue,  7  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  ST.   KITTS. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Fortnijihtly  sail- 
inprs  from  St.  .lohn  (New  I>rinis\vicl\  t  and  Halifax  for  Bermuda,  St. 
Kitts,  .\nti,2:ua,  Montserrat.  Ixtniinica,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent,  Bar- 
bados, Grenada,  and  Trinidad.  Fares  from  St.  Kitts :  To  Mont- 
serrat, i?6.25:  Dominica.  $9.00;  St.  Lucia,  .•»;12.50;  Barbados,  $17.50; 
Grenada.  .$2r>;  Trinidad,  $27..50. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton.  Sons  &  Co.). — .Monthly  sailings 
from  Kiiirland  for  .\nti!-ain,  St.  Kitts.  Montserrat,  Dominica,  St. 
Lucia,  and  St.  Vincent. 

CANVASSING  ST.   KITTS. 

Foreign  Trade. — During  the  year  1915  the  total  imports  of  the 
presidency  of  St.  Kitts-Nevis  amountetl  to  $814,477  and  the  total 
exjtorts  to  .*j;742,574.  Sugar  and  cotton  formed  the  princii>al  articles 
of  exportation,  8,246  tons  of  the  former  product  being  shipped 
abroad,  while  7.36,471  pounds  of  cotton  were  .seut  to  foreign  coun- 
tries. In  1914  the  imports  totaled  $973,183  and  the  exports 
$817,006. 

Kind  of  Goods  Bought. — The  trade  of  St.  Kitts  may  bo  said,  in 
general,  to  be  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  other  "West  Indian 
islands.  There  are  some  modifications,  however,  such,  for  instance, 
as  the  fact  that  flour  is  desired  in  sacks  rather  than  barrels,  while 
other  goods  .should  come  in  smaller  packages  adapted  to  the  pur- 
chases of  a  population  that  is  not  able  to  buy  in  larger  quantities  at 
one  time.  I'lour.  corn  meal,  potatoes,  butter  and  chee.'^e.  condensed 
milk,  plain  and  fancy  biscuits,  sugar,  peas,  beans,  lentils,  salt  pork, 
salt  beef,  bacon'  ham,  lard,  tinned  meats  of  various  kinds,  fish,  dry 
salted,  smoked,  and  canned  (such  as  salmon  and  cheaii  sardines), 
cooking  oil,  apples,  dried  fruit,  jams,  jellies,  and  preserves  are  the 
principal  foodstuffs  bought. 

In  textiles,  cotton  goods  are,  of  course,  the  principal  item ;  that 
is.  aside  from  sacks  for  sugar  and  burlap  for  cotton  hales,  most  of 
which  are  brought  from  England.  American  prints  and  colored 
cottons  are  the  favorites,  as  well  as  sheetings,  drills,  domestic,  and 
the  like,  but  in  the  finer  grades  of  cottons,  in  white  goods,  the  Eng- 
lish product  is  considered  superior  and  given  the  preference, 

Shm>s  were  coming  into  more  general  use  in  St.  Kitts-Nevis  before 
war-time  conditions  put  the  price.s  beyond  the  reach  of  the  average 
wage  earner.     The  sizes  generally  bought  are  quite  large,  adapted  to 


236  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

feet  that  have  not  previously  been  accustomed  to  confinement. 
Shoes  are  still  considered  an  adjunct  of  festive  occasions  and 
mainly  for  Sunday  wear. 

With  the  wages  of  the  average  laborer  not  exceeding  60  cents 
per  day,  it  can  be  seen  that  his  purchasing  power  is  limited.  But, 
on  the  other  hand,  his  expenses  are  slight.  Much  of  his  food  con- 
sists of  plantains,  yucca,  yams,  bananas,  and  similar  provisions. 
His  house  rent  often  costs  nothing,  a  laborer  being  given  space  for 
his  shack  on  the  estate  where  he  is  employed.  Fuel  may  be  had  for 
the  picking  up  or  charcoal  be  bought  cheaply  in  the  small  quanti- 
ties needed  for  the  ordinary  culinary  purposes  of  the  average  fam- 
ily. Usually  his  clothes  on  week  days  consist  of  a  pair  of  overalls, 
sometimes  a  shirt,  and  a  denim  jacket. 

BASSE  TERRE,  capital  and  principal  town  of  the  island,  located 
at  southwestern  end;  population,  10,000;  about  59  nautical  miles 
from  Antigua;  about  98  nautical  miles  from  Montserrat.  Landing: 
Open  roadstead ;  tenders  are  used. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  vessels  of  Quebec  Steamship 
Co. 

Banks. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada ;  Colonial  Bank. 

Conveyances. — Buggj',  2  passengers,  30  cents  per  mile,  $1  per 
hour;  phaeton,  4  passengers,  60  cents  per  mile,  $2  per  hour. 

Hotels. — Seaside,  Newstead. 

Note. — Basse  Tei-re  is  the  main  trading  point  for  Nevis  and  An- 
guilla  Islands.  St.  Kitts  is  one  of  the  smaller  Leeward  Islands. 
The  chief  dependence  is  upon  tropical  products,  especially  sugar. 
The  business  is  of  a  small  volume  and  principally  of  a  retail  na- 
ture, including  foodstuffs  and  estate  stores.  Those  who  canvass  the 
Leeward  Islands  may  find  this  place  worthy  of  a  visit. 

NEVIS  ISLAND. 

Location. — An  English  possession  in  the  Leeward  group,  2  miles 
from  St.  Kitts,  with  which  it  forms  one  Presidency. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  about  50  square  miles ;  population 
about  13.000.  or  about  260  inhabitans  per  square  mile. 

Topography. — The  island  is  of  volcanic  origin  and  nearly  circular 
in  shape.  It  rises  steadily  from  the  sea  edge  toward  the  center, 
the  highest  point  being  Nevis  Peak,  3,596  feet  above  sea  level. 
There  are  several  other  high  peaks,  ranging  from  1,400  to  2,350  feet 
in  height. 

Climate.— The  climate  is  similar  to  St.  Kitts,  although  the  rain- 
fall is  less,  the  average  annual  rainfall  being  50  inches.  The  tem- 
perature averages  between  70°  and  85°  F.  the  greater  part  of  the 
year. 

Principal  Products.— Sugar,  sea-island  cotton,  corn,  etc. 

Language. — English. 

Currency. — British. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  England  and  the  United 
States. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States,  2 
cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

How  Reached. — There  is  no  direct  steamer  comnuuiication  with 
Nevis  Island  from  the  United  States.  The  island  is  reached  from 
St.  Kitts  by  slooa 


LEFWAKI)    ISLANDS.  237 

CHARLESTOWN,  iiiiiicipiil  tuuii  of  the  islaml  ;  pLpuliUiuii,  l.-'MN); 
13  miles  (lil  km.)  lioiii  I'.assf  'I'crre  (Si.  Kilts).  i.aiiiliiiK:  liy 
shore  boat. 

How  Reached. — Daily  I'luin  Si.  Kilts  by  sloops,  schooners,  aii>l 
motor  l)nais. 

ISLAND  OF  ANGUILLA,  Brilisli  posscs.sioii  ;  most  northerly  of  the 
Loewanl  Islands,  about  CO  miles  ( liS  km.)  uortliwesl  <if  Si.  Kilt.s, 
Area,  .'>.")  s(|uare  miles;  i)uiiulal  ion,  4,liM),  nv  about  I'JV  i>er  s(^iuare 
mile.      Indiisiiies :  Cotton   ^'rowiii^  and   raising  of  live  slock. 

How  Reached:  From  St.  Kilts  ami  United  States  \irj;in  I.slunds 
by  .sailiii.t;  vessels. 

Crocus  Bay.  tlie  principal  town,  lias  a  few  hundred  iidiabitant.s. 
No  foreifrn  steamers  call  at  Ibis  port.  It  is  a  small  pla<.'e  with  a 
corre.spondin^dy  small  trade. 

BRITISH  VIRGIN  ISLANDS. 

Location. — .\boul  (50  miles  east  of  I'orto  Kico  and  do.se  to  the 
United  States  Viririn  Islands.  The  principal  islands  are  Tortola, 
Virgin  (Jorda,  .\.n(^L:ada,  .lest  van  Dyke.  I'erers,  and  Salt. 

Area  and  Population. — Total  area,  about  58  square  miles;  pojjula- 
tion,  '^,C>^n),  or  about  00  iidiabitants  per  square  mile. 

Topography. — Tortola  Island  is  hilly,  the  highest  point  being 
Mount  Sage,  1,780  feet  above  .sea  level.  Ji-.st  van  Dyke  is  ruggeil 
and  mountainous.  Virgin  Gorda  is  almost  square  in  shape,  with 
two  arms,  one  extending  to  the  northeast  and  Ihe  other  to  the  south- 
west. The  southwest  is  rather  level,  wliile  the  rest  of  tlie  island  is 
mountainous.  Virgin  Gorda  peak  being  1.370  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Ane.ira(la  is  very  low;  in  fact,  so  low  that  sometimes  the 
sea  breaks  over  it. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  the  Virgin  Islands  is  better  than  that  of 
any  other  West  Indian  islands.  The  tliermometer  seldom  goes  above 
90°  F.,  and  at  night  is  often  as  low  as  65°  F.  The  average  rainfall 
is  about  55  inclies.     Hurricanes  sometimes  occur. 

Products. — Cotton,  limes,  sugar,  coconuts,  onions. 

Language. — Knglisb. 

Currency.  Weights,  and  Measures. — British. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
2  ( ents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  ther<M>f. 

How  Reached. — From  St.  Thomas,  United  States  Virgin  Islands, 
by  motor  boat. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License. — Commercial  travelers  are  not  sub- 
.iect  to  any  license  or  otlier  special  requirements. 

Samples. — Samples  may  be  admitted  and  reexported  without  diffi- 
culty. Samples  of  no  value  are  admitted  free.  Then^  are  no  special 
rules  in  force  regarding  other  samples. 

Tortola  Island.  separate<l  from  Virgin  Gorda  by  Sir  Francis  Drake 
Chainiel  ;  about  IS  miles  long  and  7  miles  wide;  population.  4,250. 
Principal  town:  lioadtown,  seat  of  administration;  population,  410. 

Virgin  Gorda  Island,  situated  northeast  of  Tortola  ;  population. 
420.  Believed  to  be  rich  in  mineral  resources,  including  copjier  and 
gold.     Beached  by  motor  launch  from  Tortola  Island. 

Anegada  Island. — Population.  4G0.  Said  to  he  rich  in  mineral 
resources.     Beached  from  Tortola  Island  by  motor  launch. 

Note. — The  other  islands  are  of  no  commercial  importance. 


238  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

DOMINICA. 

Location. — A  British  possession  in  the  Leeward  group,  about  30 
nautical  miles  from  Guadeloupe  and  the  same  distance  from  Mar- 
tinique. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  291  square  miles ;  population, 
37,000  (about  1  per  cent  white)  ;  about  12S  inhabitants  per  square 
mile. 

Topography. — The  island  is  of  volcanic  formation  and  rather 
niountaliKtus.  A  range  of  hills  runs  north  and  south,  with  spurs 
branching  off  to  the  sea.  Morne  Diablotin,  the  highest  point,  is 
over  5,000  feet  above  sea  level.     There  are  numerous  small  rivers. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  healthfid.  From  the  end  of  October  until 
the  beginning  of  June  is  tlie  most  pleasant  period.  Tlie  tempera- 
ture along  the  coast  averages  between  70°  and  90°  F.  In  the  hills, 
however,  it  sometimes  falls  as  low  as  60°  F.  The  rainfall  varies  in 
diiferent  sections  of  the  island  from  80  to  250  inches  annually. 
During  the  winter  months  there  is  a  constant  sea  breeze  and  the 
nights  are  always  cool. 

Principal  Products. — Limes,  cacao,  coffee,  oranges,  starch,  spices, 
coconuts,  sugar,  and  rubber. 

Language. — English. 

Currency. — British. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  tlie  United  States,  2 
cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — Dominica  has  cable  connections 
with  the  outside  world  via  Antigua.  The  rate  from  points  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River  is  36  cents  per  word  and  for  points  west  of  the 
river  41  cents  per  word.  There  is  no  communication  by  telegraph 
with  either  Montserrat  or  the  British  Virgin  Islands.  Messages, 
however,  can  be  sent  to  Montserrat  by  Uashlight  via  Antigua. 
There  is  telephone  .service  with  Montserrat  and  Antigua. 

STEAMSHIP    LINE    FROM   NEW    YORK. 

ftuebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness.  Withy  &  Co.,  agents,  32  Broad- 
way. British  steamers.  Sailings  from  Pier  47.  North  Kiver  (West 
Tenth  Street).  Departures  every  10  days  for  St.  Thomas,  St. 
Croix,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  Dominica.  Martinique,  St. 
Lucia,  Barbados,  and  Demerara  (British  Guiana).  Average  time 
t>!  Dominica,  including  stops,  9  days.     Fare,  $85-$95. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  DOMINICA. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Intercolonial  service  be- 
tween Guadeloupe  and  Cayenne  (French  Guiana),  touching  at 
Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  and  Barbados. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Fortnightly  sail- 
ings from  St.  John  and  Halifax  for  Bermuda,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua, 
Montserrat.  Dominica,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent,  Barbados,  Grenada, 
and  Trinidad.  Fares  from  Dominica :  To  St.  Kitts,  $9.50 :  Antigua, 
$9.50;  Montserrat,  $9.50;  St.  Lucia,  .$0.25;  Barbados,  $6.25;  St.  Vin- 
cent, $18.75;  Grenada,  $18.75;  Trinidad,  $20. 


LKKWARU    ISLANDS.  239 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — M«>ntlily  sailln;(s 
fi»r  Aiiligua,  St.  Kitts,  Montserrat,  Dominica.  St.  Lucia,  and  8t. 
Vincent. 

East  Asiatic  Co. — Mimthly  sailings  Inmi  Coprnhagen.  Itottcidain. 
and  hoiidon  to  St.  Tlioinas,  Antigua,  I  >onuni«-a,  St.  Lucia.  Barba- 
du.s  Trinitiad,  LnnitTai-a.  and  I'araniaribo. 

Distances  from  Dominica. — .Mdnisi'irat,  97  nautical  miles;  St.  Lu- 
cia, 82  miles;  St.  Kills,  IDo  miles;  IJarbado.s.  202  miles;  St.  Vin- 
cent, 'S0.1  miles;  Grenada.  377  miles;  Trinidad.  473  miles;  I)eme- 
rara,  8ir»  miles. 

CANVASSING  DOMINICA. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License. — No  license  is  required  by  com- 
mercial travelers,  reg.irdiess  of  number  of  lirms  represented. 

Samples. — Samples  of  no  commercial  value  are  admitted  free.  A 
deposit  must  be  made  to  cover  duty  on  samples  which  are  salable. 
A  list  is  made  of  the  samples  at  time  of  importation.  When  .sam- 
ples are  reexported,  they  must  be  packe<l  under  the  supervision  of 
the  customs  ofilcials.  If  the  stimples  check  with  the  list  made  when 
goods  were  admitted,  the  deposit  is  refunded.  If  any  of  the  samples 
have  been  disposed  of,  duty  is  charged  thereon.  Commercial  trav- 
elers who  dispose  of  samples  are  n-garded  as  peddlers  and  nmst 
obtain  a  trade  license.  The  cost  of  thiP  license  depends  upon  the 
valtie  of  the  goods.  This  fee  seldom  exceeds  $5.  Samples  may  be 
!-ee\iiorlefl  any  time  within  12  months  after  importation. 

ROSEAU,  capital  of  Dominica  ;  on  southeast  coast,  at  mouth  of 
River  Koseau  ;  population,  G,01X).     Landing:  By  shore  boats. 

Americiui  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Charles  Hilton  Grell. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Quebec  Steamship  Line ;  from 
Guadeloupe,  by  intercolonial  service. 

Hotels  and  Boarding  Houses. — Woodstone,  Mrs.  Musgrave's  board- 
ing house,  Miss  Shew's  boarding  house,  ]Miss  Jolly's  boarding  hou.se. 
Hotel  de  Paz. 

Note. — Considering  its  population,  a  very  fair  volume  of  trade  is 
carried  on.  chiefly  of  a  retail  nature.  The  main  sources  of  wealth 
are  limes,  lime  juice,  citrous,  oil,  etc.  Visited  by  those  who  make 
the  smaller  places. 

ANTIGUA. 

Location. — Antigua  is  the  governmental  headquarters  of  the  Lee- 
ward Islands.  It  is  located  about  40  nautical  miles  east  of  Nevis, 
27  northeast  of  Montserrat.  and  40  north  of  Guadeloupe. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  108  square  miles;  population, 
about  3."),0(X>  (SO  per  cent  Negroes)  ;  about  324  inhabitants  per 
square  mih'. 

Topography. — Antigiia  is  comparatively  level,  with  few  hills,  no 
mountains,  and  few  forests.     It  has  no  river  of  any  importance. 

Climate. — r>ry  and  plensant.  Hurricanes  sometimes  occur  during 
the  sunniier.     Annual   rainfall  averages  40  inches. 

Language. — English. 

Ciirrency. — British. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 


240  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — Antigua  has  cable  communica- 
tion with  Dominica  and  the  outside  world.  The  rate  for  points 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  36  cents  per  word  and  for  points 
west  of  the  river  41  cents  per  word.  There  is  no  telegraph  communi- 
cation with  Montserrat  or  the  British  Virgin  Islands.  However, 
messages  can  be  sent  to  Montserrat  by  flashlight.  Antigua  has  tele- 
phone service  to  Montsen-at  and  Dominica. 

Principal  Products. — Sugar,  molasses,  rum,  cotton,  pineapples. 

STEAMSHIP   LINE    FROM   NEW   YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness,  Withy  &  Co..  agents,  32  Broad- 
way. British  steamers.  Sailings  from  Pier  47  North  River  (West 
Tenth  Street).  Departures  for  3t.  Thomas,  St.  Croix,  St.  Kitts, 
Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbados, 
and  Demerara  (British  Guiana).  Time  to  Antigua,  including  stops, 
about  seven  days.    Fare,  $85=$95. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  ANTIGUA. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Fortnightly  sail- 
ings from  St.  John  and  Halifax.     Furnishes  interisland  service. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — Monthly  sailings 
for  Antigua,  St.  Kitts,  Montserrat,  Dominica.  St.  Lucia,  and  St. 
Vincent. 

East  Asiatic  Co.— Monthly  sailings  from  Copenhagen,  Rotterdam, 
and  London  for  St.  Thomas,  Antigua,  Dominica.  St.  Lucia,  Bar- 
bados, etc. 

Distances  from  Antigua.— St.  Kitts,  59  nautical  miles ;  Montser- 
rat, 27  miles ;  Barbados,  338  miles ;  St.  Vincent,  438  miles,  Grenada, 
513  miles ;  Trinidad,  609  miles. 

CANVASSING  ANTIGUA. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License. — No  license  fee  is  required  for  com- 
mercial travelers. 

Samples. — Samples  are  admitted  free  of  duty,  but  a  deposit  suffi- 
cient to  cover  the  duty  on  such  samples'  is  required.  When  sam- 
ples are  exported  the  deposit  is  returned.  Should  any  of  the  sam- 
ples be  sold  duty  is  charged  only  on  such  goods  as  are  disposed  of. 

ST,  JOHN,  capital  of  the  island;  population,  15,000;  39  nautical 
miles  from  Montserrat,  59  miles  from  St.  Kitts,  338  miles  from 
Barbados.  Landing:  Steamer  to  tender,  tender  to  shore.  Lloyd's 
agent,  Robert  Bryson. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Quebec  Steamship  Co. ;  from 
Barbuda,  by  small  sailing  sloops,  5  to  6  hours. 

Conveys-nces. — Buggy  for  two,  25  cents  per  mile;  for  four,  40 
cents  per  mile. 

Bank. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Hotels. — The  Globe  Hotel,  Esperanza  House. 

Note  to  Travelers. — Antigua  is  one  of  the  smaller  islands.  Chief 
source  of  wealth  is  sugar  and  its  by-products,  including,  rum.  A 
very  high  grade  of  cotton  is  exported,  while  the  raising  of  pineapples, 
limes,  onions,  etc.,  is  increasing.     Those  who  make  the  smaller  towns 


LEEWARD    ISLANDS. 


241 


P 


will  tirid  it  (U'siiable  to  visit  St.  .Inlui,  wIutc  a  fiiir  vnlunif  of  retail 
trnde  is  done. 

BARBUDA  ISLAND,  L'.")  niilos  (  U)  km.)  iiortli  of  Aiitijnia,  of  wiilfli 
it  is  a  (U'pcinlency.  Area.  75  s(iuare  inilos.  Landing:  Open  road- 
stead ;  diingerous  from  November  to  May  on  account  of  liigli 
breakers.  Industries:  Sea  cotton  treated  in  local  ginnery;  broom 
and  baski't  making.  Products:  Corn,  beans,  potatoes,  turtles,  tur- 
tle shell,  dried  tish.  Reached  from  Antigua  l)y  small  sailing  sloops, 
tive  to  six  hours. 

Holidays  in  the  Leeward  Islands.— The  chief  holidays  ob.serve<1 
in  the  lAvward  Islands  are  those  usually  observed  in  TJreat  Britain: 
January  1,  New  Year's  Day;  Easter  Monday;  Whit  Monday;  May 
24,  Victoria  Day;  June  .^,  birthday  of  the  King;  June  23,  birthday 
of  Prince  of  Wales;  .\ugnst  4.  bank  holiday;  December  25,  Christ- 
mas Day  ;  December  2G,  Boxing  Day. 

144297°— 20 16 


\ 


GUADELOUPE, 

Map.  No.  6. 

Location. — Guadeloupe  is  one  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  about  80  miles 
from  Martinique.  It  lies  between  Montserrat  and  Dominica.  It 
consists  of  two  islands  separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  one 
on  the  west  is  called  Basse  Terre,  and  the  one  on  the  east  Grande 
Terre.     The  stream  dividing  these  islands  is  Riviere  Salee. 

Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  Guadeloupe  is  about  619  square 
miles ;  population,  about  212.430,  or  about  343  inhabitants  per  square 
mile.  Fully  75  per  cent  of  the  inhabitants  are  Negroes.  There  are 
some  foreigners,  of  whom  35  per  cent  were  born  in  France. 

Climate. — Temperature  averages  between  81°  and  94°  F.  Rainy 
season,  July  to  November;  cool  season,  December  to  March;  dry 
season,  April  to  June. 

Topography. — The  island  is  volcanic;  the  highest  peak  is  La 
Soufriere,  4,900  feet  above  sea  level.  The  eastern  half  (Grande 
Terre)  is  flat,  w^hile  the  western  half  (Basse  Terre)  is  mountainous. 

Principal  Products. — The  most  important  product  of  Guadeloupe 
is  sugar.  The  by-products,  rum  and  molasses,  especially  the  former, 
are  very  important.  Other  important  crops  are  cacao  and  coffee. 
There  is  also  a  small  growth  of  cotton,  cassava,  yams,  potatoes,  etc. 

Industries. — The  chief  industry  is  sugar  refining  and  the  distilling 
of  the  by-product,  rum. 

Language. — French  and  a  patois. 

Currency. — French. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Metric  system. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or 
fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable. — Cable  service  is  maintained  by  the  French  Cable  Co.  be- 
tween Grande  Terre,  Basse  Terre,  and  the  outlying  dependencies. 
Messages  may  be  sent  cheaply  between  the  islands  of  the  French 
West  Indies.  The  rate  for  points  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is 
95  cents  per  word,  and  for  points  west  of  the  river  $1  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness.  Withy  &  Co..  agents,  32  Broadway. 
British  steamers.  Sailings  from  Pier  47,  North  River  (West  Tenth 
Street).  Departures  for  St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua, 
Guadeloupe,  Dominica,  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbados,  and  Deme- 
rara  (British  Guiana)  about  every  10  days.  Fare  to  Guadeloupe, 
$85-$95 ;  time,  8  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  GUADELOUPE. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Steamer  every  28  days  from 
St.  Nazaire,  Havre,  Bordeaux,  and  Santander.     Intercolonial  service 

242 


GUADEIXJUPE,  243 

liptwpcii  r;ii;i(l«'l(Hipi»  ami  Cayemu'  ( Kn-iifli  riulniui),  toiu-liiuK  at 
I  •f)niiiiica.  Miirtiniqiu',  St.  Lucia,  and  I'.aii)atl(>s.  Uciwimmi  tlic  is- 
lands tiiert'  is  mail-boat  service;  scliuiun-r  st-rvici-  ln't\v<»'ii  Cmidi-- 
loupe  and  ]Martini([ue. 

CANVASSING  GUADELOUPE. 

Character  of  Business. — Most  of  the  business  hous«'s  of  (Juadeloujie 
an-  t'itli«'r  bran(  lies  of  Frencli  concerns  or  controlled  l)y  them.  The 
poods  are  bouf,'bt  in  France  and  shipped  to  the  branch  houses. 
There  are  very  few  johbinji  firms  such  as  one  liuds  in  the  United 
States.  The  smaller  firms  jturchase  poods  from  the  larper  houses. 
The  latter  very  often  act  as  distributing  apents.  Latterly  tlien- 
has  been  a  marked  increa.se  in  business  with  the  United  States,  and 
many  of  the  more  iniportant  firms  have  e.stablisheil  relations  with 
American  exporters. 

Holidays  in  French  "West  Indies. — Followinp  are  the  chief  holi- 
days of  the  French  West  Indies  ((Juadeloupe  an<l  Martinique).  In 
the  French  West  Indies  the  holidays  of  the  Catholic  church  are 
widely  observed:  .January  1,  New  Year's  r>ay ;  Lundi  Oras  and 
Mardi  Gras  carnival;  Good  Friday;  Hrdy  Saturday;  Easter  Mon- 
day; The  A.scension  ;  Whit  Monday;  July  14,  Fete  Nnti<male  (fall 
of  the  Bastile)  ;  Aupust  15,  Assumption;  Novf-mber  1,  All  Saints' 
I>ay  ;  December  25.  Christmas  I»ay.  If  a  holiday  falls  on  Friday  or 
Tuesday  the  banks  are  closed  on  Saturday  or  ^ionday,  respectively. 

BASSE  TERRE,  capital  and  seat  of  povernment ;  on  .southwest  side 
of  island;  po))Ulation.  S,5(M).  Landinp:  Ships  anchor  in  front  of 
town;  lipliters  are  used.  Distant  41  miles  (05  km.)  by  road  from 
Pointe  a  Pitre. 

How  Reached. — From  Pointe  a  Pitre,  l)y  dilipence  and  ferryboat; 
also  by  small  coastal  steamers.      (See  Pointe  a  Pitre  for  itinerary.) 

Hotels. — Colombon.  Celaline. 

Banks. — P.anque  de  la  Guadeloupe;  Bnnque  du  Commerce. 

Note. — This  place  owes  its  importance  to  the  fact  that  it  is  the 
capital  of  the  colony  and  a  port  of  call  for  some  of  the  larpe  steam- 
ship Hues.  It  is  the  center  of  a  rich  apricultural  region,  the  prod- 
ucts includinp  coffee,  cacao,  vanilla,  bay  oil,  bay  leave.s,  etc.  A  con- 
siderable volume  of  trade  is  carried  on,  principally  of  a  retail 
nature.  Those  who  sell  machinery,  fertilizer,  and  agricultural  im- 
plements will  find  it  important. 

POINTE  A  PITRE,  the  chief  town  of  Guadeloupe,  near  southern 
mouth  of  Riviera  Salee ;  population,  23.0(X).  Landing:  Vessels  lie 
alongside  quays.  Distant  41  miles  (65  km.)  by  road  from  Bas.se 
Terre;  G5  miles  (105  km.)  by  steamer  from  Basse  Terre.  American 
con.sul. 

How  Reached. — From  Martinique,  by  mail  boat.  From  Basse 
Terre,  by  auto  diligence;  leaves  Basse  Terre  daily  at  6  a.  m..  arrives 
at  Petit  Bourg  at  1.30  p.  m.,  thence  ferry  across  Cul  de  Sac.  arriv- 
ing at  Pointe  a  Pitre  at  2.30  p.  m.  Can  also  be  reache<l  from  Basse 
Terre  by  coasting  steamer,  leaving  Basse  Terre  Tuesdays  and  Fri- 
days and  returning  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays.  Fare,  either  way, 
including  dinner.  .$3. 

Banks. — BaiKpie  de  la  Guadeloupe;  Banque  du  Commerce. 

Principal  Hotels. — Pari.s,  Moderne,  Germain. 


244  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — The  harbor  of  Pointe  a  Pitre  is  said  to  be  the  finest  in  the 
West  Indies.  This  is  tlie  chief  commercial  city  of  the  colony.  The 
chief  wealtli  of  the  colony  is  tropical  agriculture.  The  cultivation 
of  tobacco,  sugar,  etc.,  is  carried  on.  There  are  a  number  of 
sxigar  mills,  with  distilleries,  which  produce  the  famous  rum  of 
this  region.  Those  who  canvass  the  smaller  places  will  find  it 
worthy  of  a  visit. 

LE  MONTE,  a  port  on  the  north  coast ;  population,  15,000.  Auto- 
nutbile  service  to  and  from  Pointe  a  Pitre.  Bank  :•  Banque  de  la 
Guadeloupe. 

DEPENDENCIES  OF  GUADELOUPE. 

Desirade,  6  miles  (10  km.)  off  northeast  coast  of  Grande  Terre; 
population,  1,600.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  vegetables.  Industries: 
Stock  raising  on  very  small  scale.  Reached  from  mainland  by  mail 
boat;  and  sm;dl  sailboats.     Trade  chiefly  with  Pointe  a  Pitre. 

lies  des  Saintes,  a  fev\-  miles  oft"  Basse  Terre ;  area,  6  square  miles ; 
population,  1,900.  Industries :  Fishing,  agriculture,  and  stock  rais- 
ing. Trades  chiefly  with  Basse  Terre.  Communication,  irregular; 
reached  by  sailboats  only. 

Island  of  Marie  Galante,  16  miles  (26  km.)  southeast  of  Basse 
Teri-e;  area,  65  square  miles;  population,  20,000  (few  whites). 
Products :  Chiefly  agricultural.  Industries :  Distilling  of  rum  and 
sugar  refining.  Mail  boat  from  Guadeloupe  calls  weekly ;  sailboats 
make  irregular  calls. 

St.  Barthelemy  Island,  108  miles  (177  km.)  northwest  of  Guade- 
loupe; South  of  Anguilla;  population,  2,600;  area,  5  square  miles. 
Products :  Bananas,  tamarinds,  and  cassia.  Chief  town,  Gustavia. 
Reached  by  scliooner. 

St.  Martin  Island  (northern  half),  situated  between  Anguilla  and 
St.  Barthelemy ;  total  area  of  island,  41  square  miles ;  total  popula- 
tion, 6,000.  Southern  half  of  island  belongs  to  Netherlands.  Capi- 
tal of  French  section  is  Marigot.  Products:  Salt,  cotton,  cattle. 
Communication  by  sloops  and  schooners. 


MARTINIQUE. 

Map.  No.  9. 

Location. — -A  French  possession  between  the  Islands  of  I)ominii';i 
iind   St.   liUcin. 

Area  and  Population.- — Area,  about  380  square  miles;  population 
in  lt)J(»,  lO.'j.dST.  The  inhabitants  are  descendants  of  French. 
Tliere  are  also  many  Neproes. 

Climate. — Tropical,  but  in  tiie  main  very  pleasant.  March  to 
June  most  delightful ;  November  to  February,  a  period  or  trade 
winds,  when  teniperaturt;  falls  as  low  as  7.")°  F.  in  the  towns  of  the 
coast  and  to  GO"  in  the  hi.iiher  altitudes;  July  to  Noveuii)er  the 
temperature  is  hlfrh.  The  annual  rainfall  av^nif^es  87  inches.  .  The 
frreatest  i)recii)itation  is  during  A\igust,  lightest  in  March. 

Topography. — The  island  is  very  mountainous.  The  highest  point 
is  Mount  Pelee,  4,.")00  feet.  Tliere  are  numerou.s  rivers,  .some  of 
which  are  of  considerable  size. 

Agricultural  Products. — The  chief  products  are  .sugar  cane  and 
cacao.  By-products  are  rum,  molasses,  etc.  The  production  of 
cacao  is  increasing.  Other  products  are  coffee,  pineapjiles,  vanilla, 
etc. 

Industries. — The  most  important  industry  is  sugar  refining  and 
distilleries.  There  are  45  sugar  works  and  95  distilleries  of  nun. 
There  is  .some  raising  of  live  stock,  but  the  industry  is  not  impor- 
tant. 

Roads. — The  transportation  refpiirements  are  provided  by  motor 
car.s  and  mail  coaches,  the  latter  being  subsidized  by  the  Govern- 
ment.    There  is  also  transportation  by  steamers. 

Language. — French.  A  patois  of  debased  French  is  spoken  by 
most  peo[)le.  Rusint'ss  correspondence  nuist  be  in  French,  as  very 
few  understand  Spanish. 

Currency. — French. 

Weights  and  Measures. — ^letric  system. 

Postage. — First-chiss  letter  rate  to  and  from  The  Fnited  Stares, 
5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  oimce  or 
fractional   part  thereof. 

Cable. — Kates  to  and  from  the  United  States:  Points  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  95  cents  per  word  ;  west  of  the  riv(>r,  .$1. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINE    FROM    NEW    YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness,  V\'ithy  &  Co.,  agents.  ,32  Broad- 
way. British  steamers.  Sailings  from  IMer  47.  North  River  HVest 
Tenth  Street).  Departures  for  Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  l^arbados, 
and  intermediate  islands  every  10  (i;ivs.  Faro  to  Martinique, 
$8J>-$95 :  time.  10  days. 

245 


246  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

OTHER  LINES   VISITING  MARTINIQUE. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Intercolonial  service  be- 
tween Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Trinidad,  and  the  Guianas.  Service 
about  fortnightly. 

Houston  Line.— Before  the  vi^ar  this  line  had  regular  service  from 
England  to  Martinique,  calling  at  Boston  and  New  York.  Service 
now  irregular. 

Note. — St.  Lucia,  which  is  only  40  miles  from  Martinique,  has 
better  steamship  service,  and  communication  is  facilitated  by  trans- 
shipment hy  sloop  from  that  port. 

Distances  from  Fort  de  France,  Martinique. — New  York,  1,787 
nautical  miles;  Bridgetown,  Barbados,  130  miles;  Kingstown.  St. 
Vincent,  89  miles;  Port  Castries,  St.  Lucia,  37  miles;  Roseau, 
Dominica,  50  miles. 

CANVASSING  MARTINIQUE. 

Commercial  Conditions. — This  being  a  French  possession,  it  is 
influenced  largely  by  the  French  customs,  tariff,  etc.  On  account 
of  the  European  war,  purchases  from  the  United  States  have  in- 
creased considerably.  It  is  practically  necessary  to  speak  French 
in  order  to  do  business  satisfactorily.  The  chief  place  is  Fort  de 
France,  where  the  majority  of  business  is  transacted  and  the  most 
important  hous^es  are  located. 

Agencies. — Should  an  agency  be  needed,  it  must  be  established 
in  Fort  de  France. 

Merchants  Import  Direct. — In  Martinique  there  are  few  wholesale 
or  jobbing  houses.  Most  of  the  principal  firms  make  direct  im- 
portations. The  smaller  concerns  usually  order  goods  from  the 
importing  houses,  as  the  cost  of  securing  the  same  class  of  goods  is 
much  less  than  when  ordering  direct  from  American  exporters, 
particularly  when  the  order  is  not  a  large  one.  This  is  due  to  the 
cost  of  handling  freight,  etc.  Since  the  war  the  outlook  for  Ameri- 
can goods  is  brighter. 

Carriage  Fares,  etc. — The  traveler  will  find  that  carriage  fares  in 
Fort  de  France  are  high.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  traveler  is  sub- 
jected to  heavy  charges  for  almost  any  kind  of  service.  The  na- 
tives are  usually  disinclined  to  do  more  than  they  have  contracted 
to  do,  but  once  shown  the  proper  manner  in  which  to  do  a  thing 
thev  will  do  it  fairly  well. 

FORT  DE  FRANCE,  capital  of  Martinique ;  population,  30,000 ;  37 
nautical  miles  from  Castries  (St.  Lucia),  1,787  nautical  miles  from 
New  York.  Landing:  Vessels  anchor  offshore;  small  boats  take 
passengers  ashore.     American  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Quebec  Steamship  Line; 
from  St.  Lucia,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara,  by  intercolonial  steamer 
service. 

Bank. — Banque  de  la  Martinique,  32  Rue  la  Martine. 

Hotels. — Europe,  Grand,  France.  Famille,  Bains. 

Local  Steamer  Service. — Every  Tuesday  a  boat  goes  north  to  Car- 
bet,  St.  Pierre,  Precheur,  Grand  Riviere,  Macouba,  Yasse  Pointe. 
Lorrain,  Marigot,  Santa  Marie,  Trinite,  Robert,  Francois,  and  Vau- 
clin ;  fare,  4  francs  (about  80  cents).     Evei'y  Wednesday  a  boat  goes 


MARTINIQUE.  247 

soutli  to  Ansos  d'Arlet,  Diainant,  St.  Luce,  Uivi«'re  Pilotc,  Santa 
AiiiK',  and  Marin  ;  fare,  4  Iraiics.  Boat  for  St.  ricrrc'  inakt*s  two 
trips  daily  ;  fan',  3  francs. 

Motor-car  Service. — .Motor  cars  leave  daily  at  li.-'io  p.  ni.  Fares, 
northbound ;  St.  Joseph,  2  francs;  Gros-Morne,  4  francs;  Trinite,  8 
francs;  Ste.  Marie.  8  francs;  MariKOt,  8  francs;  Lorrain,  10  fraiKs. 
Fare.s,  southbound:  Lanientin,  U  francs;  I  uicos,  2.~A)  francs;  Petit 
liourfl,  S.'tO  francs;  St.  l-^sprit.  4  francs;  Francois,  0  francs;  Riviere 
Pilote,  5  francs;  Vauclin,  (>  francs;  Marin,  8  francs. 

Note  to  Travelers. — I'racticaily  all  of  tlie  import  businpss  is  done 
throu^'h  Fort  de  France.  Althou;ih  some  of  the  dealers  In  the 
interior  import,  tlie  sliipments  are  usually  handled  by  agents  in 
Fort  de  France. 

The  most  convenient  way  to  cover  the  island  is  by  automobile.  a-< 
there  is  no  difhcully  in  obtainintr  them.  .Vutomobjles  may  be  hired 
by  the  day  or  by  the  nmuber  of  kilometers  covered,  with  additional 
charge  for  stopping.  The  average  charge  is  about  100  francs  a 
day,  or  2  francs  per  kilomett'r,  return  included.  There  are  no 
established  rates  for  auto  hire,  and  it  is  best  to  make  inquiries  of  a 
number  of  owners.  It  will  be  found  dilhcult  to  make  use  of  the 
local  steamship  lines  in  transacting  business  with  outside  points. 
Most  of  these  i)laces  can  be  reached  by  autobus  lines,  which  carry 
the  mail,  hut  the  most  sati.sfactory  way  is  to  engage  an  autfuiiobile 
by  the  day. 

This  place  owes  its  importance  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  coaling 
station  as  well  as  the  headquarters  of  the  rompagiiie  r!(>nerale 
Transatlantique  in  the  W«>st  Indies.  It  has  one  of  the  best  harbors, 
with  a  large  dry  dock  and  other  facilities.  The  chief  sources  of 
weaitli  are  sugar,  cacao,  and  rum ;  there  are  also  other  important 
tropical  products.  Some  very  important  .sugar  estates  are  here. 
Some  wholesaling  is  done,  but  in  general  the  trade  is  retail.  Mar- 
tinique is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  nil  who  visit  the  West  Indies. 
as  some  very  good  firms  are  located  here. 


BARBADOS. 

Map.  No.  9. 

Location. — The  islaud  of  Barba<los  is  a  British  possession  lying  to 
tlie  east  of  tlie  Windward  Islands,  about  97  miles  east  of  St.  Vincent. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  is  about  166  square  miles ;  popu- 
lation, about  200,000,  or  1.200  per  square  mile.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  blacks.     There  are  some  Europeans,  most  of  them  English. 

Topography. — There  is  a  deep  valley  which  divides  the  island  into 
-two  parts,  the  northern  part  being  the  larger.  Near  the  center  of 
the  northern  half  is  Mount  Hillaby,  1,104  feet,  which  is  the  highest 
point.  There  are  numerous  valleys,  some  of  which  are  picturesque 
and  fertile.  There  are  a  number  of  small  streams,  none  of  which 
are  navigable. 

Climate. — Healthful.  The  temperature  averages  about  63°  F. 
during  the  winter  months ;  from  7.5°  to  96°  in  summer.  The  island 
is  swept  by  cool  northeast  trade  winds.  The  rainfall  varies  from 
.50  to  70  inches.  The  rainy  season  occurs  from  June  to  October. 
January  to  February  are  usually  dry,  while  March  and  April  are 
the  driest  months.  The  rainy  season  sometimes  begins  toward  the 
end  of  May,  and  the  climate  is  rather  oppressive  until  the  middle  of 
October,  when  the  trade  winds  begin  to  freshen.  The  hurricane 
season  is  from  June  to  October. 

Products  and  Industries. — The  chief  products  of  Barbados  are 
sugar  and  sea-island  cotton.  The  sugar  works  number  about  320 
and  the  rum  distilleries  about  4.  Other  products  are  bananas, 
molasses,  tropical  fruits,  etc.  There  is  also  some  export  of  manjack 
and  skins,  also  bala.ta. 

Language. — English. 

Currency. — British,  but  Am-erican  and  Canadian  money  are  ac- 
cepted, and  there  is  consequently  a  mixed  monetary  system  of 
dollars,  shillings,  and  pence.  The  English  penny  is  reckoned  as 
2  cents  American,  the  shilling  as  24  cents  American,  and  the  pound 
as  $4.80.  Canadian  and  American  notes  are  converted  at  .$4.92. 
Business  statements  are  rendered  in  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence, 
but  dollars  and  cents  are  understood,  and  statements  may  be  made 
in  those  terms  if  desired. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States 
is  2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable. — The  cable  rate  from  points  in  the  United  States  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River  is  36  cents  per  word,  and  from  points  w^est  of 
the  river  41  cents  per  word. 

Telegraph  and  Telephone. — There  is  no  telegraph  in  the  interior, 
but  there  is  an  adequate  telephone  system. 

248 


BARBADOS.  249 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES   FROM  NKW   YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Funu'ss,  \\itli.\  vV  <'<).,  ajreiils,  32  Hntud- 
way,  New  York.  I'.ritish  stciuiiers.  Sailings  fmiii  l'if*r  47,  North 
Itiver  (West  Tenth  Street).  Keparturcs  about  every  10  days  for 
St.  Thoma.s,  St.  Croix.  St.  Kitts,  Aiiti-^'iia.  (JuadpNmiie,  l>oininifa. 
Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent.  l?arhailns,  ami  Di'mcrara  i  I'.rii- 
i.sh  Guiana).  Fare,  New  York  to  Barbados,  $95.  Time  of  trip, 
including,'  stops.  .Mhout  13  days. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  Line. — I'^unch,  I-^dye  &  (Jo.,  ajrents, 
1(1  I'.rid.tri'  Street,  New  York.  iHifcli  steamers.  I>eparriires  from 
I'ier  3,  Bush  Terminal,  Forty-seveuth  Stivet,  Brooklyn,  for  Barba- 
dos, via  Haiti,  al)out  every  two  vveek.s.  Passengers  transship  at 
Port  au  Prince,  Haiti,  for  Bnrba<los. 

Lamport  &  Holt  Line. — Office,  42  Broadway,  New  York.  Sailings 
from  IMei-  8,  I'.rooklyn.  Departures  monthly  for  Barbados.  Fare. 
New  Y(n-k  to  Barbados,  $110.     Time  of  trip  (direct),  about  six  days. 

The  Booth  Line. — Regular  sailings  for  Barbados  and  ports  on 
the  east  coa>t  of  South  America.  Fare,  New  York  to  liarl.ados. 
$9<).  Steamers  leave  Pier  6,  Bush  Terminal,  foot  of  Forty-third 
Street,  Brooklyn. 

Lloyd  Brasileiro. — Sailings  semimonthly  for  Barbados  and  ports 
in  Brazil.     Fare,  New  York  to  Barbados,  $110. 

OTHER   LINES   VISITING   BARBADOS. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co. — Fortnightly  sailings  from  St.  .Tohn, 
New  Brunswick,  and  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  to  Leeward  Lslands  and 
Windward  Islands.     Furnishes  interisland  service. 

The  Leyland  Line. — From  England. 

The  Harrison  Line. — From  England. 

The  Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — Fortnightly 
sailings  from  London  to  Barbados,  Grenada.  Trinidad,  and  Deme- 
rara. 

Distances  from  Bridgetown,  Barbados. — New  Y'ork,  2.(XjO  nautical 
mi!»s;  Port  of  Spain.  Trinidad.  203:  Fort  de  France,  Martinic|ue, 
130;  Georgetown,  British  Guiana,  380;  Maracaibo,  A'enezuela,  1.333; 
Port  au  Prince.  Haiti,  1.070;  Port  Castries,  St.  Lucia,  110;  St. 
Thomas,  Virgin  Islands,  442 ;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico.  517. 

CANVASSING  BARBADOS. 

Business  Conditions. — In  Bridgetown  are  located  the  principal  im- 
porters. Here  also  the  functions  of  the  retailer  and  wholesaler 
overlap.  Tlu-re  are  some  very  responsible  firms  who  are  able  to 
make  good  purchases.  In  general,  however,  the  orders  are  not 
large,  and  the  buyers  prefer  to  make  frequent  importations  in  pref- 
erence to  stocking  up  for  a  long  period  ;  nor  is  the  custom  of  buy- 
ing far  in  advance  a  prevalent  one. 

Agencies. — An  asency  can  well  be  established  in  Bridgetown, 
which  is  the  strategetical  point  for  doing  business.  Some  houses  ex- 
pect  the   representative   in   Bridgetown   to   canvass   the  Windward 


250  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Islands  of  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lucia,  and  Grenada,  although  these  more 
often  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  representative  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trini- 
dad, who  may  likewise  be  expected  to  take  care  of  Barbados. 

Commercial  Travelffr's  License. — Commercial  travelers  are  not  sub- 
ject to  any  tax  or  license  fee. 

Samples. — Samples  without  commercial  value  are  admitted  duty 
free.  Samples  having  a  commercial  value  are  subject  to  the  ordinary 
rates  of  customs  duties,  but  money  is  refunded  on  exportation,  pro- 
vided the  identity  of  tlie  samples  is  proven  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
customs  officials.     There  is  no  fixed  time  limit  for  reexportation. 

Traveler's  Baggage  Allowance. — Commercial  travelers  are  ac- 
corded no  special  privileges  by  the  railway,  which  is  a  private  com- 
pany. 

Railroad. — The  Barbados  Light  Railway  extends  from  Bridgetown 
to  St.  Andrews,  a  distance  of  24  miles  (40  km.).  This  road  sus- 
pended operation  in  June,  1916,  owing  to  a  lack  of  supplies. 

Holidays  in  Barbados. — The  following  are  the  principal  holidays. 
As  Barbados  is  an  English  colony,  the  holidays  are  those  of  Great 
Britain  :  January  1,  New  Year's  Day  ;  Good  Friday  ;  Easter  Monday  ; 
Whit  Monday ;  May  24,  Victoria  Day  ;  June  3,  birthday  of  the  King ; 
August  5  and  October  6,  bank  holidays ;  November  9,  Edward  the 
Peacemaker's  Day;  December  2.5,  Christmas;  December  26,  Boxing 
Day.  August  11  or  some  other  day  of  that  month  is  usually  set 
apart  for  general  thanksgiving. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTER. 

BRIDGETOWN,  capital  of  the  island;  population,  30,000;  climate, 
hot ;  2.060  nautical  miles  from  New  York,  203  miles  from  Port  of 
Spain,  Trinidad,  130  miles  from  Fort  de  France,  Martinique.  Land- 
ing, by  shore  boat. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Harold  B.  Gar- 
diner Austin. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Lamport  &  Holt  Line  and 
Quebec  Steamship  Co. 

Banks. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada ;  Colonial  Bank. 

Railroad. — Daily  rail  service  to  Bathsheba;  time.  If  hours.  Mule- 
car  service  to  near-by  towns  every  half  hour.  Motor  cars  can  be 
hired  at  rate  of  $5  per  hour. 

Principal  Hotels. — Marine  Hotel  (at  Hastings,  2  miles  distant), 
Balmoral  (at  Hastings,  2  miles  distant).  Ice  House  (Bridgetown), 
Seaview,  St.  Lawrence  (at  St.  Lawrence,  4  miles  distant),  Beacli- 
mount  (at  Bathsheba),  Crane  (at  Crane),  Atlantis  (at  Bathsheba). 

Note. — A  considerable  volume  of  trade  is  carried  on  here,  as 
Bridgetown  is  a  port  of  call  for  many  steamers.  There  is  some 
wholesale  business,  but  in  the  main  the  trade  is  of  a  retail  character 
and  consists  of  general  merchandise,  estate  stores,  etc.  Salesmen 
who  sell  the.se  goods  will  find  it  desirable  to  visit  this  place;  also 
those  who  sell  tools  and  Implements  for  the  agricultural  industry. 


WINDWARD  ISLANDS. 

Map  No.  9. 
GRENADA. 

Location. — Southernnio.^t  of  llie  Windwrtnl  Islands,  90  nauticiil 
iiiilps  north  of  Trinidad  and  ijiS  nauti«."al  miles  southwest  of  St. 
Vincent. 

Area  and  Population. — Aroa.  120  sf|uare  miles;  poiailation,  71, ."(Mi; 
ahoiit  ■>!•»;  inlial)itants  per  sciiinre  mile. 

Dependencies  of  Grenada. — ('arrii-ou  (20  miles  north),  Diamond 
IsliUiil,  Islet  Honda,  l.es  Tantes,  Little  Martinique.  Isle  de  Caille. 
Levere,  Little  Tobat^o,  (ireen  Island,  Hird  Island,  Conference.  Mar- 
quis, Hacolet.  Adam,  Calivinji,  Hoc.  and  other  smalli-r  islands. 
They  are  of  no  eonsequenee  •■omnienially  except  in  the  ajrirreffate. 

Cable.— Cable  connection  with  the  United  States  is  maintained  by 
the  West  India  <S:  Panama  Cable  Co.  The  rate  from  points  east  of 
the  Misslssipj)!  River  is  3G  cents  per  word,  and  from  points  west  of 
the  river  41  cents  per  word. 

Climate. — The  rainy  season  ext<'nds  from  July  to  December: 
heaviest  rainfall  during  September  and  November,  On  the  coast 
the  averace  rainfall  is  80  inches  per  annum,  hut  in  the  interior, 
where  the  mountains  intercept  the  clouds,  the  precipitation  is 
heavier.  At  sea  level  tlie  mean  maximum  temperature  is  00°  F.. 
but  in  the  hipher  altitudes,  due  to  the  breezes,  the  temperature  is 
lower  and  tiie  nichts  an>  usually  pleasant. 

Products. — Cacao,   sucar.  lime,  coconuts,  rum. 

Language. — Kncrlish  and  n  yiatois. 

Currency. — In  the  main,  that  of  En.u:land. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  Enirland  and  the  Fnite.l 
States. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

STEAMSHIP  LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Trinidad  Line. — Trinidad  Shipiiinc;  v^  Trading  Co..  20  Broadway. 
Departures  from  Pier  24,  Robinson  Stores.  Brooklyn,  everj'  two 
weeks  Tor  Crenada,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara  (liritish  fJuiana). 
Fares:  New  York  to  Grenada,  ."f  SO ;  Trinidad  to  Grenada.  $5.  Time. 
New  York  to  Grenada,  aliout  seven  days ;  distance,  1.S28  nautical 
miles. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  GRENADA. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Sailings  every 
two  weeks  from  St.  .John  and  Halifax.  Canada,  .ships  calling  at  this 
port  on  return  trip  from  British  Guiana. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — Fortni^rhtly  .sail- 
ings from  England  to  Grenada,  Barbados,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara. 

2r.l 


252  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

CANVASSING  GRENADA. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License.- — Commercial  travelers  are  not  re- 
quired to  take  out  any  license. 

Samples. — Samples  without  commercial  value  are  admitted  free. 
Those  having  a  commercial  value  are  checked  by  customs  officials 
and  a  deposit  made  to  cover  the  duty.  This  deposit  is  returned 
after  goods  have  been  rechecked  in  customhouse  at  time  of  reex- 
portation. Ij"  any  of  the  samples  have  been  disposed  of  duty  must 
he  paid  for  such  portion.  Samples  may  be  reexported  from  any 
port  in  the  colony,  and  there  is  no  time  limit  for  such  reexpoi-iation. 

Holidays  in  Grenada. — The  following  are  the  chief  holidays  ob- 
served in  Grenada.  It  will  be  noticed  that  these  are  the  holidays 
usually  observed  in  Great  Britain :  January  1,  New  Year's  Day ; 
■January  2,  day  after  New  Year's ;  Good  Friday ;  Easter  aionday  ; 
Vv'hit  Monday ;  May  24,  Victoria  Day ;  Corpus  Christi ;  June  3, 
iiirthday  of  the  King;  tirst  Monday  in  August,  bank  holiday;  De- 
cember 25,  Christmas ;  December  26,  Boxing  Day.  The  day  ap- 
pointed as  Thanksgiving  Day,  usually  in  August,  is  also  a  holiday. 

Foreign  Trade. — The  total  value  of  imports  in  1916  was 
$1,071,33.5;  exports.  .$2..599.845.  Imports  from  the  United  Kingdom 
were  valued  at  .$588,262 ;  from  the  United  States,  ,$627,204. 

ST.  GEORGE,  capital  and  principal  port  of  the  island,  on  south- 
western coast;  population,  6,000  (mostly  black)  ;  90  nautical  miles 
from  Trinidad,  65  nautical  miles  from  St.  Vincent,  100  nautical  miles 
from  Barbados.     Landing:  From  steamer  to  wharf. 

Aiuerican  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent.  A.  Hubbard  &  Co. 

How  Reached.— From  New  York,  by  Trinidad  Line.  Daily  mail 
coach  service  between  St.  George  and  Grenville,  via  St.  L>avid's 
Court ;  fare,  each  way,  $1.25. 

Principal  Hotels. — Douglas.  Grand  Etang,  Home. 

Banks. — Royal  Bank  of  Canada;  Colonial  Bank. 

Note. — Although  one  of  the  smaller  West  Indies,  Grenada  is  of 
importance.  Tropical  products,  especially  cacao,  nutmegs,  and 
maize,  are  the  chief  sources  of  wealth.  Usually  visited  by  those 
salesmen  who  make  the  smaller  islands.  There  is  not  much  whole- 
saling, but  St.  George  will  be  found  worthy  of  a  visit. 

GRENVILLE,  population.  3,000.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  alongside 
jetty.  Reached  from  St.  George  by  mail  coach,  daily  service,  or  by 
steamer. 

GOUYAVE,  population,  1,200.  Reached  from  St.  George  by 
steamer ;  time,  I5  hours. 

ST.  VINCENT. 

Location.^A  British  possession  in  the  "Windward  Group,  about 
97  nautical  miles  west  of  Barbados  and  about  30  miles  southwest 
of  St.  Lucia. 

Area  and  Popiilation. — Area,  140  square  miles;  population,  about 
.50,000;  about  3.57  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Dependencies  of  St.  Vincent. — Bequia,  Mustique,  Cannouan,  Car- 
rlacou,  and  Union  Island. 

Climate. — Healthful,  except  during  rainy  season,  August  to  No- 
vember, when  it  is  generally  hot  and  damp.     The  average  annual 


WINDWARD    ISLANDS.  253 

rainfall  is  about  100  Inclios.  The  UMiiiu'iature  aveniues  Uflwcen 
G0°  ami  SS  F.  The  ui;;lil.s  aiv  always  cool.  The  island  is  soun- 
tini«'S  visited  by  hurricanes. 

Topography. — Tiic  island  is  volcanic,  with  irn-Kuhir  svoodcd  ridm's 
runninK  its  t-ntiri-  lenj-'tli.  The  VoIouiki  S<»ufricn>.  iJ.oOO  feci  hiuh. 
is  at  tlie  nortluTii  end.  Tlioic  are  nnnni-ons  .sniail  streams,  imiic  <»l' 
which  is  navipible. 

Products. — Cacao,  arrowroot,  spicis,  su;j:ar,  nini,  sea-ishmd  cotton, 
peas,  beans,  uiaize,  etc. 

Language. — Enfjlish. 

Currency. — Same  as  Enpland.  Five-dollar  bills  are  issued  by 
branches  of  the  Uoyal  Rank  of  Canada  and  the  Colonial  Hank  oi 
Entrhind. 

Weights  and  Measures, — Same  as  United  States  and  England. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States. 
2  cents  per  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — Cable  service  is  maintaine<l  by 
the  West  India  iV  Panama  Cable  Co..  the  rate  for  points  «'ast  of  the 
Missi.s.slpi)i  Kiver  beiii<;  30  cents  per  word  and  for  points  west  of  the 
river  41  cents  per  word.  The  telegraph  and  telephone  systems  are 
nniler  (Jovernment  control. 

STEAMSHIP   LINE   FROM   NEW  YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness.  Withy  &  Co.,  agents.  32  T'.roadway. 
British  steamers.  Sailings  from  Pier  47.  North  River  (West  Ti^nth 
Street).  Departures  for  St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua. 
Guadeloupe.  Dominica.  Martiniriue.  St.  Lucia.  P>arbados.  St.  Vincent, 
and  Demerara  (British  (Juianji)  about  every  10  days.  Fare  to  St. 
Vincent,  .$85-.'r95 ;  time,  12  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  ST.   VINCENT. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Sailings  every  14 
days  from  St.  .lolin  anri  Halifax,  touching  at  St.  Vincent. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.) — Monthly  sailings 
from  England  for  St.  Vincent,  and  fortnightly  sailings  for  Barlntdos. 
wheri'  a  smaller  vessel  can  be  taken  to  St.  Vincent. 

CANVASSING  ST.  VINCENT. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License. — Commercial  travelers  are  not  sub- 
ject to  any  license  or  taxes. 

Samples. — Samples  are  admitted  free  of  duty.  If  any  part  of  the 
samples  are  disposed  of.  the  regular  import  duty  is  a.ssesse«l  on  the 
portion  sold.  A  deposit  equal  to  the  r. mount  of  duty  must  be  de- 
posited, which  is  returned  upon  reexportation  of  samples.  As  an 
alternative,  the  traveler  may  have  the  samples  checked  on  his  ar- 
rival in  the  presence  of  a  customs  ofTicer,  and  checke<l  and  re- 
packed in  the  presence  of  a  customs  officer  before  he  depart-s  duty 
to  be  paid  if  any  of  the  samples  have  been  disposed  of.  Saniplas 
not  required  for  local  trade  may  be  left  in  the  custody  of  the  cu.s- 
toms  during  the  traveler's  stay  in  St.  Vincent. 

Holidays  in  St.  Vincent.— .Tanuary  1  and  2,  New  Year's  holidays; 
Good   Friday;    Easter   Monday;    Whit   ^londay ;    May    24.    Victoria 


254  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

Day ;  Corpus  Christi ;  Juue  3.  birthday  of  the  King ;  first  Monday  in 
August,  bank  holiday ;  December  25  and  26,  Christmas  holidays. 
The  day  appointed  as  Thanksgiving  Day  is  also  a  holiday. 

KINGSTOWN,  the  capital,  located  on  southwest  coast;  popula- 
tion, 5.U00;  about  1,876  nautical  miles  from  New  York;  89  nautical 
miles  from  Foit  de  France,  Martinique.  Landing:  By  shore  boat; 
ships  anchor  about  one-fourth  mile  offshore.  American  consular 
agent.     Lloyd's  agents,  John  H.  Hazell's  Sons  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Quebec  Steamship  Line. 

Principal  Hotels. — Linley,  Crichton. 

Banks. — Colonial  Bank ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Note. — The  chief  wealth  of  St.  Vincent  is  due  to  cassava,  cotton, 
cacao,  sugar,  etc.  There  is  a  fair  volume  of  trade,  and  Kingstown 
is  visited  by  those  salesmen  who  canvass  the  smaller  towns.  Those 
who  supply  machines  and  implements  for  agricultural  purposes  will 
find  it  worthy  of  a  visit. 

ST.  LUCIA. 

Location. — A  British  pos.session  most  northerly  of  the  Windward 
Group ;  about  25  nautical  miles  south  of  Martinique  and  30  nautical 
miles  northeast  of  St.  Vincent. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  23S  square  miles;  population, 
54,600;  about  230  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Climate. — Mild  and  pleasant.  Temperature  averages  80°  to  90° 
F.  Annual  rainfall  about  84  inches.  The  rainy  season  extends 
from  .June  to  November.  The  coolest  month  is  February  and  the 
hottest  July.     Nights  are  usually  cool  at  elevations  over  500  feet. 

Topography. — The  island  is  very  mountainous.  The  main  range 
of  mountains  runs  north  and  south,  the  average  height  being  1,500 
feet,  and  gradually  slopes  down  to  the  sea  on  either  side.  The 
Canaries  Mountain,  3,140  feet,  near  the  center  of  the  island,  is  the 
highest  point. 

Rivers. — St.  Lucia  has  several  rivers,  the  principal  ones  being  the 
Cul  de  Sac  and  the  Roseau  on  the  lee\vard  side,  and  the  Dennery, 
Troumassee,  and  Canelles  on  the  windward  side. 

Language. — English. 

Currency. — In  the  main,  as  in  England.  Five-dollar  bills  are 
issued  by  branches  of  the  Colonial  Bank  of  England  and  the  Royal 
Bank  of  Canada. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Same  as  in  England  and  the  United 
States. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States,  2 
cents  per  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Products. — Sugar,  rum,  lime  juice,  cacao,  vanilla  beans,  nutmegs, 
bay  seeds,  cloves,  logwood. 

Cable,  Telegraph,  and  Telephone. — Cable  service  with  the  United 
States  is  maintained  by  the  West  India  &  Panama  Cable  Co.,  the 
rate  from  points  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  being  36  cents'  per 
word,  and  from  points  west  of  the  river  41  cents  per  word.  The 
telegraph  and  telephone  systems  are  under  Government  control. 


^vINI)^vARn  islands.  255 

STEAMSHIP  LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Kurne^s,  Withy  &  Co.,  afrent.'?,  32  Rroadwa.v. 
Britisli  steamers.  Sailing's  frimi  IMcr  47.  Nnrtli  Uiver  (West  Tenth 
Street).  Dejiartures  for  Martiiii(|ue,  St.  I.ucia.  St.  Thfuiias,  St. 
Croix,  St.  Ivitis,  Aiiti;,'iia.  < Jiiailcloupe,  Doniiiiira.  Rarhados,  and 
Denierara  (liritish  (Juiaiia)  alxait  ev»'ry  10  days;  for  St.  Martin 
r>nd  St.  Vincent  at  irresrular  intervals.  Fare  to  St.  Lucia,  $85=$1>5; 
time,  12  days. 

OTHER   LINES   VISITING   ST.    LUCIA. 

Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique. — Intercolonial  steamer  leaves 
Fort  (i(>  I">iinit',  Martinii|iH',  on  arrival  of  French  steanier.><. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Sailings  from  St. 
John  And  Halifax  every  14  days  to  Leeward  Islands  and  Windward 
Islands. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton.  Sons  &  Co.). — In  normal  times 
this  line  liad  monthly  steamers  from  ?2npland  for  St.  Lucia,  St. 
Kitts.  St.  Vincent,  Mont.serrat,  and  I>onunica. 

East  Asiatic  Co. — In  normal  times  this  line  had  monthly  sailings 
from  Copenhagen,  Rotterdam,  and  England  to  St.  Lucia  and  St. 
Thomas. 

CANVASSING  ST.  LUCIA. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License.- -Commercial  travelers  are  not  sub- 
ject to  any  licens(>  or  taxes. 

Samples. — Saiiiph>s  of  no  commercial  value  are  admitte^l  free.  In 
the  case  of  samples  having  a  commercial  value  the  usual  jiracrice  i.s 
to  check  the  samples  on  arrival  and  departure  of  traveler.  If  any 
samples  have  heen  disposed  of,  duty  is  charged  at  the  regular  rates. 

Holidays  in  St.  Lucia. — The  chief  holiday.s  are  the  same  as  those 
of  (Irenada  and  St.  Vincent. 

CASTRIES,  chief  town  of  the  island;  population.  17,2.^:  1.747 
nautical  miles  from  New  York,  37  nautical  miles  from  Fort  de 
France,  Martinique;  110  nautical  miles  from  Rridgetown,  Rarbados; 
57  nautical  miles  from  King.stown,  St.  Vincent.  Landing:  Steamers 
lie  alongside  dock  and  discharge  passengers  direct  to  wharf. 
Lloyd's  agent,  INIinville  &  Chastant. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  hy  Quebec  Steamship  Line;  from 
Fort  de  Fraiu-e,  Martinique,  by  intercolonial  steamer;  from  Trini- 
ilad.  by  .steamer;  fortnightly  service  between  Martinique,  Demerara, 
Cayenne,  and  Trinidad  :  steamer  touches  at  St.  Lucia. 

Hotels  and  Boarding  Houses. — La  Felicite;  Mrs.  Rogers;  Mrs. 
Dupigny. 

Banks. — Colonial  Bank ;  Royal  Rank  of  Canada. 

Note. — St.  Lucia  is  one  of  the  more  important  islands  in  the  West 
Indies,  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  is  an  excellent  harbor  with 
splendid  docking  facilities.  The  cultivation  of  sugar,  limes,  and 
other  tropical  products  is  carried  on.  The  trade  is  of  a  very  fair 
extent.  In  iilamuiig  a  trip  to  the  West  Indies  this  port  should  be 
included  in  the  itinerary. 


TRINIDAD, 

Map  No.  9. 

Location. — Most  southerly  of  the  British  West  Indies,  about  IG 
miles  from  the  coast  of  Venezuela,  immediately  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Oriuoco  River. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  1,8G0  square  miles ;  population, 
36.5,000,  or  about  200  per  square  mile. 

Topography.— The  island  is  somewhat  mountainous,  having  three 
ranges  of  hills  running  east  and  west.  The  highest  points  are 
Cerro  de  Aripo  and  El  Tucuche,  each  about  3,000  feet  high.  There 
are  numerous  rivers,  but  none  suitable  for  navigation. 

Inhabitants.— About  one-third  of  the  inhabitants  are  East  In- 
dians and  their  descendants.  The  remaining  two-thirds  are  mostly 
of  mixed  African  and  European  blood,  the  oldest  European  element 
being  E'l-ench  and  Spanish. 

Climate. — Humid  and  hot.  The  temperature  averages  79°  F. 
The  rainfall  is  about  62  inches  annually.  The  rainy  season  usually 
lasts  from  May  until  December,  with  a  break  in  September ;  dry 
season,  the  rest  of  the  year.  During  January  to  March  the  tem- 
perature at  night  is  sometimes  as  low  as  65°  F. 

Products.^ — Trinidad,  in  proportion  to  population,  is  one  of  the 
wealthiest  of  the  West  Indies.  The  chief  agricultural  export  is 
cacao,  next  sugar.  Other  important  crops  are  coconuts,  copra, 
limes,  vanilla  beans,  etc.  There  is  great  wealth  in  the  island's  tim- 
ber. Among  the  items  exported  are  logwood,  divi-divi,  mangrove 
bark,  etc. 

Asphalt  and  Petroleum  Industries. — These  are  exceedingly  im- 
portant, and  the  chief  source  of  wealth.  Oil  refineries  are  con- 
ducted at  various  places,  and  the  products  are  of  a  very  high 
quality.     The  potential  wealth  in  petroleum  is   exceedingly   great. 

Language. — In  the  main,  English.  The  laboring  classes  use  a 
mixture  of  English  and  a  local  dialect  called  "  Creole,"  but  the  ma- 
jority speak  and  understand  English. 

Currency. — The  ofhcial  currency  is  in  English  terms.  There  is  a 
colonial  $1  bill  and  $5  bills  are  issued  by  two  banks  in  Trindad. 
The  fractional  currency  is  English. 

Weights  and  Measures. — ;Same  as  in  the  United  States  and  Eng- 
land. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States, 
2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable  Rates. — From  points  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  86  cents 
per  word ;  from  points  west  of  tJie  river,  41  cents  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Trinidad  Line. — Trinidad  Shipping  &  Trading  Co.,  29  Broadway. 
Departures   from  Pier  24,   Robinson   Stores,   Brooklyn,   every   two 

256 


TRINIDAD.  257 

\v<>eks  for  St.  (j(H>rKe  (Grenada),  Port  of  Spain  (Trinidad),  and 
Demerara  (Britisii  Guiana).  Fare,  New  York  to  Port  of  Si)aln, 
$80.     Time  of  trip,  about  gIkIu  days. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  Line. — Funch,  Edye  &  Co.,  agents,  10 
BridK*'  Strrc't.  l>ut<.li  .steanit-rs.  I)e|)arturt'.s  from  Pier  3.  Bu.^^h 
Ternunal,  Fnrty-.seventli  Street,  Brooklyn,  for  Port  of  S|)ain,  Trini- 
dad, via  Haitiiin  iM>rt.s,  about  every  two  weeks.  Time,  including.' 
stops,  about  '12  tlays. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  TRINIDAD. 

Lamport  &  Holt  Line. — Steamers  northbound  from  South  America 
call  at  Port  of  Si)ain. 

Navigazione  Generale  Italiana. — Fortnightly  service  via  Barbado.s. 
Triindad,  aii<l  Surinam. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Intercolonial  service  (fort- 
nifrhtly)  between  Port  of  Si)ain  and  St.  Lucia,  Fort  de  France, 
Denu'rara.  Pai'anuiribo.  and  <'ayenne. 

Leyland  and  Harrison  Lines. — Montlily  sailintrs  from  England  for 
Trinidad,  Harl);nIos,  l)einerara,  Curacao,  and  Venezuelan  ports. 

Direct  Line  of  Steamers  (Scrutton,  Sons  &  Co.). — Fortniglilly  sail- 
ings from  l']ngland  for  Trinidad,  P.arbados.  Pemerara,  and  (irenada. 

East  Asiatic  Co. — Monthly  sailings  from  Copeiduigen,  Itotterdam, 
and  i-]ngland  for  Trinidad.  Demerara,  Paramaribo,  and  Windward 
Island.s. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (Canadian  Line). — Fortnightly  sail- 
ings from  St.  John  and  Halifax  for  Trinidad.  Barbados,  St.  Vin- 
cent, Grenada,  etc. 

Compafiia  Anonima  Venezolana  de  Navegacion. — Steamer  Delta, 
between  Port  of  Spain  and  Ciud.id  Bolivar  (Venezuela^,  leaves 
Port  of  Spain  on  alternate  Thursdays,  arriving  at  Ciudad  Bolivar 
the  following  Monday.  Leaves  ('iudad  B(divar  on  alternate  Satur- 
days, arriving  at  Port  of  Spain  following  Monday.     Fare,  about  -$15. 

Local  Steamship  Service. — Steamers  connect  with  trains  at  San 
Fernando,  proceeding  to  Cedros  and  Icacos,  four  times  a  week,  call- 
ing at  La  Brea,  Brighton,  (Uiapo.  Cap  de  Ville,  Irois,  and  (4ranvillc 
Bay.  Other  steamers  leave  weekly,  touching  at  ports  around  the 
island  and  connecting  with  Tobago  Island. 

RAILROAD  SERVICE. 

Trinidad  Government  Railway. — Extends  from  Port  of  Spain  to 
San  Fernando  and  Princes  Town.  From  Cunupia,  on  the  San  Fer- 
nando line,  there  is  a  branch  to  Tabaquite  and  Rio  Claro.  Fnnn 
San  Fernando  there  is  also  an  extension  to  Sipara,  passing  through 
the  principal  cugar-raising  districts.  Another  branch  serves  the 
cacao-growing  districts,  running  through  Arima  and  Sangre  Grande. 
Total  length  of  road  is  about  123  miles  (198  km.).  First-class 
fares:  Port  of  Sjiain  to  Sau  Fernando,  $1.SG;  Port  of  Spain  to 
Princes  Town,  !«;2.1.". 

144297°— 20 17 


258  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

CANVASSING  TRINIDAD. 

Business  Conditions. — A  very  fair  business  is  clone  in  Trinidad. 
Tlie  chief  town  is  Port  of  Spain,  liaving  a  population  of  about 
75,000.  Here  are  located  the  chief  importing  houses,  who  supply 
the  retail  buyers  as  well  as  the  country  merchants.  Many  of  the 
firms  also  do  a  considerable  retail  business.  Most  firms  prefer  to 
make  smaller  purchases  at  frequent  intervals  rather  than  incur 
obligations  for  large  purchases.  It  may  be  found  desirable,  in  case 
the  representative  speaks  Spanish,  to  canvass  that  part  of  Vene- 
zuela which  can  not  be  easily  reached  from  Caracas.  This  refers 
particularly  to  the  eastern  portion,  including  Ciudad  Bolivar. 
Connection  between  Ciudad  Bolivar  and  Port  of  Spain  is  frequent 
and  not  excessive  in  cost.  Many  merchants  from  Venezuela  visit 
Port  of  Spain  en  route  to  or  from  their  Iiomess  This  is  a  point  for 
transshipment. 

Agencies. — An  agency  for  Trinidad  should  properly  be  establislied 
in  Port  of  Spain.  From  this  place  the  agent  may  also  canvass 
Grenada,  St.  Vincent,  and  St.  Lucia,  and  even  Barbados.  The  dis- 
tance from  Port  of  Spain  to  St.  Lucia  is  303  miles.  Agents  are  fre- 
quently expected  to  canvass  the  Orinoco  region  of  Venezuela  also. 

Commercial  Traveler's  License. — Commercial  travelers  are  not  sub- 
ject to  any  special  regulations,  license,  or  taxes. 

Samples. — Only  samples  having  a  commercial  value  are  subject  to 
duty.  A  deposit  to  cover  the  duty  can  be  made,  which  is  refunded 
if  samples  are  reexported  within  two  months.  This  period  may  be 
extended  upon  application.  Samples  may  be  reexported  through  a 
port  other  than  that  through  which  they  were  admitted. 

Importance  of  Market. — In  proportion  to  its  size  and  population, 
Trinidad  is  undoubtedly  by  far  the  richest  and  most  prosi^erous  of 
the  British  West  Indian  Islands,  and  is  an  important  market  for 
imported  goods,  not  only  for  local  consumption,  but  for  reexport  or 
in  transit  to  neighboring  islands,  the  near-by  Venezuelan  coast 
towns,  and  also  the  valley  of  the  Orinoco  River,  which  is  much 
easier  to  reach  from  Trinidad  than  from  La  Guaira,  the  chief  port 
of  Venezuela.  There  is  an  important  trade  between  Trinidad  and 
Ciudad  Bolivar,  the  chief  town  on  the  Orinoco  Kiver  and  the  center 
of  the  llano  cattle  district  of  Venezuela,  by  weekly  steamer  service. 

Holidays  in  Trinidad. — The  holidays  are  those  usually  observed  in 
Great  Britain:  January  1,  New  Year's  Day;  Good  Friday;  Easter 
Monday;  May  24,  Empire  Day;  Corpus  Christi ;  June  3,  birthday 
of  the  King ;  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

PORT  OF  SPAIN,  capital  of  the  colony,  on  western  side  of  island, 
on  Gulf  of  Paria;  population,  65,044;  43  miles  (69  km.)  from 
Princes  Town,  35  miles  (.56  km.)  from  San  Fernando,  38  miles  (61 
km.)  from  La  Brea  (Pitch  Lake).  I^anding:  Small  boats  carry 
passengers  from  steamer  to  shore. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agents,  Geo.  F.  Huggins 
&  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Trinidad  Line  and  Royal 
Dutch  West  India  Mail;  from  San  Fernando,  by  rail,  fare  $1.86; 


TRINIDAD.  259 

from  PrincpR  Town,  by  rnil,  f:iri>  $2.15;  from  Cindad  Bolivm-,  by 
weekly  steamer,  niakinp  points  f>n  «»iinf>c<>  Rlvfr. 

Conveyances. — (Jal)s,  one  peison.  '2'>  ccnls  jwr  mile;  half  fare  for 
eacli  ndilitioiial  person;  or  $1  por  hour.  Trolley-car  Hervioe  every 
1.")  iiiiiniles. 

Principal  Hotels. — Queen's  I'ark,  Staiidurd,  Icehouse,  I'aris,  Mi- 
randa. 

Banks.— (Jolonlal  Bank;  (Jonhm,  (Jrant  &  C-o.  (Ltd.);  Royal 
Bank  of  Canada  ;  Government  Savings  Bank ;  National  City  Bank  of 
New  York. 

Note. — I'ort  of  Spain  is  a  very  important  point  in  the  AVest  Indies 
and  a  port  of  call  for  many  .steamship  lines.  It  is  also  the  entrepot 
for  the  llano  di.strict  of  Venezuela,  by  way  of  the  Orinoco  lliver  and 
Ciudad  Bolivar.  Much  trade  is  carried  on  with  that  country  and  u 
great  many  products  from  that  region  .ire  shipi)ed  from  I'ort  of 
Spain  to  Europe.  A  large  volume  of  business  is  done,  both  whole- 
sale and  retail.  There  are  numerous  sugar  and  cacao  estates, 
while  the  raising  of  coconuts  and  the  exporting  ot  asphalt  and  oil 
contribute  to  the  wealtli  of  the  conuuunity.  This  place  should  be 
visited  by  all  salesmen.  Those  who  .<»ell  macldnery,  tools,  and  (ttlier 
implements  useful  in  the  Industries  mentioned  wiU  also  find  this  a 
strategic  jMtint. 

Claxtons  Bay. — At  this  point,  about  17  miles  (27  km.)  from 
Port  of  Spain,  the  Trinidad  Oil  iVc  Transport  Co.  has  a  large  rehnery. 
Other  relineries  are  in  operation  at  Brighton,  I'oiut  T'ortin,  and 
Tabaquite.  Trinidad  is  the  chief  source  of  supply  for  the  (ieneral 
Asphalt  Co..  of  I'hiladelphia,  which  operates  the  New  Trinidad 
Lake  Asphalt  Co.    (Ltd.). 

SAN  FERNANDO,  on  the  west  coast ;  population,  O.oOO ;  3-")  miles 
(56  km.)  from  Port  of  Spain.  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  Pitch  Lake, 
20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Tobago.     Products:  Sugar  cane. 

Note. — San  Fernando  is  easily  reached  from  Port  of  Spain. 
Those  who  canvass  small  places  sometimes  find  it  worth  while  to 
visit  this  place.  Most  of  the  business  is  transacted  with  Port  of 
Spain. 

Princes  Town;  8  miles  (13  km.)  from  San  Fernando,  reacheti  by 
lailroad;  43  miles  (69  km.)  from  Port  of  Spain,  reached  by  rail- 
road. 

TOBAGO. 

Location. — An  island  lying  about  20  nautical  miles  northeast  of 
Trinidad  and  75  miles  from  Greinida.  Area,  about  115  square 
miles;  poi)ulation,  20,762.  or  about  180  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Topography. — A  main  ridge  of  hills,  about  18  miles  long  (29  km.), 
runs  down  the  center  of  the  northern  half  of  the  island,  the  highest 
point.  Pigeon  Peak,  being  about  2,(M»0  fe»"t  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  range  is  cut  by  deep  valleys  which  .ire  quite  fertili'.  There 
are  numerous  small  streams.  The  central  part  of  the  island  is  roll- 
ing, with  small  valleys  and  hills,  while  the  south  is  almost  level. 
The  latter  is  the  principal  area  of  cultivation. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  pleasant.  The  temperature  averages 
about  80°  F.,  but  the  heat  is  tempered  by  sea  breezes,  particularly 
during  the  dry  season,  which  extends  from  December  to  June.     The 


260  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

heat  is  somewhat  oppressive  during  the  wet  secisou,  especially  dur- 
ing- the  months  of  August  and  September.  In  the  southern  portion 
the  annual  rainfall  Is  about  60  inches  and  in  the  central  region  from 
85  to  95  inches.  In  some  parts  of  the  northern  district  it  exceeds 
100  inches. 

Products. — Sugar,  cacao,  coconuts,  coffee,  nutmegs,  limes,  tobacco. 

Weights  and  Measures.— Same  as  in  United  States  and  England. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  rate  to  and  from  the  United  States  i' 
cents  per  ounce  or  fraction  thereof. 

SCARBOROUGH,  capital  of  Tobago;  population,  2,500;  70  nautical 
miles  from  Port  of  Spain.  Trinidad.  Landing:  Vessels  anchor  off- 
shore. Reached  from  Trinidad  by  coasting  steamers;  fare,  round 
trip,  $10.  Coastal  service  around  island;  fare,  $2.40.  Boarding 
houses :  The  Fairfield,  Peru  Cottage. 

Port  of  Spain  is  the  business  point  with  which  most  of  the  busi- 
ness is  carried  on.  The  chief  source  of  wealth  in  this  region  is 
tropical  agricultural  products.  There  are  a  number  of  cacao,  sugar, 
and  rubber  estates,  which  obtain  their  supplies  from  Scarborough 
or  Port  of  Spain.  Sometimes  visited  by  salesmen,  but  the  mer- 
chants are  chiefly  dependent  on  Port  of  Spain. 

Plymouth,  population,  1,200,  is  5  miles  (8  km.)  from  Scarborough. 


CURAgAO. 

Map  No.  0. 

Location. — Tlie  Dutch  West  Indies  consists  of  the  followln;,' 
islands:  Curacao,  210  square  miles,  population  34,168;  Bonaire,  95 
squ:irc  miles,  poiuilation  G,714  ;  Arulja,  (>!»  s<]iiare  miles,  pnjuilation 
0,481;  St.  Martin.  17  square  miles,  poiuilation  3,000;  St.  lOustatius, 
7  square  miles,  population  1,410;  Sal)a.  5  square  miles,  poi)ulatiou 
2.230;  total  area,  403  sciuare  miles;  total  population,  .")7,3.S1.  The 
most  important  is  Curasao,  which,  with  Bonaire  and  Aruba,  lie 
ahout  GO  miles  north  of  the  coast  of  Venezuela.  The  otlur  three 
are  in  the  l^eeward  Group,  about  500  miles  from  Curacao. 

Inhabitants. — The  population,  as  ;^iven  above,  consists  of  a  mixture 
of  ra<-'es.  but  tlieiv  is  a  larlre  i>ereentat;e  of  Ne;,M-oe.s. 

Topography. — Curar.io  is  an  elon.trated  rid.LCe  of  coral  rock  and 
volcanic  formation.     This  is  chai'acteristic  of  the  other  islands. 

Climate. — Tiie  Island  of  Curagao  lies  in  the  path  of  the  trade 
winds,  and  the  tropical  climate  is  relieved  by  continual  breezes. 
Curatjao,  Bonaire,  and  Aruba  have  a  short  uncertain  rainy  season. 
In  Curagao  the  rains  occur  usually  from  October  to  January  and 
fri'in  February  to  May.  There  is  i)ractically  uo  laiii  dnrin;,'  the 
rest  of  the  year. 

Products. — These  are  chiefly  a^rrieultural.  Tiny  include  culTee, 
aloes,  oranges,  and  other  tropical  fruits.  The  raising  of  cattle  for 
the  skins  is  increasing.  The  chief  export  is  goatskins.  Some  skins 
of  sheep,  deer,  etc.,  are  also  exported.  In  forest  wealth  there  is  a 
considerable  production  of  hardwoods,  mangrove  bark,  etc.  Divi- 
divi  is  one  of  the  chief  exports. 

Industries. — The  most  important  export  is  straw  hats.  There  is 
some  jietroleuni  refining,  ostrich  raising,  etc.  The  most  imi)ortant 
industrial  activity  is  the  refining  of  oil  at  the  plant  of  the  Curagao 
retroleiun  Co.,  Wilhelmstad.  There  is  considerable  trade  with 
Venezuela,  to  which  tliere  is  much  transshipment.  The  wants  of 
th(>  people  are  snuill. 

Language. — Spanish  is  the  language  most  commonly  used,  but 
l>utch  and  English  are  understood  by  most  business  men.  The  Ne- 
groes and  lower  classes  speak  a  patois  kno\\Ti  as  "  papiamente." 

Currency. — The  money  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Netherlands. 
The  guilder  ($0.40)  is  the  unit  of  value  and  is  divided  into  100 
cents.  The  fractional  coins  are  silver  2.'i-cent  and  10-cent  pieces,  a 
.^-cent  piece,  and  copper  2i-cent,  1-cent.  and  half-cent  pieces.  Amer- 
ican money  is  accepted  at  a  discotmt  of  2  per  cent. 

Weights  and  Measures.— ^letric  system. 

Postage. — The  first-class  letter  rate  between  Curagao  and  the 
I'liited  States  is  2  cents  an  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

Cable  and  Wireless. — The  French  Cnhle  Co.  has  one  of  its  prin- 
cipal stations  on  Curagao.  For  points  east  of  the  Mississippi  River 
the  rate  is  .$1.38  per  word  and  for  i>oints  west  .'>1.43  per  word. 
There  is  a  (rovernment-owned  wireless  station,  which  can  not  be 
used  for  conunercial  purposes  other  than  to  send  lo  and  receive 
messages  from  vessels  at  sea. 

201 


262  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Red  D  Line.— Bliss,  Ballett  &  Co.,  a<rents,  82  Wall  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  11.  Brooklyn,  foot  of  Montague  Street.  Departures 
weekly  for  San  .Juan,  Porto  Rico ;  Curasao ;  La  Guaira  and  Puerto 
Cabello,  Venezuela.  Service  between  Maracaibo,  Venezuela,  and 
Curagao  about  every  five  days.  Fare,  New  York  to  Curagao,  $70- 
$85.  Itinerary :  Leave  New  York,  first  day ;  arrive  San  Juan,  fifth 
day ;  arrive  Curasao,  seventh  day,. 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  Co. — Funch,  Edye  &  Co.,  agents, 
10  Bridge  Street.  Dutch  steamers.  Sailings  from  Pier  3,  Bush 
Terminal,  Brooklyn,  foot  of  Forty-seventh  Street.  Departures  for 
Haitian  ports,  Curagao,  Venezuelan  ports,  Trinidad,  British  Guiana, 
and  Dutch  Guiana  about  every  two  weekss.  Fare  to  Curagao,  $S0; 
time,  including  stops,  about  16  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  CURACAO. 

Compaiila  Trasatlantica  Barcelona. — Monthly  service.  Leave  Bar- 
celona 10th,  Valencia  11th,  Malaga  13th,  Cadiz  15th  of  each  month 
direct  for  Las  Palmas,  Santa  Cruz  de  Teneriffe,  Santa  Cruz  de  la 
Palma,  Porto  Rico,  Santo  Domingo,  Habana,  Port  Limon,  and 
Colon.  Steamers  leave  Colon  12th  of  each  month  for  Savanella, 
Colombia ;  Curagao ;  La  Guaira  and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela. 

Leyland  and  Harrison  Lines. — Weekly  service  from  Liverpool. 

La  Veloce. — Steamer  leaves  European  ports  monthly,  arriving  at 
Curagao  about  tlie  22d  of  the  month  from  Venezuelan  and  about 
the  1st  from  Colombian  ports. 

Service  to  Venezuela. — Red  D  Line  steamers  Caracas  and  Phila- 
delphia give  fortnightly  service  to  La  Guaira ;  time,  about  12  hours. 
Steamers  Maracaibo  and  ZiiUa  have  fortnightly  service  to  La 
Guaira  and  Maracaibo ;  time  to  Maracaibo,  about  19  hours. 

Distances  from  Curasao. — New  York,  1,769  nautical  miles;  Mara- 
caibo. Venezuela,  232  miles;  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela,  113  miles; 
La  Guaira.  Venezuela,  149  miles ;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  482  miles ; 
Ponce,  Porto  Rico,  390  miles ;  Santo  Domingo  City,  395  miles ;  Kings- 
ton, Jamaica,  580  miles;  Fort  de  France,  Martinique.  490  miles;  St. 
Thomas,  452  miles ;  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  500  niilcr:. 

CANVASSING  CURACAO. 

Curagao  is  generally  visited  by  travelers  on  their  way  to  INIara- 
caibo  or  Puerto  Cabello  in  Venezuela.  Sometimes  it  is  included  on 
tlie  return  trip.  The  trade  is  limited  and  the  wholesale  houses  are 
found  in  the  chief  port,  Willeni-stad.  Some  business  is  done  with 
Venezuela,  and  agents  who  are  appointed  for  Curagao  frequently 
are  authorized  to  make  sales  to  the  merchants  who  arrive  at  Curr- 
gao  from  Maracaibo  and  Puerto  Cabello.  During  the  course  of  a 
year  the  business  done  with  Venezuelan  merchants  reaches  a  sub- 
stantial sum.  Other  agents  are  definitely  authorized  to  canvass 
northwestern  Venezuela,  including  the  departments  of  Falcon  and 
Maracaibo,  which  are  mon>  accessible  to  Curagao,  by  rc:ison  of  the 


cuRAgAO.  2()3 

froqiieiit  stoainship  ooiinectioiis,  tliaii  to  Ciinicas.  Tlio  islamls  of 
Ariiha  and  Honaire  aro  very  siiiall  and  arc  (Irpi  ndcnt  upon  ('ura(;uo. 
Tlio  avi-ra^r*'  tiavolcr  will  iiut  Und  it  worth  while  to  visit  th«'tii. 
"■{'Iiis  also  appli'-s  to  (lie  othiT  small  islands. 

Holidays  in  Curagao. —  I'ollowiii;.;  aro  the  chief  holidays  ofTioially 
it'c-oirnizcd  in  C'iiia<;ao :  .laiiiiary  1,  New  Year's  Day;  (Jood  Friday; 
lOastcr  Monday;  The  Asceusion  ;  Whit  .Monday;  Au;^ust  .'}1,  (iuet-n's 
hiriliday:   I  )('(cniher  2-1  and  20.  (.'hristnias  holidays. 

WILLEMSTAD,  situated  on  south  side  of  island;  vessels  lie  alone- 
side  quays;  population,  ll.(XM)  (ahout  2.(HK)  whiles);  11.3  nautlfnl 
miles  from  I'uerto  Cahello,  Venezuela;  1.709  nautienl  miles  from 
New  York.  The  city  is  divided  hy  a  dt^p  channel,  which  is 
.spanned  hy  a  bridpre.  The  char^re  for  crossing,'  Is  1  c€^t  in  Dutch 
currency. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  Red  D  Line  and  Royal 
Dulcli  West  India  Mail  Line;  from  Puerto  Cabello,  Ven«^i«»la.  hy 
Red  D  Line. 

Banks  and  Bankers. — Curacao  Trading  Co. ;  Curacao  Bank ;  S.  E. 
L.  Maduro  &  Sons;  Curacao  MortpiSP  Bank;  Rivas,  Fensohn  & 
Co.;  Spaarsen  Beleenbauk  van  Curagao;  Colonial  I'ostal  Savings 
Bank.     Lloyd's  agents.  .1.  iV  D.  Jesurun. 

Principal  Hotel.— Hotel  ilel  Cumercio  (in  otrabauda.  Hotel  Ameri- 
cano). 

Note. — This  is  the  ci^pital  of  the  island  and  the  seat  of  the  gov- 
ernment  of  the  colony.  There  are  a  number  of  houses  here  that 
do  a  fairly  large  business,  both  in  a  wliolesale  and  retail  way. 
There  is  considerable  trade  with  Venezuela,  and  some  American 
firms  maintain  otlices  here  wliich  canvass  that  portion  of  Venezuela 
most  readily  accessible  from  Curacao. 

BONAIRE  AND  ARUBA  ISLANDS;  jiopulation  of  Bcmaire.  7.(X)0; 
Aniba.  1().()0<>.  L>istaut  od  miles  from  Curacao.  Products:  Divi- 
divi.  aloes,  salt,  goals,  slieei),  gold.  woo!,  etc.  Reached  from  Cura- 
cao by  Dutch  intercolonial  steamer,  weekly  seiwlce. 

Note. — These  islands  are  very  small.  While  there  is  considerable 
business  with  Willemstad.  some  of  the  hrnis  make  direct  importa- 
tions. Travelers  who  canvass  the  small  towns  may  find  some  busi- 
ness here. 

SABA  ISLAND,  about  500  nautical  miles  from  Curagao;  popula- 
tion. 2.500;  area,  about  8  square  miles.  Chief  product:  Sulphur. 
Industries:  Cattle  raising  and  agriculture.  Reaclied  by  small  ves- 
sels from  Willemstad,  monthly  service. 

ST.  ETJSTATITIS  ISLAND,  about  500  nautical  miles  from  Curacao; 
population.  1  ."1)0 ;  area,  about  b  .■square  mile^.  (.'hief  product:  Cot- 
ton. American  whaling  vess',.ls  are  outlitteil  here.  Reached  from 
Wille:r..ctad  by  small  ves.;el.  i.:njthl3'  service. 

ST.  MARTIN  ISLa.ND  (swUiiieni  half),  about  oOO  nautical  miles 
from  (uiacao;  area.  17  f-ipiarc  miles;  population,  o,4<X).  Prodlcts: 
Sea-island  cotton,  salt,  e.atlc.  TIio  northern  half  of  thi.s  island  be- 
longs to  Frur.ce 


NORTH  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
COLOMBIA. 

Maps  Nos.  8,  10,  and  11. 

location. — Most  northerly  of  the  South  American  Republics,  ad- 
jacent to  Panama,  wliich  was  formerly  one  of  its  territories.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Caribbean  Sea ;  on  the  east  by  Vene- 
zuela and  Brazil;  on  the  south  by  Peru  and  Ecuador;  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  Panama. 

Coast  Line. — Caribbean  side,  641  miles  (1,036  km.)  ;  Pacific  side, 
468  miles  (753  km.). 

Topography. — Colombia  is  a  country  of  great  extremes.  In  the 
main  it  is  very  mountainous.  The  chief  features  are  the  three 
great  mountain  ranges — the  northern  extremities  of  the  Andes. 
These  contain  some  famous  passes,  such  as  the  Quindio,  and  nu- 
merous valleys  of  great  fertility.  Colombia  is  famous  for  its  beau- 
tiful scenery. 

Rivers. — The  chief  river  is  tlie  Magdalena,  the  commercial  arterj^ 
of  the  country.  It  is  1,020  miles  (1,642  km.)  in  length,  and  navi- 
gable for  about  932  miles  (1,500  km.).  The  Magdalena  consists  of 
two  parts,  the  upper  and  the  lower,  divided  by  the  rapids  of 
Honda.  The  Lower  Magdalena  is  navigable  by  large  river  steamers 
from  Barranquilla  to  Honda ;  the  Upper  Magdalena  is  navigable  by 
steamers  of  shallow  draft  between  Honda  and  Neiva.  Through  the 
Meta  Iliver  the  Magdalena  is  connected  with  the  Orinoco. 

Of  secondary  importance  are  the  Sinu  and  Atrato  Rivers.  The 
former  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Morro.squillo  and  the  latter  into  the 
Gulf  of  Uraba.     These  rivers  carry  a  considerable  traffic. 

Next  in  importance  commercially  is  the  Cauca  River,  which 
empties  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  is  navigable  for  some  distance. 
Other  important  streams  of  Colombia,  navigable  to  a  greater  or 
lesser  extent,  are  the  Patia,  San  .Juan,  Zulia,  Guaviare,  Sogomoso, 
Lebrija,  Nechi,  San  Jorge,  Putumayo,  the  Caqueta,  and  the  Orinoco. 

Climate.^ — Colombia  has  a  variety  of  climates,  the  temperature 
ranging  from  102°  F.  in  the  plains  to  very  low  temperatures  re- 
corded in  the  regions  of  perpetual  snow.  Generally  speaking,  the 
country  is  very  healthful.  Care  must  be  exercised  by  the  traveler, 
both  in  the  regions  of  extreme  heat  and  in  the  mountain  districts, 
which  are  subject  to  great  extremes  of  temperature  between  noon 
and  midnight. 

Seasons. — It  is  impossible  to  state  definitely  the  exact  .seasons  ow- 
ing to  the  many  modifications  in  various  sections  as  caused  by  alti- 
tude, mountain  ranges,  and  other  influences.  In  a  general  way  the 
seasons  are  as  follows ; 

First  dry  season,  or  summer,  from  mid-December  to  mid-April. 
This  is  the  real  dry  season  in  many  sections.  The  temperature  is 
mild  and  the  sun  sti'ong.  First  rainy  season,  from  mid-April  to 
mid-.Tune.     During  April  and  May  the  rains  are  frequent.     In  .June 

264 


COLOMBIA. 


265 


they  diminish  to  n  drizzlo.  luiif  rain  and  half  mist,  callo<l  fiie 
"paramos."  Second  dry  season,  .Inly  to  October.  Coolest  month  In 
the  year,  July.  Second  rainy  season,  October  to  mid-r)ecenil)er. 
This  Is  the  period  of  incessant  rains,  especially  in  October  and  No- 
vember, but  tlie  tt'mperaturc  is  not  (piite  as  cold  as  in  .Inly.  r>nr- 
ing  this  season  the  uiouutuiu  roads  are  ofteu  pructically  impassable. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 


Divisions  (capital  cities). 


DEPARTMENTS. 


Antioqiua  ( Mcdcllin) 

Atlantico  ( Hurranqiiilla) 

Bolivar  (Cartagena) 

Boyaca  (Tunja) 

Caldas  ( Muiiizales) 

Caiica  ( Pr)p:iyan) 

( "nndin;unaica  ( Bogota) 

lIiiila(Ni'iva) 

Nfa^'li^Icna  (Santa  Marta) 

Narino  ( F'asto) 

.'^LUitanaer  Norte  (Cucuta) 

Suntiuider  Sur  (Bucaramanga). 

Tolima  (Ibague) 

Vallo(Cali) 


INTENDENCIE3. 


Choco  (Quibdo) 

Meta  ( Vulavicendo) . 


COMMISSARIES. 


.\rauca  ( Arauca) 

raqueta  ( Florcncia) 

Ooatdra  ( I'uerto  Estrella) 

Jiir;i<lo  ( I'izarro) 

rntumayoCMocao) 

Uraba  (.\candi) 

V'aupes  (Calamar) 

Total  area  of  mtendencies  and  commissaries. 
I'rison  population 


Total. 


Area. 


Square 
miles. 
22, 7.V2 

1,0«« 
22,320 
111,  400 

7,380 
20,403 

8,04f> 

8,100 
19,080 

9,3f.0 

0,25.5 
17,866 
10,080 

3,897 


Population 
in  1912. 


270,372 


435,278 


730, 414 
114,887 
420,730 
586,499 
341,198 
211,756 
713,968 
158, 191 
149,547 
292, 535 
2a«,381 
400,084 
282, 42(i 
217, 159 


68,127 
29,309 


4,922 
25,534 
53,013 

8,207 
31,380 

6,476 

5,545 


Densitjr 

per 
square 

mile. 


6,793 


5.072,101 


32 
114 
19 
35 
40 
10 
8S 
19 

31 
32 
22 
2S 
65 


Note.— The  present  population  may  be  conservatively  estimated  at  6,000,000. 

Chief  Products. — Colombia  has  great  agricultural  resources,  al- 
though but  a  small  portion  of  the  country  is  now  cultivate<l.  The 
differences  in  latitude  make  po.ssible  crops  ranging  from  those  of 
tlie  Tropics  to  those  of  the  Temperate  Z«)ue.  The  chief  crop  of 
Colombia  is  coffee.  Other  important  tropical  protlucts  are  cacao, 
tobacco,  bananas,  rubber,  sugar  «uiu',  vanilla,  and  ivory  nuts.  In 
the  temperate  regions  vegetables,  grains,  castor  beans,  and  wlieat 
are  raised.  The  timber  industry  is  important:  dyewood.s,  medicinal 
l)lants.  tolii.  balsam,  ([iiel>racbo,  cedar,  and  hardwoods  an-  important 
contributions  to  the  wealth  of  the  ct)untry.  !Many  cuttle  are  raised 
(in  the  llanos  of  eastern  Colombia. 


266  GUIDE    TO   Li\TIiS"   AMERICA. 

Minerals. — Colombia  is  especially  rich  in  minerals.  Gold  has 
been  fouiul  iu  practically  all  parts  of  the  country,  some  of  the  more 
important  points  being  Caiica,  Antioquia,  Narino,  Tolima,  and  Boli- 
var. Copper,  lead,  cinnabar,  mercury,  manganese,  and  coal  are  also 
mined.  The  famous  Muzu  emerald  mines  produce  almost  all  the 
emeralds  of  the  world.  These  mines  are  near  Boyaca.  Salt  min- 
ing is  carried  on  near  Zipaquira  and  Nemocon.  The  principal  silver 
mines  are  in  the  Cauca  and  Tolima  region.  Platinum  is  also  of 
great  importance,  being  usually  mined  in  connection  with  gold  in 
the  Atrato,  San  Juan,  and  other  regions.  One  of  the  richest  plati- 
num deposits  in  the  world  exists  here.  Iron  is  found  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Cundinaraarea.  Asphalt  has  been  discovered  in  the  Upper 
Magdalena  River  district.  Petroleum  and  lime  also  exist,  but  their 
exploitation  has  not  as  yet  assumed  commercial  importance. 

Manufacturing  Industries. — While  these  are  largely  of  a  minor 
character,  there  are  some  important  plants  especially  devoted  to  the 
manufacture  of  textiles,  shoes,  etc.  There  are  also  iron  foundries, 
breweries,  flour  mills,  cement  factories,  mineral-water  works,  cigar 
and  cigarette  factories.  Other  items  of  manufacture  are  Panama 
hats,  glassware,  drugs,  and  lace.  There  are  40  industrial  plants  in 
Bogota,  18  in  Medellin,  12  in  Cartagena.  Sincerin  has  a  large  sugar 
central.  The  following  list,  while  not  complete,  gives  some  idea  of 
the  number  of  manufacturing  plants  in  the  country :  Textiles  and 
thread,  21 ;  sugar,  1 ;  oil  refining,  1 ;  electric  light  and  power,  5 ; 
flour,  6;  m.atches,  5;  chocolate,  8;  cigars  and  cigarettes,  8;  cement 
and  artificial  stone,  3 ;  beer  and  ice,  5 ;  soap  and  candles,  18 ;  shoes, 
6;  tanning  extract,  1;  glass,  3;  iron  foundries,  3;  carbonated  bevei'- 
ages,  7 ;  distilled  liquors,  1 ;  perfumery,  1 ;  all  others,  18 ;  total,  121. 
Inhabitants. — A  large  number  of  the  people  are  mestizos  (mixed 
white  and  Indian).  There  is  aLso  considerable  Negro  blood,  this 
being  especially  marked  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  due  to  immigration 
from  the  West  Indies.     The  percentage  of  pure  whites  is  small,  and 

most  of  these  people  live  in  the  interior, 
language. — Spanish. 

Currency. — The  monetary  standard  is  gold,  the  unit  being  the 
peso,  equivalent  to  about  .$0,973.     The  multiple  of  the  gold  peso  is 

the  pound  ($5).     There  are  silver  coins  of  10.  20,  and  50  centavos. 

and  nickel  coins  of  1,  2,  and  5  centavos.     The  ordinary  medium  of 

exchange  is  the  paper  peso,  v.hich  is  greatly  depreciated. 
Weights  and  Measures. — Metric  system. 
Postage. — Colombia  is  a  meml)er  of  the  Pos-^al  Union.     First-clnss 

letter  postage  to  and  from  the  United  States,  5  cents  for  the  first 

ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or 

fraction  thereof. 
Cable  Rates. — To  United  States  and  Canada,  68  to  77  cents  per 

word,  depending  on  destination. 
Wireless. — Colombia  has  several  wireless  station":!,  including  Santa 

Marta,  Cartagena,  and  the  station  at  the  Island  of  San  Andres. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEV/  YORK. 

Southern  Pacific  Co.  (Morgan  line). — Office,  3G6  Broadway.  Sails 
from   Piers  48-49,   North   River    (West  Eleventh   Street),   to  New 


COLOMBIA.  367 

Orleans.  Depnrtun^s  on  Wednesdays  anil  Saturdnys ;  th«'nce  by 
steiiniers  of  L'nitfMl  Fruit  Co. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Co. — Oflice,  24  State  Street.  Snlls 
from  Tier  U7.  Nortii  River  (West  Twenty-seventh  Street).  !>•*- 
|)artures  for  ( "olon  (('ristolnil).  l5ali)oa.  and  I'anania  City  about  six 
limes  per  inonlb.  At  Colon  travelers  (-an  lake  vt'ssels  of  other  lines 
to  Carlajiena,  I'uerto  Colombia,  an<l  Santa  Marta.  Colnmbia.  At 
lialboa  passenjiers  can  take  eonnectinK  lines  (I'aeilic  Steam  .N'avipi- 
tion  Co.  and  I'eruvian  Steanishii)  Co.)  for  Buenaventura  and  Tu- 
maco. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Onice.  17  Battery  I'la^'«>. 
Sailings  from  Tier  Ki.  East  River  (Burlinp  slii)),  and  I'ier  I.  Noriii 
Kiver  (Battery  I'laee).  I>epartures  for  Cartaj,'ena,  IMierto  Colom- 
bia (Savanilla).  and  Santa  Marta  every  Wednesday;  for  Colon,  to 
make  coimeclions  with  sti'amer  for  Buenaventura  and  Tuuiaco. 
every  Wednesday  and  Saturday. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

See  sailings  for  Panama  on  patje  167. 

LINE  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co. — Office,  508  California  street.  De- 
partures semimonthly  for  Balboa.  Transshipment  for  ports  on  we-^t 
coast  of  South  America. 

TARES.—  Inited  Fruit  ('•>.  steamers:  New  York  to  Cartagena, 
.$141  ;  New  York  to  Puerto  Colombia,  $141 ;  New  York  to  Santa 
Marta.  $141;  Kingston.  Jamaica,  to  Cartagena,  $03;  Kin}.'sn)n 
.Jamaicu,  to  Puerto  Colombia,  $78;  Kingston,  Jamaica,  to  Santa 
Marta.  $S^y;  Cartajreua  to  Puerto  Colombia,  .$17;  Cartafrena  lo 
Santa  Jlarta.  $28;  Cartat;ena  to  Cristobal,  Canal  Zone,  via  Saida 
Marta.  $"iO;  Cartagena  to  Kingston,  Jamaica,  via  Santa  ilarta.  $sr, ; 
Puerto  Colombia  to  Santa  ^Nlarta,  $17:  Puerto  Colombia  to  Cristo- 
bal. Canal  Zone,  via  Santa  ilarta,  .$.50;  Cristobal,  Canal  Zone,  to 
Cartagena,  .$21. 

Pacitic  IMail  Steamship  Co.  steamers:  San  Francisco  to  Balboa, 
$167 ;  Balboa  to  Buenaventura,  $3r» ;  Balboa  to  Tumaco,  $45. 

Typical  Itinerary  of  United  Fruit  Co.  Steamers. — Arrive  at  Carta- 
gena. iMay  4;  at  Piierto  Colombia,  May  5;  at  Santa  Marta,  May  6-7; 
'cturn  to  Cartagena,  May  S;  thence  to  Colon,  Panama,  and  New 
Y<.rk. 

AVFEAGE  TIME  OF  TE,iro. — New  York  to  Buenaventura.  10  days  ; 
New  York  to  Cartagena,  11  days;  New  York  to  PuiM-to  Colomlda. 
0  days;  Cristobal  to  Cartagena.  1  day;  Cristob::!  to  Puerto  Colombia. 
o  d^iys;  Cristobal  to  Santa  Marta,  4  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  PORTS  IN  C0L051BIA. 

Harrison  and  leyland  Lines. — Service  from  Livenwol  every  10 
days.  StiaiiH'is  leave  T>iverp<K)l  f(tr  Barbados,  Trinidad;  T>a  Cuaira 
and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela;  Curacao;  Cartagena,  Colombia; 
thence  to  a  United  States  Cull'  port,  and  return  to  Europe,  by  v. ay 
of  Venezuela. 


268  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Compagnie  Transatlantique.^Sailiiiss  the  9tli  and  25th  of  each 
month  from  Europe ;  and  24th  and  8th  to  Europe.  One  service  from 
St.  Nazaire,  France,  to  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  West  Indies;  La 
Guaira  and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela ;  Puerto  Colombia,  and  Carta- 
gena, Coloml)ia  :  and  Colon,  Panama ;  and  returu.  Alternate  service 
from  Havre  (Bordeaux),  France,  to  Santander,  Spain,  Guadeloupe. 
Martinque ;  Trinidad ;  Carupano  and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela ;  Puerto 
Colombia,  Colombia ;  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica ;  and  return. 

Compania  Transatlantica  Barcelona. — One  steamer  per  mouth : 
Genoa,  Italy ;  Barcelona,  Spain ;  San  .Juan,  Porto  Rico ;  Habana, 
Cuba ;  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica ;  Puerto  Colombia,  Colombia ;  Cura- 
sao ;  Puerto  Cabello  and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela ;  thence  back  to  San 
Juan,  Teneriffe,  and  Spain. 

La  Veloce. — Steamers  liimonthly  from  Genoa,  Italy. 

Caletero  Line. — Service  between  Balboa,  Panama,  and  Guayaquil, 
Ecuador,  stopping  at  Buenaventura,  Tumaco,  Esmeraldas,  Bahia, 
Manta,  Cayo,  Machalilla,  aianglar  Alto,  Ballenita,  Puerto  Bolivar. 

GOVERNMENT  TAX. — Steamship  tickets  issued  in  Colombia  for 
values  from  $.50  to  $100  are  subject  to  a  tax  of  $2 ;  values  over  $100 
pay  a  tax  of  $4. 

LOCAL   STEAMSHIP   SERVICE. 

Magdalena  River. — In  Colombia  transportation  is  chiefly  depend- 
ent upon  rivers.  Of  greatest  importance  is  the  Magdalena.  Below 
are  some  of  the  more  important  steamship  lines  which  operate  on 
that  waterway.  It  should  be  noted  that  at  certain  times  of  the 
year  delays  and  difficulties  may  be  expected  on  account  of  the 
uncertain  stages  of  the  water.  Not  infrequently  both  mail  and 
freight  are  considerably  delayed. 

Sinn  and  Atrato  Rivers. — At  Cartagena  the  traveler  may  ascertjiin 
about  the  service  on  these  rivers.  The  Atrato  is  350  miles  (563  km.) 
in  length  and  is  navigable  for  about  234  miles,  or  as  far  as  Quibdo, 
an  important  place  for  the  outfitting  of  placer-mining  companies. 
The  Sinu  also  leads  to  a  rich  placer-mining  district.  Monteria  is 
the  chief  commercial  point.  Lorica  is  another  district  reached  from 
Cartagena. 

Cauca  River. — This  important  river  in  the  western  part  of  Colom- 
bia is  navigable  from  a  point  a  little  above  Call  to  and  beyond 
Cartago. 

Patia  River. — Small  vessels  to  Barbacoas. 

Zulia  River. — Service  operated  in  connection  with  railroad  to 
Cucuta. 

Miscellaneous  Service. — Details  of  other  service  on  less  important 
rivers  can  be  had  by  application  to  the  steamship  agents  in  the 
larger  cities,  such  as  Cartagena,  Barranquilla,  Medellln,  and 
Bogota. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  COMPANIES.— £'»(presa  Nacional  de  Los  Rim 
iiinu  y  Atrato. — Fortnightly  seiwice  to  the  Sinu  and  Atrato  Rivers. 
Also  service  from  Cartagena  to  Monteria  every  other  day  by  way  of 
small  gasoline  craft  on  the  Sinu  River. 

Cia.  de  Noi^effacion  del  Rio  Atrato. — Monthly  service  betwe(ni 
Cartagena  and  Quibdo. 

Cia.  de  Navegaoion  del  Rio  Cauca. — Service  between  Cali  and 
Cartago. 


COLOMBIA.  269 

Cnlomhin  Railirnii  rf  NariiKition  To.— StTvifp  liotwcen  Rnrraii- 
qiiilla,  Cartnpena,  and  La  Dorada ;  ami  Beltran  t()  Glranlot. 

Einiircsiis  AJituUts. — S(>rvicc  lictwcoii  15:iir:iiifiullla  and  La  Dorada, 
and  up  tin'  Canni  River;  also  hctutH-n  Lt'liran  and  (iiraidol. 

Coniitonin  Atili^i<iiicria  ilc  'rniKjioiti  k. — J'.arraii(|uilla  to  La  Dorada. 

Anijlo-Coloiiiliid  yiiriiKitiint  f o.— Itupnavenlura  l<»  San  i'ablo. 

Hinprefia   Htniscaticti. — r.arranfiuilla   to   La   Dorada. 

Emintxa  (Ic  Snre<iti<-i(>n  /•'.  .1.  Krharliei  ti. — Slcaincr  servlre  on 
Sinn  and  Atrato  Rivers:  Every  6  days  between  CartaKonu  and 
Monteria  ;  every  12  days  between  <'artaf;ena  and  Quibdo.  Service 
on  Sinn  and  Santiajro  Itivers  l>y  stfanu-r  Buffalo. 

RAILROADS. — Colombia  to-d;iy  lias  not  nmre  ilian  7<M>  miles  of 
oiMTjiti'd  railways.  Of  the  16  lines  in  exist»'nce  tlie  lonfje.st  is  only 
14Jt  miles.  There  is  not  a  single  trunk  line  in  the  Itepublie.  The 
existiiifr  systi-ms  simply  act  as  a  means  of  eommntdcation  between 
vai-imis  centers  of  population,  to  some  river  or  sea  port,  or  arouml 
river  bars  or  rapids.  The  principal  lines,  together  with  their  ap- 
proximate niilea.Lre,  are  as  follows:  Cartairena  Railway,  (,'artagena 
to  Calamar.  (j.5  nnles  (!<•.")  km.)  ;  Sabana  Railway.  Bojrota  to  Facata- 
tiva,  25  (40  km.)  ;  Northern  Railway.  r.o;rota  to  Nemocon,  3!)  (02 
km.);  Southern  Railway.  Roirota  to  riiarquito.  18  (20  km.);  <;i- 
rardot  Railway,  Girardot  to  Facatativa,  82  (1.32  km.)  :  Espinal  Rail- 
way. (Jirardot  to  Espinal,  10  (2.")  km.)  ;  I>orada  Railway,  Dorada  to 
Ambalema,  74  (11".>  km.  i  ;  Antioquia  Railway,  Medellin  to  I'uerto  Her- 
rio.  108  (174  km.)  ;  I'acilic  Railway,  Buenaventura  (throu;.'h  Cauca 
A'alley)  to  ralmira.l4r)  (233  km.)  ;  Cucula  Railway.  Cucuta  to  I'uerto 
Villamizar,  44  (71  km.)  :  Santa  Marta  Railway,  Santa  Marta  to  Fun- 
dacion.  60  (96  km.)  ;  Barranquilhi  Railway,  Barranquilla  to  Puerto 
Colombia,  17  (27  km.)  ;  (jreat  Northern  Central  liailway,  I'uerto 
Wilches  toward  Bucaramaniia,  12  f20  km.)  ;  Aniasa  Railway.  Me- 
dellin to  Amaira.  23  (37  km.). 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Travelers  must  be  able  to  i)resent  to  the 
customs  odicials  ;it  the  port  of  arrival  a  consular  invoice,  written  in 
Spanish,  covering  samples  and  fidly  describing  them.  This  nni.st  be 
certified  by  the  ColombiaTi  <'onsul  at  the  port  of  embarkatif>n.  The 
customs  authorities  at  Colombian  ports  require  the  entrant  to  have 
a  manifest,  made  in  quadruplicate,  bearing  stamps  to  the  value  of 
$2.80.  This  manifest  must  be  tiled  at  the  customhouse  with  the 
consular  invoice.  When  samples  are  clean>d  the  customs  officials 
return  to  the  traveler  one  copy  of  the  manifest.  Samples  of  no 
commercial  value  may  be  imported  free  of  duty,  and  no  bond  or  .s«>- 
curity  need  be  given.  Samples  which  have  a  commercial  value  may 
be  imported  for  temporary  disj)Iay  upon  payin«Mit  of  the  full  duty, 
with  a  refund  of  7-1  per  cent  of  the  duty  upon  their  reexport.ition. 
Instead  of  actually  paying  the  duties  the  matter  may  be  arranged 
by  giving  bond.  The  preparation  of  papers  for  the  bond  .should  be 
made  by  experienced  customs  broker.s.  This  will  .sjive  time  and 
inconvenience. 

Reexportation  of  Samples. — Samples  may  be  reexported  through 
any  port.  The  refund  of  the  duties  paid,  however,  can  only  be  ob- 
tained at  the  custondiouse  of  the  original  port  of  entry  upon  pre- 
.sentation  of  the  manifest  and  due  notification  of  the  custondiouse 
through  whicli  the  samples  were  reexported.  If  the  traveler  tMirers 
by  way  of  Barranquilhi  and  departs  by  way  of  Bueuavcnlurn,  he 


270  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

should  send  a  copy  of  the  manifest  of  reexportation,  wliich  he 
receives  from  the  customhouse,  to  some  agent  or  friend  at  the  port 
of  importation  for  the  collection  of  the  refund.  In  order  to  be  en- 
titled to  a  refund  of  duty,  the  samples  must  be  reexported  within 
one  year  from  date  of  entry. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — There  is  no  unusual  delay  in  the 
clearance  of  traveler's  baggage,  particularly  if  he  is  alert.  If 
samples  have  no  value  the  matter  is  particularly  easy.  When  sam- 
ples are  dutiable  the  traveler  may  find  it  advantageous  to  arrange 
with  some  reliable  house  to  give  a  bond  covering  the  payment  of 
the  duties,  as  this  operation  might  take  several  days. 

Special  Restriction  on  Samples. — There  are  certain  definite  re- 
strictions placed  on  samples  subject  to  free  admission :  Samples  of 
cloth,  felt,  and  colored  papers  must  not  exceed  40  centimeters 
(about  16  inches)  in  length,  measured  in  the  direction  of  tlie  wai'p, 
although  they  may  have  the  full  width  of  the  piece.  Larger  sam- 
ples of  such  material  must  be  mutilated  by  cuts  20  centimeters 
(about  8  inches)  aj^art.  Samples  of  oilcloth  must  not  exceed  30 
centimeters  (about  12  inches)  in  either  dimension.  Samples  of 
rope,  metal  threads,  or  wooden  moldings  must  not  exceed  8  centi- 
meters (about  3  inches)  in  length.  Samples  of  wine,  liquors,  and 
similar  beverages  must  come  in  containers  of  a  capacity  not  ex- 
ceeding half  a  liter  (0.52  quart).  Jewelry  and  plate  of  any  metal 
must  be  mutilated. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Advertising  matter  is  subject  to 
the  following  rates  of  duty  per  kilo  (2.2046  pounds)  gross  weight: 
Advertisements  on  paper  or  cardboard,  with  or  without  oleographs, 
and  with  or  without  cardboard  frames,  2.04  cents ;  calendars  in 
pamphlet  form  or  for  walls,  1.02  cents ;  calendars  in  sheets,  2.04 
cents ;  advertisements  on  tin  plate,  17.34  cents ;  on  enameled  iron, 
20.4  cents ;  on  copper,  bronze,  brass,  or  similar  metals,  51  cents. 
Catalogues  are  admitted  free  of  duty. 

Commercial  Traveler's  Tax. — While  there  is  no  Government  tax,  a 
municipal  tax  is  assessed  in  certain  cities.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  taxes :  Cartagena  and  Medellin,  $10  to  $20  for  the  calendar 
year,  payable  into  the  municipal  treasury.  License  is  issued  by  the 
alcalde,  or  mayor,  on  presentation  of  the  treasurer's  receipt.  Bo- 
gota ;  Some  time  ago  a  tax  of  $25  per  month  was  fixed  for  each 
house  represented  by  a  commercial  traveler.  Matter  was  con- 
tested. 

Passports. — No  traveler  should  visit  Colombia  without  a  passport 
from  the  United  States  Government.  This  should  be  taken  to  the 
consular  representative  of  Colombia  at  the  port  of  departure  for 
vise,  authorizing  the  traveler's  entry  into  Colombia.  For  a  traveler 
who  is  not  an  American  citizen,  application  should  be  made  to  the 
Colombian  consul  for  a  Colombian  passport.  A  photograph  of  the 
traveler  should  invariably  appear  on  the  passport. 

Best  Visiting  Time.— The  most  agreeable  time  in  general  for  a 
traveler  in  Colombia,  particularly  in  the  uplands,  is  from  December 
to  April  or  May.  The  rainy  season  begins  the  latter  part  of  May 
or  June  and  lasts  until  November.  As  in  most  South  American 
countries,  merchants  like  to  be  prepared  with  good  stocks  for  the 
Christmas  holidays  and  for  Easter.  In  addition,  celebrations  such 
as    the   Mariii   Gras   festival    and    Independence   Day    (Nov.    11) 


COLOMBIA.  271 

lire  Kood  tinifB  for  business.  For  tnivj-linj;  in  tlio  inf prior,  .lulj*  him) 
August  arc  tht»  m<»st  inclement  and  dlsaf,T«v:d>U»  monlhs.  This  is 
Uie  season  of  tlie  "  i)arainos."  Tiiese  arc  tiic  >rrny  fo^'s  canscrl  l»y 
tlie  danij)  air  from  I  lie  plains  belnu  carried  ovi'r  the  sierras.  'I'iie 
effect  of  the  "•paniinos"  is  cxtreniely  chillinjr  and  jienetratin;;, 
often  causing,'  severe  illness,  includin,::  rlicnniatism  and  oilier  coin- 
])laints.  The  dry  or  summer  season,  lie<:innin;;  about  November  liO 
and  lasting'  until  the  middle  of  Feljruary.  is  the  most  pleasant  time. 
Tli«'  roads  are  then  in  the  best  condition,  while  during  the  rainy 
seaso?).  already  described,  the\    are  practicallv  impa.s.s;d)le. 

TRANSPORTATION  DIFFICULTIES.— The  number  of  lailroads  In 
Colombia  is  limited.  \Vitb  the  exception  of  stejimship  service  on 
the  Majrdalena  and  a  few  other  rivers,  dependence  nmst  be  placed  on 
horses  and  nuiles.  For  the  transportation  of  tnmks,  samples,  and 
bafjrpi;:e  lo  many  of  the  interior  places  pack  mules  are  utilijced. 

Tambos.— Travelers  who  must  go  by  horse  or  mule  back  will  find 
it  necessary  to  stop  at  "tambos."  These  are  primitive  so-calle<l 
inns.  The  ucconuuodations  are,  as  a  rule,  very  poor  and  the  food 
scarce.  They  are.  however,  the  best  acx-omuiodations  that  can  be 
obtained.  It  is  under  such  conditions  that  the  traveliug  outtit  de- 
scribed on  pajre  -ij  is  n)ost  needed. 

River  Navigation. — There  is  a  wide  difEerence  iu  the  steamers 
which  ply  between  the  coast  and  La  Dorada,  When  conditions  are 
inifavorable,  as  in  times  of  low  water,  the  delays  are  many,  ordi- 
narily the  time  between  Jiarrauquilla  and  La  iXtrada,  r>43  miles 
(874  km.),  is  from  7  to  9  days. 

Caution. — When  traveling  by  river  it  is  desirable  to  take  all  the 
precautions  outlined  on  page  2G.  Unless  this  is  done  great  discom- 
iort  may  result. 

Pack  Trains. — This  is  a  method  of  transportation  known  in  practi- 
cally all  Latin-AnuMican  countries  where  no  railroads  exist.  The 
owners  of  pack  trains  usually  cover  a  cert;iin  district  which  they 
know  thoroughly,  having  deljnile  starting  points  and  pjaces  at 
which  they  stop.  The  traveler  will  tind  it  advantageous  to  con.sult 
with  merchants  in  the  places  from  which  the  trip  is  to  be  made  to 
ascertain  tlie  name  of  the  most  reliable  owner  of  nudes.  The  sizes 
of  pack  trains  vary.  There  are  usually  not  less  than  6  or  7  mules, 
and  sonii'times  as  many  as  20  to  24.  Each  pack  ti'ain  is  usually  di- 
rected by  the  owner,  who  is  assisted  by  one  or  two  "  arrieros,"  who 
are  his  helpers. 

Cost  of  Pack  Trains. — ^The  cost  is  determined  by  the  distance  to 
be  covered,  the  number  of  animals  tlmt  are  needed  to  transport  the 
baggage  or  merchandi.se,  and  the  size  of  the  loads.  (Jenerally  the 
price  at  first  fixed  is  subject  to  induction  by  shrewd  bargaiinng. 
Travelers  who  have  to  use  pack  trains  will  tind  it  advantageous  to 
telegraph  ahead  before  undertaking  a  journey  along  roads  over 
which  there  is  not  much  trading,  else  they  may  not  succeetl  in  finding 
pack  trains  at  all  points. 

Packing. — Pay  strict  attention  to  instructions  of  merchants  and 
transmit  them  carefully  to  the  b(»me  office.  Take  pains  to  explain 
why  it  is  nece.ssary  to  make  small,  strong  packages,  as  light  as  pos- 
sible, consistent  with  mule-back  transportation,  which  obtains  in  so 
many  places.  If  customers  are  located  in  Cartagena  or  Barran- 
quilla  they  may  still  wish  the  goods  packed  in  bales,  as  they  trans- 
act business  with  the  interior. 


272  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Terms. — Have  the  question  of  terms  fully  understood.  If  goods 
are  sold  with  documents  attached  to  drafts  which  must  be  paid  or 
accepted  before  goods  are  released,  the  customer  living  in  the  inte- 
rior will  suffer,  since  it  often  takes  from  two  or  three  weeks  for  the 
transmission  of  mail  from  the  coast  to  the  interior.  In  the  mean- 
time the  goods  may  have  arrived  at  the  port.  No  "  to  order  "  ship- 
ments are  allowed  in  Colombia.  Merchandise  thus  shipped  is  liable 
to  seizure. 

Hotel  Rates. — In  the  larger  cities,  such  as  Barranquilla,  Carta- 
gena, Medellln,  and  Bogota,  the  best  hotels  (American  plan)  charge 
from  $2.25  to  $5  per  day,  American  gold.  The  rates  at  second-class 
hotels  are  somewhat  less.  In  the  smaller  towns  accommodations 
can  be  had  for  $1.50  to  $2.50  per  day.  American  gold.  They  are 
necessarily  inferior.  In  Bogota  one  can  obtain  rates  on  the  Euro- 
pean plan  also,  as  there  are  good  restaurants.  Generally  speaking, 
the  American  plan  is  most  acceptable  to  the  majority  of  travelers. 

Sales  Agencies. — In  order  to  cover  Colombia  properly,  the  territory, 
which  is  of  vast  extent,  should  be  subdivided.  Agencies  granted  to 
firms  in  Bogota  for  the  entire  Republic  are  not  generally  successful. 
An  agent  may  be  appointed  either  in  Cartagena  or  Barranquilla  to 
work  the  territory  from  Rio  Hacha  to  Cartagena,  and  up  the  Sinn 
and  Atrato  Rivers.  Other  agencies  may  be  established  at  Medellin, 
Bogota,  Manizales,  CaJl,  and  Cucuta  for  the  country  surrounding 
these  towns.  The  Venezuelan  Andes,  sometimes  worked  from 
Maracaibo,  Venezuela,  may  be  included  in  the  Cucuta  territory. 

General  Remarks. — The  difficulties  of  transportation  make  it  im- 
possible for  the  average  traveler  to  canvass  the  Republic  as  thor- 
oughly as  he  may  wish.  The  majority  of  commercial  travelers 
content  themselves  with  visiting  Cartagena,  Barranquilla,  and  Santa 
Marta,  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  They  then  continue  the  trip  to 
Medellin,  and  go  on  to  Bogota,  the  capital.  The  facilities  for  reach- 
ing the  west  coast  are  very  limited,  hence  the  majority  of  travelers 
return  k)  the  Atlantic  coast.  Some  prefer  to  visit  Barranquilla  on 
their  way  into  the  interior,  and  depart  from  Colombia  by  way  of 
Cartagena ;  others  do  the  reverse.  However,  many  go  from  Bogota 
to  southern  Colombia..  The  important  cities  of  Bucaramanga  and 
Cucuta  could  be  canvassed  by  the  traveler  for  Venezuela. 

Pacific  Coast. — On  the  Pacific  coast  travelers  who  are  on  their 
way  to  Ecuador  and  Chile  sometimes  find  it  desirable  to  stop  off  at 
Buenaventura  and  take  the  train  for  Call;  they  then  return  to  the 
coast  and  proceed  southward.  The  other  cities  are  usually  left  to 
the  local  wholesalers  to  canvass. 

PUBLIC  HIGHWAYS. — The  roads  and  trails  of  Colombia  are 
divided  into  three  group.s — national,  departmental,  and  municipal. 
The  national  highways  are  those  uniting  the  capital  with  the  fron- 
tier and  strategical  points.     The  principal  highways  are  as  follows : 

Central  Northern  Higlinxiy. — From  Bogota  to  Cucuta,  via  Tunja, 
Tequia,  Malaga,  Chinacota,  and  Pamplona;  170  miles  (273  km.)  in 
service. 

Hightvay  from  Cucuta  to  the  Magdalena. — Partly  under  construc- 
tion and  partly  under  survey. 

The  Southwestern  Road. — This  will  unite  Bogota  with  the  extreme 
southern   part   of   the   country,   passing  through   Ibague,   Calarca, 


COLOMBIA.  273 

Tulua,  ropayjMi,  and  I'aslo;  soiiu»  sections  in  service  ami  .some 
under  constructiim. 

liond  from  I'asto  to  Puetio  A-9ifi. — Passes  tlirouph  San  Francisco 
and  Mocoa ;  two-thirds  constructed. 

The  Northeaistem  Road. — i<'roiii  Bogota  to  Gamarra,  above  tiie 
Ma^'dalena  Kiver,  passing  tlirou^li  C'hiquliuiuira,  EI  Sijcorro,  and 
I'>ucaranianj;a,  Some  parts  are  cart  roads,  which  it  is  planned  to 
improve. 

Tin'  Harare  Road. — Between  I'amplona  and  Tame,  destined  to 
unite  the  northern  part  of  the  Department  of  Santander  with  the 
plains  of  Casanare.     Partly  constructed  and  jiartly  under  survey. 

The  Eastern  Road. — This  will  unite  Bogota  with  Calamar  on  the 
Unilla  Kiver.  passing  by  Villaviceiicio  and  San  Martin.  Itoad  in 
service  to  Villavicencio,  and  in  survey  from  there  on. 

The  Quibdo  Road. — Along  the  Atrato  in  the  Intendency  of  Choco 
to  the  city  of  Bolivar  in  the  Deparuueat  of  Antioquia. 

3/ie  Cliiadalupe  Road. — In  the  department  of  lluilu  to  a  point  on 
the  Drtegiia.sa  Kiver,  via  Florencia  ;  all  in  service. 

The  Yaruiiial  Road. — From  Varum-.il,  Deitartnient  of  Antloquia. 
to  Monteria,   Department  of  P>olivnr    (projected). 

Carretera  de  Cmnixu). — From  llopita  to  port  of  Cambao  on  Mag- 
dalena  Kiver. 

ROUTES  USUALLY  FOLLOWED. 

TRIP  TO  BOGOTA,  NO.  1. — Barranquilia  (via  Puerto  rolombia)  to 
Cartagena  (some  travelers  prefer  entering  by  Cartagena,  then  visit- 
ing Barranquilla  and  Santa  Marta)  ;  Calamar;  Mompos ;  Banco; 
Puerto  Wiklies  ;  side  trip  if  desired  to  Bucaramanga  ;  Puerto  Berrio  ; 
by  Antioquia  Kailway  to  Medellin  ;  side  trips  if  desired  to  Anti(xiuia 
and  Sonson  and  to  Manizales  and  Pereira.  Return  to  Puerto  Ber- 
rio; by  steamer  of  Colombia  Navigation  &  Railway  Co.  to  La 
Dorada  ;  by  Dorada  Railway  to  Ambalema  or  Beltran,  via  Honda. 
At  Honda  trains  stop  overnight,  causing  trip  to  take  about  20  liour.s. 
There  is  an  express  train  direct  from  I>a  Dorada  to  Beltran,  but 
only  for  the  mail  boats.  From  Ambalema  or  Beltran  by  steamer 
to  Girardot  (16  to  20  iKnirs)  ;  by  Girardot  Railway  to  Facatativa ; 
by  Saliana  Railway  to  Bogota.  (Time  from  Girardot  to  Bogota,  8 
to  10  hours.) 

En  Route. — Side  trips  by  small  launches  and  steamers: 

From  Xare. — For  Ocana  by  miile  back  from  Gamarra  or  Loma  de 
Corredor  on  the  Lebrija  River. 

From  Bodega  Central. — For  Rio  Lebrija. 

From  Baneo. — To  River  Cesar  and  Valle  de  L^'par, 

Note. — This  is  the  route  generally  followed  and  permits  the  trav- 
eler to  visit  the  most  important  cities  of  Colombia  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Cali.  on  the  west  coast,  which  is  accessible  only  with  extreme 
didiculty  from  the  interior. 

TRIP  TO  BOGOTA,  NO.  2.— From  Barranquilla  to  La  Dorada. 
(This  is  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  lower  river;  when  water  is 
high  boats  go  to  Bodega  de  Bogota,  on  right  bank,  3  miles  from 
Honda,  below  rapids.)  Theuce  by  Dorada  Railway  to  Honda  or 
Arrancaplumas,  22  miles  (35  km.).  Arrancaplumas  is  a  trifle  be- 
144297°— 20 18 


274  GUIDE    TO    L/iTIN    AMERICA. 

yond  Honda.  Fi'oni  Honda  there  are  several  routes  to  Bogota : 
Mule  road  or  trail  via  Guaduas ;  steamer  (taken  at  Arrancaplumas ) 
to  Girardot,  and  thence  by  i"ail,  via  Facatativa ;  steamer  to  Cambao, 
whence  there  is  the  Cambao  carretera  to  Bogota. 

Average  Time  of  Trip. — Barranquilla  to  La  Dorada,  about  6  days ; 
La  Dorada  to  Beltran  (railroad),  4  hours;  Beltran  to  Girardot,  14 
hOLirs ;  Girardot  to  Facatativa,  8  hours ;  Facatativa  to  Bogota, 
about  3  hours.  Average  time  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Bogota,  9 
days;  cost,  about  $60. 

SOUTHWARD  IN  THE  INTERIOB,.— Bogota  to  Facatativa,  Girardot, 
Neiva,  Paramo  de  Guanacos,  La  Plata,  Popayan,  Almaguer,  Pasto, 
TuQuerres,  Ipiales,  Barbacoas,  and  Tumaco. 

Note. — A  hard,  difficult  trip  is  the  one  here  outlined,  but  it  permits 
the  traveler  to  visit  some  places  at  which  considerable  business  is 
done,  including  Popayan,  Pasto,  and  Barbacoas.  The  traveler  can 
leave  by  way  of  Tumaco. 

NORTHWARD  EROM  BOGOTA.— Bogota  to  Zipaquira,  Tunja,  Ve- 
lez,  Socorro.    Bucaramanga,  Pamplona,  and  Cucuta. 

Kote. — These  towns  north  of  Bogota  are  usually  worked  by  sales- 
men who  "  make  "  the  smaller  places.  This  trip  also  is  a  hard  one. 
These  places  are  generally  left  to  the  wholesale  dealers  of  Bogota 
or  Medellin  to  canvass. 

FROM  CARTAGENA. — To  Puerto  Cesar;  thence  via  the  Atrato  to 
Quibdo.  Also  from  Cartagena  via  the  Sinu  River,  to  Lorica,  Mon- 
teria,  and  Cerete. 

Note. — These  places  are  usually  left  to  the  houses  of  Cartagena 
and  Barranquilla.  Occasionally  the  traveler  who  works  "  very 
close"  visits  them. 

PROM  THE  PACIFIC  SIDE. — 1.  Tumaco  (port)  to  Barbacoas, 
Pasto,  Tuquerres,  and  Ipiales.  Some  steamers  stop  at  Tumaco  and 
permit  the  visiting  of  these  towns,  which  are  described  elsewhere. 
The  nature  of  the  traveler's  line  should  determine  whether  these 
towns  should  be  visited.  2.  Buenaventura  (port)  to  Caldas  and 
Call;  thence  (a)  northward  to  Palmira,  Buga,  and  Cartage;  side 
ti-ip,  if  desired,  to  Manizales  and  Sonson ;  or  (&)  southward  to 
Popayan.  The  traveler  who  is  going  down  the  west  coast  via  the 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  can  stop  at  Buenaventura.  Not  all 
steamship  lines  visit  this  port.  From  Buenaventura,  Caldas,  Call, 
and  Cartago  can  easily  be  reached. 

EXTREME  WESTERN  PART. — Enter  from  Venezuela,  via  Lake 
Maracaibo  and  Zulia  River,  to  Puerto  Villamizar ;  thence  to  Cucuta, 
Pamplona,  Bucaramanga,  and  Puerto  Wilches.  Also  Cucuta  to 
Bodega  Central. 

Note. — Cucuta,  as  a  rule,  is  canvassed  from  Lake  Maracaibo.  It 
can  only  be  reached  with  difficulty  from  the  interior  via  Bucara- 
manga. 

DISTANCES  FROTS  BOGOTA.— The  following  distances  are  in 
miles,  with  kilometer  equivalents  in  parentheses:  Ambalema,  74 
(120  km.)  ;  Antioquia,  855  ^572  km.)  ;  Barbacoas,  624  (1,005  km.)  ; 
Barranquilla,  745  (1,200  km.)  ;  Bucaramanga,  227  (365  km.)  ; 
Buenaventura.  343  (552  km.)  ;  Buga,  252  (405  km.)  ;  Call,  298  (480 
km.)  ;  Cartagena.  714  (1,150  km.)  ;  Cartago,  196  (315  km.)  ;  Chi- 
quinquira,  82  (132  km.)  ;  Corozal,  612  (985  km.)  ;  Facatativa,  25 
(40  km.) ;  Girardot,  7G  (122  kiai.) ;  Honda,  81  (130  km.)  ;  Ibague, 


COLOMBIA.  275 

112  (180  kiu.)  ;  La  l)(>m<la,  I^OU  (32(3  km.)  ;  Manizales,  !.">  (250 
km.);  Mwlcllin,  332  (535  km.);  Mnmpds.  513  (S25  km.);  Nt-iva, 
172  (277  km.);  Ocaiia.  438  (705  km.);  I'almha.  280  (105  km.»; 
Pamplona.  211  (340  km.)  ;  Pasto.  510  (820  km.)  ;  l'oi)a.vaii,  3.".4  (570 
km.);  I'licrto  P>erni>,  208  (335  km.);  Quilxlo.  270  (435  km.);  Hi" 
Hadia,  891  (1,435  km.)  ;  Cucuta,  304  (4'JO  km.)  ;  Socorro.  1(>2  (2lM) 
km.)  ;  Sousoii,  183  (295  km.)  ;  Tumaco,  531  (855  km.)  ;  Tuiija,  99 
(IGO  km.)  ;  Zipaiiuira.  34   (55  km.). 

Time  of  Trips  Into  Interior. — From  Bogota  to  Neiva.  shortest 
nmti',  162  miles  (2G1  km.),  0  days;  Xeiva  to  Popayan.  7  to  9  days; 
Popayan  to  Pasto,  7  to  9  days;  Popayau  to  the  Pacitle,  via  Call,  4 
days;  Pasto  to  Ipiales,  3  days;  I'asto  to  Barbacoa.s,  9  days;  Nriva 
to  Ibague,  7  days;  Il)aKiie  to  Manizales,  6  days;  Ibajrut'  to  (;arta{;o, 
3  days ;  Poi)ayan  to  Buga,  8  days ;  Buga  to  Manizales,  via  Cartago, 
3  da.vs;  Buga  to  Call,  3  days;  Bogota  to  Arabalema,  3  days;  Bogota 
to  nOnda,  3  d.iys;  Ambalema  to  Manizales.  4  days. 

Points  of  Interest. — Colombia  offers  the  traveler  wonderful  siglit- 
.seeiug  oppoit unities,  including  glorious  mountains,  fertile  valleys, 
ancient  Spanish  ccdonial  architecture,  and  picturesque  metho<ls  of 
transportation.  Only  a  few  of  the  chief  items  of  interest  are 
specified  below. 

Cartagena :  An  extraordinary  ancient  walled  city ;  very  pictur- 
esque type  of  Spanish  colonial  architecture;  easily  accessible. 
Santa  Marta  :  .lust  outside  is  San  Peilro  Alejandrino,  the  liouse  in 
which  the  patriot  Bolivar  passed  away;  his  monument  is  also 
near  by;  Santa  Marta  was  founded  in  1525.  Banana  plantatiims: 
Near  Santa  Marta  are  the  great  banana  plantations  of  the  Tuited 
Fruit  Co. ;  also  coffee  plantations  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Magdalena 
River:  One  of  the  three  most  important  rivers  of  South  America, 
with  numerous  methods  of  transportation.  Emerald  mines:  Near 
Muzo.  Quindio  Pass:  One  of  the  most  wonderful  passi's  through 
the  entire  Andes.  Cauca  Valley:  A  very  fertile  aial  In-autiful  val- 
ley ;  this  is  the  region  made  famous  by  Jorge  Isaacs  in  his  novel 
"Maria."  Bogota:  Impressive  Government  buildings;  statutes,  and 
attractive  numntainous  environment.  Popayan,  Pamplona,  and 
TuqueiTes :  Pictui"esque.  delightful  cities  which  were  founded  by 
the  Spanish  in  colonial  times.  Snow  mountains:  Santa  Marta, 
Huila,  Tolima.  and  El  Quindio.     Tequendema  Falls:  Near  Bogota. 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  the  chief 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  .scrupulously  observed.  Generally 
sjieaking.  business  is  suspendtKl  on  the  holidays  which  are  officially 
recognized.  In  addition  to  the  church  festivals,  the  following  holi- 
days are  ofRcially  observed  :  .January  1,  New  Year's  Day  ;  .Inly  20, 
Independence  Day;  .July  24.  birthday  of  Bolivar  (not  u'uversnlly 
observed)  ;  August  6.  founding  of  Bogota  (at  Bogota  only)  ;  August 
7,  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Boyaea ;  October  12,  discovery  of 
America ;  November  11,  iudei^ndence  of  Cartagena ;  Deccrnbor  23, 
Christmas  Day. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

AMBALEMA,  Department  of  Tolima;  altitude,  1.016  feet:  popula- 
tion, 8,000.  An  excellent  port,  located  at  the  junction  of  the  Recio 
and   INIagdalena   Rivers.     Temperature  averages  80°    F.     Principal 


276  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

products :  Tobacco,  .sugar  cane,  corn.  Industry :  Cigar  making. 
Distant  74  miles  (120  km.)  from  Bogota,  tliree  days'  journey  by 
cart  road;  44  miles  (70  km.)  from  Ibague;  20  miles  (32  km.)  from 
Honda;  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  La  Dorada. 

How  Reached.— From  La  Dorada,  by  Dorada  Railway. 

Note. — This  place  is  famous  chiefly  for  its  tobacco  market.  It  is 
easily  reached  from  La  Dorada  by  railroad,  and  may  be  canvassed 
by  travelers  on  their  way  to  Bogota  or  on  the  way  out. 

ANTIoauIA,  Province  of  Occidente,  Department  of  Antioquia ; 
altitude,  1,880  feet ;  population,  9,000.  At  junction  of  Cauca  and 
Tonusco  Rivers;  355  miles  (572  km.)  from  Bogota;  279  miles  (450 
km.)  from  Cartagena.  Climate,  unhealthful.  Rain  from  March  or 
April  to  June ;  also  September  to  November.  Principal  products : 
Vanilla,  resin,  coffee,  beans,  corn,  fruits,  and  medicinal  herbs.  In- 
dustries :  Chiefly  cattle  raising,  placer  mining,  manufacture  of  hats. 

How  Reached. — From  Medellin  by  Antioquia  Railway,  from  which 
point  it  is  best  worked ;  from  Puerto  Berrio  by  Antioquia  Railway. 

Hotels. — El  Atrato,  Occidente. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  trading  center  of  its  kind ;  it  is  some- 
what difficult  of  access,  but  worthy  of  a  visit  from  those  who  can- 
vass the  Antioquia  Department.  Some  of  the  principal  gold-bearing 
mines  are  in  this  Department,  including  the  Choco,  Pato,  and  Fron- 
tina  Bolivia. 

BARBACOAS,  Department  of  Cauca;  at  junction  of  Guaqui  and 
Telembi  Rivers;  population,  8,750.  Distant  100  miles  (162  km.) 
from  Pacific  Ocean;  624  miles  (1,005  km.)  from  Bogota;  140  miles 
(226  km.)  from  Quito,  Ecuador;  99  miles  (162  km.)  from  Tu- 
querres.  Climate,  cool.  Temperature  averages  59°  F.  Principal 
product :  Gold. 

How  Reached. — From  Tumaco  by  steamer,  via  Patia,  Guaqui,  and 
Telembi  Rivers ;  from  Tuquerres  by  mule  trail ;  from  Pasto  by  road. 
Good  roads  connect  this  place  with  Pasto,  Tuquerres,  and  Ipiales. 

Note. — A  good  outfitting  business  is  done  with  the  neighboring 
Provinces.  The  mineral  wealth  surrounding  Barbacoas  is  very 
gi-eat.  The  town  is  visited  by  salesmen  who  canvass  the  smaller 
cities.  Considerable  business  is  done  with  Tumaco,  Tuquerres, 
Pasto,  and  other  towns. 

BARRANftUILLA,  capital  of  the  Department  of  Atlantico ;  popula- 
tion, 49,000.  On  western  bank  of  Magdalena  River,  near  the  Carib- 
bean Sea;  distant  745  miles  (1,200  km.)  from  Bogota,  .543  miles 
(874  km.)  from  La  Dorada,  62  miles  (99  km.)  from  Cartagena,  17 
miles  (27  km.)  from  Puerto  Colombia,  6  miles  (9  km.)  from  Boca 
de  Ceniza  (Boca  del  Magdalena).  American  consul  in  residence. 
Lloyd's  agent,  .John  Gillies.  Principal  products :  Coffee,  timber, 
ivory  nuts,  gold,  silver,  rubber,  tobacco,  and  castor  beans.  Chief 
industries :  Manufacturing  of  soap,  perfumeries,  candles,  bricks,  tile, 
boots  and  shoes ;  cotton  ginning  and  weaving ;  breweries,  flour  mills, 
dry  docks  and  foundries  for  river  steamers  and  small  craft. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  via  La  Dorada,  regular  steamer 
service ;  from  Puerto  Colombia,  by  railway ;  from  Colon,  Panama,  by 
steamer,  24-hour  trip ;  from  Cartagena,  by  ocean  steamer,  in  5  to  6 
hours;  or  by  rail  to  Calamar  and  thence  by  river  steamer,  one  day 
and  night. 

Banks. — Banco  Comercial  de  Barranquilla ;  Banco  Mercantil 
Americano  de  Colombia;   Credlto  Mercantil;   "V.  Dugand   e  Hijo; 


COLOMBIA.  277 

I'ineila  Lopez  &  Co.;  Banco  (!(-'  BoKotu  ;  Hunco  Central;  Hanro  de 
Colonibia  ;  Hano)  de  Credito;  Alzainora,  I'alaoio  &  ('<».;  Natiiiual 
City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Hotels. — (iran  Suiza,  Pen.sion  Injrlesa,  La  .Marina,  Caraeas.  St. 
German,  Americano,  Imperial,  Gran. 

Uote. — Tlie  chief  custoniliouse  of  Coloml)in  i.s  located  here  ami 
mo.'Jt  of  the  imports  pass  through  it.  .-Vn  agency  may  be  »'Stablishe<l 
here  to  take  care  of  the  busiu«'S.s  alonfj  the  coast.  This  city  should 
be  thoroushly  canvassed.  There  is  daily  .service  to  Santa  ^Lirta 
by  way  of  Ciena.iia,  via  the  delta  of  the  Magdalena ;  time  of  trip  to 
Cienaga,  in  small  launches,  8  hours;  to  Santa  Mai-ta,  by  rail,  2  hours. 

BOGOTA,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  capital  of  the  Kepublic; 
population.  138,000;  altitutle,  8,(580  feet;  745  miles  (1.2(JtJ  km.) 
from  Barranquilla  and  332  miles  (535  km.)  from  Medellin;  climate, 
springlike  and  cool;  temperature  averages  58°  F. ;  heavy  rains, 
March  to  May  ;  frequent  rains,  September  to  November.  Principal 
products :  Those  of  the  Temperate  and  sub-Tropical  Zones.  Prin- 
cipal industries :  Chocolate,  ciirarette,  shoe,  and  soap  factories ; 
glass  and  porcelain  works;  distilleries;  tlour  mills:  furiuture  fac- 
tories; blanket  weaving;  breweries.  American  legation.  Lloyd's 
agent,  George  E.  Child.  New  York  Marine  Underwriters'  agent, 
Alexander  Koppel  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — I-'rom  Barranquilla,  combine<l  rail  and  water  route 
(see  p.  273)  ;  average  time,  8  to  9  days;  cost,  about  $60.  From 
Medellin,  combined  rail  and  water  route  via  Calamar. 

Railways. — To  Zipaquira,  30  miles  (62  km.),  Northern  Railway;  to 
Facatativa,  25  miles  (40  km.),  Sabana  Railway;  to  Sibate,  18  miles 
(21)  km.).  Ferrocarril  del  Sur.     Baggage  allowance,  "lO  kilos. 

Roads. — Gran  Carretera  Central  del  Norte,  northward  for  about 
214  miles  (344  km.)  through  the  Departments  of  Boyaca  and  Cundi- 
naniarc-a.  Over  this  road  motor-bus  service  is  operate<l  for  a  part 
of  the  distance.    This  is  one  of  the  best  roads  in  Colombia. 

Carretera  de  Canibao  to  the  port  of  Cambao  on  the  Magdalena 
River.     Distance,  130  mile.<3  (208  km.). 

Hotels. — Europa,  Alemana.  Froe.ser,  Blume.  Bogota.  Bolivar,  Cen- 
tral. Cundinamarca,  Metropolitano. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Bogota ;  Banco  Central ;  Banco  de  Colombia  ; 
Banco  Hipotecario  de  Colombia  ;  Fould,  FrerestS:  Co. ;  Banco  Mercan- 
til  Americano  de  Colombia;  Banco  de  Exportadores ;  Caja  de  Ar- 
rendadores ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Note. — This,  the  capital,  is  the  most  important  city  of  Colombia. 
Numerous  wholesale  houses  are  located  here.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
places  in  which  to  establish  an  agency. 

BUCARAMANGA,  Department  of  Santander  del  Sur;  altitude, 
3,150  feet;  population.  25,000;  temperature  averages  75° ;  on  Lebrija 
River.  227  miles  (.ICm  km.)  from  Bogota.  Lloyd's  subagent.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Cacao,  coffee,  tobacco,  cotton.  Industries:  Choco- 
late, cigar,  hber,  and  sandal  factories ;  breweries. 

How  Reached. — From  Florida,  by  a  good  road;  from  Ocana.  by 
horse  or  mule  back,  several  days'  ride ;  from  Puerto  Wilches,  on  the 
Magdalena.  Freight  from  Bucaramanga  is  carried  to  the  Magda- 
lena River  via  the  Rivers  Lebrija  and  Sogamoso.  The  Lebrija  is 
navigable  by  large  boats  as  far  as  Estacion  Santander.  from  which 
place  steamers  of  light  draft  carry  freight  to  Bodega  Central,  where 
connection  can  be  made  with  the  Magdalena  River  boats. 


278  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Mutualidad ;  Banco  de  Sun  Gil;  Banco  de 
Santander;  Banco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia. 

Hotels. — Bogota,  Bolivar,  Central,  Continental. 

Note. — Bucaramanga  is  an  important  commercial  center  in  the 
midst  of  a  very  rich  district.  A  large  business  is  done  in  coffee  and 
other  tropical  products.  It  is  not  difficult  of  access,  as  there  is  a 
good  road  from  La  Florida. 

BUENAVENTUEA,  Department  of  Valle;  altitude,  26  feet; 
population,  6,500 ;  on  Dagua  River,  2i  miles  from  mouth ;  also  on 
Pacific  Railway;  348  miles  (560  km.)  from  Panama  City,  Panama; 
343  miles  (552  km.)  from  Bogota;  71  miles  (115  km.)  from  Call. 
Temperature  averages  80°.  Heavy  rainfall  in  this  vicinity.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Coffee,  cacao,  lumber,  rubber,  hides.  Lloyd's  agent, 
A.  Pagnamenta  &  Co.     American  consular  agent  in  residence. 

How  Heached.— From  Balboa  by  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.;  from 
Call  or  Caldas  by  Pacific  Railvi^ay. 

Banks. — B.  Lopez  <&  Co. ;  Pagnamenta  &  Co. 

Note. — ^Buenaventura  is  the  most  important  Colombian  port  on 
tlie  Pacific  and  the  entrepot  for  the  rich  Cauca  Valley.  This  port 
is  easily  reached  from  Panama.  Accommodations  are  poor  and 
travelers  usually  leave  promptly  for  Call,  which  is  the  most  impor- 
tant business  center  in  western  Colombia.  They  also  generally  stop 
at  Caldas,  where  a  number  of  good  firms  are  located. 

BUGA,  Department  of  Valle;  altitude,  3,280  feet;  population, 
12,500;  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Guadalajara,  an  affluent  of  the 
Cauca  River,  252  miles  (405  km.)  from  Bogota  and  22  miles  (35 
km.)  from  Palmira  ;  temperature  averages  80°.  Principal  products: 
Coffee,  cacao,  sugar  cane,  and  cattle. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  via  rail  to  Girardot;  via  Ibague  and 
mule  trail  to  Buga ;  from  Cali,  via  Cauca  River  and  mule  trail ; 
from  Palmira,  by  carretera. 

Bank. — Banco  Comercial. 

Hotels. — Hotel  de  Cauca,  Hotel  Moreno. 

Hote. — This  town  is  located  in  the  famous  Cauca  Valley  and  is 
canvassed  by  those  who  work  closely.     It  is  growing  in  importance. 

CALI,  Department  of  Valle;  altitude,  3,4(M)  feet;  population, 
35,000;  on  the  west  bank  of  Cali  River,  near  its  junction  with  the 
Cauca,  and  on  the  Pacific  Railway.  Distant  198  miles  (318  km.) 
from  Medellin;  84  miles  (135  km.)  from  Popayan ;  298  miles  (480 
km.)  from  Bogota;  106  miles  (170  km.)  from  Buenaventura;  208 
miles  (335  km.)  from  Cartago.  Climate,  subtropical;  temperature 
averages  71°  F. 

How  E,eached.— From  Buenaventiira,  by  Pacific  Railway ;  from 
Cartago,  by  steamers,  via  Cauca  River  (discontinued  in  dry  season)  ; 
from  Bogota,  by  rail  to  Chicoral,  then  mule  back  through  Quindio 
trail  to  Cartago,  thence  by  boat  to  Cali;  from  Popayan,  by  mule 
trail. 

Banks. — V.  Lopez  &  Co. ;  Eder  &  Co. ;  Banco  Comercial ;  Giralda 
&  Garces;  Banco  Mercantil  Amei-icano  de  Colombia;  American 
Foreign  Banking  Corporation. 

Hotels. — Europa,  Central,  Imperial,  Gran,  International,  America, 
Club  de  Can. 

Note. — Located  in  the  heart  of  the  Cauca  Valley,  this  is  a  very 
important   distributing  point   for   the   western   part    of   Colombia. 


COLOMBIA.  279 

Some  Kood-sizj'd  towns  aro  in  this  vicinity.  Nearost  port  is  lUiona- 
ventura.  On  the  way  is  Caltlas.  whore  travelers  may  .stop,  ('ali  is 
a  good  place  in  wliich  to  t'stahli.sli  an  agency  for  thi.s  part  of  Colom- 
bia. 

Route  from  Call  to  Bogota. — Call  via  Caiica  Uiver  to  La  Fres- 
nada,  the  port  of  Cartago,  and  3  miles  (5  km.)  distant  from  it;  from 
Cartago  to  Ibagiie,  7")  miles  (120  Ivni.).  tlirco  to  four  days'  journey, 
via  the  Quindio  trail;  towns  en  route — La  I'.alsa,  Fiidatidia.  Sa- 
lento;  from  Ihague  to  Girardot  to  Bogota.  The  seasons  of  the  Cor- 
dillera del  (Juindio  are  as  follows:  Uain  during  Ai)ril,  May,  ami 
June;  short  summer  in  .July;  rain  during  August,  September,  and 
October;  long  summer  (dry  weather),  November  to  March.  The 
best  time  to  cro.ss  the  Quindio  trail  is  during  January  and  Febru- 
ary.    July  is  also  u  very  good  time. 

CARTAGENA,  capital  of  Kepartment  of  Bolivar;  population. 
."0,600.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  alongside  wharf.  Di.stant  55  miles 
(S9  km.)  soutlnvest  from  delta  of  Magdalena  River;  G2  miles  (99 
km.)  from  I'.arranquilla ;  1.021  miles  (1,043  km.)  from  Port  of 
Spain,  Trinidad:  714  miles  (1,1.50  km.)  from  Bogota;  05  miles  (105 
km.)  from  Calamar.  Temperature  averages  80°  F;  li-ditest  rainfall, 
January  to  April.  Principal  products:  Balsiim,  rubber,  coffee, 
cacao,  cedar,  and  other  woods;  tobacco,  ipecac,  ivory  nuts,  and 
resin.  Manufactures  are  of  minor  importance.  American  consul 
and  vice  consul  in  residence. 

How  Reached. — From  Calamar,  by  Ferrocarril  de  Cartagena, 
daily  train;  time,  sis  hours;  baggage  allowance,  33  pounds;  from 
Bari-anquilla  via  steamers  on  Caribbean  or  rivi'r  steamer  to  Cala- 
mar, and  tlience  by  rail;  from  Bogota,  combined  rail  and  water 
route  (see  p.  273). 

Local  Steamship  Service. — Steamers  of  Empresa  Nacional  de  los 
Rios  Sinu  y  Atrato :  Fortnightly  service  to  Rivers  Sinu  and  Atrato: 
daily  service  to  River  Sinu  by  launches.  Steamers  of  Cfa.  de  Nave- 
gacion  del  Rio  Atrato:  Monthly  service  between  Cartagena  and 
Quibdo,  at  head  of  Atrato  River. 

Atrato  and  Sinu  River  Trade. — From  this  point  travelers  start  out 
for  the  Atrato  and  Sinu  River  towns.  This  is  an  imiwrtant  and 
growing  trade. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Enrique  Mendez,  .Jose  Maria  Lozano,  Fer- 
nando Benedeti. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia  (Mercantile 
Bank  of  the  Americas)  ;  Banco  de  Bolivar;  Banco  de  Cartagena; 
Banco  Union;  Pombo  Hernia nos. 

Hotels. — Americano,  Victoria,  Walters,  Velez.  Cartagena,  New 
York. 

Note. — Travelers  may  start  here  for  Bogota  via  Calamar.  Ar- 
rangements should  he  made  for  clo.se  connections,  as  accommodations 
at  Calamar  are  primitive.  A  very  important  business  is  done  at 
Cartagena  and  this  town  shoidd  receive  the  careful  attention  of 
every  traveler.  Near  here  is  the  "  Sincerin."  the  largest  sugar  mill 
in  Colombia. 

CARTAGO,  Department  of  Canca;  altitude,  3,165  feet;  population. 
19,000.  On  west  bank  of  Vieja  River  (afnuent  of  the  Cauca).  99 
miles  (160  km.)  southeast  of  Medellin,  196  miles  (315  km.)  from 
Bo.cota,  208  miles  (335  km.)  from  Call.  Principal  products:  Cottee, 
cacao,  sugar  cane,  tobacco,  gold,  cattle. 


280  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

How  Reached. — From  Tolima,  horseback  by  Quindio  trail ;  from 
Call,  via  steamers  on  Cauca  River  (Compafna  de  Navegacion  del 
Rio  Cauca ;  going  up,  38^  hours ;  going  down,  22  hours ;  navigation 
discontinued  during  dry  season)  ;  from  Pereira,  by  carretera. 

Note. — This  is  a  city  of  growing  commercial  importance.  There 
is  a  considerable  steamer  ti'afhc  on  the  Cauca  from  Call.  Bogota  is 
accessible  by  way  of  the  Quindio  Pass,  Ibague,  and  Girardot.  This 
is  a  meeting  place  for  roads  to  Caldas,  Antioquia,  Tolima,  the  Choco, 
and  Buenaventura. 

CHIftUINQUIRA,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  altitude,  8,365  feet; 
population,  18,000;  temperature  averages  60°.  On  west  bank  of 
Suarez  River,  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Tunja,  82  miles  (132  km.) 
from  Bogota.  Principal  products :  Cacao,  coffee,  sugar,  gold,  and 
salt.  Industries :  Brick  and  tile  works,  distilleries,  breweries,  soap 
and  candle  factories,  sheep  pasturing. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  by  rail  to  Nemocon ;  thence  by 
horseback,  via  Ubate;  good  road. 

Hotels. — Casas,  Escobar,  Continental. 

Bank. — R.  Calderon. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  commercial  center  and  the  head- 
quarters of  an  important  cattle  country.  In  the  neighborhood  are 
also  mines  of  various  kinds,  among  them  the  famous  "  Muzo " 
emerald  mines.  Chlquinquirn  is  a  distributing  center  for  the  De- 
partments of  Boyaca,  Santander,  and  Cundinamarea.  Weekly  mar- 
kets of  considerable  importance  are  held. 

COROZAL,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  altitude,  510  feet ;  population, 
11,000.  245  miles  (392  km.)  from  Cartagena  and  612  miles  (985 
km.)  from  Bogota.  Principal  products:  Corn,  tobacco,  yucca  (cas- 
sava), rice.  Industries:  Agricultural;  grazing;  textiles;  cotton 
embroideries ;  hammock  weaving. 

How  Reached. — From  Magangue,  by  camino  de  herradura ;  also 
from  Sincelejo. 

Note.— Corozal  is  the  center  of  an  important  agricultural  district 
and  is  visited  by  those  who  canvass  closely. 

CUCUTA,  Department  of  Santander  Norte,  Province  of  Cucuta ; 
population.  21,000 ;  altitude,  1,0.50  feet ;  mean  annual  temperature, 
84  F.  Situated  on  the  Zulia  River,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Pam- 
plonita  ;  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Puerto  Villamizar,  10  miles (16  km.) 
from  San  Antonio  (Venezuelan  frontier),  and  304  miles  (490  km.) 
from  Bogota.  Principal  products :  Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  quinine, 
cinchona  bark. 

How  Reached. — From  Venezuela,  via  Lake  Maracaibo  and  Zulia 
River  to  Puerto  Villamizar ;  thence  by  railroad.  From  Bucara- 
manga,  via  mule  trail ;  five  days'  trip ;  very  hard  journey.  From 
Bogota,  via  Central  Northern  highway. 

Hotels. — Central,  International,  Europn,  Continental,  Colombia. 

Bank. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  connnercial  community.  The 
transportation  companies  on  the  Zulia  River  are  controlled  by 
houses  in  Maracaibo,  which  also  have  branch  stores  in  Cucuta. 

TACATATIVA,  Department  of  Cundinamarea ;  altitude,  8,275  feet ; 
population,  11,000;  climate,  cool;  temperature  averages  52°.  On 
the  Cambao  cart  road,  25  miles  (40  km.)  from  Bogota,  82  miles 
( 132  km. )  from  Girardot.  Principal  products :  Lumber,  wheat,  corn> 
barley.     Industry  :  Iron  foundry. 


COLOMBIA.  281 

How  Reached. — From  BoRota,  by  SuhanH  Railway  and  also  liy 
oarrcteiM  ;   from  (Jirardot,  by  Giranlot  Hallway. 

Hotels. — C'ciitral,  Bolivar. 

Note. — This  place  is  of  som»'  importance,  beinp  on  the  road  between 
(iiranlot  jind  r.otrota.     As  a  trading  n'litfr  it  is  of  secondary  interest. 

GIRARDOT,  Department  of  ('uiidiiiiimarc;i  ;  altitmle,  '.iO'A  fe<'t ; 
population.  ll.(M)0;  heavy  rainfall;  temperature  averages  HH".  On 
east  bank  of  Magdalena  River,  near  mouth  of  Bogota  River;  2y* 
miles  (40  km.)  from  Juntas  do  Apuht;  TH  miles  (122  km.)  from 
Bogota.     Trincipal  products:  Troi)ical  i)ro(luce. 

How  Reached. — From  Juntas  de  Apulo,  by  rail;  from  Noiva,  by 
river  steamer;  from  Call,  via  Central  Cordillera  to  the  Quindio 
Pass  and  the  Cauca  Valley;  from  Ibague,  by  horseback  to  Chicoral, 
thence  by  rail. 

Railways. — Ferrocarril  de  Tolima  (the  Espinal  Railway)  to 
Chicoral,  15  miles  (2.5  km.)  ;  service  irregular.  Ferrocarril  de 
Girardot  (Colombia  National  Railway,  Ltd.)  to  Facatatlva,  82  miles 
(132  km.). 

Bank. — Banco  IMercantil  Americano  de  Colombia. 

Hotel. — San  German. 

Note. — Girardot  owes  its  importance  to  the  fact  that  it  is  the 
terminus  of  the  railroad  and  an  entrepot  to  the  famous  Quindio 
Pass,  through  which  travelers  go  to  the  Cauca  Valley  via  Ibague. 
It  is  a  busy  center  for  coffee  buying  and  shipping. 

HONDA,  Department  of  Tolima;  altitude,  672  feet;  population, 
ri.(K»0;  temperature  averages  85°  F. :  on  Guali  River,  at  its  junction 
with  Magdalena  River,  21  miles  (83  km.)  from  La  Dorada.  and  81 
miles  (130  km.)  from  Bogota.  Principal  pnxlucts :  Coffei^  cacar». 
indigo,  cinchona,  and  gold.  Industries:  Breweries,  distilleries,  and 
soap  factories.     Lloyd's  subagent. 

How  Reached. — From  La  Dorada,  by  rail ;  from  Arrancaplumas,  by 
rail.  Arrancaplumas  is  1*  miles  farther  up,  the  terminal  port  of 
the  Upper  Magdalena.  Above  Honda  the  rapids  in  the  Magdalena 
prevent  navigation.  Above  Arrancaplumas  for  92  miles  (14Skm.)  to 
Girardot  the  river  is  again  navigable.  Honda  is  a  station  on  the 
La  Dorada-Ambalema  Railway.  It  is  two  hours  from  La  Dorada 
to  Honda  by  rail. 

Hotels. — America,  Sautander. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia  ;  Pineda  Lopez 
<&  Co. ;  Palacio  &  Martinez  Aparicio. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  transshipping  place  for  trade  between 
Barranquilla,  Bogota,  and  the  interior  of  Colombia,  due  to  its  loca- 
tion at  the  head  of  the  navigation  of  the  Lower  Magdalena.  It  is 
the  distributing  center  for  the  towns  of  the  cordillera. 

IBAGTJE,  capital  of  Department  of  Tolima;  altitude.  4.280  feet: 
jiopnlation,  2.5,000.  Located  in  the  valley  of  the  rombeinia.  .'57 
miles  (.59  km.)  from  Girardot  and  112  miles  (180  km.)  from  Bogota. 
Climate,  cool;  temperature  averages  60°  F.  Principal  products: 
Coffee,  rubber,  tobacco,  hides,  vegetables,  sugar.  Industry:  Cat-tie 
raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Girardot.  by  rail ;  from  Cartago,  via  the 
Quindio  Pas.s,  11,000  feet  high  :  from  Bogota,  by  way  of  Girardot. 
Ibague  to  Cartago.  3  days"  journey ;  Ibague  to  Manizales,  0  days' 
journey;  Neiva  to  Ibague.  7  days'  journey. 


282  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Note. — This  is  an  active  commercial  center.  Ibague  acts  as  a 
distributing  point  for  the  valleys  of  the  Cauca  and  Magdaleua 
Rivers.  A  road  is  now  being  built  to  connect  Ibague  with  Espinul 
and  a  port  on  Magdalena  River. 

LA  DORADA,  on  Magdalena  River,  477  miles  (768  km.)  above 
Calamar;  543  miles  (874  lim. )  from  Barranquilla. 

How  Beached. — From  Ambalema,  by  Dorada  Railway ;  from  Bar- 
ranquilla, by  steamers  of  Colombia  Railway  &  Navigation  Co. ;  time 
of  trip,  about  8  days ;  return  trip,  about  5  days ;  baggage  allowance, 
150  kilos. 

Note. — This  is  the  terminus  of  the  Dorada  Railway,  which  runs 
from  La  Dorada  to  Ambalema,  70  miles  (113  km.).  This  line  was 
built  to  get  around  the  rapids  of  the  Magdaleua.  Any  importance 
the  town  possesses  is  due  to  its  railway  connections. 

LOBICA,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population,  20,000.  Located  84 
miles  (135  km.)  from  Cartagena,  on  Sinu  River,  about  20  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Mining  and  agricultural  district ;  also  oil ;  some 
cattle. 

How  Reached. — From  Cartagena,  by  Sinu  River. 

Note. — Lorica  owes  its  importance  to  the  fact  that  it  is  the  dis- 
tributing point  for  the  neighboring  district  and  the  Sinu  Valley. 
It  is  canvassed  from  Cartagena.  The  development  of  the  country 
around  it  is  rapidly  progressing.  Considerable  timber  is  cut  in  this 
vicinity.  The  town  is  well  worth  a  visit  from  those  who  canvass 
closely. 

MAISriZAlES,  capital  of  Department  of  Caldas;  altitude,  7,000 
feet;  population,  35,000.  At  junction  of  two  well-traveled  routes 
over  Central  Cordillera;  155  miles  (250  km.)  from  Bogota.  Climate, 
cool ;  temperature  averages  60°.  Principal  products ;  Coffee,  cacao, 
gold,  silver,  and  copper.  Industries,  chiefly  agricultural.  Lloyil'.s 
agent,  Alejandro  Gutierrez. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  Medellin,  Ibague,  or  Ambalema,  by 
mule  trail.  Two  roads  start  here  for  Tolima,  one  to  the  northern 
and  another  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Department. 

Hotels.^ — Colombia,  Manizales. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia;  Banco  de 
Caldas ;  Banco  de  Deposito ;  Banco  de  Manizales ;  Banco  del  Ruiz ; 
Banco  Credito  Antioqueno ;  Banco  Industrial. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  place  which,  although  somewhat 
difficult  of  access,  is  visited  by  many  traveling  salesmen.  It  may 
be  canvassed  with  good  results.  There  are  a  number  of  houses  her(> 
which  can  import  dii-ectiy.  An  aerial  cable  is  to  connect  Manizales 
with  Mariquita.  Eventually  the  Caldas  Railway  will  connect  the 
Department  of  Manizales  with  the  Department  of  El  Valle. 

MEDELLIN,  capital  of  Department  of  Antioquia ;  altitude,  4,860 
feet ;  population,  72,000.  On  east  bank  of  Force  River,  117  miles 
(188  km.)  from  Puerto  Berrjo;  332  miles  (535  km.)  northwest  of 
Bogota.  Climate,  temperate ;  temperature  averages  70°  F.  Prin- 
cipal industries:  Manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  Panama  hats,  chemi- 
cals ;  powder  works ;  copper  foundries.  Principal  products :  Coffee, 
hides,  gold,  silver.  American  consular  agent  in  residence.  Lloyd's 
agent,  William  Gordon. 

How  Beached. — From  Barranquilla,  by  steamers  of  Colombia  Navi- 
gation &  Railways  Co.  to  Puerto  Berrio ;  thence  Antioquia  &  Puerto 


COLOMBIA.  283 

Berrio  Railway  to  Metlellin.  Tiiuf,  ."»  days;  cost,  about  $W.  Bag- 
Ra^ie  aliowaiK'c,  110  pounds.  Fnmi  Carlanena.  I)y  rail  to  <'aliiinar; 
thence  steamer  of  Coloini)la  Navigation  &  Railways  Co.  to  Puerto 
Berrio;  Antioquia  &  I'uerto  lierrio  Railway  to  MedoUin.  From 
Maidzales,  l)y  mule  trail,  .j-day.s"  journey.  tYoin  Puerto  Berrio,  by 
Antioquia  «.S:  Puerto  Berrio  Railway;  time,  1  day;  cost,  about  $liU. 
From  Caldas.  by  Amaga  Railway. 

Hotels. — Europa,  America,  Marin,  Lusitanla,  Central,  Pension  de 
Familia. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Republica,  Ayacucho  106;  Re.strepo  &  Co.; 
Banco  de  Sucre.  Colombia  180;  Va.'^iuez  Canea  &  Co.;  Commercial 
Bank  of  Spanish  America  (Ltd.)  ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York: 
i;anco  Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia  (Mercantile  Bank  of  the 
Americas). 

Note. — Medellin,  the  second  city  of  Colombia  in  population,  is  a 
very  important  distributing  center  in  a  wealthy  connnnnity.  In  the 
vicinity  are  numeri>us  mines.  This  place  should  be  visited  by  all 
salesmen.     It  is  a  good  location  for  an  agency. 

MOMPOS,  Department  of  Bolivar;  altitude,  128  feet;  population, 
14,00().  On  west  bank  of  Magdalena  River;  110  miles  (170  km.) 
southeast  of  Cartagena;  513  miles  (82ii  km.)  from  Bogota.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Cattle,  tobacco.  Industries :  Soap  and  candle  fac- 
tories.;  foundries. 

How  Reached. — From  Cartagena,  by  Cartagena  Railway  to  Cala- 
niar,  and  thonco  by  river  steamer;  from  Barranquilla,  by  river 
steamer,  transferring  at  ilagangue. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  distribntlng  point  in  the  Department 
of  Bolivar.  A  considerable  volume  of  trade  is  carrie<l  on  with  the 
neighborhood.  Travelers  who  canvass  closely  may  find  it  advan- 
tageous to  call  here.  Baggage  carriers  can  make  arrangements  for 
furnished  rooms  aiid  for  meals. 

NEIVA,  Department  of  Neiva ;  altitude,  1.515  feet ;  population, 
22.00(1 ;  temperature  averages  8.S°.  Located  on  riglit  sh«>re  of^he 
IMagdalena  at  its  confluence  with  the  Neiva  River:  172  miles  (277 
km.)  from  Bogota;  7(^  miles  (123  km.)  from  Girardot.  Principal 
products :  Cocoa,  cattle.  Industries :  Panama  hats  ;  fiber  hammocks, 
etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota :  Sabana  Railway  to  Facatativa ; 
tlience  Girardot  Railway  to  Girardot;  thence  (9  days'  joumey)  by 
mule  trail  to  Neiva.  During  the  rainy  season  the  journey  is  made 
by  river  steamer. 

Banks. — Pineda,  Lopez  &  Co. ;  Banco  de  Neiva. 

Hotels.— Calderon,  Reyes,  Trujillo. 

Note. — There  i.s  an  important  trade  route  from  Neiva  to  Popayan 
throupii  Guanacos  Pass.     The  city  is  Increasing  in  prominence. 

OCANA,  Department  of  Sautander;  altitude,  3,820  feet:  popula- 
tion. 17,0(K) ;  temjjerature  averages  70"  F.  On  the  Tavia  River,  an 
affluent  of  the  Catatumbo,  219  miles  (352  km.)  southeast  from  Car- 
tagena, 41  miles  (66  km.)  from  Magdalena  River,  and  4.^8  miles 
(705  km.)  from  Bogota.  Principal  products:  Coftee.  cacao,  ivory 
nuts,  indigo,  vanilla,  corn.  Industries :  Soap  and  candle  factories, 
distilleries. 

How  Reached, — From  Magdalena  River,  by  mule  trail  from  Ga- 
marra  or  Lonia  de  Corredor ;  from  Bodega  Central,  by  mule  trail. 


284  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Bank. — Jacome  Niz  &  Co. 

Hotel.— Central. 

Note. — This  place  is  fairly  Important  as  the  surrounding  country 
is  quite  rich.  Travelers  often  stop  at  Gamarra  or  Bodega  Central, 
and  go  overland  to  Ocana. 

PALMIRA,  Department  of  Valle;  altitude,  3,053  feet;  population, 
2.5,000 ;  temperature  averages  80°  F.  Situated  on  a  plain  called 
Llanos  de  Malajana ;  144  miles  (233  km.)  from  Buenaventura;  20 
miles  (32  km.)  from  Call ;  288  miles  (465  km.)  from  Bogota  ;  and  85 
miles  (136  km.)  northeast  of  Popayan  (Cauca  River  Valley).  Prin- 
cipal products :  Tobacco,  for  which  it  is  famous ;  also  coffee,  cacao, 
rice,  sugar  cane,  grain.     Industries :  Sugar  refineries,  cigar  making. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  via  Girardot  Railway  to  Girardot ; 
thence  by  rail  to  Chicoral ;  then  mule  back  through  Quindio  trail  to 
Cartago;  thence  steamer.  From  Call  or  Buenaventura,  by  Pacific 
Railway. 

Principal  Hotels. — Americano,  Cauca. 

Bank. — Banco  de  Cauca. 

Note. — This  place  is  located  in  the  center  of  the  rich  Cauca  Val- 
ley. It  may  be  worked  to  advantage,  although  somewhat  difllcult 
of  access,  from  Bogota.  Those  who  are  not  afraid  of  hard  journeys 
will  probably  find  it  advantageous  to  visit  Palmira.  Near  by  is  the 
sugar-cane  plantation  "  La  Manuelita,"  belonging  to  an  American 
citizen. 

PAMPLONA,  Department  of  Santander  del  Norte;  altitude,  7,200 
feet;  population,  16,000.  Situated  on  west  bank  of  Tachira  River, 
79  miles  (127  km.)  from  Bucaramanga,  211  miles  (340  km.)  north- 
east of  Bogota.  Climate,  cool ;  temperature  averages  60°  F.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Dyewoods,  resin,  gums,  coal,  gold,  mica,  coffee,  cacao. 
Industries :  Distilleries  and  breweries. 

How  Reached. — From  Bucaramanga,  by  mule  trail ;  from  Bogota 
or  Cucuta,  by  Central  Northern  highway. 

Bank. — Banco  de  Pamplona. 

Note. — A  considerable  volume  of  business  is  done  in  this  place. 

PASTO,  Department  of  Narino;  altitude,  8,442  feet;  population, 
28,000 ;  climate,  very  cool ;  temperature  averages  65°  F.  Situated  at 
the  foot  of  Pasto  Volcano,  220  miles  (354  km.)  from  Tumaco  (near- 
est port),  510  miles  (820  km.)  from  Bogota,  and  50  miles  (81  km.) 
from  Tuquerres.  Principal  products:  Coffee,  Tanilla,  cacao,  rice. 
Industries:  Cotton  and  v.'oolen  weaving,  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Tumaco,  via  local  steamers,  to  Barba- 
coas;  thence  mule  trail  (hard  trip;  time  of  journey,  6  to  7  days)  ; 
from  Tuquerres,  by  mule  trail ;  from  Popayan,  9  days'  journey ; 
difficult  trip. 

Banks. — Banco  del  Sur ;  J.  Alexander  &  Co. ;  Zaroma  &  Astor- 
quiza. 

Hotels. — Central,  Concordia,  Victoria. 

Note. — This  city  is  located  on  a  high  plateau,  with  a  cold  climate. 
Population  consists  chiefly  of  Indians.  Many  home  industries  are 
conducted  here.  A  considerable  volume  of  business  is  transacted, 
much  merchandise  being  brought  in  from  Quito,  Ecuador,  via 
Tulcan. 

POPAYAN,  capital  of  Province  of  Popayan,  Department  of  Cauca ; 
population,  20,000;  altitude,  5,740  feet.     Situated  on  a  tributary  of 


COLOMBIA.  285 

the  Cauca  Uiver;  84  miles  (185  km.)  from  Cali,  and  354  miles  (570 
km.)  from  Ik>j:otii ;  li:is  do  railroad  foniiection.  Climate,  cool;  t«'m- 
peniture  avi'rage.s  G5 ".  rrincipal  prodiioLs:  Gobi,  silvor,  platimmi. 
eopper,  and  other  mineraln.  liulustrit's :  Hriek  works,  tamierics, 
.slioc  faitories,  wocdeii  mills.      Lloyd's  suhaKoiit,  I'ardo  iV  Hurtado. 

How  Reached. — I'rom  I'aslo,  by  iiiulc  Irail;  a  tliHicult  lri[)  of  a 
week's  duration  ;  from  Cali,  l»y  mule  trail,  3  day.s'  journey. 

Routes  from  Popayan  to  Bogota. — I)ire<t  over  the  I'aramo  de 
Cluanaeas  to  La  I'lata.  and  thence  to  Neiva ;  from  Carta^o  to  IhaKUo 
via  Quindio  I'ass;  by  .Manizales  and  i)asses  leadinij  to  Ambalt-ma  or 
Homla. 

Hotel. — Colon. 

Banks. — Banco  del  Kstado;  Banco  <le  Popayan. 

Note. — An  old-fashioned  conuuunity  with  numerous  trailitions. 
Frequent  local  storms,  .sometimes  very  .severe,  occur  in  this  virjuity. 
Some  business  is  transacted  here,  but  it  is  not  as  j^ood  a  iioint  as 
Tuquerres  or  I'asto.  Most  of  the  trading:  here  is  done  with  (.'ali. 
There  is  not  much  intercourse  with  Pasto,  which  is  between  seven 
and  eitrht  days  distant. 

PUERTO  BERRIO,  Department  of  Antioquia;  altitude,  .542  feet; 
population,  4,()00.  Situated  on  west  bank  of  the  Mapdalena  River; 
496  miles  (798  km.)  from  Barranquilla,  42  miles  (G7  km.)  from 
Caracoli,  2(>8  nnles  (.335  km.)   from  Bogota. 

How  Reached. — From  Barranquilla,  by  steamers  of  Colombia 
Railway  &  Navip;ation  Co.,  4  days'  journey;  from  Calamar,  by 
steamers  of  Colombi.-i  Railway  &  Navijration  Co.:  from  Medfllin,  by 
rail  to  Botero,  thence  by  road  over  crest  of  hill  12  miles  (20  km.), 
and  thence  again  by  rail  to  Puerto  Berrio;  time  of  trip,  about  one 
day. 

Note. — This  place  owes  its  importance  to  the  fact  that  most  of 
the  trade  of  IMedellin  passes  through  it.  A  large  business  is  done 
here. 

QUIBDO,  Department  of  Choco ;  altitude,  140  feet ;  population, 
Ki.iKK).  Situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Atrato  River.  220  miles 
(3.54  km.)  above  its  mouth;  270  miles  (435  km.)  from  Bogota,  90 
miles  (145  km.)  from  Medellin.  Temperature  averages  82°  to  88°; 
annual  rainfall,  alxnit  200  inches;  wet  season,  Marcli  to  December, 
Principal  i)n>ducts  ;  (Jold,  rubber,  vegetables,  vegetable  ivory,  coco- 
nuts, lumber.     Industries:  Platinum  and  gold  placer  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Cartagena,  steamers  for  Atrato  River  points 
leave  Cartagena  about  once  every  three  weeks,  Quibdo  being  the 
terminus  of  the  service.     (See  Cartagena.) 

Quibdo  Road. — This  road  leads  to  Bolivar,  Department  of  Antio- 
(|uia. 

Character  of  Merchants. — The  merchants  are  chiefly  of  Turkish 
nationality,  although  lliere  are  also  some  Colombian  houses. 

Note. — Tills  i)la(e  is  worked  from  Cartagena  by  steamer.  It  is  an 
important  place  for  outfitting  and  much  barter  is  carried  on.  The 
Atrato  River  is  rich  in  placers.  Quilxlo  is  .soiuewhat  difficult  of 
access  on  account  of  the  time  required  to  reach  it.  It  is  canvassetl 
chiefly  by  houses  in  Cartagena  and  Barranquilla. 

RIO  HACHA,  Department  of  Magdalena  ;  population,  9.5(M).  Situ- 
ated at  Lhe  mouth  of  the  Rio  Ilacha.     Lauding :  Vessels  lie  offshore. 


286  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Distant  890  miles  (1,435  km.)  from  Bogota,  39  miles  (64  km.)  from 
Santa  Marta.  Temperature  averages  85°.  Principal  products:  Cat- 
tle, horses,  rubber,  vegetables,  gold  dust,  hides,  and  timber. 

How  Reached. — From  Barranquilla  by  local  steamers  and  small 
trading  schooners.     No  regular  service. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  busy  trading  center  for  the  portion  of 
Colombia  in  which  it  is  located.  Considerable  pearl  fishing  is  done 
in  the  neighborhood. 

SANTA  MARTA,  capital  of  the  Department  of  Magdalena ;  popu- 
lation. 8,500;  Caribbean  port,  at  mouth  of  Manzanares;  lauding, 
from  steamer  to  wharf;  48  miles  (77  km.)  east  of  mouth  of  Mag- 
dalena, 110  miles  (176  km.)  northeast  of  Cartagena:  on  the  Santa 
Marta  Railway.  Temperature  averages  86°  P.  Principal  products : 
Bananas,  coffee,  cinchona.  Industries:  About  20  sugar  mills;  also 
sawmills  and  distilleries.  American  vice  consul  in  residence. 
Samples  cleared  by  American  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  O.  H.  C.  Bow- 
den. 

How  Reached. — From  Cartagena,  by  Santa  Marta  Railway,  via 
Calamar;  from  Barranquilla,  by  regular  steamer  service  (princi- 
pally United  Fruit  Co.). 

Hotels. — International,  Oriente,  Flores,  Central,  Gran,  Santa 
Marta. 

Note. — This  place  has  a  well-protected  harbor,  with  channel  hav- 
ing a  depth  of  36  feet  at  mean  low  water.  Railway  extends  to 
quay.  Santa  Mai-ta  is  becoming  increasingly  important  because  of 
the  development  of  the  surrounding  country  by  the  United  Fruit  Co., 
which  operates  a  commissary  here.  Near  by  is  the  famous  San 
Pedro  Alejandrino,  where  the  liberator,  Bolivar,  died. 

SOCORRO,  Province  of  Socorro,  Department  of  Santander;  popu- 
lation, 12,000;  altitude,  4.120  feet;  on  the  Suarez  River,  162  miles 
(260  km.)  from  Bogota.  Temperature  averages  83°  P.  Principal 
products :  Coffee,  cacao,  rice,  cotton,  indigo,  and  hides.  Industries : 
Sugar  mills,  candle  and  soap  factories,  breweries,  weaving  of  coarse 
cloth,  and  manufacture  of  straw  hats. 

How  Reached. — From  Bucaramanga,  by  mule  trail ;  from  Bogota, 
by  mule  trail  (hard  trip). 

Bank. — Banco  de  Socorro. 

Uote, — Socorro  is  growing  in  prominence.  A  considerable  volume 
of  business  is  done  in  the  neighborhood.  Salesmen  who  canvass 
closely  may  make  this  place  with  advantage. 

SONSON,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  altitude,  8,258^ feet;  popula- 
tion 30,(X)0;  climate,  cool;  temperature  averages  65°  F.  On  east 
bank  of  Sonson  River;  75  miles  (120  km.)  from  MedelUn,  80  miles 
(128  km.)  from  Sofia  (nearest  railway  station),  and  183  miles  (295 
km.)  from  Bogota.  Principal  products:  Coffee,  corn,  beans,  cereals. 
Industries:  Flour  mills;  cotton  and  woolen  weaving  mills;  cattle 
raising;  gold,  silver,  and  salt  mining. 

How  Reached.— Prom  La  Dorada,  Medellin,  or  Manizales,  by  mule 

trail-  ,,  „      i 

Uote.— Sonson  is  visited  by  those  who  canvass  the  smaller  towns. 
TUMACO,  capital  of  Province  of  Nunez,  Department  of  Narino; 
population,  12,000;  situated  on  an  island;  ships  anchor  immediately 
in  front  of  town  ;  distances,  201  miles  (324  km.)  from  Buenaventura 
and  531  miles  (855  km.)  from  Bogota.    Climate,  unhealthful;  tern- 


COLOMBIA.  287 

perature  averages  78°.  I'riii<iitjil  products:  Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco, 
iiiul   vc^'etiihlcs.     Lliiyd's  suhawnt,  William  Jarvia. 

Steamship  Connections. — With  Buctiuveiitura  and  ranaiiia  to  the 
iKMtli  and  Willi  ( ;iiii.va(|uil,  Etniaddr.  and  ("liileaii  and  I'tTuvian 
])(>rts  to  the  south.  Launch  st-rvice  via  the  I'atie  Teleuibie  tu  liar- 
haeoas;  tiienee  mule  trail  to  the  interior. 

Note. — Tumaco  is  the  mo.st  southerly  port  of  Colombia  on  the 
racitic.  To  reach  the  southeastern  portion  of  Colombia,  this  port 
olTers  the  proper  starting  point.     It  is  growing  in  importance. 

TTJNJA.  Department  of  Hoyaca;  altitude,  9,200  feet;  population, 
n..")(M).  I)istant  90  nnles  (ICO  km.)  from  Bogota.  Clin)ate,  cool; 
temperature  averages  58°.  The  pi'incipal  products  are  agi"icultural 
and  mineral ;  coal  ndning  is  one  of  I  he  chief  industries. 

How  Reached. — From  /Ipaqiiira.  on  road  to  Santa  Rosa;  from 
Bogota  or  Cucuta  via  Central  Northern  Highway. 

Banks. — Banco  Boyaea,  Banco  Occidente. 

Hotels. — Boyaea,  Kepuhlicano. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  a  very  extensive  agricultural  and 
commercial  district.  Coal  is  also  mined  in  the  vicinity.  Certain 
important  fairs  are  held  here  which  are  largely  attended.  The 
place  is  easily  reached  from  Bogota. 

ZIPAftUIRA,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  altitude,  8,410  feet; 
population,  D.GtX*;  distant  34  miles  (5.5  km.)  from  Bogota.  Climate, 
cold;  temperature  averages  55°.  Principal  products;  Salt,  coal, 
iron,  sulphur,  lea<l.     Miiung  is  the  chief  industry. 

How  Reached. — From  Bogota,  by  Ferrocarril  del  Norte. 

Hotels. — Pedraza,  Villareal. 

Note. — This  place  is  famous  for  its  salt  mines.  Coal  is  also 
mined.     I<;  is  visited  by  salesmen  who  canvass  the  smaller  towns. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally  direct  importations  are  made  by  firms  or  companies 
located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable  to  inquire 
in  the  nearest  large  town  as  to  trade  possibilities. 

Abejorral,  Department  of  Antloquia ;  population,  17,i508 ;  altitude, 
about  7.000  feet.  Situated  near  a  tributary  of  Cauca  River;  62 
miles  (100  km.)  from  Manizales;  88  miles  (144  km.)  from  Puerto 
Berrio,  on  IMagdalena  River  (nearest  station).  Reached  from 
Medellin  by  camino  de  herradura.  Products:  Salt,  agricultural 
produce,  gold,  sugar,  and  coffee. 

Aguadas,  Department  of  Caldas ;  population.  26,400 ;  altitude, 
7.255  feet :  reached  from  Medellin  and  Manizales  by  camino  de 
herradura.  I'roducts;  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  gold,  silver.  Industry: 
IManufacture  of  Panama  hats. 

Aipe,  Department  of  Huila ;  population,  6,600;  altitude,  1,214 
feet;  on  Magdalena  River,  between  Purificacion  and  Neiva.  This  is 
a  cattle-raising  and  agricultural  center. 

Almaguer,  Department  of  Cauca;  population,  10.900;  altitude. 
7,434  feet:  reached  from  Popayan  and  Pasto  by  camino  de  herra- 
dura.    Agricultural  and  mining  center. 

Amalfi.  Department  of  Antioqnia  :  population.  10.400;  altituile, 
about  6.1M)0  feet;  distant  75  miles  (120  km.)  from  Medellin  and  81 
miles  (130  km.)  from  Paras  (nearest  station).  Reached  from  Bar- 
ranquilla  by  boat  to  Puerto  Berrio;  thence  train  to  Estacion  Sotia ; 


288  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

then  mule  train.  Climate,  pleasant.  Agricultural  and  gold-mining 
district. 

Andes,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  18,400 ;  on  San  Juan 
River ;  reached  from  Medellin  by  camino  de  herradura.  Chief  in- 
dustries :  Cattle  breeding,  gold  and  salt  mining. 

Angostura,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  8.200;  altitude, 
5,313  feet ;  on  west  bank  of  Nechi  lliver ;  reached  from  Medellin  by 
camino  de  herradura. 

Anolaima,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  14,400 ;  alti- 
tude, 4,650  feet ;  on  railroad  from  Girardot  to  Facatativa  and  Bo- 
gota.    Products :  Sugar,  lead,  limestone. 

Apia,  Department  of  Galdas ;  population,  3,000 ;  altitude,  6,100 
feet ;  near  carretera  to  Rio  Sucio.     Products :  Coffee  and  tobacco. 

Aranzazu,  Department  of  Caldas ;  population,  4,850 ;  altitude,  5,165 
feet.  Reached  from  Mauizales  by  carretera.  Products:  Coffee,  cat- 
tle, etc. 

Arauca,  Territorio  Nacional  del  Meta ;  population,  3,000 ;  altitude. 
640  feet ;  on  Arauca  River,  opposite  Venezuelan  town  Amparo ;  12 
miles  (20  km.)  from  Guadualito,  Venezuela  (reached  by  camino  de 
herradura).     Products:  Corn,  cocoa,  sugar,  rice,  and  cattle. 

Arbelaez,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  5,900. 
Reached  from  Bogota  via  Sibate.  Situated  in  an  agricultural  dis- 
trict.    Coffee  and  corn  are  the  chief  products. 

Arboledas,  Department  of  Santander  del  Norte ;  population,  9,700 : 
altitude,  2,994  feet;  40  miles  (65  km.)  from  Cucuta.  Products: 
Coffee,  cocoa,  corn,  rice,  sugar. 

Arjona,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population,  10,200;  altitude,  344 
feet ;  on  railroad  from  Cartagena  to  Calamar.  Situated  in  an  ag- 
ricultural and  cattle-breeding  district. 

Armenia,  Department  of  Cauca ;  population,  3,000.  Carretera  to 
Cartago,  via  El  Roble.  Products :  Coffee  and  tobacco.  Bank,  Banco 
Mercantil  Americano  de  Colombia. 

Banco,  Department  of  Magdalena ;  population,  5,200 ;  port  on 
Magdalena  River;  reached  by  river  steamers.  This  is  a  commercial 
and  agricultural  center.  Products :  Rum,  dried  fish,  mangrove,  and 
the  mats  called  "  esteros  de  Chingale  "  or  "  petates." 

Baranoa,  Department  of  Atlantico;  population,  5,324;  reached 
from  Barranquilla.  Products:  Cotton  and  yucca.  Industry:  Cot- 
ton weaving. 

Barbosa,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  10,960;  altitude, 
4,247  feet;  2^  miles  (4  km.)  from  Medellin,  on  railroad  between 
Medellin  and  Puerto  Berrio.  Products :  Gold,  sugar,  and  salt.  In- 
dustries:  Cattle  breeding  and  mining. 

Barichara,  Department  of  Santander ;  population,  11,336 ;  altitude, 
5,200  feet;  reached  from  Bucaramanga  by  camino  de  herradurn. 
Products:  Tobacco,  cotton,  henequen.  Industry:  Manufacture  of 
straw  hats. 

Baudo,  Department  of  Choco ;  population,  7,000;  on  the  Baudo 
River,  a  short  distance  from  Pizarro  (at  its  mouth),  and  124  miles 
(200  km.)  southeast  of  Medellin.  Alluvial  gold  industry.  Sugar, 
tobacco,  and  corn  are  the  chief  products.  Baudo  is  four  hours' 
travel  from  the  coast. 

Belen,  Department  of  Boyaca  ;  population,  6,164 ;  altitude,  8,860 
feet ;  reached  from  Bogota  via  camino  de  herradura.  Cattle-breed- 
ing district. 


COLOMBIA.  289 

Bitnima,  Department  of  ('ninliimiimrca  ;  population,  5,000;  ulti- 
tiitk',  .'{.T'lt)  feet.     Agricultural  and  milling  center. 

Bolivar,  Department  of  Santan(l«M-;  population,  12,410;  altitude, 
6,43.")  fwt ;  distant  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  Velez ;  reached  from 
Bucaranmnga  l)y  camin(»  de  herradura,  Products:  Coffee,  preserves, 
ameMiyst.s.     Center  of  agricultural  rej^ion. 

Caceres,  liepartment  of  Antioquia ;  population,  2.210;  altitude, 
about  050  feet ;  on  left  bank  of  the  Cauca  River,  403  miles  (G50  km.) 
from  Bogota.  Caniino  de  herradura  to  Yarunial.  Beached  from 
Barranquilla,  via  Cauca  and  Nechi  Rivers,  to  Zaragosa ;  theace  mule 
trail.     Industrie.s :  Gold  dretlging,  coal  mining. 

Calamar,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population,  G,350;  situated  on 
west  bank  of  the  Magdalena.  Tliis  is  the  terminus  of  the  Cartagena 
Railway,  and  is  also  connei'ted  by  canal  with  Cartageaa.  Producl.s : 
Cotton,  tobacco,  balsam,  divi-divi,  lumber. 

Campo  Ale&re,  Department  of  Huila;  population,  5,138;  altitud" 
1,S0()  feel;  carretei-a  to  Neiva.  Products:  Sugar  cane,  maize,  ba- 
nanas, cocoa.     Industry  :  Gold  mining. 

Canasgordas.  Department  of  Antioquia;  population.  8,100;  n»'ar 
headwaters  of  Sucre  River;  reached  by  camino  de  lierradura  from 
Antioquia  or  Medellin, 

Candelaria,  I^epartraent  of  Valle;  population,  8,900;  altitude, 
3.151'  feet.  Caniino  de  herradura  from  Buga.  Products:  Maize,  i>a- 
nanas,  sugar  cjine.  cocoa. 

Caqueza,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population.  10,000;  alti- 
tude, 5,785  feet ;  located  midway  between  Saltane  de  liogota  and 
Llanos  of  Meta  ;  carretera  to  Forne<iue;  ilistant  25  miles  (40  km.  I 
from  Bogota  (nearest  station).  This  is  a  commercial  and  agricul- 
tural center.  Coffee,  corn,  lioney,  wax,  and  textiles  are  it.s  chief 
products. 

Carmen,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  population,  16.35<) ;  altitude.  492 
feet;  on  a  small  tributarj'  of  Magdalena  River,  59  miles  (96  km.) 
from  Cartagena.  Products:  Tobacco,  corn,  coffee,  rice.  plant;iins. 
yucca. 

Carmen,  Department  of  Choco ;  population,  8,315 ;  altitude, 
6.910  feet.  Reached  from  Medellin  by  camiuo  de  herradura.  Agri- 
cultural center. 

Carmen  de  Caru.  Department  of  Cundinamarca  ;  population.  7,050; 
altitude,  9,745  feet;  located  60  miles  (98  km.)  from  Bogota,  in  a 
coal-mining  an<l  agricultural  district. 

Cerete.  Dei)artment  of  Bolivar;  population.  4.265;  situateil  180 
miles  (290  km.)  from  Cartagena,  at  a  point  where  Sinu  River  sepa- 
rates in  two  branches.  Carretera  to  Lorica  and  Sincelejo.  This  is 
a  commercial  district.     Products:  Cattle,  hides,  and  balsam. 

Cenito.  Department  of  Valle;  population,  6300;  altitude,  3.063 
feel  :  on  Tcrrito  River.  Carreteras  to  Buga  an<l  to  Candelaria.  Ag- 
ricultural cent»'r:  sugar  ame  and  cattle  are  diief  products. 

Chaparral,  Department  of  Tolima;  population,  7,266;  situated  on 
Magdalena  River,  43  miles  (70  km.)  from  El  Guano  (nearest  sta- 
tion). Carretera  to  Ataco,  which  is  on  Saldaua  River.  Products: 
Coffee,  cereals,  rice,  caoutchouc.  Mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  c>>pi)er; 
asphalt  deposits. 

Charala,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  9.900;  altitude, 
4,7."')1  feet ;  on  a  tributary  of  Suarez  River.     Carretera  to  Bucara- 

144297"— 20 19 


290  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

manga  and  Zapatoca.  Products :  Cacao,  sugar,  cotton,  and  cattle. 
Industries :  Tanneries,  blanket  manufacturing. 

Cliinacota,  Department  of  Santauder  del  Norte ;  population,  8,213 ; 
altitude,  6,320  feet ;  situated  on  east  bank  of  Tachira  River,  10  miles 
(16  km.)  southeast  of  Bochalema,  which  is  on  carretera  to  Cueuta. 
It  is  also  on  Central  Northern  highway  from  Bogota  to  Cueuta. 
Agricultural  center. 

Chinu,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  population,  12,000 ;  reached  from 
Mangangue,  via  Sincelejo ;  also  by  camino  de  herradura  from  Lorica. 
Products:  Cattle,  yucca,  corn,  and  rice. 

Chiriguana,  Department  of  Magdalena  ;  population,  6.500 ;  situated 
near  Cesar  River,  25  miles  (40  km.)  east  of  Cartagena.  Reached 
from  El  Bonico,  on  Magdalena,  by  camino  de  herradura  via  Chi- 
qulnquira  and  Boyaca ;  from  Bogota,  via  Zipaquira,  by  camino  de 
herradura  from  latter  place.     Products :  Cattle,  cocoa. 

Choconta,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  9,900 ;  alti- 
tude. 8,732  feet;  48  miles  (78  km.)  from  Zipaquira  and  62  miles 
(100  km.)  from  Bogota.  Roads  to  Tunja,  Suesca,  Nemocon,  and 
Bogota.     Products :   Cereals,  asphalt.     Industry :   Harness   making. 

Cienaga,  Department  of  Magdalena;  population.  14,600;  situated 
on  east  shore  of  Cienaga  de  Santa  Marta.  Reached  from  Santa 
Marta  by  railroad;  from  Puerto  Viejo  by  steamers;  coasting  trade. 
Products:  Cotton,  tobacco,  bananas,  cocoa. 

Cienaga  de  Oro,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  population,  9,750 ;  situated 
on  Martinez  River ;  reached  from  Monteria,  on  Sinu  River,  by 
camino  de  herradura.  Resources:  Agricultural  products,  alluvial 
gold  mines,  cattle. 

Concordia,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  10,000 ;  altitude, 
3,000  feet ;  situated  on  Cauca  River.  Reached  from  Medellin  by 
camino  de  herradura.     Products :  Corn,  tobacco,  coffee,  sugar,  cattle. 

Convencion,  Department  of  Santander  del  Norte ;  population, 
8,250;  distant  802  miles  (1,294  km.)  from  Bogota  and  22  miles 
(36  km.)  from  Cueuta.  Carretera  de  Ocana  to  Puerto  de  la 
Gloria,  on  Magdalena  River.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  caoutchouc, 
corn. 

Coyaima,  Department  of  Tolima  ;  population,  5,500 ;  altitude,  about 
1,100  feet ;  on  right  bank  of  Saldana  River,  near  El  Suamo.  Prod- 
ucts: Cattle,  yucca,  and  plantains. 

Gumbal,  Department  of  Narino ;  population,  5.300 ;  altitude,  12,297 
feet ;  halfway  between  Ipiales  and  Tulcan,  Ecuador,  in  an  agri- 
cultural region. 

Duitama,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  10.000 ;  altitude, 
8.239  feet;  carreteras  to  Belen  and  to  Ramiquiri.  via  Tunja.  Re- 
sources :  Orchards ;  manufacture  of  esparto  matting. 

Evejico,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  4,802 ;  altitude, 
about  2,200  feet ;  located  near  Sopetran. 

Envigado,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  8.900;  a  river 
port;  on  Amaga  Railway;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Medellin  by  carre- 
tera.    Coffee  is  the  chief  source  of  wealth. 

Espinal,  Department  of  Tolima;  population,  16,300;  altitude, 
1,085  feet;  on  Espinal  railroad  to  Girardot;  3  miles  (5  km.)  from 
west  bank  of  IMagdalena  River.  Reached  from  Girardot  and  Ibague. 
Chief  product :  Tobacco.     Pottery  is  made  here. 


COLOMBIA.  291 

Fomeqiie.  Department  of  rnndiiminiirca  ;  population.  6,700;  nltl- 
tnde.  f.,4«;7  feet;  on  tln^  mad  tn  the  Territnrio  de  M»-ta,  lit  niilfs 
(35  km.  I  from  Bo;:ota  ;  aj;ri<ultnnil  centrr.  Fruits  and  vegetables 
are  amonir  the  i)ntdu<-ts  of  the  repion. 

Fredonia,  Dep.irtment  of  Antioquia;  population.  is.lTn;  altitude, 
6,000  fttt ;  on  railroad.  2S  miles  (4.t  km.)  from  Medellin.  68  miles 
(110  km.)  from  Provideneia.     Products:  Suf;ar.  coffee,  coal. 

Frontino,  department  of  Antioquia;  puiiulation,  4.(KK»;  altitude, 
r>.100  feet.  Located  42  miles  (G7  km.)  from  I'.ogota,  on  an  adluent 
of  Suclo  Riv«>r.  not  far  from  the  carretera  to  Antioquia.  I'roducts: 
Ivory  nuts,  ruhht^r,  woods,  gold,  coffee,  and  sugar.  This  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  center. 

Gacheta,  Deiiartment  of  Cundinnmarca ;  population,  12.500;  alti- 
tude, r).f)43  feet.  Distant  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Zipaquira  and  37 
miles  (60  km.)  from  Bogota.  (^Mrretera  to  Bogota,  via  Uua.sca. 
Products:  Agricultural,  cattle,  sulphur,  and  salt. 

Garagoa,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  7,950;  altitude,  5,200 
feet.     Products:  Cacao,  cattle,  asphalt.     Industry:  Blanket  weaving. 

Garzon,  Departnu-nt  of  Iluila  ;  population,  10.800;  on  east  haiUc  of 
Magdalena  Hiver.  Carretera  to  Gigante,  Carapo  Alegre,  and  Neiva. 
I'roducts :  Cacao,  caoutchouc,  etc. 

Girardota,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  8,110;  altitude, 
4.5fK)  feet;  on  railway,  2  miles  (3  km.)  from  Medellin.  This  is  a 
port  on  Medellin  River.     I'roducts:  Sugar,  bananas,  and  gold. 

Guaca,  Department  of  Santander:  population,  5.000;  altitude.  8,400 
feet ;  southeast  of  Bucaramanga,  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  San  Andres, 
which  is  reached  by  carretera.  Industry:  Manufacture  of  woolen 
fabrics. 

Gnadnas,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  10,650 ;  alti- 
tude. 3,368  feet;  ni^r  the  Magdalena  River,  on  the  route  from  Bo- 
gota to  Honda.  Carretera  to  Fac-atativa.  I'roducts:  Coffee,  sugar 
cane,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  coal,  a.sphalt.  Industries:  Sugar  mills 
and  cigar  factories. 

Guamo,  I)ei»artment  of  Tolima;  population,  15.350;  altitude,  1.094 
feet;  near  junction  of  Magdalena  and  Saldana  Rivers,  11  miles  (18 
km.)  from  Ibague;  accessible  by  railway  via  Espinal.  Proilucts: 
Yucca,  corn,  rice,  and  aniseed.  Industry :  Manufacture  of  aguar- 
diente  (brandy). 

Ipiales,  Department  of  Narino;  population.  14,615;  altitude,  3.0S1 
feet ;  situated  near  south  bank  of  Male  River.  Carretera  to  Pasto. 
This  is  an  industrial  center,  having  tanneries  and  cabinetmaking 
establishments.  A  customhou.se  is  located  here,  and  the  town  has 
commerce  with  Eciiador. 

Istimina,  Department  of  Choco;  population,  11,100;  reached  from 
Buenaventura  or  Quibdo.  This  is  one  of  the  chief  markets  for 
platinum  from  Rivers  Condoto,  Iro,  and  others. 

Ituango.  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  4,530;  northwest 
of  Yartimal  and  west  of  Cauca  River;  on  carretera.  Agricultural 
center. 

Jamundi.  Department  of  Valle;  population,  3,250;  altitude.  3.365 
feet.  Itailroad  to  Cali,  12  miles  (20  km.)  north.  Products:  Maize, 
bananas,  cocoa. 

Jardln,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  7.850.  Carretera 
north  to  Jerico.     Products:  Gold,  silver,  coffee,  bananas,  and  sugar. 


292  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Jenezano,  Department  of  Boyaca;  population,  7,560;  altitude, 
7,107  feet;  situated  on  Jenezano  River,  3  miles  (5  km.)  from 
Ramiriqui,  with  which  it  communicates  by  curretera.  Reached  from 
Bogota  via  Nemocon.     Fruit-growing  and  cattle-raising  district. 

Jerico,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  15,191 ;  altitude, 
6,790  feet.  Distant  43  miles  (69  km.)  from  Medellin  by  camino  de 
herradura;  100  miles  (160  km.)  from  Pavas  (nearest  station). 
Products :  ColTee,   cattle.     Industries :  Weaving  mills,   breweries. 

Jesus  Maria,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  13,230;  alti- 
tude, 6,326  feet.  Located  in  an  agricultural  district,  near  Puente 
Kacional,  which  is  on  carretera  to  Chiquinquira. 

Junin,  Department  of  Cundinamarca  ;  population,  11,758 ;  altitude, 
5,975  feet.  Carretera  to  Chipaque  and  Bogota.  Agricultural  dis- 
trict. 

La  Ceja,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  3,870;  altitude, 
2,200  feet.     Carrateras  to  Sonson  and  La  Aguada. 

la  Cruz,  Department  of  Santander ;  population,  8,000 ;  altitude, 
1,405  feet ;  southeast  of  Ocana.  Carretera  to  Ocana,  San  Pedro, 
and  Bucaramanga,  via  Cachira. 

La  Cruz,  Department  of  Narino;  population,  3,600;  altitude,  7,889 
feet.  Carreteras  to  La  Union  and  to  Alniaguer,  via  Bolivar  de 
Cauca.     Products  of  cold  zones  grow  here. 

La  Mesa,  Department  of  Cundinam;u-ca ;  population,  20,250;  alti- 
tude, 4.205  feet;  on  north  bank  of  Bogota  River,  34  miles  (55  km.) 
from  Bogota.  This  town  is  reached  from  Bogota  via  Facatativa  by 
railway,  and  is  on  road  from  Bogota  to  upper  Magdalena.  Prod- 
ucts :  Cereals,  coffee,  cacao,  salt.  Distributing  center  for  agricul- 
tural produce,  straw  hats,  etc. 

La  Palma,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  6,000 ;  alti- 
tude, 4,781  feet.  Carretera  to  Pacho  and  Facatativa.  Agricultural 
district. 

Magangue,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  population,  7,534 ;  altitude,  175 
feet ;  on  left  bank  .of  Cauca  River,  near  its  confluence  with  Magda- 
lena. Carretera  to  Since.  Sincelejo,  and  Lorica.  Trade  is  con- 
ducted with  Cartagena  and  Barranquilla.  Textile  mills  are  located 
liere.  Fairs  are  held  in  February,  June,  and  September.  Bank, 
Banco  Central. 

Malaga,  Department  of  Santander;  population.  7,630;  altitude, 
7,262  feet;  distant  62  miles  (100  km.)  from  Bucaramanga  and  93 
miles  (150  km.)  from  Puerto  Villamizar;  on  Central  Northern  high- 
way running  from  Bogota  to  Cucuta.  Products:  Corn,  wheat,  cop- 
per, lead,  mercury. 

Manta,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  10,000 ;  altitude, 
1,870  feet;  located  53  miles  (85  km.)  from  Bogota,  near  Machenta 
and  Choconta. 

Manzanares,  Department  of  Tolima  ;  population,  1,423 ;  mining  and 
agricultural  center ;  on  railwny  to  Honda ;  carretera  to  Mariquita. 

Marmato,  Department  of  Caldas ;  population,  2,800 ;  altitude,  about 
4,000  feet ;  reached  from  Puerto  Berrio  by  rail  to  Sofia,  thence  by 
mule  train.  This  is  a  rich  gold-mining  center ;  mines  are  leased  to 
Colombian  Mining  &  Exploration  Co.  of  London. 

Miraflores,  Department  of  Boyaca;  population,  16,150;  altitude, 
4,340  feet;  reached  from  Bogota;  camino  de  herradura  to  Zipa- 
quira. 


COLOMBIA.  293 

Mogotes,  Department  of  Suiitander;  population,  8.314;  aUitiide, 
n.r.sii  l(fi.  Carn-tt'ijis  to  Cliarala  anti  Soala,  and  to  BiiearanianKu 
via  Zapatuca.     Intlusirit's :  Coal  niiuiuK  and  pres«>rvinK  of  fruits. 

Moniquira,  Departiumt  of  Boyaea ;  population,  Kl.TlH;  altitude, 
5.797  feet;  on  bank  of  Moniquira  Hlver,  34  uiile«  (53  km.)  from 
Tuuja.  rro«lutts:  Su;,'ar  cane,  cotton,  fruits,  copper  mines.  In- 
dustries: Fruit  pre.servinp. 

Monteria,  I  >epartuient  of  Bolivar;  population,  8,000;  on  the  Sinu 
Kiver.  near  (.'ieuaga  of  Betanci,  which  is  naviKablo.  Carreteras  to 
L(/rica,  via  Cerete,  and  to  Cienajia.  Communication  by  steamboat 
and  frasoline  craft  witli  Cartagena.  Products:  Ivory  nut.s,  lumber. 
cattle.  Kold,  and  rice. 

Natagaima,  I  >epartment  of  Tolima ;  population,  6,823 ;  altitude, 
about  l,tJ50  feet.  Products:  Bananas,  yucra,  rice,  sugar,  gold,  and 
cojipir.     Industries:  Manufacture  of  hannnocks  and  blanket.s. 

Neiva,  Department  of  Calilas ;  iHjpulation,  8,060;  altitude,  about 
5.200  feet.  Carreteras  to  Maiiizales  in  the  south  and  to  Salamina 
in  the  north.     This  is  a  cattle-raising  center. 

Onzaga,  Deimrtmt-nt  of  Santander;  population,  7,450;  distant  87 
miles  (140  km.)  from  Bucaramanga.  Pnxlucts:  Cotton,  cacao, 
Vviieat,  bananas,  sugar,  timber.     Sulphurous  .springs  are  found  here. 

Ortega,  Department  of  Tolima  ;  population,  7.650;  located  17  miles 
(28  kn).)  west  of  Guamo  and  20  miles  (32  km.)  .southwest  of 
Espinal.     Kesoui'ces:  Cattle  raising,  yucca. 

Facho,  Department  of  Cuudinamarea ;  population,  13,750;  altitude, 
C,07fj  feet;  near  the  source  of  llio  Negro,  15  miles  (25  km.)  from 
Zipaquira.  Carretera  to  Facatativa.  Sources  of  wealth :  Irou  and 
coal  mining,  iron  foundries;  also  agricultural  products. 

Pacora.  Department  of  Caldas;  population,  6,012;  altitude,  5,475 
feet.  Carretera  to  Aguadas  and  to  Salamina.  I'roducta:  Cattle, 
gold,  and  silver. 

Paez,  Department  of  Cauca ;  population,  7,744.  Distant  261  miles 
(42(1  km.)   from  Bogota. 

Paipa,  Dei)artment  of  Boyaca  ;  population,  8,877 ;  altitude,  7.SC9 
fet't ;  near  Suarez  River;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  .Santa  Kosa. 
Nearest  .station,  Zipaquira  ;  thence  by  camino  de  herradura  to  i'uipa. 
Carretera  to  Sotaquira  and  Tunja.  Cotton  and  woolen  weaving  are 
the  chief  in(lustrie.s. 

Pensilvania,  Departmeiit  of  xVntioquia  ;  population,  4,409 ;  on  La 
Miel  Uiver,  over  30  miles  (48  km.)  southeast  of  Sonsou.  Agri- 
cultural and  mining  center. 

Pereira,  Department  of  Caldas;  population,  633;  altitude,  4,705 
feet :  situated  on  Ostun  River.  Carreteras  to  Santa  Rosa  de  Cabal 
atid  Cartago.  This  is  a  cattle  market.  Semiannual  fairs  are  held 
here. 

Pesca,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  10,702 ;  altitude,  8,735 
feet ;  on  Pesca  River.  Carreteras  to  Tola  and  Miratlores.  Pesca  is 
a  market  for  wool  and  cereals. 

Piedecuesta,  r>epartment  of  Santander;  population,  11,950;  alti- 
tude, 3.312  feet;  on  Rio  de  Oro.  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Bucara- 
manga, which  is  reached  by  carretera ;  als<j  readied  from  Zapatoca 
by  carretera.  via  I.ebri.ja.  I'roducts:  Cocoa,  coffee,  cotton,  tobacco, 
fruit.     Industries:  Straw  hats,  cigars,  preserves,  leather. 


294  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Pitalito,  Department  of  Huila ;  population,  4,800 ;  altitude,  about 
4,100  feet;  on  an  aflluent  of  the  Magdaleua.  Carreteras  to  Garzou 
and  to  Ceja  and  San  Augustin. 

Puebloviejo,  Department  of  Boyaca;  population,  9,000.  Carreteras 
to  Tota  and  Pesca,  and  to  Miraflores  via  Chameza.  Agricultural 
district. 

,  Puerto  Colombia,  Department  of  Atlantico  ;  population.  2,500 ;  near 
mouth  of  Magdalena  River;  seaport  of  Barranquilla,  17  miles  (27 
km.)  up  the  river.  Railway  to  Barranquilla,  two  trains  daily  except 
Sunday.     Landing:  Steamers  lie  alongside  pier. 

Puerto  Wilches,  Department  of  Santander;  a  port  on  Magdalena 
River;  terminus  of  Puerto  Wilches  Railway  to  Bucaramanga. 

Purificacion,  Department  of  Tolima ;  population,  8,758 ;  altitude. 
2,650  feet.  Situated  near  Magdalena  River,  about  10  miles  (16  km.) 
southeast  of  Guamo. 

Ramlriqui,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  6.485 ;  altitude, 
2,270  feet;  distant  87  miles  (140  km.)  from  Bogota.  Carreteras  to 
Tunja  and  to  Jenezano.  Industries:  Coal  mining,  manufacture  of 
blankets  and  cloaks,  cattle  raising,  etc. 

'  Ricaurte,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  5,950 ;  alti- 
tude, 1,093  feet;  distant  3  miles  (5  km.)  from  Girardot  (nearest 
station).  Products:  Tobacco,  cattle.  Industry:  Cigar  manufactur- 
ing. 

Rio  Negro,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  11,800 ;  altitude, 
1,250  feet;  on  west  bank  of  Pantanilla  River,  27  miles  (44  km.) 
from  Marinilla.  Carretera  to  Medellin  (northwest).  Industry: 
Tanning. 

Rio  Negro,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  17,600;  altitude, 
3,175  feet;  on  Lebrija  River,  which  is  navigable;  12  miles  (20  km.) 
from  Bucaramanga.  Products :  Coffee,  caoutchouc,  gold,  and  as- 
phalt. 

Rio  Sucio,  Department  of  Caldas ;  population,  5.689 ;  altitude, 
5,942  feet;  distant  32  miles  (52  km.)  from  Manizales.  Principal 
product,  coffee,  which  is  exported  from  Buenaventura.  Industries : 
Gold,  silver,  and  coal  mining. 

Roldanillo,  Department  of  Valle ;  population.  9,200 ;  altitude.  3,152 
feet;  distant  155  miles  (250  km.)  from  Cordoba  (nearest  station). 
Carretera  to  Buga  via  Tulua.  Products:  Cacao,  sugar,  hides,  fiber 
cloth. 

Sabanalarga,  Department  of  Atlantico ;  population,  10,230 ;  alti- 
tude, about  350  feet.  Carretera  to  Barranquilla.  Products :  C^attle, 
coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  corn,  beans. 

Saboya,  Department  of  Boyaca;  population,  6,937;  altitude,  9,194 
feet ;  near  Suarez  River.  Carretera  to  Puerto  Nacional  and  Bolivar 
de  Santander;  also  to  Chiquinquira  and  Facatativa.  Agricultural 
district. 

Sahagun,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population.  10.000;  altitude,  406 
feet.  Reached  by  camino  de  herradura  from  Magangue  via  Sin- 
celejo ;  also  by  camino  de  herradura  froxn  Monteria  via  Rio  Sinu. 
Agricultural  and  cattle-raising  district. 

Salamina,  Department  of  Caldas;  population,  9,116;  altitude,  1.812 
feet;  distant  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Manizales.  Cai'reteras  to  Pa- 
cora  and  to  Arazanzu  and  Manizales.  Agricutural  and  cattle-raising 
district. 


CX)LOMBIA.  295 

Salazar.  D^'pni'tmenf  of  Siiiil.iii<hT  (h'\  Norte;  population,  11.070; 
altitude,  2,71)7  fe«*t ;  on  Sahizar  Kivor,  southwest  of  Cucuta.  Prod- 
ucts: ('(lal,  cofTee.     An  aiuuial  fair  is  held. 

Samaniego,  I»ei)artiiiorif  of  Marino;  i)opulation,  2.7;>S:  altitude, 
4.500  fei^t.     Carretera  to  Tuciuerres.     Oold  and  quartz  are  mined. 

San  Andres,  1  >e|iartnit'iit  of  Santander;  po])alatioii.  lf;.()(M>;  alritiide. 
6,SOS  I'.'ci  ;  on  (luac.i  Kivcr.  iieiir  I.a^'o  ortices.  Carretera  to  <;ua«'a. 
Atrrioultural  center.     Coconuts  constitute  an   important  product. 

San  Andres  Island;  population,  2,244;  located  51  miles  {SH  km.) 
south  of  I'rovidencia. 

Sandona,  Department  of  Narino ;  population,  3,000;  near  Pa.sto. 

San  Francisco.  Department  of  Caldas;  population.  971;  distant  6 
miles  (10  km.)  from  Manizales,  from  which  it  is  reached  by  carn^ 
tera.     Agricultural  and  cattle-breeilins  district. 

San  Gil,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  ]0.0(X>;  altitude. 
o.t>28  feet;  on  vSan  Gil  River.  200  miles  (46(5  km.)  from  Bogota. 
Carretera  to  Barichara  and  Zapatoca.  Products:  Tobacco,  cotton. 
Industries :  Manufacture  of  cotton  sheetin;;.  blankets,  and  hats. 

San  Juan,  Department  of  Bolivar;  i>opulation,  ;-{.S14.  Carretera  to 
Calamar  ( raihva.v  station)  and  to  Carmen.     Agricultural  district. 

San  Onofre.  Department  of  li<divar;  7)opulation,  11,29;:};  near  Tolu. 
on  (JulC  of  Morros(piillo  (Tolu  is  reacheil  from  Cartagena). 

San  Pablo,  Department  of  Narino :  population,  1,759 ;  altitude, 
about  3.5(»0  feet.     Carretera  to  Barbacoas  (on  the  northwest). 

San  Roque,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  3.<H)0;  distant 
5.*'.  miles  (85  km.)  from  Me<lellin.  Carretera  to  Medellin  via  Mari- 
nilla.  Route:  Barranquilla  to  Puerto  Berrio;  thence  by  railroad  to 
Sotia ;  thence  nuile  train. 

Santa  Ana,  Departmeut  of  TolinM ;  population,  2,G41 ;  altitude. 
3,(MH>  feet ;  near  Honda. 

Santander,  I'ejiartment  of  Cauca ;  population,  8,869;  altitude, 
about  3,500  feet;  distant  50  miles  (SO  km.)  from  Popayan  and  77 
miles  (125  km.)  from  Buenaventura.  Products:  Cacao,  coffee, 
hides,  gold.     Distributing  center. 

Santa  Barbara,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  6,034;  alti- 
tude, about  4.950  feet;  east  of  Abejorral  and  Sousou.  Products: 
Tobacco,  coffee,  coal.  salt,  limestone. 

Santa  Rosa  de  Cobal,  Department  of  Caldas ;  population,  4,000 ; 
altitude,  5,576  feet;  located  42  miles  (68  km.)  from  Bogota  (nearest 
station).  Carretera  to  Pereira  and  Manizale.s.  Mines  of  iron,  sil- 
ver, and  cinnabar  are  found  here.  Other  industries:  Weaving  of 
blankets  and  manufacture  of  Panama  hats. 

Santa  Rosa  de  Osos,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  10.000; 
altitude,  5,800  feet ;  between  Medellin  and  Puerto  Berrio.  40  mile*; 
of  Nechi  River:  31  mil(>s  (50  km.)  from  M(-Mlellin.  93.  miles  (150 
km.)  from  Cacoli  (nearest  station),  and  6  miles  (9  km.)  from  Val- 
divia  (port  on  Cauca  River).  R(>sourc<^s:  Alluvial  gold,  copper,  iron, 
precious  stones.  Best  reached  by  steamers  from  Barranquilla  to 
Puerto  Berrio;  thence  train  to  Sofia;  thence  mule  train  to  Yaru- 
nito  and   Santa   Rosa. 

Santo  Domingo,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  9,00); 
altitude,  5.80)  feet ;  between  Medellin  and  Puerto  Berrio,  40  miles 
(65  km.)  from  Medellin  ;  carretera  to  Medellin.     Mining  and  agricul- 


296  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

tural  center.  Route:  Steamers  from  Barranquilla  to  Puerto  Berrio; 
thence  railroad  to  Estacion  Sofia ;  then  mule  train, 

Santuario,  Department  of  Caldas;  population,  5,000;  altitude, 
6,894  feet;  near  Marmato.     Agricultural  and  cattle-raising  district. 

San  Vicente,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  5,728 ;  altitude, 
2.123  feet.  Carreteras  to  Santo  Domingo  and  to  Marinilla  and 
Medelliu  via  Rio  2\egro. 

San  Vicente,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  3,000;  alti- 
tude, about  1,550  feet.  Distant  10  miles  ( 16  km. )  west  of  Zapatoca, 
in  an  agricultural  district. 

Silvia,  Department  of  Cauca;  population,  6,043;  altitude,  8,275 
feet;  distant  22  miles  (35  km.)  from  Popayan;  carreteras  to  Quili- 
chao  and  to  Popayan.     Products:  Cattle,  cereals,  etc. 

Since,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population,  16,300;  reached  from 
Magangue  by  camino  de  herradura.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  rice, 
corn,  cereals,  and  fiber  manufactures.     This  is  a  center  of  trade. 

Sincelejo,  Department  of  Bolivar;  population,  14.000;  altitude,  722 
feet ;  on  tributary  of  San  Jorge  River.  Good  roads  to  Tolu,  on  Gulf 
of  Morrosquillo,  and  to  Magangue,  on  the  Magdalena.  Reached  by 
steamer  from  Cartagena  to  Tolu,  on  Bahia  de  Aspata;  thence  by 
camino  de  herradura.  Distances:  To  Corozal,  15  miles  (25  km.)  ;  to 
Cartagena,  261  miles  (420  km.).  Products:  Sugai*,  honey,  cattle. 
Industry  :  Distilleries.     Bank :  Arturo  Garcia  e  Hijos. 

Soacha,  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  population,  8,590 ;  altitude, 
8.436  feet;  distant  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Bogota,  on  Southern 
Railway. 

Soata,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  13.650 ;  altitude,  6,710 
feet.  Carretera  to  Pamplona  and  Mogotes  via  San  Andres.  Prod- 
ucts: Sugar,  dates,  etc.    This  is  a  commercial  town. 

Sogamoso,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  14.647 ;  altitude, 
8,320  feet ;  commercial  town  on  Sogamoso  Rivei-.  Products :  Hides, 
cereals,  copper,  silver,  mercury,  coal.  Carretera  to  Pesca  and 
Miraflores. 

Sopetran,  Department  of  Antioquia;  population,  7,865;  altitude, 
about  2,250  feet ;  located  near  Cauca  River.  Carretera  to  Antioquia 
and  Me<lellin.  Products :  Gold,  coal,  and  agricultural  produce. 
Industry :  Manufacture  of  straw  hats.  This  is  the  trade  center 
of  an  agricultural  and  grazing  district. 

Sucre,  Department  of  Bolivar ;  population,  8,058 ;  on  Mogana 
River ;  reached  from  Magangue, 

Tambo,  Department  of  Cauca;  population,  4,471;  altitude,  about 
5.560  feet.  Mining  and  agricultural  district.  Carreteras  to  Popa- 
yan, and  to  Call  via  Jamundi, 

Tamesis,  Department  of  Antioquia ;  population,  5,460 ;  altitude, 
4.820  feet ;  southea.st  of  Jerico,  near  Valparaiso,  Carretera  to 
Santa  Barbara  and  La  Ceja.     Products:  Gold,  silver,  coffee,  cattle. 

Tibana,  Department  of  Boyaca ;  population,  9,073 ;  altitude,  8,256 
feet;  near  Jenezano.  Carretera  to  Ramiriqui  and  Tunja.  Manu- 
facturing and  agricultural  district. 

Timbio,  Department  of  Cauca ;  population,  4,471 ;  altitude,  about 
5,400  feet.  Carretera  to  Popayan,  about  10  miles  (16  km.)  north- 
east.    Agricultural  and  mining  district. 


COLOMBIA. 


297 


Timbiqui,  Dcpiirtnifnt  of  Cauca;  population,  1,441;  altitudo,  about 
20  ft'f't ;  on  Tiiiihi(iui  lUver  (noar  the  I'uclHc  Ocean).  ^Jolil  mines 
are  locati'<l  here. 

Titrlbi.  Iiepartinetit  of  Aiitioquia ;  population,  13,725;  altitude, 
5,187  feet;  n-ached  from  Me<leIIin  by  enmitio  de  lierradnra.  InrUis- 
trles:  Gold,  silver,  coal,  and  iron  mines  witli  trood  output;  also  iron 
foundries.  ImjMirtaiit  mines  near  by:  Zanzudo,  Se^'ovia,  Frontino. 
Tocaima.  department  of  Cniniiiiamarca  ;  population,  .■'),7S:? ;  alti- 
tude. 1.416  feet;  northwest  of  (Jirardot,  on  railway,  56  miles  (90 
km.)  from  Hojrota ;  near  the  road  to  Ricaurte,  Afnia  de  Dlo-s,  and 
Viota.     Sulphur  .sprinjrs  are  found   here. 

Tulua,  Department  of  Valle;  i)opulation,  4.256;  altitude,  .S.320 
feet;  on  Tulua  River.  Carretera  to  r,upi  and  to  Call,  via  Palmira. 
Products:  Cocoa  and  cattle.  Reached  from  Bogota  and  Cucuta  by 
the  Central  Nortiiern   Railway. 

Tuquerres.  Deitartment  of  Narino;  population.  7.195;  altitude, 
3.150  feet;  carreteras  to  Pasto  and  to  Barbacoas;  climate,  cold. 
Products:  Cold  and  .-<alt ;  also  suipliur.  Industrial  and  agricultural 
center.  Distances:  From  Tumaco,  120  miles  (194  km.);  from 
Bogota.  350  miles  (.562  km.). 

Turbo,  Department  of  Autioquia  ;  population,  91G;  near  west  <-oast 
of  Uraba  Gulf;  carretera  to  Autioquia  via  Canasgordas.  I'latinum 
is  found  here. 

"Ubate.  Department  of  Cundinamarca ;  poinilation,  9. .597;  altitude. 
8.469  feet;  carretera  to  Zipaquira;  agricultural  and  cattle-raising 
district. 

TTrrao,  Dep.Trtment  of  Autioquia;  population,  6,3.30;  altitude,  6,326 
feet;  on  Penderisco  River,  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Autioquia. 

Valle  de  Upar.  Department  of  Magdal'-na  ;  population,  7..3M1  ;  alti- 
tude. 436  fi'et ;  on  Guatapuri  River.  Products:  Silver,  copper,  lead. 
Velez,  Department  of  Santander;  population.  9.481;  altitude.  7,190 
feet;  carretera  to  Bolivar  de  Santander  and  Puerto  Nacional. 
Products:  Coffee  and  guava  preserves.  Weekly  ferias  (bazaars)  are 
held. 

Yarumal,  Department  of  Autioquia;  population,  21.250;  altitude, 
7,372  feet;  distant  28  miles  (45  km.)  from  Medellin  ;  connnuniciites 
with  ports  of  Valdivia  and  Randal  (on  Cauca  River),  and  is  reacheil 
from  these  points  by  nmle  trail.  Products;  Coffee,  corn,  beans,  cat- 
tle, gold,  and  silver.     This  is  a  commercial  and  mining  center. 

Yolombo,  Department  of  Autioquia;  ix)pulati(»n.  2,618;  altitiule, 
4.823  feet.  Carretera  to  Santo  Domingo,  Marinilla,  aud  Medellin. 
Route:  Steamers  from  Barranquilla  to  Puerto  Berrio ;  thence  rail- 
road to  Kstacion  Sotin  ;  then  mule  train. 

Zapatoca,  Department  of  Santander;  population,  10,6(X);  altitude, 
8.700  feet;  on  west  bank  of  Sogomoso  River.  217  miles  (350  km.) 
from  Bogota.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  caoutchouc,  indigo,  rice, 
tobacco,  corn.  lead.  Industry:  Manufacture  of  .Tipijapa  hats. 
Camino  de  herradura  to  Puerto  de  Baiiaiicn-Bermeja  on  Maird.ili'na 
River:  carretera  to  Piedecuesia  and  to  Socorro.  About  .50  miles  (SO 
km.)  distant  are  several  oil  wells  operated  by  the  Tropical  Oil  Co. 


VENEZUELA. 

Maps  Nos.  8,  9,  and  11. 

location. — A  Republic  of  northern  South  America,  lying  wholly 
within  the  Tropics.  Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  on 
the  east  by  British  Guiana  and  Brazil,  on  the  south  by  Brazil,  and  on 
the  west  by  Colombia. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  i.s  ofRciaily  estimated  at  394,000 
.square  miles.  The  coast  line  is  about  2,000  miles  in  length.  Ac- 
cording to  the  official  estimate  of  population.  Deceml)er  31.  1916, 
there  were  about  7  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  Detailed  statis- 
tics by  States  are  as  follows : 


State. 


Population. 


Capitals. 


Population . 


Apure 

Aragua 

Anzoategui 

Bolivar 

Carabobo 

Cojedes 

Falcon 

Guarico 

Lara , 

Monagas 

Merida 

Miranda 

Nueva  Esparta 

Portugnesa 

Sucre 

Tachira 

TrajiUo 

Yaracuy 

Zamora 

Zulia 

Territorio  Amazonas 

Delta  Amacuro 

Federal  District 

Total 


29, 2o2 
113,333 
161, 958 

69,312 
198,396 
104,262 
169,393 
220,644 
231, 1S9 

90, 41.5 
113,400 
172, 874 

51, 121 
114,559 
116, 142 
132, 020 
1,S3, 481 
102,280 

75,493 
18.5,320 

45, 097 

9,213 

100,000 


San  Fernando  de  Apure 

La  Victoria 

Barcelona 

Ciudad  Bolivar 

Valencia 

San  Carlos 

Coro 

Calabozo 

Barqiiisiraeto 

Maturiii 

Merida 

Ocumare  del  Tuy 

La  Asuncion 

Guanare 

Cumana 

San  Cristobal 

Trajillo 

San  Felipe 

Barinas 

Maracailjo 

San  Fernando  de  Atabapo . 

Tucupiia 

Caracas 


7,000 

7,800 

16,000 

18,000 

54,000 

10,700 

14,  (HX) 

4,000 

3.5,000 

5,f»00 

13,0i>J 

10,000 

3,3(X) 

5,00!) 

15,000 

16,000 

11,000 

7, 000 

6,000 

60,000 

5, 500 

3,000 

100, 000 


2, 789, 154 


Topography. — The  country  may  be  roughly  divided  into  four  sec- 
tions: First,  the  Guiana  highlands,  covering  the  territory  south  and 
east  of  the  Orinoco  River ;  second,  the  great  central  plains  and  river 
valleys  of  the  Orinoco  Basin,  known  as  the  llanos;  third,  the  north- 
eastern chain  of  the  great  Andean  cordillera,  forming  the  north- 
western portion  of  the  Republic  and  bounding  the  llanos  on  the 
northwest ;  fourth,  the  dry,  healthful  tablelands  or  plateaus  of  the 
north  and  northwest,  bordering  on  Lake  Maracaibo. 

The  llanos  of  the  Orinoco  cover  about  108.000  square  miles.  The 
population  other  than  Indian  tribes  is  very  sparse,  and  much  of  the 
territory  is  almost  unknown. 

298 


M'lxnzuELA.  299 

ThP  northwestern  Andean  soctl«>n  covers  about  42,000  square 
miles.  Hert'  are  many  hiu;li  peaks,  in<-luiliiit;  L;i  ("oluniim  (26.;i50 
feet)  and  six  otlitT  jn'al<s  uliusp  altittide  cxi-eeds  IS.fJOO  f«*t't. 

Tlio  Late*'  -Maracailxi  n-pion  (.•overs  al)i>ut  ■_'S,0«M>  s^iuarc  miles. 

Rivers  and  Lakes. — Tlie  chief  i  iver  is  the  ()rin<jr<»,  wiiich,  with  its 
nflliKiits.  jirovides  a  j;rfat  .system  i»f  waterways,  (itlier  important 
rivers  are  tlie  Aroa.  Tocuyo.  Zidla,  Kscniaiite,  I'ahnar,  Mitare, 
I'nare.  Apure,  Portiiiriiesa,  and  Yaraouy.  The  principal  lalce  is 
Maracaibo.  which  covers  an  area  of  about  8,0»H)  S4piare  miles  and  Is 
navigable  in  its  entirety.  It  is  connectetl  with  the  Oidf  of  Vene- 
zuela and  the  Caribbean  Sea  hy  a  .strait  34  miles  (59  km.)  in 
length  and  .">  to  9  miles  (8  to  IH  km.)  in  width.  Lake  Valencia  is 
between  Valencia  and  Caracas  and  is  navigable  by  small  steamers. 

Climate.— The  climate  varies  from  the  troi)it-al  heat  of  the  low- 
lands and  llanos  to  the  mild  temperatures  of  the  plateaus  and  moun- 
tain section.  There  are  in  rwillty  three  zrmes :  The  coast,  or  warm 
lands,  uj)  to  2,0(X)  feet,  which  is  the  altitude  limit  of  cacao  and  coco- 
nuts ;  second,  the  temperate  zone,  ranging  from  2,500  to  6,500 
feet  above  sea  level ;  third,  the  tierra  fria,  or  cold  region,  above 
G.5(K)  feet. 

Seasons. — The  rainy  or  winter  season  on  the  llanos  lasts  from 
April  to  October:  the  dry  or  .sunmier  season  from  November  to 
JMarch.  In  the  temperate  regions  the  climate  is  exceedingly  tle- 
lightful  and  healthful.  The  seasons  here  an'  rainy  ami  dry.  as  in 
tlie  lowlands,  but  not  so  definitely  marked.  The  temiM-rature  aver- 
ages berween  50"  and  77"  F. 

Principal  Products. — Venezuela  is  very  important  from  an  agricul- 
tural  standpoint.     The  chief  crops  are  coffee,   cacao,   and  sugar ; . 
others  are  t<J)acco.  cotton,  maize,  and  rubber. 

Stock  Raising. — The  cattle  and  meat  industries  are  of  the  utmost 
importance.  The  national  herd  numbers  about  3.5(X),00«)  head. 
Hides,  refrigerated  beef,  etc..  are  important  items  of  commerce. 

Forest  Resources, — Venezuela  has  forest  resources  which  are  prac- 
tically mdimited.  Probalily  50  per  cent  of  the  entire  area  of 
Venezuela  is  under  timber.     Hardwoods  of  many  varieties  abound. 

Manufacturing.— Much  of  the  manufacturing,  with  the  exception  of 
the  cotion  textile  industry,  is  of  a  minor  character.  There  are  tan- 
ning plants,  shoe  factories,  breweries,  tlour  mills,  sugar  refineries, 
.soai*  and  candle  factories,  and  cigar  and  cigarette  factories. 

Mineral  Wealth. — Venezuela  is  very  rich  in  minerals.  Copper, 
silver,  iron,  coal,  gold,  oil.  and  magnesite  are  mined.  Salt  is  now- 
mined  by  the  Government  in  various  places.  The  mines  at  Aroa 
are  important.  There  are  large  deposits  of  asphalt  in  the  Maracaibo 
region :  also  petroleum. 

inhabitants. — The  racial  elements  are  completely  intermixe<l. 
There  are  a  few  pure  Avhites,  but  a  very  large  percentage  of  the 
population  is  mestizo — mixed  Spanish  and  Indian.  There  is  also  a 
considerable  amount  of  Negro  blood. 

TRAVEL  ROITTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Red  D  line.— Bliss.  Dallett  &  Co.,  agents.  82  Wall  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  11.  Montague  Street.  Brooklyn.     Departures  for  La 


300  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Guaira  and  Maracaibo  weekly ;  for  Puerto  Cabello  fortnightly ;  for 
La  Vela  de  Coro  every  alternate  week — transshipment  at  Curacao, 
Dutch  West  Indies.  Fare  from  New  York  to  La  Guaira,  $70-$S5; 
New  Yoz-k  to  Puerto  Cabello.  $75-$90;  La  Guaira  to  New  York, 
$80-$95;  Puerto  Cabello  to  New  York,  $70-$85;  Curacao  to  La 
Guaira,  $11. 

Trinidad  Line. — Trinidad  Shipping  &  Trading  Co.,  29  Broadway. 
Sailings  from  Pier  24,  Kobinson  Stores,  Brooklyn.  Departures  fort- 
nightly for  Trinidad,  Windward  Islands,  thence  by  connecting 
steamer  for  Ciudad  Bolivar  (Angostura). 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Fortnightly  sailings. 

AVERAGE  TIME  OF  TRIPS.— New  York  to  La  Guaira,  8  days; 
New  York  to  Puerto  Cabello,  11  days ;  Curacao  to  La  Guaira,  1  day ; 
Curacao  to  Maracaibo,  1  day ;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  to  La  Guaira, 
4  days ;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  to  Puerto  Cabello,  6  days ;  La 
Guaira  to  Maracaibo,  2  days ;  La  Guadi-a  to  Puerto  Cabello,  1  day ; 
Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  to  Ciudad  Bolivar,  2  to  3  days. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  VENEZUELAN  PORTS. 

Harrison  and  Leyiand  Lines. — Monthly  service  from  LiverpooL 
Steamers  leave  Liverpool  for  Barbados,  Trinidad,  La  Guaira, 
Puerto  Cabello,  Curacao,  and  Cartagena ;  thence  to  a  United  States 
Gulf  port,  and  return  to  Europe. 

Compania  Trasatlantica  de  Barcelona. — One  steamer  per  month ; 
Cuba;  Italy;  Barcelona,  Spain;  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico;  Habana, 
Cuba ;  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica ;  Puerto  Colombia,  Colombia ;  Cura- 
cao ;  Puerto  Cabello  and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela ;  thence  back  to  San 
Juan,  Teneriffe,  and  Spain. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Monthly  sailings  from  St. 
Nazaire.  France,  to  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  West  Indies;  La  Guaira 
and  Puerto  Cabello,  Venezuela ;  Puerto  Colombia  and  Cartagena, 
Colombia ;  and  Colon,  Panama ;  and  return.  Also  monthly  sailings 
from  Havre  (Bordeaux),  France,  to  Santander,  Spain;  Guadeloupe; 
Martinique;  Trinidad;  Carupano  and  La  Guaira,  Venezuela;  Colom- 
bia, Colombia  :  Port  Limon,  Costa  Rica ;  and  return.  These  services 
alternate  fortnightly. 

La  Veloce, — Monthly  steamers  to  Colon,  via  Port  Limon,  Costa 
Rica,  and  to  Italy  via  Trinidad  and  Barbados. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co. — Fortnightly  service  from  Halifax 
to  British  West  Indies  and  Demerara,  British  Guiana.  Connecting 
steamers  at  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  for  ports  in  Venezuela. 

NOTE. — Travelers  should  make  careful  inquiry  of  steamship 
agents  regarding  prospective  arrivals  and  departures  of  European 
and  American  vessels.  By  being  on  the  alert  it  is  often  possible  to 
take  advantage  of  an  unscheduled  sailing  and  thereby  gain  a  day 
or  two. 

COASTWISE  SERVICE. 

Red  "D"  Line. — Steamers  Caracas  and  PJuladelpJiia  leave  La 
Guaira  every  fortnight  alternately  on  Saturday  at  6  p.  m.,  arriving 
at  Curacao,  D.  W.  I.,  Sunday,  6  a.  m.  To  go  to  Maracaibo  it  is 
necessary  to  transfer  to  the  steamer  iferida-,  which  arrives  at 
Maracaibo  Monday  afternoon.     Steamers  Maracaibo  and  Zidiu  leave 


VENEZUEL.\.  301 

Ln  rjunira  ovory  fortnight  alterniilely  on  Trhlay  at  0  p.  ni.,  touclilri:; 
at  ('ura<'iio  on  Saturday  inorniti>;  and  arrivinu  at  ilaracaibo  on 
Sunday.  1  p.  ni. 

Government  Steamship  Service. — Between  Mararnil)o  and  ("iudad 
Bolivar — stcnincrs  Mnir.atitirrx  and  \'enc~tielii — toucldiiK  en  route 
at  La  Vela,  Cumarelio,  Tiicafas.  I'orlaniar,  ('arupano,  IUm  Caril)f. 
Colon,  Tucupita,  Barraix-as.  and  S.in  Felix.  Fares  fn»rn  Maraoaibo : 
To  I'utrto  Cabello,  .S14;  to  La  (Juaira,  .S18;  t<>  Cuniana.  .S'-(J;  ti> 
Colon,  $36;  to  Ciudad  Bolivar,  $45.  Baggase  allowance:  First-class 
passenji'.M-s  are  allowed  ;"()  kilos  (11,0  ixiunds)  fre<\  Excess  baj?>;a;ie 
cliarpes  are  made  at  the  rate  of  A'2  i)er  KX)  kilns  (22()  itounds). 

Compaiiia  Anoniraa  Venezolana  de  Navegacion. — Sieanier  DpHo 
leaves  Ciudad  Bolivar  on  alternate  Saturdays,  arriviu;;  at  Port  of 
Spain,  Trinidad,  the  followiii;;  ^londay  ;  leaves  I'mr  nf  .^jiain  alter- 
nate Thursdavs,  arriviii;^  at  Ciudad  I'.olivar  the  followini;  Saturday. 

Compaiiia  Anonima  de  Navegacion  Fluvial  &  Costanera. — Service 
between  La  (Juaira.  Curacao,  and  Maracaibo.  Time  between  La 
Guaira  and  Jraracaibo.  two  days;  to  interior  points  of  the  cordiilera 
region,  via  lake  steamers,  six  days.  Typical  itinerary  :  Leave  La 
Guaira  Monday,  arrive  at  Maracaiiio  Wednesday;  leave  Maracaibo 
Friday,  arrive  at  La  (iuaira  Monday.  Stoi)s  are  made  both  coniiug 
and  .L'oln;:  at  Curacao.  These  boats  connect  with  lake  steamers  at 
Maracaibo. 

LAKE  SERVICE. 

Government  Steamship  Service. — Steamer  Progrenn,  botn-een  Mara- 
caibo and  Encontrados,  leaving  on  Saturdays  and  returning:  on 
Tuesdays;  steamer  Nuevo  Feni.r,  between  Maracaibo  and  lake  ports 
of  La  Ceiba,  Bobures,  and  Santa  Barbara,  leavinj;  Saturdays  and 
returning  on  Thursdays.  I'assentrer  fares  from  Maracaibo:  To  La 
Ceiba,  about  $8;  to  Santa  Barbara.  al»out  $10;  to  Encontrados,  .Sl.i; 
from  mouth  of  Escalaute  to  Santa  Barbara  or  La  Ceiba,  .$•"•.  Ha^:- 
cajre  allowance:  First-class  passenprers  are  allowe«l  50  kilos  (110 
pounds)  free;  the  excess  baggage  rate  is  about  $2  per  100  kilos 
(220  pounds). 

Telegraph  Bates. — Messages  from  1  to  10  words  in  length,  1 
bolivar  ($0,193);  11  to  l.">  words,  1.2."i  bolivars  (.S0.24)  ;  16  to  20 
words,  l.."i0  bolivars  (.$0.29)  ;  21  to  2."i  words,  1.7.')  bolivars  (.S0.34)  ; 
every  additional  five  words.  0.2'1  bolivar  (.SO.Oo).  These  rates  are 
double<l  on  messages  sent  from  7  p.  m.  to  (5  a.  m.,  and  on  Sundays 
and  holidays. 

Cable  Rates. — Compagnie  Francaise  des  Cables  Telegraph iques: 
To  United  States,  east  of  Mississippi  River,  5  bolivars  ($0.96.5)  per 
word;  west  of  Mississippi  Uiver.  ."i.2."  (.Sl.Ol)  ;  Habana,  Cuba,  .5.70 
($1.10)  ;  Curacao,  1.20  ($0.23)  ;  Colon,  Panama,  7.50  ($L4."))  ;  Porto 
Rico   (San  .Tuau  or  Ponce),  8.25   (.$1.59). 

Quarantine  Regulations. — There  are  no  quarantine  regulations  in 
A'enezuela  against  passengers  from  the  United  States.  If  a  pas- 
senger shows  signs  of  suspicious  illness,  he  may  be  detained. 
Vaccination  against  smallpox  is  obligatory. 

Documents. — A  passport,  viseed  by  consul  of  Venezuela  at  port  of 
departure,  is  exacted  of  all  travelers. 


302  GFIDE   TO   LATIX   AMERICA. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  of  no  commercial  value,  such  as 
small  pieces  of  fabrics  and  wall  paper  not  exceeding  50  centimeters 
(19.7  inches)  in  length  are  admitted  free  of  duty  to  an  amount  of 
25  kilos  (55  pounds).  Samples  of  fabrics  in  excess  of  that  amount 
are  dutiable  at  $3.43  per  100  pounds,  gross  weight. 

Bond. — On  samples  admitted  free  of  duty  a  bond  is  required 
guaranteeing  their  reexportation  within  one  year.  If  duties  have 
actually  been  paid  they  can  not  be  refunded.  Duties  are  collected 
upon  any  portion  of  samples  not  reexported  within  the  time  specified. 

Reexporting  Samples. — Samples  may  be  reexported  through  any 
port  of  the  Republic,  but  the  traveler  must  pre.sent  the  bill  of 
lading  of  the  coasting  steamer  (pollza  de  cabotaje)  on  which  the 
samples  have  been  sent  to  the  custoaihouse  where  exportation  is  to 
be  made,  and  the  items  must  agi-ee  exactly  with  the  samples  pre- 
sented by  the  traveler  and  with  the  list  of  samples  as  made  out  upon 
their  entry.  The  "  poliza  de  cabotaje  "  must  be  obtained  when  the 
traveler  gives  the  original  bond.     It  should  be  carefully  preserved. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — As  a  rule,  when  samples  are 
brought  as  baggage  they  can  be  cleared  within  a  few  hours.  Sam- 
ples having  no  commercial  value  can  be  cleared  without  difficulty, 
but  a  customs  broker  will  be  able  to  expedite  the  clearance  of  sam- 
ples having  a  definite  value. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Catalogues,  as  such,  are  free  of 
duty.  Printed  matter  used  for  advertising  purposes,  such  as  pam- 
phlets, calendars  mounted  on  lithographed  boards,  etc.,  must  pay  a 
duty  of  $1.37  per  100  pounds  gross  weight.  Advertising  matter  with 
lithographed  or  printed  designs  bearing  no  advertisements  (printed 
matter)  pays  a  duty  of  $17.13  per  1(X)  pounds  gross  weight. 

Baggage  Rates. — To  avoid  excess  baggage  charges,  it  is  desirable 
to  send  baggage  from  La  Guaira  to  Caracas  by  freight,  which  costs 
58  cents  per  100  kilos  ($0.26  per  100  pounds).  If  carried  as  excess 
baggage  it  costs  $1.93  per  100  kilos  ($0,875  per  100  pounds). 

Travelers'  Taxes. — There  is  no  travelers'  tax  of  any  kind,  either 
national  or  municipal,  in  Venezuela.  Travelers  may  proceed  to  do 
business  unhampered  by  any  rules  or  regulations. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — While  there  is  no  very  great  difference  in  the 
seasons,  it  is  found  desirable  to  visit  Venezuela  in  the  months  from 
November  to  March.  In  most  lines  the  salesman  must  arrange  his 
visit  in  accordance  with  his  particular  business.  As  in  other  Latin- 
American  countries,  dealers  generally  (especially  in  the  interior) 
desire  to  be  provided  with  good  stocks  of  merchandise  for  Christ- 
mas, Easter,  and  the  national  holidays. 

TRANSPORTATION  FACILITIES. 

Railways. — Comnmnication  on  the  whole  is  not  highly  developed. 
There  are  no  important  railway  lines,  and  the  most  extensive  line  in 
operation  is  111  miles  (179  km.)  long.  The  total  mileage  of  oper- 
ated track  in  Venezuela  is  only  530.  This  is  due  largely  to  the 
.sparseness  of  the  population  and  its  distribution  in  a  long,  narrow 
strip  of  territory. 

Roads. — The  character  of  the  roads  has  improved  greatly  in  recent 
years,  and  there  are  now  good  roads  for  vehicles  from  Caracas  to  La 
Guaira  and  Macuto;  from  Caracas  to  Valencia  (to  be  continued  to 


VENEZUELA.  303 

San  Cristobal);  frnni  Caracas  fo  (Jiiatlrp  (construction  to  be  con- 
tinued to  Ciudad  Holivar).  In  the  ni<irc  n-niotc  swtions  of  the 
country  tiic  chief  inotliod  of  transportation  i.s  still  by  means  of 
mule  carts,  i)ack  animals,  etc. 

Steamship  Lines. — The  cluef  dependence  is  still  upon  steamers 
winch  .skirt  the  coasts  and  conne^-t  Lake  Mara<aiho  witli  jxfints  on 
the  Orinoco  liiver.  The  Coniitanfa  An6tunia  Venezolana  de  Navega- 
cion  has  a  very  complete  service. 

Orinoco  Rii<  r  Points. — Tlie  distance  fn)m  Caraca.s  or  La  Guaira 
to  Ciudad  Bolivar,  on  the  Orinoco,  i.s  veiy  jn'eat.  As  a  result,  the 
trade  of  tlie  latter  with  Port  of  Spain.  Trinidad,  i.s  considerable. 
Vessels  from  tiif  United  States  touch  at  Port  of  Siniin  and  many 
travelers  transfer  there  to  the  light-draft  steamers  wiiicli  maintain 
.service  to  (^iudad  P.olivar. 

Caracas  Region. — The  chief  city  of  Venezuela  and  its  most  im- 
portant commercial  point  is  Caraca.s,  about  an  hours  ride  fron  La 
(Uiaira.  In  Caracas  are  located  many  of  the  iuiiK)rtant  husines.s 
liouses  of  Venezuela,  and  a  number  of  these  maintain  branches  in 
some  of  the  more  distant  cities  of  the  Republic,  which  serve  as  dis- 
tributinjr  centers  for  tlieir  res]»ective  rej^ions. 

Maracaibo  Region. — Maracaibo,  on  Lake  Maracaibo,  is  also  located 
at  a  considcralile  distance  fmm  Caracas.  From  this  region  Zulia, 
on  the  Zulia  River,  and  the  llinirishing  city  of  Cucuta,  in  Colombia, 
are  reached  by  way  of  Villannzar.  Trujillo  and  Merida,  in  this 
section,  are  also  important  commercially. 

Routes  to  Follow. — Many  commercial  travelers  go  directly  from 
the  Tnited  States  to  La  Guaira  and  thence  to  Caraca.s.  where  they 
can  best  decide  which  way  to  continue  their  trips.  In  any  event, 
the  imi)ortant  eonnnercial  regions  can  be  reached  either  by  steamer 
or  train.  These  include  places  on  the  coast,  in  the  Orinoco  region, 
and   the  Maracaibo  district. 

Other  Suggestions. — Travelers  who  wish  to  work  the  eastern  region 
of  Venezuela  first  can  leave  New  York  for  Port  of  Spain.  Trini- 
dad, and  tran.sship  there  for  Ciudad  Rolivar,  which  is  reacheii  by 
the  steamers  of  the  Compai'ifa  Anonima  Venezolana  de  Navegaci(ai. 
If  the  traveler  wishes  to  canvass  this  .section,  he  can  go  by  other 
steamers  along  the  coast,  reaching  eventually  La  Guaira.  If  it  is 
desired  to  canvass  thoroughly  the  western  region  before  making 
Caracas  and  La  Guaira,  the  traveler  can  sail  from  New  York  to 
Curacao  and  take  steamer  tliere  to  Maracaibo.  Various  other 
combinations  are  possible  as  can  be  .seen  by  reference  to  the  steam- 
ship routes  outlined  on  previous  pages, 

SUGGESTED  ITINERARIES. 

Maracaibo  Region. — New  York  to  Curacao;  local  steamer  to  Mara 
caibo :  steamc^r  via  the  Catatunil)o  River  to  Santa  Barbara;  Ferro- 
carril  de  Santa  Barbara  to  Kl  Vigia ;  l)y  cart  road  to  Merida. 

From  Maracaiiw,  by  steamer  to  Puerto  Villamizar;  thence  by 
Cucuta  Railway  to  Cucuta,  Colombia. 

From  Maracaibo,  by  local  steamer  to  La  Ceiba ;  thence  by  Gran 
Ferrocarri!  de  La  Ceiba  to  Trujillo. 

From  Maracaibo.  by  steamer  to  Coro ;  Ferrocarril  de  La  Vela 
y  Coro  to  La  Vela;  steamer  to  Tucacas;  Bolivar  Railway  to  Bar- 
(luisimeto. 


304  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Caracas  Region. — From  Tucacas  by  steamer  to  Puerto  Cabello; 
Puerto  Cabello  &  Valencia  Railway  to  Valencia;  Gran  Ferrocarril 
de  Venezuela  to  Caracas;  La  Guaira  &  Caracas  Railway  to  La 
Guaira. 

From  Caracas  by  Central  Railway  to  Santa  Teresa. 
From  La  Guaira,  by  steamer  to  Guanta;  Ferrocarril  de  Guanta 
a  Naricual  to  Barcelona. 

From  Guanta  by  steamer  to  Cumana ;  thence  to  Carupano. 
Region  of  Ciudad  Bolivar. — From  New  York  by  the  Trinidad  Line 
to  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad;  steamer  to  Ciudad  Bolivar;  steamer 
from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  if  desired,  to  Carupano,  Cumana,  Guanta, 
and  La  Guaira.  Travelers  coming  to  Ciudad  Bolivar  from  New 
York  may  reverse  the  itineraries  suggested  above. 

DISTANCES. — From  Caracas  to:  Barcelona  (in  miles),  155  (250 
km.)  :  Barquisimeto,  164  (264  km.)  ;  Coro,  248  (4(X»  km.)  ;  Cumana. 
248  (400  km.)  ;  La  Guaira,  23  (37  km.)  ;  Maracaibo,  572  (920  km.)  ; 
Merida,  466  (750  km.)  ;  Valencia,  112  (180  km.).  From  Puerto  Ca- 
bello to:  La  Guaira,  65  (104  km.)  ;  Tucacas,  40  (64  km.)  ;  Valencia, 
34  (54  km.).  From  La  Guaira  to  Ciudad  Bolivar,  286  miles  (461 
km.). 

PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS. — From  Valencia  to  Puerto  Cabello — 
Valencia  &  Puerto  Cabello  Railway,  34  miles  (54  km.)  ;  Caracas 
to  Valencia — Gran  Ferrocarril  de  Venezuela,  111  miles  (179  km.)  ; 
Caracas  to  La  Guaira— La  Guaira  &  Caracas  Railway,  22  miles 
(36  km.)  ;  Guanta  to  Barcelona — Ferrocarril  de  Guanta  a  Naricual, 
11  miles  (18  km.)  ;  Caracas  to  Santa  Tereza— Central  Railway  of 
Venezuela.  37  miles  (60  km.)  ;  La  Ceiba  to  Ronacayolo— Gran  Ferro- 
carril de  La  Ceiba,  .50  miles  (81  km.)  ;  La  Vela  to  Coro— Ferro- 
carril de  La  Vela  y  Coro,  8  miles  (13  km.);  Tucacas  to  Aroa — 
Bolivar  Railwav  Co.,  55  miles  (88  km.)  ;  Puerto  Bolivar  to  Bar- 
quisimeto—Bolivar  Railway  Co.,  101  miles  (163  km.)  ;  Santa  Bar- 
bara to  El  Viga— Ferrocarril  de  Santa  Barbara  y  El  Vigia,  37 
miles  (60  km.)  ;  Encontrados  to  La  Uraca— Gran  Ferrocarril  del 
Tachira.  71  miles   (115  km.). 

Consignments.— Under  the  customs  regulations  it  is  not  permis- 
sible to  consign  goods  "to  order."  Banks,  therefore,  can  not  re- 
ceive consignments. 

Drafts.— Salesmen  should  not  instruct  their  houses  to  send  drafts 
to  banks  with  documents  attached.  This  method  offers  the  foreign 
seller  no  protection,  as  the  consignee  named  in  the  invoice  can,  for  a 
small  fee,  secure  copies  of  the  necessary  documents  from  the  cus- 
tomhouse. „      ^,      ,     ^  ^  ^  , 

Hotel  Rates.— In  the  larger  cities  the  rates  for  the  best  hotels 
(American  plan)  range  from  $2  to  $3.50  American  gold.  Hotels  of 
secondary  importance  and  those  in  the  smaller  towns  charge  less, 
from  $l,ho  to  $2..50  per  day.  Travelers  should  patronize  the  best 
grade  of  hotels  for  the  sake  of  business  prestige. 

Health  Precaution. — Travelers  are  urged  to  take  all  possible  pre- 
cautions when  visiting  the  region  around  the  south  shore  of 
Lake  Maracaibo,  as  this  part  of  the  country  is  infested  with  malaria. 
Holidays.— The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  many  of  the 
ten^t  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Generally 
speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  officially  recog- 
nized   except  in  the  smaller  towns.     The  following  are  legal  holi- 


VENEZUELA.  305 

days:  January  1,  New  Year's  Day;  Aiiril  19.  tirst  niovpraent  for 
indepeiuleiKt* ;  .luut'  24,  l>»ittk*  of  ("Kniln*!)'*;  July  5.  IiHU'rH^iideuce 
Day;  October  28,  liollvar  Day;  Dwfiiiber  19,  national  holiday;  Dt- 
cember  2."),  ('jiristnias  Day. 

CHIEF  C03IMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

BARCELONA,  capital  of  the  State  of  Aiizoatesrui ;  altitude,  40 
feet;  population,  IG.tXH).  Situateil  on  west  bank  of  Neverl  River,  3 
miles  (o  km.)  from  ocean;  11  miles  (17  km.)  from  Guanta  ;  15o 
miles  (200  km.)  from  (Caracas;  02  miles  (10(»  km.)  from  Cumana. 
Mean  annual  temperature,  SO''  F.  Triiicipal  products:  Cattle,  cot- 
ton, cacao,  sufrar.  tobacco.  Industries:  .Jerked  beef,  cattle  raisins; 
near  by  are  coal  and  .salt  mines.  Lloyd's  a;,'ent.  J.  Marcos  Kaffetti. 
Customliimse  broker.  K.  Dondnici  e  Ilijos  (Sues.). 

How  Reached. — From  Guanta.  by  Ferroearril  de  Quanta  a  Nari- 
cual:  from  La  Guaira,  by  steamers. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Caracas;  Banco  de  Venezuela. 

Hotels. — Oriental,  Nacional.  Vesubio. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  piod  tradim;  center,  with  a  rapidly  prowinp; 
business.  There  are  a  number  of  imiwrtinfi  wholesalers;  also  some 
retailers  who  imp')rt  direct.  Considerable  business  is  transacted 
with  the  n(>i.Lchborinj:  cities. 

BARQUISIMETO.  State  of  Lara;  population,  3.i,000;  altitude. 
1,722  feel;  on  the  Banpiisimeto  River.  Climate  temperate  (reel'm 
of  valleys).  Temperature  averages  78°  F.  Distant  104  ndles  (264 
km.)  from  Caracas.  90  miles  (145  km.)  from  Puerto  Cabello.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Collee,  cacao,  sngrar,  copper,  iron,  sulphur,  and 
rum.  Industries:  Manufacture  of  tiber  hammocks,  bags,  etc.;  stock 
raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Cabello,  by  railroad  by  way  of 
Hacha  and  Tucacas.  (Bolivar  Railway  de  Tucacas  to  Barquisi- 
meto. )  Roads  start  from  Barquisimeto  to  Tocuyo,  Cojedes,  Portu- 
iiuesa,  San  Felipe,  Area,  Carona. 

Principal  Hotels. — Sucre.  A'esul)io,  Venesuello. 

Note. — This  city  slumld  be  visited  by  salesmen,  as  it  is  not  ditfi- 
cult  of  access.  A  larj;(»  distributing  business  is  conducted  with  the 
surrounding  country.     Sugar  Central  Rodeo  is  located  here. 

CARACAS,  capital  of  the  Republic;  altitude.  3.000  feet;  popula- 
tion, 100.000.  Distant  23  miles  (37  km.)  from  La  Guaira;  112  miles 
(180  km.)  from  Valencia;  29  ndles  (47  km.)  from  Charallane;  37 
miles  (50  km.)  from  Santa  Lucia.  Climate:  Although  it  is  in  thc> 
tropical  .secticm,  Caracas  enjoys  constant  springtime  weather,  due 
to  its  situation  and  altitude.  Temperature  averages  68°  F.  De- 
cember to  April  are  the  driest  months  and  July.  September,  and 
October  are  the  wettest.  Principal  i)roducts :  Cacao,  coffee,  tobacco, 
etc.  Industries:  Lumber,  ci,£:ar  and  cigarette,  soap  and  candle, 
Portland  cement,  paper,  and  textile  factories.  American  minister 
ant!  American  consular  agent  in  residence. 

How  Reached. — From  Valencia  and  Puerto  Cabello,  by  Central 
Railway  of  Venezuela ;  from  La  Guaira,  by  Caracas-La  Gnaira 
Railway. 

Banks. — The  National  City  Baidr  of  New  York  and  the  Mercantile 
Bank  of  tlie  Americas  maintain  brandies  hero;  Royal  Bank  of  Can- 
144297°— 20 20 


306  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

ada;  Commercial  Bank  of  Spanish  America;  Banco  de  Caracas: 
Banco  de  Venes^uela ;  H.  L.  Boulton  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Grau  Hotel  Kliudt,  Gran  Hotel,  Gran  Hotel  Continental, 
Alemania,  America,  Barcelones,  Filadelfia,  New,  Univer.sal,  de  Fa- 
milia,  Italia. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — H.  L.  Boulton  &  Co.;  Perret  &  Co. 

Note. — This  is  the  most  important  commercial  center  in 
Venezuela,  There  are  numerous  importing  wholesale  houses;  also 
some  retailers  who  are  in  a  position  to  make  direct  importations. 
A  number  of  tliese  firms  maintain  branches  in  some  of  the  more 
distant  cities  of  the  Republic.  An  agencj^  could  well  be  located 
here.  Some  houses  appoint  two  agents,  one  here  and  one  at  Mara- 
caibo.  A  number  of  the  more  important  cities  of  Venezuela  are 
usually  made  from  this  point. 

CARUPANO,  State  of  Sucre ;  altitude,  23  feet ;  on  Caribbean  Sea ; 
landing,  open  roadstead;  population,  13,000;  temperature  averages 
81°  F.  Distant  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  Ilio  Caribe;  64  miles  (103 
km.)  from  Guariquen ;  28  miles  (45  km.)  from  Coiguar ;  40  miles 
(65  km.)  from  Cumana.  Principal  products:  Cacao,  coffee,  sugar, 
cotton,  woods,  minerals.  Industries:  Manufacture  of  straw  hats, 
fiber  weaving,  rum  distilleries.     Lloyd's  agent,  Santos  Erminy. 

How  Reached. — From  La  Guaira  and  Maracaibo,  by  steamers 
Manzanarcs  and  Venezuela. 

Hotels. — Victoria,  Itrocchia,  Vensulio. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Venezuela  (A.  Lucca  e  Hijos,  agents)  ;  Banco 
de  Caracas  (.1.  Orsiui  e  Hijos,  agents). 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Santa  Ermini,  J,  Orsini  e  Hijos. 

Note. — Carupano  is  a  thriving  city  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Republic;  quite  accessible,  and  is  being  visited  by  an  increasing 
number  of  salesmen.  A  number  of  concerns  here  are  in  a  position 
to  make  direct  importations.     The  chief  trade  is  with  La  Guaira. 

ClUDAD  BOLIVAR,  capital  of  the  State  of  Bolivar;  population, 
18,000 ;  altitude,  186  feet.  Situated  on  right  bank  of  Orinoco  River, 
372  miles  (600  km.)  from  its  mouth.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  along- 
side quays.  Climate,  tropical  (region  of  plains)  ;  temperature  aver- 
ages 85°.  Distant  590  miles  (950  km.)  from  Caracas;  300  miles 
(483  km.)  from  Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad;  286  miles  (461  km.)  from 
La  Guaira.  Industries:  Manufacture  of  cigars;  cattle  raising. 
Principal  products:  Gold,  silver,  mercury,  tobacco,  sugar,  coffee, 
woods,  hides,  cattle.  American  consular  agent  in  residence. 
Lloyd's  agent.  Robert  Henderson,  jr.  Customhouse  broker,  J. 
Carranza. 

How  Reached.— From  Puerto  Cabello  and  La  Guaira  by  local 
steamers  Manzanares  and  Yeneziiela;  from  Port  of  Spain,  by  weekly 
steamer,  making  points  on  Orinoco  River. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Venezuela  (.1.  Boccardo  &  Co.,  agents)  ;  Dalton 
&  Co.'s  Successors ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Hotels. — Bolivar,  Gran,  Manoni,  Venezuela,  D'Annello,  Chiarelli, 
Union,  Central. 

Steamship  Service. — During  the  wet  season.  Mav  to  December,  the 
Welcome  Steamship  Co.  (Ltd.)  operates  a  monthly  service  to  Deme- 
rara,  Paramaribo.  Cayenne,  and  Trinidad.  The  Cia.  de  Navegacion 
Fluvial  y  Costanera  de  Venezuela  maintains  service  to  Trinidad, 


VIXKZIF.LA.  307 

where  connectiDns  arc  inadf  witli  rlit»  Itoyul  Mall  Steam  Paoket  CJo. 
and  the  Triniihid  Line. 

Notes.— ('iu(l;i(l  I?i>liviir  Is  Ihe  renter  of  the  Orinoco  TUver  trade. 
Local  steamers  niui  sailing  ves.sels  maintain  eommmiieatlon  l)«'f\veeii 
Puerto  ('al)ellt>,  Ka  (Juaira,  (Juaiita,  Cuinana,  Canipano,  ami  <Minla<l 
Bolivar.  Many  coastwi.^se  lines  include  calls  at  (')iracao  and  Port 
of  Spain.  Naviu'ation  above  f'iudad  Holivar  durinc  hi^li  water 
from  .Tune  to  N()veinl)er  by  lar^re  boats;  other  months  by  small 
craft  only.  Small  steaniei'S  also  ply  betwe<'n  (Mudad  liolivar  and 
San  Fernando;  time  of  trip,  six  days.  Nnmerons  houses  here  are 
in  a  position  to  mai<e  direct  itnportations. 

CORO,  capital  of  the  State  of  Falcon;  altitude.  100  feet;  popula- 
tion. 14.()dU;  temperature  averages  82°.  Situated  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  C'oro,  winch  affords  pood  anchorajre.  La  Vela  de  Coro 
is  6  miles  distant  on  other  side  of  neck  of  land.  Distant  '248  miles 
(4(iO  km.)  from  Caracas;  50  miles  (90  km.)  from  Curacao.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Coffee,  corn,  lumber,  construction  wood,  nunerals, 
and  hides.  Industries:  Cattle  raisintr;  numufacture  of  aguardiente. 
Custondiouse  brokers,  I.  A.  Senior  e  Hijo. 

How  Reached. — From  La  Vela.  i>y  La  Vela-Coro  Tlailway  (8  miles)  ; 
from  New  York,  by  steamers  of  Ued  D  Line,  via  Curacao. 
Bank. — Banco  de  Venezuela  (I.  A.  Senior  e  Hijo,  agents). 
Hotels. — Coriano,  Occidental. 

Note. — Coro  is  a  very  important;  city  in  the  northern  part  of 
Venezuela.  Accessible  from  Maracaibo  or  Caracas.  A  p)od  dis- 
rributinp  business  i.s  done  with  the  surrounding  country.  A  num- 
ber of  merchants  make  direct  importations. 

CUMANA,  State  of  Sucre;  population,  1.^,000.  Landintr:  Vessels 
lie  alonjrside  wharf.  Locate^l  on  both  banks  of  Manzanares  River, 
1  mile  above  its  mouth;  248  miles  (400  km.)  from  Caracas  and 
r.2  miles  (TOO  km.)  from  the  sea.  Temperature  averages  S(>°. 
Principal  products:  Coffee  and  tobacco;  beans,  sugar,  hides.  Indus- 
try :  Manufacture  of  cotton  goods.  Customhouse  broker,  Jose  Gab- 
riel Minez. 

How    Reached. — From    La    Cuaira    and    (^arupano    by    steamers 
MaiizoDores  and   Venezuela. 
Bank. — Banco  de  Venezuela. 

Note. — The  Cumana  and  Carupano  Pier  &  Tramway  Co.  operate 
pier  830  feet  long;  warehouse  at  end  of  tramway.  This  is  a  grow- 
ing town.  A  general  distributing  l)usiness  is  done  here  and  there 
are  some  wholesale  and  retail  firms  who  import  direct. 

LA  6UAIRA,  Department  of  Vargas,  Federal  District;  population, 
14.(KK);  on  Caril>beau  Sea.  Landing:  (Jood  piers;  vessels  lie  along- 
side. Distant  0".  miles  (104  km.)  from  Puerto  Cabello;  2.S  miles 
(37  km.)  from  Caracas  (but  less  than  3  miles  by  air  line).  Tem- 
perature averages  85°  F.  Principal  products:  Coffee,  cocoa,  hides, 
and  skins.  Industries:  ^lanufacture  of  hats  and  shoes;  .small  sugar 
mills.  American  con.sul  ami  vice  consul  in  residence.  Lloyd's 
agent.  Albert  Wallis. 

How  Reached. — From  Caracas,  by  Caracas-La  Guaira  Railway ; 
from  Puerto  Cabello.  by  steamers  Manzatwres  and  Venezuela;  from 
Maracaibo  and  Curacao,  by  steamer  Merula  of  the  Red  D  Line; 
from  Macuto  and  Maiquetia.  by  railroad. 


308  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — E.  Aranaga  &  Son;  J.  Boccardo  &  Co.; 
A.  Dupony  &  Co.;  Fred  Eraso;  R.  Escobar,  Hijo;  Ernest  Krogh; 
Legerburn  Hnos.  y  Cia. ;  E.  Marturet  &  Co. ;  Perret  y  Cia. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercautil  Americano;  Banco  de  Venezuela;  H.  L. 
Boulton  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Neptuno,  Espanol,  Alemania.  Pension  La  Major,  Familia. 
',  Port  and  Baggage  Tees. — The  Corporation  of  the  Port  of  La 
<]ruaira  (office  opposite  station  of  railroad,  Maiquetia  to  Macuto) 
makes  the  following  charges :  Ship's  passengers  arriving  or  depart- 
ing, 2  bolivares  ($0.39)  each;  passengers  conducted  to  or  from 
steamer  in  boat,  each  person,  3  bolivares  ($0.58)  ;  baggage  to  or 
from  abroad,  per  100  kilos  (220  pounds),  2  bolivares;  baggage  to  or 
from  other  ports  in  the  Republic,  per  100  kilos  (220  pounds)  or 
fraction  thereof,  1  bolivar  ($0,193)  ;  these  rates  include  transporta- 
tion of  baggage  to  customhouse.  The  corporation  has  no  authorized 
agents,  and  payments  should  be  made  direct  and  receipt  obtainetl. 

Note.— La  Guaira  is  the  chief  port  of  entry  of  Venezuela.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  business  for  the  central  part  of  the  Republic  passes 
through  this  port.  Owing  to  the  excessive  heat  the  traveler  should 
expedite  his  business  here  as  much  as  possible. 

MARACAIBO,  capital  of  State  of  Zulia ;  altitude.  2.5  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 60,000;  landing,  from  steamer  to  wharf.  Distant  572  miles 
(920  km.)  from  Caracas.  Temperature  averages  86°  F.  Warmest 
months  are  July  and  August.  Principal  products:  Asphaltum. 
iuarble,  cinchona,  coffee,  cocoa,  copaiba,  sugar.  Industries:  Fine 
rum,  sugar,  flour,  and  chocolate.  American  consul  and  vice  consul 
in  residence.     Lloyd's  agent,  .John  Robertson  (acting). 

How  Reached. — From  La  Guaira,  by  coastmse  steamer  service  (La 
Guaira,  Puerto  Cabello,  La  Vela,  and  Maracaibo)  ;  from  Merida,  by 
Zulia  and  Tachira  Railway  to  Santa  Barbara  or  La  Ceiba ;  thence 
steamers  to  Maracaibo.     There  is  an  electric  tramway  to  Maracay. 

Customhouse  Brokers.— II.  L.  Boulton  &  Co. ;  Oliva  Ribali  &  Co. ; 
Pinedo  &  Co. 

Steamship  Service. — To  Encontrados,  on  Catatumbo  River ;  to  San 
Carlos,  on  Escalante  River,  by  way  of  Lake  Maracaibo. 

Hotels.— Los  Andes,  Zulia,  Americano  Lago,  Bismarck,  Colon, 

Banks.— The  Mercantile  Bank  of  the  Americas  has  a  branch  here; 
Royal  Bank  of  Canada;  Banco  de  Maracaibo;  Banco  Comercial; 
Banco  de  Venezuela;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  IL  L. 
Boulton  &  Co. 

Uote. — This  city  has  a  chamber  of  commerce.  Active  trade  is 
carried  on  by  large  steamers  between  Maracaibo  and  La  Ceiba. 
Maracaibo  is  sometimes  chosen  as  a  place  to  establish  an  agency  or 
subagencv  when  the  principal  office  is  located  in  Caracas.  A  large 
volume  of  trade  is  carried  on  with  the  surrounding  country  and 
even  into  eastern  Colombia  via  the  Zulia  River.  Exports  of  coffee 
amount  to  about  $5,000,000  to  $6,000,000  annually.  This  is  the 
chief  distributing  point  for  the  States  of  Lara.  Merida,  Tachira, 
Trujillo,  Zulia,  and  Santander. 

MARGARITA  ISLAND,  situated  off  the  north  coast;  area,  444 
square  miles;  45  miles  long,  5  to  20  miles  wide;  population,  60,000; 
chief  port,  Porlamar.  Juan  Griego  is  the  principal  town.  There  is 
a  customhouse  at  Pampatar.  The  island  is  visited  by  steamers  of 
the  Venezuela  Costauera  &  Fluvial  Co. ;  also  by  sailing  vessels  from 


VKNEZUELA.  300 

(*'ftrupano,  Cumana,  aiiM  (^iuanta.  Tcarl  li-Iilnf?  is  tho  chief  ImluRtry. 
There  is  a  larjre  export  of  ]»earls  to  Kurope.  At  times  as  iiuuiy  as 
6,0(»()  men  have  been  enpaped  in  the  industry.  Other  prcnlucts  are 
hides,  poatskiiis.  divi-divi,  and  ii  famous  liandinade  hummocli.  MaK- 
nesite  is  i)ro(hi<'ed  i)y  an  American  company. 

MERIDA,  capital  of  tlie  State  r»f  Merida  ;  population.  13,00«1 ; 
altitude,  ."»,8(i;i  feet :  locate<l  in  the  heart  of  Sierra  Merida,  466  milen 
(750  km.)  from  Caracas.  Climate,  cool  and  moist  ( region  of  val- 
leys and  mountains)  ;  temi)erature  avt.'rau'es  7o°.  Trincipal  pro<l- 
ucts:  Coffee,  cacao,  rice,  wheat,  frold,  copper,  coal,  salt.  Industries: 
Preserving  of  fruits;  carpet  weaving;  manufacture  of  cotton  and 
woolen  poods. 

How  Reached. — From  I-a  Ouaira  via  Lake  Maracaibo. 

Leading  Hotels. — Los  Andes,  Briceno,  Merida. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  town  in  western  Venezuein, 
usually  made  in  connection  with  ALiracaibo.  It  is  easily  reached 
by  local  service  from  La  Ouaira  or  Caracas  and  is  a  good  business 
place  with  consi<U'rahle  direct  importing. 

PUERTO  CABELIO,  State  of  Caraboho ;  population,  20,000;  land- 
ing, vessels  He  alongside  quays.  Situated  on  a  narrow  peninsula 
north  of  Golfo  de  Trieste.  Go  miles  (104  km.)  west  from  La  Guaira, 
34  miles  (M  km.)  from  Valencia;  40  nnles  (64  km.)  from  Tucacas. 
27  miles  (44  km.)  from  Urama.  Temp»'rature  averages  80°.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Coffee,  cacao,  copra,  woods,  hides,  and  skins.  Indus- 
tries: Corn-grinding  mills,  cotton-cloth  mills,  sawmills,  marble 
works,  and  ci','aiette  factories.  American  consul  and  vice  consul  in 
residence.     Lloyd\s  agent,  Ramirez  Tirado  (acting). 

How  Reached. — From  Valencia  by  Fcrrocarril  Ingles  (3  hours)  ; 
from  lia  C.uaira  by  steamers  ^fa>^zallnres  and  Venezveln :  from 
Barquisimeto,  by  rail  or  steamer;  from  Caracas,  by  rail  (12  hours). 

Customhouse  Brokers. — H.  L.  Boulton  «fe  Co. ;  Riva.s,  Hermanos  & 
Co.:  E.  Berrizbeitia  &  Co.;  Pedro  Ramirez  Tirado  &  Co.;  Capriles 
y  Torres  Cruerra. 

Hotels. — Banos,  Universal,  de  Prance. 

Banks. — P.amo  de  Venezuela;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada;  Banco  Mer- 
cantil  Americano. 

Note. — Puerto  Cabello  owes  its  importance  to  its  excellent  harbor. 
It  is  visited  by  a  number  of  steamship  lines  and  there  is  good  com- 
munication with  the  rest  of  Venezuela.  Some  of  the  principal 
houses  of  Caracas  have  branches  here.  There  are  a  number  of 
wholesale  firms  here,  also  some  retailers  who  are  in  a  position  to 
make  purchases  abroad.  A  highway  runs  to  Macuto  and  Maracny; 
the  time  of  trip  by  automobile  to  Macuto  8  hours,  and  to  Maracay 
.5  hours. 

TUCACAS,  State  of  Falcon  ;  population,  2.0<X) ;  on  the  shore  of  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Aroa  River.  Landing: 
Steamers  lie  alongside  quays.  Distant  54  miles  (87  km.)  from  the 
Ama  mines,  102  miles  (163  km.)  from  Barquisimeto.  40  miles  (64 
km.)    from  Puerto  Cabello.     Products:  Coffee,  cattle,  sugar,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Cabello,  by  local  steamers  Mnuza^ 
uare-^  and  Venezuela :  from  Barquisimeto,  by  Bolivar  Railway. 

Note. — Tucacas  owes  its  importance  chiefly  to  the  mines  of  La 
Aroa.    It  is  usually  canvassed  from  La  Guaira. 


310  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

VALENCIA,  capital  of  tlie  State  of  Carubobo;  altitude,  1,581 
feet ;  population,  54,000.  Situated  on  west  bank  of  Cabriales,  3 
miles  from  its  moutli,  near  Lake  Valencia;  distant  56  miles  (90 
km.)  from  Tucacas,  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Puerto  Cabello,  and  112 
miles  (180  km.)  from  Caracas.  Temperature  averages  80°  F. 
Principal  products :  Coffee,  cocoa,  sugar,  hides,  tobacco,  beans,  etc. 
IndHStries :  Cattle  raising,  cotton  mills,  sawmills,  and  foundries. 

How  Reached. — From  Puerto  Cabello,  by  Puerto  Cabello  Railway 
(sis  stations)  ;  time,  three  hours..  From  Caracas,  via  Central 
Railway  of  Venezuela.    There  is  an  automobile  service  to  Nirgua. 

Principal  Hotels. — Lourdes,  Ottolina,  Olivares. 

Banks. — -Banco  de  Caracas  (Th.  Gosewisch,  agent)  ;  Banco  de 
Venezuela  (Berrizbeita  &  Co.,  agents). 

Note.— Valencia  has  numerous  wholesale  and  retail  firms  who  are 
in  a  position  to  import  direct.  Sugar  Central  Tacarigua,  the  largest 
in  the  district,  is  located  near  by. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally  direct  importations  are  made  by  firms  or  companies 
located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable  to  inquire 
in  the  nearest  large  town  as  to  trade  possibilities. 

Alta  Gracia,  State  of  Zulia  ;  population,  7.000 ;  opposite  Maracaiho, 
on  Lake  Maracaibo;  reached  by  sailboat  from  Maracaibo  (one 
liour's  sail).  Agriculture  and  fishing  are  the  chief  industries.  The 
town  has  a  considerable  commerce. 

Aragua,  Suite  of  Anzoategui ;  population,  9,000;  distant  44  miles 
(71  km.)  from  Santa  Rosa,  36  miles  (.58  km.)  from  San  Lorenzo, 
and  38  miles  (60  km.)  from  Zaraza  (via  Carneseco).  Products: 
Sugar,  fruits,  lumber.  Industries  :  Aguardiente,  hammocks,  mantas, 
and  shawls.     Aragua  is  chiefly  dependent  on  Caracas. 

Asuncion,  State  of  Nueva  Esparta,  on  Margarita  Island  j  popula- 
tion, 3,3(X);  situated  on  Copey  River,  6  miles  (10  km.)  northwest  of 
Pampatar. 

Bailadores,  State  of  Merida ;  population,  4,300 ;  altitude,  5,500 
feet;  19  miles  (30  km.)  from  Guaraque,  and  63  miles  (101  km.) 
from  Merida.  Carretera  to  Merida.  Products:  Peas,  sugar,  pota- 
toes, tobacco,  coffee,  corn. 

Barinas,  capital  of  Zamora ;  population,  6,000 ;  on  south  bank  of 
Santo  Domingo  River.  Steamer  communication  with  Ciudad  Boli- 
var. Products :  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar  cane,  tobacco.  Distant  30 
miles  (48  km.)  to  San  Silvestre,  91  miles  (146  km.)  to  Nutrias  (on 
the  Apure). 

Betijoque,  State  of  Trujillo;  population,  10,000;  altitude,  2,400 
feet;  distant  8  miles  (14  km.)  from  Sabana  de  Mendoza  (carretera), 
9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Esque  (carretera),  and  17  miles  (27  km.) 
from  Valera.     Products :  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  and  fruits. 

Bocono,  State  of  Trujillo ;  population,  15,000 ;  altitude,  about  4,1CK) 
feet;  climate,  temperate;  reached  by  carretera  from  Trujillo,  27 
miles  (44  km.)  ;  also  from  Guauare,  68  miles  (109  km.).  Products: 
Coffee,  wheat,  sugar,  fruits,  salt,  and  coal. 

Cagua,  State  of  Aragua ;  population,  4,000 ;  in  the  midst  of  a  ri^'h 
agi'ieultural  region,  on  the  railroad  from  Caracas  to  Valencia. 
Some  timber  is  cut  in  this  vicinity. 


VENEZUFXA.  311 

Calabozo,  capital  of  Statt'  of  CJuarico;  poi)nlation.  4,000;  on  tlu» 
Ifft  hank  of  tin*  (lUarico  Itiver,  in  a  catf If-raisinir  district.  Koacho<l 
from  Caracas  l»y  carretcra  conncctiiii:  wifli  (Iran  Kcrrocarril  ijf 
Venezuela.  Two  roads  lead  to  San  Fernando,  the  shorter  heing  74 
miles  (llf)  km.)  in  lent,'tli.  There  is  also  a  carretera  to  Ortiz,  l*a" 
de  Cojedes.  El  Sombrero. 

Camaguan,  State  of  Guarico;  on  Rio  Portufjuf^sn.  near  San  Fer- 
nando de  Apiire:  reached  from  the  latter  place  by  caniino  de  herra- 
dura :  also  by  boars;  distance,  12  miles  (19  km,).  Calabozo  is 
(i7  mil(\s  (108  km.)  <listant. 

Camatagua,  State  (d"  Araprua  ;  population,  6,0<X);  distant  61  miles 
(0!)  km.)  from  Caracas.  Chief  industries:  Cattle  and  horse  nii->- 
in.u'.     Products,  asficultural. 

earache.  State  of  Trujillo ;  population,  9.000;  altitude,  about  3.<V>0 
feet;  on  west  bank  of  Carache  River.  Carreteras  to  Trujillo.  ;',j 
nillea  (ol  km.),  and  Tocuyo.  48  miles  (78  km.).  Products:  CoiVcf, 
cotton,  sufrar,  wheat,  and  fruits. 

Carora.  State  of  Lara;  population,  0.000;  .iltitude,  about  l,0n(> 
feet.  Distances:  To  Guarico,  77  miles  (12.t  km.)  ;  to  Barquisimeto. 
76  miles  (122  km.).  Products:  Coffee,  fruits.  Industries:  Stoek 
raisins  and  tanning.  This  is  a  distributing  center  for  a  large 
district. 

Coriaco,  State  of  Sucre ;  on  Caricuao  River.  It«?  export  trade  is 
conducted  through  the  ports  of  Cumana  and  Carupano. 

Churugiiara.  State  of  Falcon;  population.  2..KNI;  altitude,  about 
3,100  feet.  Distance  to  San  Luis,  31  miles  (."i0  km.).  Carretera  to 
Coro.     Products :  Coffee,  sugar,  woods,  fruits. 

Cura.  Villa  de.  State  <if  Aragua :  population,  12.000;  altittide, 
1,600  feet;  on  carretera  Guarico  to  San  .Tuan  and  San  Sebastian, 
near  Lake  Valencia.  Products:  Coll'ee.  cacao,  indigo,  .sugar,  cotton. 
Distance  to  La  Victoria.  25  miles  (40  km.)  ;  to  Cagua  (nearest 
station),  7  miles   (12  km.). 

Suaca,  State  of  Lara,  located  27  miles  (44  km.)  from  Lara,  on 
railway  from  Barquisimeto  to  Tucacas.  Products;  Coffee,  cacsio, 
cotton,  cereals. 

El  Sombrero.  State  of  Guarico ;  altitude,  about  520  feet ;  on 
Guarico  River;  28  miles  (45  km.)  from  El  Calvario,  67  miles  (108 
km.)  from  Chaguaramas,  51  miles  (82  km.)  from  Calabozo;  and 
connected  with  these  towns  by  carreteras.  Prodiicts:  Cattle,  hides, 
sugar,  fi'uit.     Industry:  Manufacture  of  hats. 

El  Ortiz,  State  of  Guarico;  population,  ."),000;  altitude,  about  4'10 
feet;  on  Paya  River  (aflluent  of  Guarico)  ;  60  miles  (96  km,)  from 
Calabozo,  22  miles  (.'^5  km.)  from  Mesa  de  Paya,  and  66  miles 
(106  km.)  from  Pno  de  Cojedes.  Products;  Cattle,  cheese,  hides, 
coffee,  tobacco. 

El  Palmar.  State  of  Bolivar;  population,  5.000.  Distant  .50  mi)es 
(80  km.)  from  Orinoco  River.  Carretera  to  San  Felix  and  to 
Caruachi  on  Caroni  River. 

Guanare.  capital  of  T^ortuguesa;  population,  5,000;  altitude.  450 
feet;  located  2*  nnles  (4  km.)  from  Guanare  River,  conununic.itini: 
with  Ciudad  P.olivar  and  towns  on  the  (~>rinoco  and  Apnre  Rivers. 
Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  cattle,  iron.  Ospino  and  Chabasquen  are 
each  32  miles  (52  km.)  distant,  and  Bocono  de  Barinas  22  miles 
(.35  km.). 


312  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Juan  Griego,  State  of  Nueva  Esparta ;  north  of  Santa  Ana; 
northwest  of  Pampatar.  This  is  an  important  town  of  Margarita 
Island  and  ti-ades  with  the  continent.  Shipbuilding  is  its  chief 
industry, 

lagunillas,  State  of  Merida;  population,  4,500;  altitude,  3,175 
feet.  Located  22  miles  (35  km.)  southwest  of  Merida  and  14  miles 
(23  km.)   from  Estangues. 

La  Union,  State  of  Zamora ;  on  right  bank  of  Portuguesa  River ; 
reached  from  Ciudad  Bolivar  via  Portuguesa  and  Orinoco  Rivers; 
in  summer  it  has  communication  with  Caracas  and  Valencia. 
Products :  Cattle,  hides,  cheese,  feathers. 

La  Vela,  State  of  Falcon ;  population,  2.500 ;  port  of  Coro,  8  miles 
(12  km.)  distant,  and  connected  with  it  by  La  Vela  &  Coro  Railway ; 
reached  from  Maracaibo  by  Government  steamers. 

La  Victoria,  State  of  Aragua;  population.  7,800;  altitude,  1,500 
feet;  on  east  bank  of  Aragua  River;  62  miles  (99  km.)  southwest 
of  Caracas,  19  miles  (31  km.)  from  Maracay  (railway),  25  miles 
(40  km.)  from  Villa  de  Cura,  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  San  Sebastian, 
and  59  miles  (96  km.)  from  Camatagua.  It  is  connected  with 
Valencia  and  Caracas  by  railway.  Products:  Cereals,  vegetables, 
copper,  iron,  coffee,  sugar,  etc.  Industries:  Cigars,  soap,  hemp. 
Hotels:  Inglesias,  Otolimo,  Suarez. 

Los  Teques,  State  of  Aragua,  Situated  in  an  agricultural  region, 
on  railroad  fi-om  Caracas  to  Valencia. 

Maracay,  State  of  Aragua ;  population,  6.000 ;  altitude,  1.510  feet. 
Distant  19  miles  (31  km.)  from  La  Victoria,  by  railway;  53  miles 
(85  km.)  from  Caracas;  on  railway  from  Caracas  to  Valencia. 
This  town  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  region,  the  chief 
products  being  coffee  and  sugar  cane.  There  is  also  some  cattle 
raising  and  timber  cutting, 

Maturin,  capital  of  Monagas;  pouiation,  5,000;  altitude,  250  feet; 
distant  17  miles  (27  km.)  from  Chagxiaranal,  28  miles  (45  km  )' 
from  Aragua,  32  miles  (.51  km.)  from  Caicara,  and  34  miles  (54 
km.)  from  Santa  Barbara.  Products:  Tobacco,  cotton,  cacao,  cof- 
fee.  rice,  cereals,  maize,  cattle,  starch,  aguardiente.  This  is  an  im- 
portant commercial  center, 

Mucuchies,  State  of  Merida;  population,  5.000;  altitude,  7.2.50 
feet;  near  Chamas  River,  21  miles  (.35  km.)  from  Merida;  7  miles 
(12  km.)  from  Mucuruba  ;  26  miles  (41  km.)  from  Timotes;  all  of 
which  towns  are  reached  by  carretera.  Products:  Wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  peas,  cattle. 

Nirgua,  State  of  Yaracuy;  population,  3,0CK);  altitude,  2,2.50  feet; 
on  the  Buria  River,  43  miles  (70  km.)  from  San  Felipe  via  Cerro 
Santa  Maria;  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Valencia,  which  is  reached 
by  automobile  service.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  cotton, 
aguardiente,  cattle,  copper,  iron,  salt,  eoah 

Obispos,  State  of  Zamora ;  population,  4,000 ;  on  Santo  Domingo 
River,  which  is  navigable  at  all  seasons  by  small  craft;  distant  10 
miles  (16  km.)  from  Barinas.  33  miles  (.53  km.)  from  Santa  Rosa, 
and  27  miles  (43  km.)  from  La  Luz.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  in- 
digo, cotton,  sugar,  and  medicinal  plants. 

Ocumare  del  Tuy,  capital  of  Miranda  ;  population,  10,000;  altitude, 
675  feet;  near  Tuy  River,  30  miles  (49  km.)  from  Caracas,  which  is 
reached  by  carretera.    Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  cereals. 


VENEZUELA.  313 

Onoto.  Rtato  of  Anznatociii ;  population  of  districr,  11,000;  situ- 
ated on  rii:ir*'  River,  wiiii-li  is  iiaviirMhic  in  winter  season;  distant 
87  miles  (14<»  km.)  from  BarceUtna,  via  Tiritu,  ami  77  miles  (l'2o 
km.)  via  Cai^'uas.  Prmlucts:  Corn,  cotton,  sugar,  yucca,  beans, 
rioo.  \voo<ls.  hides. 

Palma  Sola.  State  of  Falcon;  on  the  Bolivar  Railway  to  Tuoacas, 
Mtirinetc,  I?iii<iuisimeto.  A  bram-li  has  been  projected  to  Sau  Fer- 
uando.  wlilcli  will  he  of  prejil  imixirtance, 

Pampanito,  State  of  Tni.jillo;  i)oi)ulation,  3.000;  altitude,  about 
l.!KR>  feel  ;  on  riv«»r  formed  liy  the  t'astan  and  Niocoy  ;  11  miles  (17 
km.)  from  Trnjillo,  and  0  miles  (14  km.)  from  Molotau  (railroiid 
station).     Products:  Cacao,  su^'ar. 

Pampatar,  State  of  Nueva  Espnrta  ;  population.  1.000;  on  soutli- 
easteru  part  of  Mar^carita  I.sland.  near  Punta  Balleiia;  6  miles  (10 
km.)  from  Asuncion;  ."S  miles  t04  km.)  from  < 'iimana ;  86  miles 
(139  km.)  from  Barcelona  :  161  miles  (260  km.)  from  Trinidad;  40 
miles  (75  km.)  from  Carupano.  There  is  steamer  communicaition 
with  Carupano. 

Petare,  State  of  Miranda  ;  poptilation,  2.00C ;  situated  about  10 
miles  (10  kiu.)  east-soutlieast  of  Caracas,  on  way  to  Santa  Lucia; 
reached  from  Caracas,  via  (Juatire.  by  elecrrlc  car.s  or  carretera. 
Products:  Coffee,  woods,  honey,  and  wax.  Industries:  Paper  fac- 
tories, sugar  central.  Restaurant  Caracas  in  Los  Dos  Caminos,  11 
miles  (2  km.)  from  I'etare. 

Piritu  (de  Barcelona),  State  of  Anzoatejaii ;  population,  1,400;  on 
shore  of  Caribbean  Sea.  Port  open  to  domestic  commerce.  Agri- 
culture and  Hshing  are  the  chief  industries.  E>istances:  From  San 
Pablo  and  Caigua,  each,  19  miles  (31  km.)  ;  from  Barcelona.  30 
miles   (48  km.). 

Porlamar.     See  Margarita  Island,  page  ROS. 

Rio  Caribe,  State  of  Sucre;  population.  7.0(Xt;  altitude,  20  feet; 
4  miles  (6  km.)  from  Puerto  Santo,  14  miles  (22  km.  i  from  I'.irn- 
pano  by  sea,  and  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Tunapui.  This  is  a  port 
of  call  for  Governntent  steamers.  .1/(7»~rr»«res  and  }'(n'  zuela,  plying 
between  Maracaibo  and  Ciudad  Bolivar. 

Rio  Chico,  State  of  ^Miranda ;  population,  4,000;  port  for  general 
coasting  trade;  near  mouth  of  Tuy  River,  on  railway  from  Port 
Caranaro  to  El  Guapo ;  93  miles  (1^0  km.)  from  Caracas,  and 
19  miles  (31  km.)  from  Caranaro.  Regular  steamship  service  to 
La  Guaira. 

Rubio,  State  of  Tachira ;  population,  12,n(X).  Principal  products: 
Coffee,  agriculture,  etc.     This  town  is  reached  from  Maracaibo. 

San  Carlos,  State  of  Co.iedos ;  population,  10.7(Xt ;  altitude,  ,384 
feet;  on  east  bank  of  Madrina  River,  and  on  railway  to  Vigia;  12 
miles  (20  km.)  from  Tinaco,  Gi)  miles  (105  km.)  from  Barquisimoto, 
and  21  miles  (33  km.)  from  Cojedes. 

San  Cristobal,  capital  of  Tachira;  population.  16.000;  altitude, 
2.800  feet.  Located  on  railway  to  Encontrados,  which  is  108  miles 
(174  km.)  distant;  and  on  carretera  to  Uraca,  31  miles  (50  km.) 
distant;  21  miles  (SH  km.)  from  San  Antonio  (near  railropd  to 
Cucuta  and  Puerto  Villamizar),  and  42  miles  (67  km.)  from 
Tachira  River.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  vegetables,  coal,  iron,  and 
petroleuu).     Hotels.  Central,  Paez,  Victoria.     Roads  to  San  Antoiuo. 


314  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

to  the  llanos  down  the  Turbas  and  Quaramain  valleys,  and  to 
Uraca. 

San  Felipe,  State  of  Yaracuy;  population,  7,000;  northeast  of 
Lara,  on  east  bank  of  Yaracuy  River;  28  miles  (44  km.)  from  Aroa 
(via  El  Cerro),  32  miles  (51  km.)  from  Urama,  8  miles  (13  km.) 
from  Guama,  4  miles  (7  km.)  from  Alvarico,  and  22  miles  (35  km.) 
from  Palmacola.  This  town  is  on  a  branch  line  of  the  Bolivar 
Railway.  There  is  a  road  to  Barquisimeto.  Products:  Coffee, 
cacao,  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  corn,  fruits,  lumber,  hides,  copper,  nickel, 
coal. 

San  Fernando,  capital  of  Apure ;  population,  7,000 ;  altitude,  about 
200  feet ;  on  south  banic  of  Apure  River,  near  mouth  of  Portuguesa 
River ;  port  of  call  for  steamers  on  the  Orinoco  and  Apure  Rivers ; 
regular  steamer  service  to  Ciudad  Bolivar.  Products :  Cattle,  hides, 
feathers. 

San  Jose  de  Rio  Chico,  State  of  Miranda ;  population,  4,000 ;  distant 
2  miles  (3  km.)  from  Rio  Chico.     Products  :  Sugar  cane,  etc. 

Santa  Lucia,  State  of  Aragua;  population,  4.000;  25  miles  (40 
km.)  from  Caracas,  on  railway  from  Valencia  to  Caracas.  Prod- 
ucts: Coffee,  sugar  cane,  etc. 

San  Sebastian,  State  of  Aragua;  50  miles  (81  km.)  southwest  of 
Caracas.     Products:  Coffee,  etc. 

Tariba,  State  of  Tachira ;  population,  9,000;  altitude,  2,650  feet; 
distant  3  miles  (5  km.)  from  San  Cristobal,  and  34  miles  (55  km.) 
from  Uraca.     Products :  Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  coal,  sulphur. 

Tinaquillo,  State  of  Cojedes ;  population,  3,400;  distant  29  miles 
(48  km.)  from  Pao;  Can-eteras  to  Valencia,  .34  miles  (55  km.), 
and  to  San  Carlos,  84  miles  (55  km.).     Products:  Cattle  and  coffee. 

Tocuyo,  State  of  Lara ;  population,  7,100 ;  altitude,  about  1.950 
feet;  on  right  bank  of  Tocuyo  River,  44  miles  (72  km.)  from  Bar- 
quisimeto (railroad  station),  and  65  miles  (106  km.)  from  San 
Felipe  (via  Guama). 

Trujillo,  capital  of  Trujillo ;  population,  11.000;  altitude,  3,275 
feet;  distant  19  miles  (31  km.)  from  Motatan  (railroad  station); 
carreteras  to  La  Ceiba,  San  Lazaro,  Guanare,  Timotes.  Products : 
Cacao,  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  corn,  coal,  petroleum,  asphalt.  Auto- 
mobile service  to  Sabana  de  Mendoza  and  La  Ceiba  on  Lake  Mara- 
caibo. 

Tucupita,  State  of  Guarico ;  population,  3,000 ;  located  a  short  dis- 
tance from  Zaraza,  in  an  agricultural  and  cattle  district;  reached 
by  Government  steamers  from  Maracaibo. 

TJpata,  State  of  Bolivar ;  population,  5,000 ;  situated  at  confluence 
of  Caroni  and  Orinoco  Rivers.  Carretera  to  Puerto  Tablas.  Gold 
is  mined  here. 

Valera,  State  of  Trujillo;  population,  5,500;  distant  60  miles  (99 
km.)  from  La  Ceiba  (railway),  and  24  miles  (39  km.)  from  Tru- 
jillo.    Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  sugar,  fruits. 

Zaraza,  State  of  Guarico;  population,  2.900;  on  Unare  River, 
which  is  navigable  to  this  point.  Products :  Cattle,  tobacco,  fruits. 
Distant  72  miles  (117  km.)  from  Chaguaramas  by  carretera. 


BRITISH  GUIANA. 

Mup  No.  12. 

Location. — The  only  IJriiisli  colony  in  Souili  Anieiic:i.  I.ocatod  in 
till'  northeastern  part  of  the  continont  ;  Ixdindi'd  on  the  north  hy  the 
Atlantic  (»cean.  on  the  cast  by  Dutch  Guiana,  on  the  south  and  south- 
west ity  lirazil,  and  on  the  west  by  Venezuela. 

Area  and  Population. — Area.  90,277  s<iuare  miles,  exceeding  thar 
of  Eui^land.  Scotland,  atid  Wales  combined.  The  coast  line  is  210 
nules  ionj,'.  The  poi)ulation  is  estimated  at  over  300,(XH).  or  about 
3.5  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Topography. — The  chid"  characteristic  of  this  country  is  a  higli- 
land  or  jiicit  area  of  tii)land  prairie,  varying  in  altitude.s,  but  aver- 
ajiini:  3.2<i()  feet.  Tliis  rises  from  (he  lowlands  of  the  coast.  Tliere 
is  one  very  hi^'h  i)eak,  known  as  Mount  Iloraima. 

Rivers. — The  princij)al  rivers  are:  Tiie  Denierara.  navigalde  for 
about  80  nules  (128  km.)  ;  the  Berbice,  navigable  for  about  87 
miles  (140  km.)  ;  the  Essetjuibo,  with  certain  tributaries,  and  the 
Corenryn.  There  are  some  other  rivers  also,  bur.  generally  speak- 
ing, numerous  rapids  and  falls  render  them  unnavigable. 

Climate. — Tropical.  The  mornings  and  evenings  are  sometimes 
chilly  in  the  interior,  l)ut  there  is  never  any  really  cold  weather. 
The  rainfall  averages  about  90  inclies  annually. 

Seasons. — The  year  is  supposed  to  have  two  seasons.  From  April 
or  May  to  July  or  August  the  precipitation  is  very  heavy.  A  fur- 
ther raijiy  .season  extends  from  November  to  February.  These  two 
.seasons,  however,  are  by  no  means  clearly  delined.  The  hottest 
months  are  August,  September,  and  October,  and  should  be  avoided. 
The  coolest  mouths  are  December  to  March,  and  are  pleasant. 
Some  of  the  remaining  months  are  occasionally  favored  liy  cool 
climatic  conditions. 

Inhabitants. — Tlie  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  mixed  l>lood,  ^vlth  a 
large  i)ei(  *  ntage  of  Negroes.  There  aie  also  a  great  many  East 
Indians.     The  jiercentage  of  pure  wluie-;  is  small. 

Products. — The  chief  crop  of  British  Guiana  is  sugar,  there  being 
a  large  export  of  this,  and  of  rum.  a  by-iiroduct.  There  is  also  a 
considerable  amount  of  rice  cultivated.  Otiier  jtroducts  are  cacao, 
coconuts,  coffee,  small  grains,  timber.  The  forests  of  British  Guiana 
contain  a  good  deal  of  dyewood,  hardwoods  of  various  kinds,  etc. 
An  important  product  is  balata,  the  export  of  which  has  increased 
materially.  The  chief  mineral  exi)ort  is  gold,  and  of  second  im- 
portance, diamonds.     There  is  considerable  placer  mining. 

live  Stock. — Grazing  has  been  increasing,  and  the  outlook  is 
promising.  Various  kinds  of  cattle,  including  g"i»<,  <!!''"i\  etc,  are 
raised. 

language. — English  exclusively. 

Currency.— Prices  are  usually  quoted  in  dollars  and  cents.  The 
current  coins  are  English  silver,  together  with  silver  4-penny  piece.s. 
known  locally  as  "Ititts."  and  Engli.>5h  coppers.     Every  coin  has  the 

315 


316  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

same  nominal  value  as  in  England.  Therefore,  a  simple  decimal 
system  of  calculation  is  combined  with  the  use  of  English  money. 
($l=4s.  2d.=100  cents.    One  cent=id.) 

Weights  and  Measures. — English. 

Postage.— Letters  to  and  from  the  United  States,  2  cents  per  ounce 
or  fractional  part  thereof.  Parcel  post  to  United  States,  12  cents 
per  pound. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Trinidad  Line.— Trinidad  Shipping  &  Trading  Co.,  29  Broadway. 
Sailings  from  Pier  24,  Robinson  Stores,  Brooklyn.  Departures 
every  two  weeks  for  Grenada,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara  (George- 
town). Distance  to  Demerara.  2,210  nautical  miles;  time,  about 
12  davs,  including  stops;  approximate  fare,  $100.  Distance  from 
Port  of  Spain,  Trinidad,  to  Demerara,  365  nautical  miles ;  time,  36 
hours. 

auebec  Steamship  Co.— Furness,  Withy  &  Co.,  agents,  32  Broad- 
way. Departures  from  Pier  47,  North  River  (West  Tenth  Street). 
Sailings  about  every  two  weeks  for  INIartinique,  Barbados,  and 
Demerara  (Georgetown).  Time,  including  stops,  about  16  days; 
fare,  about  $95. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  BRITISH  GUIANA. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique.— Service  every  28  days; 
connects  with  Martinique,  Trinidad,  Paramaribo,,  and^Cayenne. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.— Fortnightly  service  from  Halifax 
to  British  West  Indies  and  Demerara.  Fare  between  Port  »f  Spain, 
Trinidad,  and  Demerara,  $18.75. 

The  Booker  line.— From  T-iverpool,  about  every  three  weeks. 

The  Demerara  and  Berbice  Steamship  Co.— From  England  to 
Georgetown,  and  Pnramaribo,  Dutch  Guiana. 

The  Direct  Line  of  Steamers.— Fortnightly  sailings  from  England 
to  Grenada,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES.— Samples  are  admitted  free  of  duty  under 
bond  for  subsequent  exportation. 

Baggage  Allowance. — Commercial  travelers'  samples  are  charged 
at  the  rate  of  12  cents  per  100  pounds  on  the  railroad  from  George- 
town to  Amsterdam.  The  allowance  for  personal  baggage  on  first- 
class  ticket  is  110  pounds. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License. — No  license  fee  is  charged  commer- 
cial travelers. 

CANVASSING  THE  P.EPUBLIC.^Only  one  city  is  generally  visited 
by  traveling  salesmen.  This  is  the  capital — Georgetown.  Here  are 
located  the  principal  wholesale  houses  which  distribute  to  the  in- 
terior and  supply  the  small  dealers.  There  are  also  a  number  of 
retailers  who  are  accustomed  to  import  direct,  both  from  the  United 
States  and  Europe.  If  it  is  found  necessary,  the  traveler  can  visit 
Berbice  (New  Amsterdam),  which  is  but  a  short  distance  from 
Georgetown  and  easily  covered  by  railroad. 


BRITISH   GUIANA.  317 

Agencies. — If  it  is  (lfsir;ii)le  to  estnl)lish  an  acency,  Georgetown  is 
a  satisfactory  location.  P'roni  Ucorirctnwn  the  traveler  can  alKo  ar- 
raiifre  to  visit  Diitcli  (iuiana  l)y  local  steamer. 

Transportation  Facilities. — I'.ritish  Guiana  ha.s  two  railway  lines. 
The  niKsi  iniiKntaiu  is  the  I)cnierar.i  Kailway.  oiK^ratin^'  71)  miles 
(lines  from  (;^or^'et(^\vn  to  KcsiL'uol  and  from  ^■ree(l-en-HooI)  to 
I'arika).  Another  line  i.s  operated  liy  Sproston's  Ltd.),  from  Wis- 
mar  to  Ilockstone.  ahout  11)  miles.  The  total  niilea;,v  in  the  colony 
is  a  little  less  than  KM).  The  navi;:alile  Icnuih  of  rivers  is  ahoiiL  4.">0 
miles:  canals  about  40  luiles.  The  good  roads  mileage  is  about 
322. 

Local  Transportation  Service. — Georgetown  to  Mount  Everard,  via 
Morawhanna  ;  weekly  service;  leave  Georijetown  Thursdays  and  re- 
turn on  Saturdays.  Georgetown  to  New  Amsterdam,  semiweekly 
night  service;  steamer  leaves  Mimdays  and  Thursdays  and  returns 
on  We<lnesdays  and  Saturdays.  Ip  the  Berhice  Kiver,  12.3  miles 
(2»)0  km.);  .semiweekly  service;  .steamer  leaves  is'ew  Amsterdam 
Mondays  and  Thurs<lays  and  returns  on  Wednesdays  and  Friday>. 
Combined  steamer,  i-ail,  and  launch  service  to  interior:  Steamer 
leaves  G«)rgetown  for  Wisniar.  up  the  Demerara  Kiver,  on  Tues- 
days, Thur.sdays,  and  Saturdays,  reiarning  on  Mondays,  Wetlne.->- 
days.  and  Fridays;  from  Wismar,  by  railroad  across  country  to 
Ilockstone,  on  the  Essetjuibo  Kiver,  distance  19  miles  (31  kui.>  ; 
from  Rockstone,  launch  service  to  Tumatumari,  on  the  Potaro 
Kiver  (a  tributary  of  the  Essequibo),  distance  81  mile.s  (131  km.)  ; 
at  Tumatumari,  owing  to  rapids  with  a  drop  of  GO  feet,  a  portage 
lias  to  be  made  across  the  river  to  above  the  falls,  after  which  the 
journey  is  continued  by  another  launch  for  1.")  miles  (i!.">  km.)  to 
Potaro  Landing,  the  starting  place  for  the  gold  lields.  From  Wis- 
mar there  is  another  launch  .service  up  the  Upper  Demerara  Kiver 
to  the  foot  of  the  Mallali  Falls,  distance  4.")  miles  (72  km.). 

Note. — Becau.se  of  the  tropical  conditions  which  prevail,  it  is  im- 
portant to  conserve  one's  energy  during  the  great  heat  of  the  day. 
I'articular  care  should  be  taken  in  this  re.spect.  It  is  also  advisable 
to  avoid  coming  to  this  country  during  the  hot  period,  at  which  time 
the  conditions  are  not  very  desirable. 

Chief  Items  of  Interest. — The  museum  and  botanical  gardens  at 
Georgetown;  Tiunaliunaci  Falls,  on  the  Essef|uibo  Kiver:  Etaballi 
Falls,  reached  from  Ilockstone;  Mount  Roraima ;  Kaieteur  Fall,  on 
upper  branch  of  the  Potaro  Kiver.  a  tributary  of  the  Esse<|uibo. 
(This  is  said  to  be  a  very  imposing  and  beautiful  fall.  It  is  reached 
by  way  of  Wismar.  Rockstone,  Tumatumari,  and  Kangaruma). 

Holidays. — The  following  are  the  chief  holidays  of  British  (ruiana, 
which  are  generally  observed:  .January  1,  New  Year's  Day:  .June  ^. 
birthday  of  the  King;  August  5,  bank  holiday;  December  2.^,  Chrl-;r- 
nias  Day ;  December  2G.  boxing  day ;  also  (Jood  Friday,  Easter  Mon- 
day, and  Whit  Monday. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

GEORGETOWN,  capital  of  the  colony;  population.  r)0.(>(X);  situated 
just  within  mouth  of  Demerara  Kiver.  Landing:  Steamers  lie  off- 
shore; small  boats  are  used.    Distances:  From  Paramaribo,  Dutch 


318  GUIDE    TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

(Tiii.ina,  214  miles  (344  km.)  ;  from  New  Amsterdam,  61  miles  (99 
km.)  ;  from  Port  of  Spain.  Trinidad,  363  miles  (584  km.)  ;  from 
Cayenne,  French  Guiana,  395  miles  (636  km.).  Principal  products: 
Agricultural,  sugar,  gold,  diamonds.  Industries:  Mining,  tropical 
agriculture.  American  consul  in  residence.  Lloyd's  agent.  Booker 
Bros. 

How  Reached. — From  Paramaribo,  by  steamers;  fi'om  Port  of 
Spain,  by  steamers.  36  hoiirs'  sail ;  from  New  York,  by  steamers  of 
Quebec  Steamship  Co.  and  Trinidad  Line. 

Tramcars. — There  is  tramcar  service  to  various  parts  of  the  city. 

Principal  Hotels. — Park,  Tower,  Victoria,  Ice  House;  rates,  $2.50 
to  $3  per  day. 

Banks. — British  Guiana  Bank;  Colonial  Bank, 

Note. — This  is  the  principal  city  of  British  Guiana  and  agencies 
may  properly  be  established  here.  It  is  often  canvassed  in  connec- 
tion with  Trinidad.  The  chief  commercial  houses  are  established 
here,  and  there  is  a  good  volume  of  trade.  Considerable  mining  is 
carried  on  and  a  number  of  the  mining  companies  have  their  offices 
in  Georgetown. 

NEW  AMSTERDAM,  population,  9.000;  situated  3  miles  (5  km.) 
up  the  Berbice  River,  61  miles  (99  km.)  from  Georgetown.  Land- 
ing: Steamers  lie  alongside  wharf. 

How  Reached. — From  Georgetown,  by  Sprostons'  steamers,  6i 
hours'  journey;  or  by  railroad  to  Rosignal  (3  hours),  thence  ferry- 
boat (*  hour).     Fare,  about  $3.10. 

Banks. — British  Guiana   Bank ;   Colonial  Bank. 

Hotels. — Strand,  Blairgowrie. 

Note. — This  place  is  easily  reached  from  Georgetown.  A  number 
of  Georgetown  houses  have  branches  here,  and  the  town  is  not 
generally  canvassed  by  foreign  salesmen. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Baramanni,  Northwest  County ;  on  Waini  River,  with  artificial 
waterway  to  Moruka  River.  Steamer  and  launch  service  to  George- 
town. 

Barima,  Northwest  County ;  near  mouth  of  Barima  River. 

Baritka,  capital  of  Essequibo  County ;  important  lumber-shipping- 
point  ;  also  an  outfitting  center  for  miners.  Regular  steamer  service 
to  Georgetown.  Communication  v\'ith  Brazil  via  the  Essequibo  and 
Amazon ;  Vvith  Venezuela  via  Mazaruni,  Cuyuni.  and  Orinoco  Rivers. 

Beterverwagting.  population,  2.400;  distant  9  miles  (15  km.) 
from  Georgetown,  on  Georgetown-New  Amsterdam  Railway. 

Buxton,  population.  5.200;  on  the  coast;  on  Georgetown-New 
Amsterdam  Railway,  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  Georgetown. 

Fellowship,  population,  2,400;  distant  39  miles  (64  km.)  from 
Georgetown,  which  is  reached  by  road. 

Greenwich  Park,  Demerara  County ;  on  west  bank  of  Demerara 
River,  19  miles  (31  km.)  from  Vreed-en-Hoop.  Route:  Railway  to 
Vreed-en-Hoop ;  opposite  Georgetown. 

Good  Intent,  population,  1,150;  distant  8  miles  (14  km.)  from 
\'reed-en-Hoop ;  opposite  Georgetown. 


IIRITISH    GUIANA.  319 

Hope  Town,  iiopiiliilicin.  "-'.(MK);  on  a  trihutary  of  Dpiiicrara  iUver, 
~)7  iiiilt*<   i!t1   kiiij    from  (Jcor^retnwu  Ity  mad. 

Morawhanna.  .Noithwo.stoni  |)lstri<t;  on  Kariina  River,  near  its 
juiK-tioii  will)  \\'aiiiii  Hivcr.  StrminTs  to  a»*<ir>retown  and  Iiar:i- 
manni. 

Plaisance,  I>oint'iiira  County;  population,  .S.-'dO;  on  railway  from 
Georiretown  to  New  Amsterdam. 

Rockstone.  on  i:sse()uiho  River,  IS  miles  (.%  l<ni.)  from  Wlsmar. 
Koule:  Railway  to  \\'isin:ir;  thence  .e;teanier  to  CJeorgetown. 

Rosi^ol,  r.«>rl)iee  County ;  opposite  New  Amsterdam,  ou  Rerbice 
River;  niilway  to  Georgetown,  GT  miles  (99  km.)  distant;  ferry  to 
New  .\nisterd:im. 

Skeldon,  Herhice  County;  near  mouth  of  Corentyn  River,  48  miles 
(7.S  km.)   from  New  Amsterdam,  by  road. 

Springlands,  port,  near  mouth  of  Corentyn  River.  Sujrar  planta- 
tions. 

Tuschen.  Essequibo  County ;  on  E.ssequibo  River,  opposite  Leg^uan. 
Steamer  to  Georgetown. 

Windsor  Forest,  Demerara  Countj-;  on  Denierara  River.  66  miles 
(107  km.)  from  Georgetown  (reached  by  steamer),  and  18  miles 
(30  km.)   from  Rockstone. 

Wlsmar,  Demerara  County.  Distances :  From  Georgetown,  66 
miles  (107  km.) — regular  steamer  service;  from  Rockstone,  20  miles 
(.S2  km.),  by  raihva.v. 

Vreed-en-Hoop,  on  we.stem  bank  of  Demerara  River,  opposite 
Georgetown;  terminus  of  West  Coast  Railway  to  Greenwich  Park; 
ferry  to  Georgetown. 


DUTCH  GUIANA  (SURINAM). 

Map  No.  12. 

location.— The  only  Dutch  posses>iion  in  South  America. 
Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  east  by  French 
Guiana,  on  the  south  by  Brazil,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Corentyn 
Iliver,  which  separates  it  from  British  Guiana. 

Area.— About  46,000  square  miles,  approximately  equal  to  the  area 
of  the  land  surface  of  New  York  State. 

Inhabitants.— The  population  is  about  91,000.  A  very  large  per- 
centage of  the  people  are  colored.  They  include  about  11,000 
Mohammedans  and  18,000  Hindus.  There  are  some  Negroes,  and 
comparatively  few  whites. 

Topography. — There  is  a  low  coastal  rej?ion  which  rises  greatly 
to  savannas  and  hills  covering  most  of  the  interior  of  the  country. 
Here  the  forests  are  practically  impenetrable.   . 

Climate.— Tropical.  The  first  wet  season  extends  from  May  to 
August.  Then  there  is  a  short  dry  season,  September  to  October, 
followed  bv  a  second  wet  season,  November  to  February ;  then  the 
second  drv  season,  March  to  April.  The  annual  rainfall  is  exces- 
sive, averaging  140  inches.  Rains  occur  about  180  days  of  the  year. 
Some  years  the  precipitation  is  mucli  heavier  than  others.  At 
Paramaribo  the  mean  annual  temperature  is  about  75°  F. 

Principal  Rivers.— The  Corentyn  is  navigable  for  about  70  miles, 
and  small  vessels  can  go  up  for  150  miles.  The  Surinam  is  navi- 
gable for  about  100  miles  for  vessels  up  to  10-foot  draft.  The 
Maroni  River  is  navigable  for  40  miles. 

Agricultiiral  Products. — Sugar  is  the  most  important  crop.  Then 
follow  bananas,  coffee,  rice,  maize.  Rum  and  molasses  are  also 
produced.     Cacao  is  increasing  in  importance. 

Forest  Wealth.— There  is  some  timber  cutting,  but  the  forests  re- 
quire exploitins:.     Balata  is  produced. 

Mining.— This  is  chiefly  of  gold,  largely  obtained  from  placer 
mines. 

Language. — Dutch ;  but  English  is  much  used. 

Currency. — Dutch. 

Weights  and  Measures. — Dutch. 

Postage.— Letters  from  the  United  States,  5  cents  for  the  first 
ounce,  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fractional  part 
thereof. 

STEAMSHIP  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK, 

auefcec  Steamship  Co.— Furness,  Withy  &  Co.,  agents.  32  Broad- 
way. Sailings  from  Pier  47,  North  River  (West  Tenth  Street). 
Departures  about  every  two  weeks  for  Martinique,  Barbados,  and 
Demerara,  British  Guiana.  Local  steamer  from  Demerara  to  Para- 
maribo.    Time,  including  stops,  about  17  days. 

320 


DITCH    (iVIANA.  321 

Royal  Dutch  West  India  Mail  Line.— Messrs.  Furuli.  Ktlyc  iV:  Co., 
iif,'fiits,  in  Hridm'  Sin-d.  I  »('parliirfs  rioin  rirr  '.].  Ilusli  'rcniiiiial. 
Forty-seventh  Street,  Brtioklyii,  for  Paramaribo,  via  Haiti,  Curacao, 
etc.  Service  aliour  every  two  weeks.  Tiiue,  iiiciuiliiiK  stops,  alraut 
24  days;  fare,  J^VS). 

OTHER   LINES    VISITING   DUTCH    GUIANA. 

Compagnie  G6nerale  Transatlantiqne. — Steamers  plying  between 
Martinique  ami   ('ayeniie,   Freiidi  Ciiiaiia,  <all  at  I'araiuaribo  onee 

a  month. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Government  Steamship  Service. — Weekly  sailing's  from  i'aramiiriho 
to  Burnsidr,  Nickerio.  ami  (Jeorgetown ;  also  steamer  about  every 
two  weeks  from  I'aramariho  to  Cattice,  Albiua,  etc. 

Sailing  ves-sels  also  ply  from  I'aramaribo  up  the  Surinam  River 
and  along  tlie  coast  to  liurnside  and  Nickerie. 

CANVASSING  THE  COUNTRY.— The  only  town  of  j-rimary  im- 
l)ortanc('  is  tlie  capital,  I'aramarilK),  Here  are  located  the  principal 
wholesale  houses.  The  tratle  is  naturally  of  a  limited  character, 
and  the  wholesale  business  is  not  on  a  large  scale.-  Some  of  the  re- 
tailers are  accustomed  to  import  direct.  Certain  of  the  tirnis  in 
I'aramaribo  also  conduct  a  business  in  Georgetown,  British  Guiana. 
The  country  is  in  the  main  quite  undevelopeil ;  but  it  is  pos.ses.sed 
of  great  natural  wealth,  and  is  destined  to  increase  in  commercial 
importance. 

Agencies. — If  a  separate  agency  is  desired,  it  may  be  satisfactorily 
establi.shed  iu  Paramaribo.  However,  it  should  be  noteil  that  some 
firms  jjrefer  to  grant  the  agency  to  a  representative  in  George- 
town, who  is  expected  to  cover  British,  Dutch,  and  French  Guiana. 
The  theory  of  combining  these  three  territories  is  to  eimble  the 
representative  to  obtain  a  larger  volume  of  business,  Periodi<*al 
visits  are  made  by  agents  to  Paramaribo  and  Cayenne,  which  can 
easily  be  reached  by  local  steamship  service.  AVhen  an  agent  has  a 
number  of  lines,  as  is  usually  the  case,  he  is  justitied  in  remaining 
the  required  time  in  each  of  these  cities  to  transact  the  necessary 
volume  of  business. 

Travelers'  license. — No  license  Is  required,  except  by  those  who 
deal  in  li(iuors. 

Samples. — Those  of  no  commercial  value  may  be  imported  without 
any  difficulty.  Those  subject  to  duty  can  be  brought  in  if  security 
is  given  to  guarantee  their  reexportation,  which  may  be  accom- 
plished by  the  payment  of  iluties  on  any  part  of  the  samples  left  in 
the  country.     No  time  limit  is  fixed. 

Note. — C)wing  to  tlie  excessive  moisture,  it  is  well  to  guard  against 
damage  to  luggage  from  that  cause. 

Hotel  Rates.— The  rates  of  hotels  in  Paramaribo  range  from  $3 
to  J?.').  American  plan,  which  is  the  plan  usually  followed. 

Holidays.— The  following  are  the  chief  holidays  of  Dutch  Guiana : 
Janu.iry  1,  New  Year's  Day  ;  August  31,  Queen's  birthday  ;  December 
25,  Christmas  Day;  December  26,  day  after  Christmas;  also  Good 
Friday,  Easter  Monday,  The  Ascension,  and  Whit  ^Monday  (mov- 
able dates). 

144297°— 20 21 


322  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

PARAMARIBO,  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana;  population,  38,191. 
Situated  on  west  bank  of  Surinam  River,  10  miles  (16  km.)  from 
its  mouth;  214  miles  (344  km.)  from  Georgetown,  British  Guiana; 
2,338  nautical  miles  from  New  York.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  alongside 
wharf.  Products :  Balata,  sugar,  gold,  cacao.  American  consular 
agent  in  residence.  Lloyd's  agent,  W.  L.  Kissack.  Customhouse 
brokers :  E.  Dranger  &  Co. ;  H.  Benjamins ;  A.  Shields.  Hotels : 
Bellevue,  Central,  Van  Emden.  Boarding  houses:  Mackintosh, 
Waller,  Horst.  Bank :  Surinamische  Bank.  Paramaribo  is  the  only 
entrepot  and  port  of  export  of  Dutch  Guiana. 

Aibina,  on  west  bank  of  Maroni  River,  opposite  St.  Laurent, 
Frencli  Guiana.  Products :  Lumber,  gold.  Route :  Fortnightly 
steamers  from  Paramaribo. 

Burnside,  on  the  northwest  coast;  population,  2,100.  Cacao  is 
the  chief  product.  Route:  Steamer  from  Paramaril)o  or  George- 
town. 

Nickerie,  near  the  mouth  of  Nickerie  River  f  population,  6,225. 
Landing :  Vessels  lie  alongside  wharf.  Products :  Cacao,  caout- 
chouc, and  lumber.  Weekly  steamer  service  from  Paramaribo  and 
Georgetown. 


FRENCH  GUIANA. 

Map  No.  12. 

Location. — Cayenne,  or  French  Guiana,  the  only  Frenrh  po.s.se8.si()n 
in  Soutli  Aiiiorioi.  is  hounded  on  the  nortli  hy  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
on  the  east  and  south  by  Brazil,  on  the  wi'st  l)y  Dutch  (iuiana. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  about  32,U00  square  miles,  one-third 
as  lar),v  as  France.     Population.  .lU.tXK). 

Physical  Features. — The  coast  is  a  lowland,  risinp  to  savannas 
or  plains.  At  about  50  miles  inland  the  highlands  conunence. 
There  is  a  great  forest  region  in  the  interior.  The  entire  area  is 
broken  by  numerous  ridges  and  low  mcjuntains.  There  are  many 
valleys  and  rivers. 

Inhabitants.— Of  the  inhabitant.s  of  French  Guiana,  there  is  a 
considerable  number  of  convicts  and  persons  who  have  been  de- 
ported from  Fiance  and  from  other  French  colonies.  Tiiey  occupy 
the  district  known  as  the  convict  territory,  and  lU.OiKJ  to  l.").OUO  ol' 
them  are  in  the  gold-mining  region  and  are  not  individually  con- 
fined. 

Climate. — Tropical,  with  exces.sive  rainfall.  At  Cayenne  the  aver- 
age is  130  inches  yearly.  In  the  interior  rain  occurs  on  160  to  17.") 
days  of  the  year. 

Seasons. — These  are  not  clearly  defined,  but,  roughly,  are  as  fol- 
lows: First  wet  season,  from  May  to  August;  then  a  short  dry 
period.  September  to  October;  second  wet  se-ason.  Xoveniber  to 
February ;  second  dry  sea.son,  March  to  April.  Health  conditions, 
as  a  rule,  are  not  good,  and  there  is  much  fever. 

Agricultural  Products. — These  are  not  of  great  importance.  The 
chief  ones  are  sugar,  coffee,  and  cacao.  For  local  consumption 
bananas,  sweet  potatoes,  manioc,  tobacco,  Indian  corn,  and  vege- 
tables are  grown. 

Forest  Resources. — The  forests  are  of  great  extent,  but  as  yet 
hardly  toucheil.  due  to  the  lack  of  roads.  The  chief  products  are 
rosewood,  extract  of  ro.sewood,  balata  gum,  etc. 

Mineral  Resources. — The  mineral  re.sources  are  the  most  im- 
portant. The  chief  mines  are  those  of  gold,  worked  principally 
by  the  convicts. 

Means  of  Communication. — The  means  of  communication  are  lim- 
ited. There  are  no  railways.  A  few  roads  connect  the  capital  with 
the  centers  of  population  in  the  interior. 

Language. — French. 

Currency. — Same  as  in  France.  Bank  notes  and  coins  are  of  dif- 
ferent design,  but  in  general  are  similar  to  those  which  are  used  in 
France.     The  franc  is  the  unit  of  value,  equal  to  about  $0,193. 

Postage. — The  letter  rate  from  the  United  States  is  5  cents  for 
the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fractional 
part  thereof. 

323 


324  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

STEAMSHIP  ROUTES. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Trinidad  Line. — Trinidad  Shipping  &  Trading  Co.,  29  Broad- 
way. Sailings  from  Pier  24,  Robinson  Stores,  Brooklyn.  Departures 
every  two  weeks  for  Grenada,  Trinidad,  and  Dem'erara  (George- 
town), British  Guiana.  Local  steamer  from  Demerara  to  Cayenne. 
Distance,  New  York  to  Cayenne,  2.443  nautical  miles;  Demerara  to 
Cayenne,  477  nautical  miles. 

Quebec  Steamship  Co. — Furness,  Withy  &  Co..  agents,  32  Broad- 
way. Departures  from  Pier  47,  North  River  (West  Tenth  Street), 
for  Barbados  and  for  Demerara  (Georgetown),  British  Guiana. 
Local  steamer  from  Georgetown  to  Cayenne. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  CAYENNE. 

Compag^nie  Generale  Transatlantique. — Service  every  28  days ;  con- 
nects with  Martinique,  calling  at  Paramaribo,  Demerara,  and  Trini- 
dad. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Taney  &  Co. — Coastwise  service;  also  between  Cayenne,  Para- 
maribo, Demerara,  Trinidad,  and  Martinique. 

There  is  also  service  by  small  vessels  from  Cayenne  to  the  Safety 
Islands  and  Maroni  River. 

CANVASSING  THE  COUNTRY.— The  only  city  of  any  importance 
is  Cayenne,  the  capital.  Here  are  located  the  importing  houses 
which  supply  the  interior.  The  trade  is  necessarily  restricted,  as 
the  number  of  inhabitants  is  not  large.  Practically  all  wholesale 
importers  also  engage  in  retail  business.  Most  travelers  visit 
French  Guiana  in  connection  with  Dutch  and  British  Guiana. 

Agencies. — If  it  is  desired  to  establish  an  agency  for  French 
Guiana  exclusively,  Cayenne  is  the  logical  place.  As  statefl  in  the 
description  of  British  Guiana,  an  agent  is  often  appointed  in  George- 
town who  is  expected  to  "  work  "  Cayenne  and  Paramaribo  as  well. 

Transportation  Facilities. — The  commerce  of  the  coast  is  chiefly 
carried  by  sailing  vessels.  The  main  highways  are  from  Cayenne 
westward  along  the  coast  to  St.  Laurent  du  Maroni  and  from 
Cayenne  eastward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Aparogue. 

Commercial  Travelers'  License. — No  licenses  are  required. 

SAMPLES. — Arrangements  can  be  made  for  the  importation  of 
samples  under  bond,  which  is  canceled  upon  reexportation. 

Holidays. — The  population  being  largely  Roman  Catholic,  the 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  generally  observed.  In  addition,  the 
following  holidays  are  officially  recognized :  January  1,  New  Year's 
Day;  July  14,  Fete  Nationale  (Fall  of  the  Bastile)  ;  December  25, 
Christmas  Day. 

COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

CAYENNE;  population,  13,.500.  Situated  at  the  mouth  of  Cayenne 
River,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name.  Landing:  Steamers  anchor 
close  to  the  town.     Distant  260  nautical  miles  (482  km.)  from  Para- 


FRENrir  r.FTAXA,  325 

maribo,  Dutoli  r.uintm,  and  477  riiuitif.'il  miles  (884  km.)  from 
Georfcetown,  Kiitish  Cuiana.  T«'inperaturp  avpracos  80°  F.  An- 
nual rainfall  is  at  least  ](J<>  im-hos.  Iloiitps:  From  fJof>rKoto\vn  and 
Paramaribo,  by  local  st(>am»»rs ;  from  Alartinlqur  by  rcinilar  stcamt-r 
service.  Lloyd's  a^ent,  K.  Auticr.  I'rinriiial  botols:  (Jrarul,  Do 
France,  I  >e  lAvenir.     I'.ank  :  IJanqiie  Colonial  de  la  (iujane. 

Approuague,  on  Api)rouajj;uo  River;  readied  by  road  from  Cay- 
enne. 

Guizanbourgne,  Apronaiaie  Commune;  population,  050;  on  east 
banl<  of  Apronaprue  River. 

Iracoubo;  i»opulalion.  OiX) ;  on  Iracoubo  River,  near  its  moutb ; 
78  miles  ( 12o  km.)  from  Cayenne,  which  is  reached  by  road. 

Kaw  (Caux);  population,  250;  near  mouth  of  Kaw  River;  road 
to  Cayenne. 

Kourou;  population,  O.")!) ;  at  mouth  of  Kourou  River. 

Mana;  population,  fXM) ;  on  west  bank  of  Mana  River,  11  miles 
(17  km.)   above  its  mouth. 

Montsinery;  popidation,  350;  near  Montsinerj'  River. 

St.  Georges,  customs  station ;  population,  1,000 ;  near  mouth  of 
Oyapok  Itiver. 

St.  Laurent  du  Maroni;  population,  1,3.50;  on  Maroni  River,  9 
miles  (1.')  km.)  from  St.  .lean;  reached  by  .steamers  from  Cayenne. 

Sinnamari;  population,  1,1(X);  on  east  bank  of  Sinnamari  River. 

Tonat  (Macouria) ;  population,  800;  chief  town  of  Macouria 
Conunune. 


WEST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
ECUADOR. 

Maps  Nos.  10  and  13. 

Location. — Ecuador  is  a  Republic  in  nortliwestern  South  America, 
stretching  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  upper  valleys  of  the  Ama- 
zon. It  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Colombia,  on  the  south 
by  Peru,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  is  variously  estimated  from  116,000 
to  120,000  square  miles.  Population  is  estimated  at  1,300,000  to 
2,000.000 — approximately  17  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  The  popu- 
lation of  Provinces  and  their  capitals  is  given  in  the  following  table, 
the  statistics  being  tlie  latest  available: 


Province. 


Population. 


Capital. 


Inhabitants. 


Azuay 

BoUvar 

Canar 

Carchi 

Chimborazo. 
Esmeraldas. 
Galapagos . . 

Guayas 

Imbabura.. 

Leon 

Loja 

Manabi. 

Oriente 

Oro 

Pichincha . . 
Los  Rios.... 
Timguragua 


132, 400 
43,000 
64,000 
40,000 

122,000 
15,000 
2,000 
98,100 
68,000 

109, 600 
66,000 
64,100 
80, 000 
32, 600 

205,000 
32,800 

103,000 


Cuenca 

Guaranda 

Azogues 

Tulcan 

Riobamba . . . 
Esmeraldas . . 
San  Cristobal 
Guayaquil . . . 

Ibarra 

Latacunga . . . 

Loja 

Porto  vie  jo... 
Archidona. .. 

Machala 

Quito 

Babahoyo 

Ambato 


40,000 
8,500 
10,000 
15,000 
20,000 
6,000 
300 
80,000 
10,000 
16,000 
14,000 
10,000 
5,000 
6,000 
80,000 
5,000 
12, 000 


Topography. — There  are  practically  three  regions,  as  follows: 
First,  the  low,  hot  coastal  lands,  covered  with  dense  tropical  vege- 
tation, averaging  about  80  miles  (128  km.)  in  width.  Second,  the 
Andean  highlands,  lying  to  the  east,  with  numerous  very  high  peaks. 
The  Cordilleras  run  in  two  parallel  ranges  for  a  distance  of  over 
500  miles  (800  km,).  Some  of  the  peaks  are  among  the  highest  on 
the  continent.  The  more  important  are :  Chimborazo,  20,498  feet ; 
Cotopaxi,  the  highest  active  volcano  in  the  world,  19,613  feet;  Anti- 
sana,  19,33-5  feet ;  and  Cayambe,  19.850  feet.  The  great  plateau  re- 
gion between  the  two  ranges  varies  from  7,500  to  9,000  feet  in  alti- 
tude; there  are  numerous  fertile  valleys.  The  third  section  is  the 
Oriente,  or  forest  region,  stretching  to  the  eastern  plains  or  Amazon 
district. 

Rivers. — Most  of  the  rivers  of  Ecuador  are  navigable  for  con- 
siderable distances  inland  and  afford  excellent  means  of  trans- 
portation.    The  principal  rivers  are  the  Guayas,  Maranon,  Daule, 

326 


ECUADOR.  327 

and  P^siiieraUlas.  Tlio  CJuayas  Is  navipihh'  for  rlvpr  sroamers  as  far 
as  Bodegas,  40  miles  H'A  km.)  frfnii  Guayaquil.  Inirlmr  tlio  wot 
season  smaller  vessels  can  reach  Zapotal.  about  li(X>  miles  ('.V2U  km.) 
inland.  The  Vinces  is  iiavifTMhle  for  ahmit  oO  miles  (SO  km.).  The 
Amazon  Kiver,  which  in  Kcnador  is  known  as  the  Maranon,  is  navi- 
pahle  almost  in  its  entirety. 

Climate. — In  the  main  the  climate  is  tropical,  but  influenced 
larirely  by  altitude  and  local  conditions.  It  is  most  salubrious  h^- 
tween  7.50<»  and  0,000  fi'cr.  The  plains  and  hills  extending  from 
the  coast  to  the  tirst  ranji*'  of  mountains  enjoy  a  warm  climate  for 
the  ;ri-eater  part  of  tlie  year. 

Seasons. — (ieneraly  speakingr,  there  are  two  seasons — the  rainy  or 
winter  from  December  to  .June,  and  the  dry  or  summer  from  July 
to  December.  In  the  vicinity  of  Guayaquil  there  is  a  rainy  .season 
during  January,  Febiuary.  and  March.  The  remainder  of  the  year 
is  dry  and  sunny.  In  the  intermountain  .section  the  days  are  warm 
and  the  niphts  quite  cool.  There  is  also  a  rainy  sea.son  in  this  .sec- 
tion that  corresponds  .somewhat  closely  to  the  rainy  season  of  the 
coast.  Temperature  of  the  coastal  regions  ran^res  from  a  mininnun 
of  70°  F.  to  a  maximum  of  90^  F.  In  the  interior  the  temperature 
averages  65"  F..  the  minimum  being  32°  F.  It  should  be  e.specially 
noted  that  tlie  rainy  season  is  broken  by  a  short  period  of  dry 
weather  shortly  after  December  21,  called  the  veranillo,  and  the 
dry  season  is  broken  by  a  short  pt^riod  of  rainy  weather  shortly  after 
September  21,  called  the  inveranillo. 

Principal  Products. — The  agricultural  wealth  is  great.  Ecuador  is 
especially  famous  lor  cacao,  its  most  important  product.  There  are 
some  very  lar^^e  plantations  in  the  Provinces  of  Manabi,  Guayaquil, 
and  El  Oro.  Coffee  is  second  in  importance,  and  rubber  third. 
( )ther  tropical  products  are  bananas,  lemons,  cotton,  oranges,  etc. 
(»n  the  uplands  are  grown  the  crops  common  to  the  Temperate  Zone. 

Industries. — The  m.-inufacturing  which  is  carried  on  in  Ecuador 
is  of  a  very  minor  character.  The  most  important  plant  is  a  shoe 
factory,  besides  which  there  are  7  flour  mill.s,  6  cotton  and  woolen 
mills.  11  breweries,  24  ice  plants,  several  tanneries,  and  a  few  fac- 
tories devoted  to  the  making  of  chocolate,  furniture,  etc.  The 
Panama  hat  industry,  e-specially  in  the  cities  of  Jipijapa.  Monte 
Christi,  and  Cuouca.  i.'i  very  important.  Cattle  raising  is  increasing 
in  prominence  and  there  is  some  exportation  of  hides,  skin.s,  wool, 
etc. 

Mineral  Resources. — The  gold  mines  are  most  important,  par- 
ticularly the  Zaruma  mines,  in  southern  Ecuador.  Gold  is  chiefly 
found  in  the  Provinces  of  El  Oro  and  Esmeraldas.  There  are  coj)- 
per  deix)sits  in  Loja  :  lead,  coal.  iron,  silver,  sulphur,  and  platinum 
also  exist.  The  petroleum  development  on  the  Santa  Elena  Penin- 
sula is  promising. 

Inhabitants. — Most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ecuador  are  Indians ; 
the  pure  whites  are  comparatively  few.  There  is  a  fair  percentage 
of  mestizos. 

Language. — Spanish  is  the  official  langimge.  but  a  great  number 
of  the  people  in  the  interior  of  the  country  speak  the  Quichua  lan- 
gtiage. 

Currency. — The  sucre  is  the  unit  of  value,  eciuivalent  to  .'?0.4S7  in 
United  States  currency ;  100  centavos  equal  1  sucre ;  10  sucres  make 


328  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

a  condor,  which  is  equivalent  to  1  pound  sterling.  The  coins  are  as 
follows:  Gold,  1  condor  (10  sucres),  i  condor  (5  sucres)  ;  silver, 
1  Sucre,  1  peseta  (20  centavos),  1  real  (10  centavos),  and  a  medio 
real ;  nickel,  5,  2,  1.  and  J  centavos. 

Weights  and  Measures,— The  metric  system  is  generally  used  in 
the  larger  cities.  Old  Spanish  weights,  however,  are  still  in  use 
in  the  interior.  The  quintal  is  equal  to  101.4  pounds,  the  libra  to 
1.014  pounds,  and  the  vara  to  32.91  inches. 

Postage,— Ecuador  is  in  the  Postal  Union,  Letter  rate  to  and 
from  the  United  States  is  5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for 
each  additional  ounce  or  fraction  thereof. 

Parcel  Post. — There  is  also  a  parcel  post  arrangement  with  the 
United  States  and  parcels  weighing  up  to  20  pounds  can  be  sent  in 
this  way. 

Telegraph. — The  extent  of  the  telegraph  system  is  over  3,.o00 
miles,  with  more  than  188  offices.  The  rates  are:  First  10  words, 
5d.  (10  cents)  ;  for  each  additional  10  words,  2M,  (5  cents). 

STEAMSHIP  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Co.— Office,  24"  State  Street.  Depar- 
tures weeklv  from  Pier  67,  North  River  (We.st  Twenty-seventh 
Street),  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Balboa  (Panama  City),  Panama; 
connecting  at  Balboa  (Pacific  side)  with  Pacific  Steam  Navigation 
Co.  and  the  Peruvian  Line  for  Guayaquil.  Time,  12  days.  Dis- 
tance, 2,807  nautical  miles. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service.— Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  Slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Battery  Place),  Departures  weekly  for  Colon,  Panama. 
Approximate  fare,  $120.  From  Colon  to  Guayaquil,  via  Pacific 
Steam  Navigation  Co,  at  Balboa,  and  Panama  Canal,  $86. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Departures  weekly  for  Cris- 
tobal, Panama.  Approximate  fare,  $92 ;  to  Guayaquil,  via  Panama 
Canal  and  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  $86.  Total  distance,  2,220 
nautical  miles.     Time,  11  days. 

LINES  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Office,  .508  California  Street.  Depar- 
tures semimonthly  for  Balboa,  Pajiama ;  thence  via  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Co.  or  the  Peruvian  Line  to  Guayaquil.  Approximate 
f;ire,  .$247.      (See  also  p.  30.) 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha  (Oriental  Steamship  Co,),— Sailings  bimonthly. 

Distances  from  Guayaquil.— To  Balboa,  835  miles  (3  days)  ;  to 
Callao,  Peni.  730  miles  (4  days)  ;  to  Iquique,  Chile,  1.400  miles  (11 
days)  :  to  Valparaiso,  Chile.  2.200  miles   (15  days). 

Quarantine  Regulations. — There  are  no  quarantine  regulations 
against  passengers  from  the  United  States.  Passengers  leaving 
Ecuador   for   Colon   or   Panama   are   subject   to   a   quarantine   at 


ECUADOR. 


329 


I'annma.  Trnvolors  who  arrive  in  l-kuador  witli  suspicious  illness 
:in'  subjpft  to  quar.mtinc. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES.— Sanii>l.>s  are  adniltUMl  fre»>  into  Ecuador 
if  tliov  are  small  articlfs  of  no  vaiuf,  or  if  rendered  unsalable  by 
mutilation.  Samples  of  value  are  admitted  under  bond,  subje<.-t  to 
bein^'  reexported  within  fX)  days.  This  bond  ean  usually  l)e  pveii 
over  the  si^inature  of  a  reliaide  nnumen-ial  house.  The  details  can 
be  attended  to  by  a  customhouse  broker. 

Reexportation. — Samples  carrie«l  by  commercial  travelers  may  be 
admitted  tluouzh  one  jxirt  and  reexported  through  another.  It  is. 
however,  necessary  to  oi)(ain  a  document  from  the  customhouse  at 
port  of  entry  to  identify  the  samples  satisfactorily  to  the  customs 
officials  at  the  port  of  reexportation. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — This  depends  solely  upon  the  quan- 
tity of  the  samples  carried  and  whether  they  are  free  or  require  a 
bond.  In  the  latter  event  the  time  necessary  for  prepariuK  the 
papers  is  about  all  that  is  necessary.  When  samples  are  plainly 
entitletl  to  free  entry  there  is  no  delay,  particularly  if  they  are 
carried  by  the  traveler. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — When  a  travelinp  salesman  car- 
ries advertisinj;  matter  which  is  plainly  for  distribution  and  not  for 
resale,  there  is  no  difticulty  about  its  admission,  and  no  duty  is 
oharjrf'd. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — Tiiere  is  no  escaping?  the  tax  on  com- 
mercial travelers.  Almost  all  salesmen  enter  by  way  of  Guayaquil. 
In  any  event  salesmen  wlio  carry  trunks  must  obtain  a  licen.se  at 
the  customhouse  on  the  wharf  before  the  inif,'j;aKe  and  samples  are 
cleared.  This  license  is  valid  during  the  entire  pcri(Kl  that  the 
traveler  remains  in  Ecuador  and  permits  him  to  sell  to  anj'one. 
The  fee  for  this  license  is  KK)  sucres  ($48.67). 

Municipal  Permits. — Certain  nninicinalities  require  registration  of 
the  salesman,  but  exact  no  fee  for  issuinj;  a  permit  to  do  business. 
Should  the  traveler  desire  to  use  his  license  not  only  in  Guayaquil, 
but  in  other  places,  it  is  necessary  to  so  indicate  to  the  customs 
officials  and  have  them  particularly  specify  this  on  the  back  of  the 
license;  otherwi.se  the  traveler  may  be  called  upon  for  further  pay- 
ments. As  an  example,  he  might  obtain  a  license  at  Guayaquil,  and 
for  failure  to  have  proper  notation  made  on  the  license,  another  fee 
would  be  exacted  when  he  entered  Esmeraldas. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — Because  of  climatic  conditions  at  Guayaquil, 
it  is  best  to  clioose  the  diy  .sea.son  for  visiting.  This  extends  from 
May  to  December.  During  that  time  the  climate  is  very  agreeable 
and  yellow  fever  is  rare. 

Health  Precautions. — Travelers  to  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  particu- 
larly Guayaquil,  should  observe  unusual  precautions  in  their  per- 
sonal habits  and  in  their  general  hygiene.  Extraordinary  care 
should  be  taken  to  guard  against  contagion.  When  the  new  sani- 
tary system  of  Guayaquil  is  complett^J  the  possibility  of  infection 
will  be  greatly  reduced.  In  the  past  bubonic  plague  has  been  one  of 
the  diseases  very  frequent  in  Guayaquil. 

TRANSPORTATION  FACILITIES. — There  is  but  one  important 
railroad  in  Ecuador,  that  fr<im  (Juayaquil  to  Quito.  The  entire 
mileage  of  the  Republic  is  alK)Ut  -KK)  (G44  km.).  Most  of  the  ro;i,ls 
are  of  the  character  of  bridle  paths  and  are  frequently  impas.«^able 


330  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

during  the  rainy  season.  Navigation  is  available  throughout  the 
chief  agi-icultural  districts,  via  the  Guayas,  Daule,  and  Vinces 
Rivers.  The  Vinces  is  navigable  during  the  rainy  season  for  a 
distance  of  about  200  miles  (322  km.).  River  transportation  is 
effected  chiefly  by  side-wheel  and  screw  steamers  of  very  low 
draft.  It  should  be  noted  that  in  Ecuador,  as  in  some  of  the  other 
countries  of  South  America,  while  the  chief  cities  can  be  reached  by 
steamer  or  railroad,  a  number  of  important  commercial  points  are 
remote  and  can  only  be  reached  by  pack  animals. 

Principal  Railways. — From  Guayaquil  to  Quito,  Guayaquil  & 
Quito  Railway,  2S6  miles  (4.59  km.)  ;  from  Bahia  de  Caraquez  to 
Calceta,  Compagnie  Francaise  de  Chemins  de  Fer  de  L'Equateur, 
34  miles  (55  km.)  ;  from  Bahia  de  Caraquez  to  Chone,  Compagnie 
Francaise  de  Chemins  de  Fer  de  L'Equateur,  15  miles  (25  km.)  ; 
from  Manta  to  Portoviejo,  Central  Railway  of  Ecuador,  30  miles 
(48  km.)  ;  from  Puerto  Bolivar  to  Machala,  Pasaje,  and  Guabo, 
Machala  Railway,  19  miles  (30  km.). 

Baggage  Rates. — The  Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railroad  Co,  makes  a 
special  reduction  of  25  per  cent  to  commercial  travelers  on  excess 
baggage  when  shipped  over  its  line  as  express.  This  is  the  line 
most  frequently  used  by  travelers. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC— The  places  of  chief  interest  to 
commercial  travelers  visiting  Ecuador  are  Guayaquil  and  Quito. 
At  Guayaquil  are  located  most  of  the  important  wholesale  houses 
which  supply  the  merchants  in  places  of  less  importance  on  the 
coast  as  well  as  the  interior.  Quito  has  a  larger  population 
(80,000),  but  as  a  distributing  and  importing  center  it  is  secondary. 
In  these  cities  there  are  retailers  who  make  direct  importations. 
In  some  of  the  less  important  towns  there  are  many  firms  who  also 
deal  directly  with  foreign  houses. 

Routes  to  Follow. — Almost  without  exception,  travelers  who  visit 
Ecuador  enter  by  way  of  Guayaquil.  Here  they  can  obtain  a  much 
better  idea  of  the  commercial  situation  prevailing  at  the  time  of 
their  visit,  the  outlook  for  business,  and  general  conditions.  The 
Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railroad  can  be  taken  for  Quito.  In  most 
cases  the  travelers  visit  Quito  direct,  and  on  their  return,  if  the 
needs  of  their  business  justify  it,  stop  at  Ambato  and  Riobamba. 
There  are  other  rich  and  developing  sections  which  are  accessible 
from  Guayaquil  alone  by  local  steamers.  Among  these  are  Machala. 
from  which  point  Cuenca  may  be  visited,  and  Manta,  from  which 
Puerto  Viejo  may  be  made.  In  the  northern  part  of  Ecuador  is 
the  port  of  Esmeraldas,  the  entrepot  for  a  very  rich  district. 

Agencies. — When  appointing  agencies  for  Ecuador,  it  is  customary 
to  name  a  representative  in  Guayaquil.  This  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  is  more  accessible  by  steamers,  and  from  that  point  a 
strategic  approach  to  the  coast  as  well  as  to  the  interior  is  more 
easily  made. 

Hotel  Rates. — -In  the  larger  cities,  sucli  as  Guayaquil  and  Quito, 
the  rates  in  the  best  hotels  range  from  .$3  to  .$4  gold,  American 
plan.  It  is  on  this  plan  that  most  hotels  are  conducted.  In  the 
smaller  towns  the  rates  are  somewhat  less,  averaging  from  .$2  to  %3 
gold.  The  second-class  hotels  of  the  larger  cities  charge  about  the 
same.  Traveling  salesmen  should  patronize  the  best  hotels,  not  only 
because  of  the  added  comfort,  but  for  the  sake  of  business  prestige. 


ECUADOR.  331 

SUGGESTED  ITINERARIES. 

If  coiiiin;;  from  tlic  north  tlio  travolcr  may  stop  at  Ksmonildas, 
if  he  ft'ols  jiistiliod  ii\  waiting  for  the  next  steamer  southward, 
which  may  he  from  4  to  Id  (hiys.  From  Esmerahlas  l)y  sU-amcr  to 
Bahia,  Manta,  Cayo,  or  Maohaiilia,  Bahia  de  ( 'araqiiez ;  from  hero 
hy  train  of  the  C'ompairnie  Francaise  de  ("h«'mins  de  Fer  de  L'Fqua- 
teur  to  Calteta  and  Chone.  The  hitter  is  the  center  of  a  rich  cacao- 
crowing  district.  From  Rahia  di'  ('arequez  hy  steamer  to  Manta; 
liere  the  traveler  can  talce  train  of  tlie  Central  Railway  of  Ecuador 
to  Portoviejo  and  Santa  Ana.  A  side  trip  by  horseback  or  auto- 
mobile may  also  be  niade  t(t  Jipijapa,  headquarters  of  the  Panama 
hat  industry.  From  Manta  by  steamer  to  (Juayaquil ;  by  the  Guaya- 
(|Uil  <S:  Quito  Railway  to  Quito,  stopping  on  the  way  at  Riobamha, 
Amliato,  and  Latacunga. 

Trips  from  Guayaquil  Southward. — By  steamer  to  Puna  and 
Puerto  Bolivar;  by  Machala  Railway  to  I'asajc,  Guabo,  and 
Machala ;  side  trip  hy  mule  back  to  Cuenca  and  Loja. 

Southward  by  coastwise  steamer  to  Puna  and  Naranjal ;  thence 
via  Balao  to  the  Pueblo  of  Balao;  thence  nuile  trail  to  (.'uenca. 

Overland  to  Quito:  Guayaquil  to  Duran,  by  ferryboat,  1  hour 
(10  miles)  ;  Duran  to  Riobamba,  by  rail.  11  hours  (l.")0  miles)  ; 
Riohamba  to  Aml)ato,  by  rail.  8  hours  (64  miles)  ;  Ambato  to 
I.atacunga,  by  rail.  2  hour.^;  (30  niile.s)  :  I.atacinijra  to  Q\iito,  by  rail, 
31  hours  (61  miles).     Total  distance,  315  miles  (."i07  km.). 

Trip  from  Quito  Northward. — Quito  to  Tuican,  138  miles  (223 
km.).  Time  of  journey  four  to  tive  days.  Tlie  route  most  often 
followed  is  this:  Directly  across  the  canyon  portion  of  the  Guailla- 
bamba  and  the  Paramo  of  Mojando  to  Otavalo.  Ibarra,  and  Tuican. 
When  this  road  is  very  wet  for  a  part  of  the  trail  the  alternative  is 
the  Cayanibe  route  via  the  Mojando  cross  range  below  the  level  of 
the  Paramo  to  San  Pablo,  Ibarra,  and  Tuican.  From  Tulcau  the 
traveler  may  iiroceed  to  Ipiales  and  Pasto.  Colombia. 

Distances. — (Juayaquil  to:  Babahoyo  (Bodegas),  40  miles  (64 
km.)  ;  Cuenca.  70  miles  (112  km.)  ;  Esmeraldas.  3o2  miles  (480 
km.)  ;  Jipijapa,  80  miles  (129  km.)  ;  Latacunga,  227  miles  (365 
km.)  ;  Portovi(>jo.  109  miles  (175  km.)  ;  Quito,  286  miles  (460  km.)  ; 
l{iobamba,  140  miles  (225  km.). 

Quito  to:  Ambato.  81  miles  (130  km.)  ;  Cuenca,  190  miles  (306 
km.)  ;  Esmeraldas.  90  miles  (144  km.)  ;  Latacunga,  65  miles  ^105 
km.)  ;  Loja.  317  miles  (510  km.)  ;  Portoviejo,  4i)0  miles  (645  km.)  ; 
Riobamba,  144  miles  (232  km.)  ;  Tuican.  100  miles  (161  km.). 

Bahia  de  Caraquez  to  Manta,  28  miles  (44  km.). 

Puerto  Bolivar  to  ^lachala.  4  miles  (7  km.). 

Chief  Items  of  Interest. — (Juayaquil :  The  plazas  are  very  attrac- 
tive with  their  luxuriant  tropical  foliage.  Tropical  regions:  Many 
famous  cacao  plantations,  .jipijapa:  From  this  place  and  Monte 
Christi  come  the  majority  of  the  I'anama  hats;  the  natives  of  this 
region  display  great  ability  in  making  them.  Quito:  Ancient  capi- 
tal; very  interesting  architecture  and  (Jovernment  buildings.  In- 
dians: The  Indians  of  Ecuador  in  the  nplands  are  very  picturesque; 
at  the  market  places  where  they  gather  there  is  a  wealth  of  color. 
Monnt  Plchincha :  At  its  foot  lies  Quito;  elevation,  about  16,00«J 
feet ;  from  the  summit  may  be  seen  20  snow-clad  mountains,  ranging 


332  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

in  height  from  15,000  to  20,000  feet.  Cotopaxi :  Active  volcano, 
neai'  Latacuuga ;  particularly  famous.  Chimborazo :  One  of  the 
most  famous  volcanoes  of  the  world.  Route  from  Guayaquil  to 
Quito:  The  railroad  passes  through  a  very  wonderful  mountainous 
country ;  beautiful  views ;  highest  point  en  route,  Urbina,  11,000 
feet  above  sea  level. 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  being  Roman  Catholic,  many  of  the 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.  Generally 
speaking,  business  is  suspended  on  the  holidays  officially  recog- 
nized, with  the  exception  of  retail  stores  in  the  smaller  towns,  par- 
ticularly in  the  interior.  The  following  are  legal  holidays:  Janu- 
ary, New  Year's  Day ;  February  14,  national  holiday ;  May  24, 
Battle  of  Pichincha ;  August  10,  Independence  of  Quito ;  September 
18,  Independence  of  Chile ;  October  9,  Independence  of  Guayaquil ; 
October  12.  Discovery  of  America;  November  2,  All  Souls'  Day; 
December  25,  Christmas  Day. 

CITIES  OF  COMMERCIAL  IMPORTANCE. 

AMBATO,  capital  of  Province  of  Tunguragua;  altitude,  about 
9,000  feet ;  population,  12,000 ;  on  the  Ambato  River,  near  northern 
foot  of  Chimborazo  Volcano,  81  miles  (130  km.)  from  Quito.  Cli- 
mate, very  pleasant.  Principal  products:  Maize,  wheat,  barley, 
cochineal,  fruit,  hides,  etc.     Industries :  Wine  and  leather. 

How  Reached.— From  Quito  or  Guayaquil  by  Guayaquil  &  Quito 
Railway ;  from  Riobamba  by  Riobamba  branch  line  to  Luisa,  thence 
main  line  of  Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railway.  The  Ambato-Curaray 
Railway  is  in  course  of  construction;  22  miles  (35  km.)  have  been 
completed ;  tAvo  trains  per  week. 

Hotel. — Victoria. 

Bank. — Samaniega  y  Cia, 

Note. — As  a  rule,  Ambato  is  canvassed  by  the  importers  of  Guaya- 
quil and  Quito.     It  is  a  very  attractive  place  and  worthy  of  a  visit. 

BABAHOYO  (BODEGAS),  capital  of  Province  of  Los  Rios;  popula- 
tion, 5,000;  on  the  south  bank  of  Bodegas  River;  40  miles  (64  km.) 
from  Guayaquil ;  13  miles  (20  km.)  from  Yaguachi  (nearest  railway 
station).  Principal  products:  Cacao,  sugar  cane,  rice,  corn,  wax. 
lumber,  gold,  silver,  and  mercury.  Industries:  Sugar  mills  and 
stock  raising. 

How  Reached.— From  Guayaquil,  by  daily  steamer  service.  No 
charge  for  baggage  in  any  reasonable  quantity. 

I^ote. — ^I^ocated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Guayas  River. 
Babahoyo  is  a  transshipping  point  betvreen  Guayaquil  and  the  inte- 
rior. Important  mines  are  in  the  vicinity.  The  town  is  chiefly 
dependent  upon  Guayaquil  for  its  supplies. 

BAHIA  DE  CARAQTJEZ  (MANABI),  Province  of  Manabi;  altitude, 
sea  level;  population,  8.000.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  offshore;  small 
boats  carry  passengers  to  shore.  Located  28  miles  (44  km.)  north 
of  Manta."  Products:  Cacao,  ivory  nuts,  sugar,  coffee,  hides,  etc. 
American  consular  agent  in  residence.  Lloyd's  agent,  M.  Pierre 
Discomps. 

How  Reached. — From  Manta  or  Esmeraldas  by  steamers;  from 
Quito  by  carretera. 

Bank. — Banco  Comercial  y  Agricola. 


KCIAIXIK.  833 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Sucrs.  (1<>  Alejjiiidni  S:int<>s. 

Hotels. — Alt'jaiuiro  Santos,  (Jre^oriii  rsivovicli. 

Note. — A  coiisidtTiihlc  vnlunie  of  cof-i^iiuts  aiiil  ivory  nut.**  is  ox- 
Imrtod  tlnoii;,'li  tliis  jMirt.  It  owes  its  imiM)rtaiict'  to  tlu'  fact  tliat 
it  is  the  eiitreiHJl  for  a  ricli  district.  TIhmv  is  some  direct  ini|)ortin« 
done,  hut  ill  j;onerai  tlic  trade  depends  iii>on  the  liouses  of  (Uiaya- 
quil.  From  Baliia  a  railroad  runs  into  the  interior  to  Calceta  and 
Chono. 

CUENCA,  I'rovince  of  Azuay ;  altitude,  8.408  feet;  population, 
40,fKH);  on  the  Matadero  Kiver,  70  miles  (112  km.)  from  (;uaya«tuii, 
and  19<)  miles  (StMJ  km.)  south  of  Quito.  I'rincipal  products:  Huh- 
ber,  hides,  sugar,  coffee,  ca.scarilla,  cereals,  cinchona,  etc.  Indus- 
tries: Manufacture  of  straw  hats,  cheese,  embroideries  and  lace,  and 
coarse  cloth. 

How  Reached. — From  Guayaquil  by  railway  to  Huiffra,  thence 
carretera  ;  from  Machala  l>y  railway  to  I'asaje,  thence  carretera  ; 
from  Naranjal,  via  Molleturo  and  Sajausi.  by  camino  de  herradura. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Azuay ;  Merchau  y  Cia. 

Hotel. — Continental. 

Note. — ComniPicially  this  town  ranks  third  in  the  Republic.  It  is 
extremely  diflicult  of  access,  Thoupli  woi-thy  of  a  visit,  it  is  seldom 
included  in  the  itinerary  of  mo.st  salesmen.  When  the  railway  now 
being  constructed  to  Huiirra,  on  the  Amazon,  is  completed,  C'uenca 
will  rank  second  only  to  rjuayaquil.  Huigi'a  is  now  the  central 
station  of  the  Guayaquil-Quito  Line. 

DTJRAN,  I'rovince  of  Guayas ;  population,  1,00();  on  east  bank 
of  Guayas  River,  opposite  Guayaquil,  from  which  it  is  7  miles  (12 
km.)  distant. 

How  Reached. — From  Guayaquil  by  ferryboat. 

Note. — From  this  point  the  railroad  runs  to  Quito. 

ESMERALDAS,  Province  of  Esmeraldas;  population,  6.000;  a 
port  2  miles  from  mouth  of  Esmeraldas  River.  Vessels  lie  offshore; 
landing  by  small  boats.  Distant  00  miles  (144  km.)  northwest  from 
Quito;  302  miles  (4S6  km.)  north  from  Guayaquil.  Principal  pro<l- 
ucts:  Tobacco,  india  rubber,  cacao,  and  ivory  nuts.  Industry: 
Gold  mines  in  viciidty.  Americjin  consular  agent  iu  residence. 
Lloyd's  agent.  M.  A.  Quintero. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenaventura,  by  steamers  of  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Co. ;  from  Guayaquil,  by  steamers. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Ricardo  Delgado ;  Dumarest  Bros.  &  Co. ; 
Plascencio  Trujillo. 

Note. — This  is  the  entrep<*)t  for  an  extremely  rich  agricultural  sec- 
tion. There  is  a  cable  station.  Several  large  importing  hou.ses 
and  a  number  of  important  mining  companies  have  headquarters 
here. 

GTJAYAGTJII,  Province  of  Guayas;  population,  80,000;  located  35 
miles  (.")()  km.)  up  the  River  Guayas.  Landing:  Vessels  lie  clo.se  to 
port;  tenders  are  used.  Distant  (516  miles  (092  km.)  from  Panama. 
302  miles  (480  km.)  from  E.smeraldas  l)y  sea,  and  28<j  miles  (460 
km.)  from  Quito.  Principal  prmlucts:  Cacao,  coffee,  cotton,  rubber, 
and  liides.  Industries:  Fishing,  sugar  mills,  breweries,  distilleries, 
.soap  and  candle  factories,  .sawmills,  tanneries,  and  .shipbuilding. 

American  consul  general  aud  vice  consul  in  residence.  Lloyd's 
agent,  Milne,  Williamson  &  Co. 


334  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

How  Reached. — From  Guamote,  by  railway,  112  miles  (181  km.)  ; 
from  Quito,  by  Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railway  (two  days'  journey, 
trains  do  not  run  at  night)  ;  from  Paita,  Peru,  by  steamer. 

Seasons. — Rainy  season,  January,  February,  March,  and  April ; 
dry  season.  May  to  Deceml)er;  cool  months,  June  to  November; 
warm  months,  December  to  May. 

Banks. — Banco  Comercial  y  Agricola  ;  Banco  de  Credito  Hipote- 
cario ;  Banco  del  Ecuador ;  Banco  Territorial ;  Caja  de  Ahorros  de 
Guayaquil;  Commercial  Bank  of  Spanish  America  (Ltd.)  ;  Mercan- 
tile Bank  of  the  Americas. 

Customhouse  Brokers.^L.  Guzman  &  Sons ;  Alvarado  y  Bejarario. 

Hotels.— Paris,  Guayaquil,  Gran  Victoria,  Mediterranio,  Capricho, 
Cosmopolita,  Wellington. 

Note. — Guayaquil  is  the  most  important  port  of  Ecuador  and 
should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen.  There  are  great  business  possi- 
bilities here.  If  it  is  desired  to  establish  an  agency  in  Ecuador, 
Guayaquil  is  the  place  in  which  it  should  be  located.  The  sanitary 
conditions  have  been  greatly  improved  in  recent  years  and  traveling 
salesmen  now  feel  safe  to  call  throughout  the  year,  whereas  for- 
merly they  made  this  port  only  during  the  dry  season. 

JIPIJAPA,  Province  of  Manabi ;  population,  8,000.  Located  80 
miles  (129  km.)  from  Guayaquil  and  37  miles  (60  km.)  from 
Portoviejo.  Principal  products :  Coffee  and  cacao.  Industries : 
Manufacture  of  Panama  hats  and  straw  baskets. 

How  Beached. — From  Manta  (its  port). 

Note. — This  town  is  famous  for  its  production  of  Panama  hats. 
It  is  not  generally  included  in  the  itinerary  of  travelers.  It  is 
canvassed  from  Guayaquil. 

LATACIINGA,  capital  of  Province  of  Leon;  altitude,  9,05.5  feet; 
climate,  unpleasant  and  cold.  Location :  On  east  bank  of  Patate 
River,  65  miles  (105  km.)  from  Quito  and  227  miles  (365  km.) 
from  Guayaquil.  Industries :  Cattle  raising,  sugar,  cotton,  and 
woolen  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Guayaquil  or  Quito,  via  Guayaquil  &  Quito 
Railway.  The  trip  from  Guayaquil  consumes  1^  days,  since  train 
stops  overnight.     The  time  from  Quito  is  3i  hours. 

Hotel.— Italia. 

Note. — This  town  is  usually  visited  only  by  those  who  canvass 
closely.     Cotopaxi  Volcano  is  18  miles  (29  km.)  distant. 

LOJA,  capital  of  Province  of  Lo.ia ;  altitude,  7,300  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 14,000;  climate,  very  good;  on  western  bank  of  Zaniora  River, 
317  miles  (510  km.)  from  Quito.  Principal  products:  Sugar  cane, 
tobacco,  alfalfa,  grain,  potatoes,  cinchona,  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron, 
and  nickel.     Industi'ies:  Chiefly  agriculture  and  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Machala,  by  mule  trail ;  from  Puerto  Boli- 
var, by  railway  to  Pasaje,  thence  by  camino  de  herradura. 

Note. — Although  rather  remote,  Loja  is  important.  It  is  difflcult 
to  reach  and  not  generally  canvassed,  except  by  those  who  have 
considerable  time  and  work  the  small  towns.  It  is  usually  can- 
vas.sed  only  by  the  representatives  of  the  houses  in  Quito  or 
Guayaquil. 

MACHALA,  capital  of  Province  of  Oro;  population.  6,000;  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  the  Estero  de  Machala,  4  miles  (7  km.)  from 
Puerto   Bolivar   and    11   miles    (17   km.)    from    Pasaje.     Principal 


ECiJAinm.  335 

products:  Cacao,  coffee,  tobacco.  Industries:  Sii;;iir  mills,  soup 
fjK'torics,  lishiiif^. 

How  Reached. — From  Cuenca.  by  railroad  to  I'asajc.  Ibcnco  rar- 
rclera  ;  from  I'uorto  I'.olivar.  via  .Madiala  Railway. 

Hotel. — Del  (Joinercio. 

Note. — A  considerable  volume  of  export  trade  pas.scs  through 
tiiis  port.  There  are  j,'old  and  sliver  mines  in  the  viciiuty.  Some  of 
tlie  concerns  located  here  are  in  a  position  to  make  direct  im- 
portations. 

MANGLAR  ALTO,  Province  of  Guayas ;  population,  9,(Xm);  on 
south  bank  of  iMan^lar  Alto  River,  near  its  mouth;  north  of  and  2S 
miles  (45  km.)  ilistant  from  Santa  Elena  and  8U  nnles  (144  km.) 
from  Guayaquil.  Principal  products:  Colfee,  suixar  cane,  cacao, 
ivory  nuts,  and  cabinet  woods.  Industry:  Struw-luit  manufacture. 
Custnndiouse  broker,  Miguel  J.  Velez, 

How  Reached. — By  steamers  of  I'acitic  Steam  Navigation  Co. 

Note. — Manglar  Alto  has  a  large  port,  in  which  good-sized  vessels 
can  anchor.  A  considerable  volume  of  business,  principally  in 
straw  hats,  is  done  here. 

MANTA.  Province  of  Manabi ;  population,  3.000 ;  on  the  southern 
.shore  of  Manta  Bay.  Landing:  Small  vessels  carry  passengers  from 
steamer  to  shore.  Distant  4U  miles  (64  km.)  from  Portoviejo,  and 
6  miles  (10  km.)  from  ]\Ionte  Christi.  Principal  prixlucts :  Sugar 
cane,  cotTee.  cacao,  ivory  nuts,  aud  fruit. 

How  Reached. — From  Bahia  de  Caraquez,  by  steamers ;  from 
Portoviejo,  via  Central  Railway  of  Ecuador. 

Bank. — Commercial  Bank  of  Spanish  Amerii-a.  This  bank  also 
acts  as  custondiouse  broker  and  as  Lloyd's  agent. 

Note. — This  is  the  port  for  .lipijapa  and  Monte  Christi.  A  num- 
ber of  merchants  loeateil  liere  are  in  a  position  to  import  direct. 
The  place  is  of  growing  importance. 

MONTE  CHRISTI,  I'rovince  of  Manabi;  population.  8,000;  distant 
2.5  miles  (40  km.)  from  Portovie.io  and  6  miles  (10  km.)  from 
Manta.     Indu.stry :  Manufacture  of  Panama  hats. 

How  Reached. — -From  Manta  or  Portovii'jo,  via  Central  Railway 
of  Ecuador. 

Note. — Monte  Christi  is  not  generally  canvassefl  by  foreign  sales- 
men :  nieniiants  depend  largely  upon  (iuayaquil. 

PORTOVIEJO.  Provin<e  of  Manabi;  poimlation,  10,000;  on  east 
bank  of  Portoviejo  River;  109  miles  (IT'i  km.)  from  Guayaf|uil, 
400  miles  (645  km.)  from  Quito,  and  37  miles  (GO  km.)  from  .lipi- 
japa. Principal  products:  Coffee,  cacao,  .sugar  cane,  cotton,  rubber, 
sarsaparilla,  vanilla,  copper,  and  coal.  Industries:  Fishing,  tan- 
ning: manufacture  of  straw  hats,  baskets,  and  hammocks. 

How  Reached. — l'''rora  Manta,  via  Central  Hallway  of  Ecuador. 

Hotel. — Bolivar. 

Note. — This  place  is  not  generally  canvassed  by  foreign  sjilesmen. 
Guayaciuil  is  its  chief  source  of  supply. 

PUERTO  BOLIVAR,  Province  of  Oro  ;  population.  1.000;  on  west 
shore  of  .Jambeli  Channel,  connecting  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  with  the 
Guayas  River;  4  miles  (7  km.)  from  Machala.  I'rincipal  products: 
Copper,  cacao,  hides,  mangle  bark,  rubber. 

How  Reached. — From  JIachala,  via  Machala  Railway ;  from 
Guayaquil,  by  steamer. 


336  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

Note. — This  is  not  an  important  place.     It  is  tlie  port  for  Machala. 

ftUITO,  capital  of  the  Republic;  Department  of  Pichincha;  popu- 
lation, 80.000  (principally  Indians)  ;  altitude,  9,500  feet.  Distant 
286  miles  (460  km.)  from  Guayaquil,  and  144  miles  (232  km.)  from 
Riobamba.  Climate,  cool ;  temperature  averages  55°  F.  Principal 
products:  Cereals,  sugar,  coffee,  and  cattle.  Industries:  Chiefly 
agricultural ;  cattle  breeding ;  ivory  carving ;  embroideries ;  coarse 
weaving,  lace  making,  etc.  American  minister  in  residence.  Lloyd's 
agent,  .John  S.  Buttar. 

How  Reached. — From  Guayaquil  by  Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railway 
(two  days'  journey;  trains  do  not  run  at  night)  ;  from  Riobamba, 
by  railroad,  via  Luisa. 

Banks.— Banco  Comercial  y  Agricola ;  Banco  del  Pichincha  ;  Banco 
de  Credito  Agricola  y  Industrial. 

Hotels. — Estranjero.  Froment,  Internacional,  Interandino,  Gia- 
cometti,  Nacional,  Paris.  Palace,  Americano,  Continental,  Ecuador. 

Note. — Quito  is  worthy  of  a  visit  by  most  salesmen,  but  a  greater 
amount  of  business  is  done  in  Guayaquil. 

RIOBAMBA,  Province  of  Chimborazo ;  altitude,  9,000  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 20,000;  near  the  source  of  the  Pastaca  River,  140  miles  (225 
km.)  from  Guayaquil  and  144  miles  (232  km.)  from  Quito.  Cli- 
mate, cold.     Industries:  Agriculture,  cattle  raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Quito  or  Guayaquil,  via  Guayaquil  &  Quito 
Railway. 

Hotels. — Metropolitano,  Ecuador,  Central. 

Bank. — Cordovez  Hermanos. 

Note. — This  place  is  easily  made  on  the  way  to  Quito.  It  is 
growing  in  importance  and  worthy  of  a  vi.sit. 

SANTA  ROSA,  Province  of  Oro ;  population,  6,000;  altitude, 
10,500  feet ;  on  west  bank  of  Santa  Rosa  River  ( navigable  by  small 
steamers,  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Machala  and  142  miles  (228  km.) 
from  Guayaquil.  Principal  products:  Cacao,  cofCee,  tobacco,  cin- 
chona, wax,  lumber,  copper,  and  gold.  Industry:  Mining  (gold, 
etc.). 

How  Reached. — From  Cuenca  or  Azogues,  by  mule  train,  via 
Sayusi. 

Note. — Santa  Rosa  is  of  considerable  importance  as  an  outfitting 
supply  and  distributing  center,  but  visited  only  by  those  who  work 
closely.     It  is  difficult  of  access. 

TTILCAN,  capital  of  Province  of  Carchi ;  population,  15,000 ;  alti- 
tude, 15,830  feet ;  on  head  stream  of  Guaitara  River,  near  Colom- 
bian frontier,  southwest  of  Ipiales,  Colombia;  100  miles  (161  km.) 
northeast  of  Quito.  Principal  products :  Sugar  cane  and  cereals. 
Industries:  Cattle  raising;  agriculture. 

How  Reached. — From  Quito  by  mule  trail. 

Note. — Tulcan  is  very  difficult  of  access,  but  growing  in  im- 
portance. It  is  usually  visited  only  by  the  representatives  of  the 
houses  in  Guayaquil  and  Quito. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally ^irect  importations  are  made  by  firms  or  companies 
located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable  to  inquire 
in  the  nearest  large  town  as  to  trade  possibilities. 


ECUADOR.  337 

Alansi,  Province  of  Chiniborazo ;  population,  7,000;  altitude,  about 
7,5(M)  feet;  near  Alausi  River,  f)0  miles  (80  km.)  from  Rl<ibanibii 
and  Si)  miles  (141  km.)  Irom  (Juayafiuii,  on  CJuayaquil  (.V  (,>iJito 
Railway.  Industries:  Manufacture  of  cotton  cloth;  aprlculture 
(corn,  wheat,  etc.).  Lead,  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  nuTcury  are 
mined. 

Azogues,  capital  of  Province  of  Canar ;  population.  lO.CKX);  on 
east  bank  of  Azogues  River,  50  nules  (80  km.)  from  liuigra  (near- 
est railroad  station)  and  84S  miles  (."»(50  km.)  fr(jm  Quito.  Route: 
From  Guayaquil,  by  railrt)a<l  to  Huif?ra ;  thence  by  carretcra. 
Mines:  (Jold,  i>lalin>im,  mercury,  copper,  sulphur,  etc.  Other  indus- 
try: Manufacture  of  straw  hats. 

Balzar,  Province  of  tJuayas;  population,  6,000;  port  on  River 
Daule,  locate<l  H2  miles  (51  km.)  from  (Juayas;  reached  from 
Duran  by  River  Daule,  from  Guayaquil  by  carretera.  Products : 
Coffee,  su{iar,  caoutchouc,  tobacco,  woods,  cacao,  cattle. 

Cayambe,  Province  of  Azuay  ;  population,  10,()00;  altitude,  about 
9,400  feet;  on  Pisque  and  Blanco  River.s,  47  miles  (7.j  km.)  from 
Quito,  Products:  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  cattle.  Silver  mines 
are  near  by.     Camino  de  herradura  to  Quito  and  Ibarra. 

Celica,  I'roviiice  of  Loja ;  population,  11.000;  southeast  from 
Machala,  10  miles  (10  km.)  from  Catacocha.  Products:  Cereals, 
sufiar,  cacao,  cattle,  and  sheep.  This  town  is  reached  by  camino  de 
herradura.     Fairs  are  held  on  .June  29  and  Noveniber  24. 

Chone,  I'rovince  of  Manabi ;  population,  20,000;  distant  46  miles 
(75  km.)  from  Portovie.jo,  and  20  miles  (42  km.)  northeast  of  Bahia 
de  Caraquez,  from  which  it  is  reached  by  railroad  via  Calceta.  This 
is  the  center  of  a  rich  cacao-growing  district ;  sugar  and  coffee  are 
also  produced. 

Cotacachi,  Province  of  Imbabura ;  population,  9,(X)0 ;  altitude, 
about  8.000  feet;  on  west  bank  of  Rio  Blanco,  20  miles  (32  km.) 
from  Ibarra,  from  which  it  is  reached  l\v  camino  de  herradura. 
Products :  Cereals,  caoutchouc,  rubber,  incense,  coal,  cattle.  Indus- 
tries: Manufacture  of  cotton  cloth,  ponchos,  laces,  etc. 

Daule,  I'rovince  of  Guay.is ;  population.  14.0(X);  on  east  bank  of 
Daule  River,  opposite  mouth  of  Magro  River,  49  miles  from  (Juaya- 
quil,  which  is  reached  by  steamers  (regular  service).  Products: 
Rice,  colTee,  sugar,  tobacco,  caoutchouc,  cattle. 

Galapagos  Islands;  population,  500;  distant  730  miles  (1,175  km.) 
from  the  mainland. 

Gualaceo,  Province  of  Azuay;  population,  19,000;  altitude,  about 
8,000  feet;  distant  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Cueuca  by  camino  de 
herradura.  Products  :  Sugar  cane,  grain.  Industries  :  Manufacture 
of  hats  and  cloth  weaving. 

Guamote,  Province  of  Chimborazo;  population,  9.000;  altitude, 
about  8,875  feet ;  on  Carretera  Nacional,  and  Guayaquil  «&  Quito 
Railway,  18  miles  (30  km.)  from  Villa  de  la  Union  and  112  miles 
(181  km.)   from  Guayaquil. 

Guano,  Province  of  Chimborazo;  population.  10,0(X);  on  affluent 
of  Chambo  River,  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Riobamba  by  camino  <le 
herradura.  Industries:  Spinning,  dyeing,  and  weaving;  manufac- 
ture of  straw  hats.     Products:  Sugar,  coffee,  cacao,  rice. 

144297° — 20 22 


338  GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Guanujo,  Province  of  Bolivar;  population,  6,000;  on  Rio  Chimbo, 
3  miles  (5  km.)  from  Guaranda.  Products:  Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco, 
quinine,  grain,  gold,  aguardiente. 

Guaranda,  Province  of  Bolivar ;  population,  8,500 ;  altitude,  about 
8,500  feet;  on  west  bank  of  Llangama  River,  3  miles  (5  km.)  from 
Cajabamba  (nearest  railroad  station),  and  111  miles  (179  km.) 
from  Quito ;  reached  from  Cajabamba  by  mule  trail ;  from  Quito  by 
railway  to  Cajabamba  or  Mocha,  thence  mule  trail.  Products: 
Coffee,  cacao,  rice,  cattle,  wood. 

Huigra,  Province  of  Chimborazo ;  population,  500 ;  on  north  bank 
of  Alausi  River,  14  miles  (22  km.)  from  Alausi,  73  miles  (117  km.) 
from  Guayaquil ;  also  on  Guayaquil  &  Quito  Railroad. 

Ibarra,  capital  of  Province  of  Imbabura ;  population,  10,000 ;  alti- 
tude, about  7,500  feet ;  on  west  bauK  of  Taguando  River,  60  miles 
(99  km.)  from  Quito,  from  which  city  it  is  reached  by  carretera. 
Products:  Cotton,  sugar,  cereals,  fruit,  cattle,  salt.  Industries: 
Manufacture  of  ponchos,  woolen  cloth,  aguardiente,  furniture. 

Machalilla,  Province  of  Manabi ;  population,  600 ;  a  port,  reached 
by  regular  steamer  service;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Jipijapa. 
Products:  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  oranges,  corn.  Industries:  Manufac- 
ture of  starch,  stock  raising, 

Naranjal,  Province  of  Guayas ;  river  port  for  Cuenca ;  on  the 
Naranjal  River,  37  miles  (60  km.)  from  Guayaquil  and  62  miles 
(100  km.)  from  Yaguachi  (nearest  railroad  station).  Regular 
steamer  service  from  Guayaquil. 

Otavalo,  Province  of  Imbabura;  population.  16,000;  near  con- 
fluence of  main  head  streams  of  Rio  Blanco,  19  miles  (30  km.) 
from  Ibarra  and  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Quito,  via  Cayambe,  by 
camino  de  herradura.  Products  :  Fruits,  grains.  Industries :  Man- 
ufacture of  soap,  cotton  and  woolen  cloth,  and  ponchos;  cattle 
raising. 

Pasaje,  Province  of  Oro;  population,  6,000;  on  Tubones  River  16 
miles  (26  km.)  from  Machala;  reached  from  Machala  and  Puerto 
Bolivar  by  Machala  Railway.  Products :  Coffee,  cacao,  corn,  ivory 
nuts,  fruits,  cattle,  etc. 

Pelileo,  Province  of  Tunguragua ;  population,  3,000 ;  altitude, 
about  9,200  feet;  distant  10  miles  (16  km.)  southeast  of  Ambato. 
Products :  Wheats  barley,  corn,  potatoes. 

Pujili,  Provihce  of  Leon;  population,  10,000;  distant  9  miles  (15 
km.)  from  Latacunga,  by  camino  de  herradura.  Industries:  Manu- 
facture of  cotton  goods,  aguardiente,  etc.  Sugar  is  one  of  the  chief 
products. 

Rocaf uerte,  Province  of  Manabi ;  population,  5,000 ;  situated  on 
River  Portoviejo,  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Portoviejo. 

Salinas,  Province  of  Guayas ;  population,  4,000 ;  a  port  for  coast- 
ing trade  on  south  shore  of  Santa  Elena  Bay ;  reached  from 
Guayaquil  by  carretera.     Salt  is  an  important  product. 

Salitre  (formerly  Las  llamas).  Province  of  Guayas;  population, 
12,000.     Products:  Cacao,  coffee,  sugar  cane. 

San  Gabriel,  Province  of  Carchi ;  population,  8,000 ;  altitude, 
about  9,300  feet;  distant  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Tulcan,  on  carre- 
tera from  Tulcan  to  Ibarra,  in  an  agricultural  and  stock-raising 
district. 


ECUADOR.  339 

San  Jose  de  Chimbo,  I'mviiu-o  (if  I'.olivar;  populatifui,  4,fXX»; 
altitude,  about  8,U(J<J  fi-et ;  on  Cliiuibo  Kivcr.  0  miles  (15  liin.)  fnjiu 
Guaranda  ami  nO  miles  (SO  km.)  from  I'uiita  de  CJdmbo  (nearest  sta- 
tion),    rioducls :  Su^rar,  eereuLs,  coffee,  fruit.s. 

San  Miguel,  Province  of  Le«)n ;  population,  T.noO;  on  east  bank 
of  I'atale  Kivi-r,  north  of  Ambato;  also  lo<:ited  on  the  Guayaquil  & 
Quito  Railroad,     rroducts:  Wheat,  barley,  and  corn. 

Santa  Elena,  I'rovince  of  Guayas;  iKJiiulatiun,  14,000  In  canton, 
1,500  in  city  proper.  Distant  V.\  miles  CM  km.)  from  Guayaquil 
and  li  miles  (2  km.)  from  liallenita  Harbor,  on  carretera  from 
Salinas  to  Guayaquil.  Products :  Ivory  nuts,  sugar,  petroleum, 
salt.     This  is  a  health  resort. 

Sigsig,  Province  of  Azuay ;  population,  8,5CK3;  on  east  hank  of 
Sigsig  Kiver,  22  miles  (36  kiu.)  southeast  of  Cuenca.  Route:  From 
Puerto  Bolivar  by  railroad  to  Pasaje;  thence  carretera  via  Cuenca. 
I*ro(luets :  Gold,  sugar,  cotton,  cacao,  rice.  Industry:  Making  of 
toquilla  straw  hat.s. 

Tambo,  Province  of  Canar;  population,  8,CKX).  Products:  Oat.s, 
potntoes,  wheat. 

Villa  de  la  Union,  Province  of  Chimborazo;  population,  19.000;  on 
Cicalpa  Kiver,  9  miks  (15  km.)  from  Hiobamba ;  also  ou  Carretera 
Nacional. 

Vinces,  Province  of  Los  Rios ;  population,  2.500  (15,000  in  can- 
ton) ;  on  east  bank  of  Vinces  River,  31  miles  (50  km.)  by  carretera 
from  Babahoyo.  River  communication  with  Palenque  in  rainy  sea- 
son. Products :  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  cacao,  rice,  tobacco,  rubber. 
Industry:  Manufacture  of  cotton  cloth. 

Yaguachi,  Province  of  Guayas;  population,  2,.500;  distant  9  miles 
(15  km.)  from  Guayaquil;  reached  from  Duran  liy  railroad.  Prod- 
ucts :  Cattle,  cereals,  cacao,  coffee,  woods.     Unexploite<l  mines. 

Zanima,  Province  of  Oro;  populatif>n.  2,000  (canton,  17.000); 
altitude,  3,f)00  feet.  Stone  road  to  Quito  and  also  to  Cuzco,  Peru. 
Products:  Gold  and  silver,  coffee,  sugar,  quinine. 


PERU. 

Maps  Nos.   13,  17,  and  21. 

Location. — Bounded  on  the  north  by  Ecuador,  on  the  east  by 
Brazil  and  Bolivia,  on  the  south  by  Bolivia  and  Chile,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  coast  line  is  about  1,400  miles  in 
length,  including  sinuosities. 

Area  and  Population. — Area  variously  estimated  at  from  460,000  to 
722,461  square  miles,  subject  to  boundai'y  settlements.  Population 
v,-as  estimated  in  1S96  by  the  Lima  Geographical  Society  at  4,610,000, 
approximately  6  to  10  inhabitants  per  square  mile.  There  has  been 
no  official  census  since  1876. 

Topography. — Peru  may  be  divided  roughly  into  three  zones.  The 
first  includes  the  western  lowlands,  in  which  ai*e  the  Pacific  ports, 
the  cities  of  Lima,  Trujillo,  etc.  Here  is  much  agricultural  wealth 
and  also  important  petroleum  fields.  This  zone  is  from  20  miles  (32 
km.)  to  120  miles  (193  km.)  wide.  The  plateaus,  lying  between  the 
central  and  western  Andes,  from  4,000  to  14,000  feet  above  sea 
level,  form  the  second  zone.  Here  are  some  beautiful  fertile  valleys 
and  important  cities  and  mining  districts,  including  Arequipa, 
Cuzco,  Huancayo,  Cerro  de  Pasco,  and  Morococha.  The  third  zone 
comprises  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Andes,  falling  toward  the 
Amazon  River  basin.  This  section  is  thinly  populated  and  largely 
undeveloped.  The  chief  port  for  this  great  area  is  Iquitos,  which 
is  located  2,.500  miles  (4,02.5  km.)  from  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon, 
in  the  heart  of  the  rubber  district. 

Rivers. — Peru  has  3,000  to  4,000  miles  of  navigable  rivers  for 
vessels  of  8  to  20  feet  draft.  The  Upper  Amazon,  or  the  Maranon, 
as  it  is  called  in  Peru,  with  its  numerous  tributaries,  forms  the 
extensive  water  system  of  eastern  Peru,  being  navigable  in  its 
entire  length,  over  3,000  miles  (4,830  km.).  The  chief  tributaries 
are  the  Ucayali  and  Huallaga  River.s.  Steamers  ascend  the  Amazon 
(Maranon)  River  to  Iquitos,  Peru.  There  is  also  navigation  by 
steamers  of  light  draft  on  the  Ucayali,  Pachitea,  and  Pichis  Rivers 
for  800  to  900  miles  (1,288  to  1,4.50  km.). 

lakes. — The  principal  lake  of  Peru  is  Lake  Titicaca.  on  the 
Bolivian  boundary,  being  the  highest  navigated  lake  in  the  world. 
Others  are  Lake  Junin  or  Chinchay-cocha,  37  miles  (60  km.)  in 
length  and  7  miles  (11  km.)  in  width;  and  Lake  Lauricocha,  said 
to  be  the  source  of  the  Amazon. 

Climate. — ^This  is  much  influenced  by  altitude.  In  the  main  the 
climate  is  tropical  along  the  Pacific  coast,  cool  all  the  year  round 
in  the  interior  on  the  plateaus,  and  torrid  in  the  eastern  Amazon 
district.  Along  the  coast  there  is  practically  no  rain,  but  the  climate 
is  moderated  by  the  Humboldt  Current.  In  this  district  the  tem- 
perature is  fairly  even  throughout  the  year,  about  68°  F.,  only 
becoming  uncomfortably  cool  at  certain  times  during  the  winter 
when  the  heavy  fogs  from  the  Pacific  roll  inland. 

340 


PERU.  341 

Seasons. — It  is  ditlicult  to  divido  tho  sonsons,  for  in  rertnin  8<'<- 
lions  there  is  no  rainlali,  ^vllii(^  in  ollicrs,  such  ns  the  Amazon 
River  district,  rains  are  most  irequtiit  throuKliout  tlio  year,  with 
but  sliKlit  cliantjcs  in  temperature.  'I'lie  chief  factors  are  tiie  trade 
winds  from  the  Atlantic  and  the  differences  in  altituile.  The  cli- 
mate from  3.000  to  9.000  feet  altitude  is  temperate  and  healthful. 
Where  the  seasons  are  marlied,  they  are  the  opposite  of  those  in 
the  United  States.  The  hottest  months  are  Janimry  and  February, 
temperature  nmcine:  from  82"  to  86"  P. 

Principal  Products. — The  chief  a;;ricultural  crop  of  Peru  Is  sucar. 
an  important  item  of  export.  The  suwir  plantations  are  mainly  in 
the  irrigateil  section  west  of  the  mountains.  Salavorry,  the  chief 
sugar  port,  and  Trujillo  are  the  centers  of  the  industry.  There 
are  also  some  plantations  near  Cliimbote.  The  next  important 
staple  is  cotton,  a  very  high  grade  of  which  is  produced,  the  fiber 
being  long  and  similar  to  that  of  Egj-pt.  Large  quantities  of  to- 
bacco are  also  grown.  In  the  Amazon  River  district  rubber  is  of 
the  greatest  commercial  importance.  Other  products  are  rice, 
cacao,  j'ucca  (eas.^ava),  coffee,  hides,  and  skins.  There  are  im- 
portant vineyards  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Republic. 

Industries. — The  industries  of  Peru  are  not  large  in  number,  but 
they  are  developing.  There  are  some  important  weaving  mills,  and 
the  sugar  relineries  are  large  and  of  increasing  importance.  Other 
factories  are  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  chocolate,  cement,  flour, 
and  alcoholic  beverages.  The  Indians  in  the  mountains  do  consider- 
able coarse  weaving  for  their  own  purpose-s. 

Mineral  Wealth. — Peru  from  the  earlii^st  days  has  been  famous 
as  a  producer  of  minerals.  Copper  is  the  most  important  meta!, 
coming  chietiy  from  the  mines  of  Cerro  do  Pa.sco,  Backus  &  John- 
ston, and  the  Jlorococha  mines.  Gold  is  produced  in  various  tields, 
and  the  most  important  silver  mir.e  is  located  netir  Iluarmey.  oper- 
ated by  an  Anglo-French  company.  Coal  is  produced  near  Goylhi- 
risca  and  in  other  sections.  Other  minerals  mined  are  tungsten, 
lead,  mercury,  bismuth,  vanadium,  antimony,  and  nickel.  Marbh; 
is  also  quarried. 

Oil. — The  chief  oil  fields  are  located  in  the  Province  of  Paita  and 
other  northern  coast  regions,  and  include  the  Zorritos,  Lobitos,  and 
Negritos  fields,  south  of  Tmnhcs  and  north  of  I'aita.  Another  field 
is  about  8  miles  (12  km.)   from  Lake  Titicaca. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  mestizos  or  cholos — that 
is,  nuxed  Spainsh  and  Indian.  The  Indians  themselves  form  a 
large  percentage  of  the  population.  There  is  a  considerable  number 
of  Europeans  and  "eriollos."'  the  latter  being  descendants  of  Euro- 
pean immigrants.     There  are  also  some  Chinese. 

Language. — The  national  language  is  Spanish.  Among  the  In- 
dian population,  however,  there  are  many  native  dialects,  the 
Quicbua  being  the  most  common. 

Currency. — The  libra,  or  I'eruvian  pound,  equivalent  to  fl  sterling 
or  i?4.SGG.").  is  the  unit  of  value.  It  is  divided  into  10  .soles,  and 
1  sol  equals  lOO  centavos.  Peru  being  on  a  gold  basis,  all  calcula- 
tions, financial  and  commercial,  are  made  in  soles  or  libras.  The 
coins  are  as  follows:  Gold,  one,  one-half,  and  one-fifth  libra;  silver, 
one,  one-half,  one-fifth,  one-tenth,  and  one-twentieth  sol;  minor  cop- 
per coins  of  1  and  2  centavos. 


342  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  is  the  legal  system.  In  re- 
tail trade,  however,  the  following  weights  and  measures  are  some- 
times used:  Vara,  equal  to  32.91  inches;  arroba,  equal  to  2.5.3G 
pounds ;  libra,  equal  to  1.014  pounds. 

Postage. — Peru  is  in  the  Postal  Union.  Letter  rsTte  to  and  from 
the  United  States  is  5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each 
additional  ounce  or  fractional  part  thereof.  There  is  also  a  parcel 
post. 

Wireless,  Cable,  and  Telegraph  Service. — Wireless:  Central  office, 
Desemparados  157,  Lima ;  hours,  8  a.  m,  to  12  noon,  2  to  6  p.  m., 
and  8  to  11  p.  m. ;  holidays  and  Sundays,  8  a.  m.  to  12  noon.  Rates : 
For  the  coast.  12  centavos  (6  cents)  per  word;  to  the  Montana,  24 
centavos  (12  cents)  per  word.  Wheless  stations  have  been  estab- 
lished at  Iquitos,  Putumayo,  Requena,  Orellano,  Masisca,  Puerto 
Bermudez,  San  Cristobal,  Lima,  Callao,  Pisco,  Chala,  Leticia,  and 
El  Encanto. 

Cablegrams:  Pacific  Union  Telegraph  Co.,  central  office,  Calle 
Carrera  421,  Lima ;  hours,  6.15  a.  m.  to  11  p.  m. ;  Sundays,  9  a.  m. 
to  11  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m.  to  6  p.  m.  Rates :  To  New  York,  per  word, 
1.40  soles  ($0.68). 

Telegraph:  Paita  to  Piura,  20  centavos  (10  cents)  per  word; 
Paita  to  interior,  40  centavos  (20  cents)  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

United  States  and  Pacific  Line.— Office,  110  Pearl  Street.  De- 
partures monthly  for  Callao  and  Mollendo.  Distance  to  Callao, 
3,576  nautical  miles;  time,  12  to  16  davs;  fare  (approximate), 
$260. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Co.— Office,  24  State  Street.  Sailings 
from  Pier  67.  North  River  (West  Twenty-seventh  Street).  De- 
partures weekly  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  and  Panama  City  (Balboa), 
Panama,  connecting  at  Balboa  for  west  coast  with  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  Peruvian  Steamship  Co.,  Compania  Sudamericana 
de  Vapores,  and  Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha. 

•United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service.— Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Batterv  Place).  Departures  weekly  for  Colon,  Panama. 
Distance  to  Colon,  1,972  miles;  fare,  $120;  time,  6  days.  Fare 
from  Colon  to  Balboa,  $6;  Balboa  to  Callao,  $135;  to  Mollendo, 
$160  (Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.). 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service.— J.  J.  Kelleher,  general  freight 
agent,  626-630  Common  Street.  Departures  every  week  for  Colon, 
Panama.     Average  time,  5  days ;  fare,  direct,  $92. 

LINES  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Office,  508  California  Street.  De- 
partures   semimonthly    for    Balboa,    Panama;    thence    via    Pacific 


PERU.  343 

Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Peruvian  Line,  Compania  Sudaniericana  do 
Vapores,  or  Unitt'd  States  and  racilie  Line.  Approximate  fare  to 
Callao,  .$302.     (.S.-c  also  j).  .St;.) 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha  (Oriental  Steamship  Co.) — Departures  about 
twice  a  luonlli  tor  Callao  and  .Mollcndo. 

Other  Lines  Visiting  Peruvian  Ports. — Booth  Steamship  Co. ;  Com- 
pagnii'  (ienOrale  Tran.saiIanti(iiio ;  La  Veloce;  Leyland  Line;  Harri- 
son Line;  Elder  &  I'ylle  Lines;  Uraun  &:  lU.inclianl  Line  (Chilean). 

RAILROADS  IN  PERU. 

Mileage. — The  total  mileage  of  railroads  in  Peru  is  about  1,724 
(2,775  km.).  This  is  entirely  inadequate  in  comparison  to  tlie  area 
of  the  country.  There  are  two  lines  reaching  from  the  coast  into 
the  mountains;  these  are  the  Southern  Railway  of  Pt-ru  and  the 
Central  Railway.  In  the  mountains  there  is  one  important  line,  tlie 
Cerro  de  I'asco  Railway,  which  connects  with  the  Central  at  Oroya. 
The  mileage  of  the  jtrincipal  lines  is  given  below,  with  kilometer 
equivalents  in  parentheses: 

The  Peruvian  Corporation:  Paita  to  Piura,  59  (97  km.)  ;  Pacas- 
mayo  to  Chilete,  81  (135  km.)  ;  Salaverry-Trujillo-Cho<_'ope-Ascope, 
51  (82  km.)  ;  Trujillo  to  Menocucho,  10  (26  km.)  ;  Chimbote  to 
Tablone,  35  (57  km.)  ;  Lima  to  Ancon,  23  (38  km.)  ;  Callao  to 
La  Oroya,  138  (222  km.)  ;  La  Oroya  to  Iluancayo,  70  (123  km.)  ; 
Pisco  to  lea,  40  (74  km.)  ;  Mollendo  to  Arequipa,  107  (172  km.)  ; 
Arequipa  to  Puno,  218  (351  km.)  ;  Juliaca  to  Sicuani,  ]23  (198  km.)  ; 
Sicuani  to  Checacupe,  27  (43  km.)  ;  Checacupe  to  Cuzco,  62  (100 
km.)  ;  Ilo  to  Moquegua,  02   (100  km.). 

Empresa  Ferrocarril  Catacoas:  Piura  to  Catacoas,  6  (10  km.). 

Empresa  Ferrocarril  y  Jlnelle  de  Eten  :  Eten-Chiclayo-Fen'eaafe, 
01  (98  km.)  ;  Chlclayo  to  Patapo,  15  (24  km.). 

Cia.  Ferrocarril  de  Chiclayo,  Pimentel-Chiclayo-Lambayeque,  15 
(24  km.). 

Railway  &  Works  Co..  Lima  to  Huacho,  113  (182  km.). 

Compania  del  Ferrocarril  Ingles:  Lima  to  Chorillos,  7  (12  km.)  ; 
Lima  to  Magdalena  de  ilar,  5  (8  km.)  ;  Lima  to  Callao,  9  (14  km.). 

Cerro  de  Pasco  Railway,  Cerro  de  Pasco  to  La  Oroya,  82 
(132  km.). 

Baggage  Rates. — Free  baggage  allowances  vai-y  greatly,  from  one 
small  luindbag  on  the  road  from  Trujillo  to  Menocucho  to  l.">5 
pounds  on  the  railway  from  Mollendo  to  La  Paz,  Bolivia.  The 
charges  for  excess  baggage  increa>se  with  the  distance  traversed, 
and,  in  general,  may  be  .said  to  range  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  of 
the  passenger  fare  per  100  kilos. 

Steamer  Service  on  lake  Titicaca. — Leave  Puno,  Peru,  Friday 
night,  arrive  Guaqui,  Bolivia,  Saturday  morning;  leave  Puno  Sun- 
day night,  arrive  Guaqui  Tuesday  night.  Leave  Guaqui  Thursday 
night,  arrive  Puno  Saturday  morning ;  leave  Guaqui  Sunday  night, 
arrive  Puno  Monday  morning.  Steamers  make  connection  in  Guaqui 
with  trains  to  La  Paz,  and  in  Puno  with  trains  to  .\ref|uiiia.  The 
Sunday  steamer  from  Puno  and  the  Thursday  steamer  from  Guaqui 
afford  passengers  an  opportunity  to  view  the  lake  during  daytime. 


344  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMEPaCA. 

CANVASSING  PERU. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  of  any  character  which  are  not 
prohibited  by  the  customs  laws  may  be  temporarily  imported  duty 
free  for  a  period  of  three  months,  with  possible  extension  to  six 
months  upon  application  to  the  customs  authorities.  The  law  re- 
quires that  only  one  article  of  each  kind  may  be  imported,  unless 
there  is  a  difference  in  the  quality,  shape,  size,  weight,  or  color. 

Bond. — As  a  guaranty  that  the  samples  imported  will  not  be 
sold  or  changed  in  any  way,  the  traveling  salesman  may  either 
deposit  an  amount  equivalent  to  the  duty  on  the  samples  or  give  a 
bond  for  their  reexportation.  It  is  highly  important  that  there  be 
no  change  in  weight  or  quantity  of  samples  submitted  for  reexporta- 
tion. 

Reexportation  Through  Other  Ports. — This  is  permitted,  but  for 
practical  purposes  it  is  best  to  reexport  samples  through  the  same 
port  in  which  they  were  entered.  In  any  event,  it  is  necessary  to 
supply  to  the  customs  authorities  at  port  of  reexportation  a  docu- 
ment which  carefully  corresponds  in  every  detail  with  the  samples. 

Time  Eeqiiired  for  Clearance. — Samples  which  have  no  commercial 
value  and  are  carried  by  the  traveler  can  usually  be  cleared  without 
difficulty.  If  samples  have  a  value,  a  bond  must  be  given,  which 
may  take  several  days,  depending  upon  the  quantity  and  character 
of  the  goods.  When  bond  must  be  given,  matters  will  be  expedited 
if  handled  through  a  customs  broker. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Peruvian  authorities  permit  trav- 
elers to  carry  with  them,  and  admit  free  of  duty,  a  limited  amount 
of  advertising  matter,  such  as  catalogues,  calendars,  etc.  Occa- 
sionally, if  articles  have  a  definite  value,  even  though  apparently  for 
free  distribution,  there  may  be  some  question  as  to  the  payment  of 
duty,  this  being  decided  by  the  appraiser. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  best  seasons  for  a  traveler  to  visit  Peru 
are  August  to  October  and  April  and  May.  But  conditions  prevail- 
ing in  his  individual  line  will  govern  his  choice  of  time  to  a  large 
extent.     The  rainy  season  lasts  from  November  to  April. 

Baggage  Rates. — No  special  concessions  are  granted  to  commercial 
travelers  by  the  railroads. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — There  is  no  Government  tax  on  com- 
mercial travelers,  but  certain  municipalities  impose  taxes ;  for  ex- 
ample, Arequipa  charges  25  soles  (about  $12)  quarterly,  and  Cuzco, 
50  soles  (about  .'?24)  for  each  visit. 

DISTANCES  IN  PERU.— From  Lima  to:  Arequipa,  750  miles 
(1.200  km.)  ;  Ayacucho,  360  miles  (580  km.)  ;  Cajamarca,  482  miles 
(788  km.)  ;  Callao,  8  miles  (13  km.)  ;  Cerro  de  Pasco,  110  miles 
(176  km.)  ;  Chiclayo,  517  miles  (827  km.)  ;  Cuzco,  600  miles  (960 
km.)  ;  Huanuco.  258  miles  (412  km.)  ;  Huaraz,  218  miles  (348  km.)  ; 
lea,  92  miles  (147  km.)  ;  Iquitos,  1,,S87  miles  (2,040  km.)  ;  Pacas- 
mayo,  42  miles  (67  km.)  ;  Paita,  508  miles  (814  km.)  ;  Puno,  825 
miles  (1,320  km.)  ;  Tru.1illo,  300  miles   (485  km.). 

From  Mollendo  to:  Arequipa.  107  miles  (172  km.);  Callao,  480 
miles  (770  km.)  ;  Cuzco,  506  miles  (816  km.)  ;  Juliaca,  289  miles 
(467  km.)  ;  Ilo,  53  miles  (8-5  km.)  ;  Puno,  324  miles  (521  km.). 

From  Callao  to:  Huancayo,  215  miles  (346  km.)  ;  Pacasmayo,  291 
miles  (461  km.)  ;  Paita,  500  miles  (800  km.)  ;  Pisco,  130  miles  (208 
km.)  ;  Salaverry,  260  miles  (416  km.)  ;  Trujillo,  269  miles  (481  km.). 


PERU. 


346 


Instructions  to  Accompany  Orders.— It  is  v<'ry  important  to  jrivo 
full  instructions  on  onlcr  slic^-ls  rcKiinlin^  the  prt'iiaration  of  con- 
sular invoices,  etc  If  this  is  nut  (lonv\  heavy  fines  may  result.  It 
is  also  well  to  cnnird  against  mistakes  in  i)a(  kinj?. 

Best  Time  for  Selling.— The  IN-ruvian  dealers  in  penoral  are  accus- 
tomed to  provide  themselves  in  advance  for  their  chief  selling,' 
perioils.  Thesi;  take  place  during  the  weeks  precedinp;  the  Peruvian 
national  holiday  (July  28),  the  Christmas  season,  and  the  periixl 
just  hefore  Easter. 

Hotel  Rates. — In  the  large  cities,  .such  as  Callao  and  Lima,  the 
rates  range  from  $3.r)0  to  $6  per  day  on  the  American  plan,  and 
somewhat  lower  for  lOuropean  plan,  in  the  better-class  hotels. 
Those  of  the  second  class  charge  less.  In  Iquitos  the  rates  are 
higher,  while  in  the  .smaller  places  the  acconnnodations  are  not 
very  desirable  ami  the  rates  range  from  ^2.50  to  !?4  per  day. 

Business  Zones. — I'^'or  business  purposes  Peru  may  be  considerefl 
as  having  four  districts.  Three  are  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  a 
fourth  in  the  Amazon  region  with  Iquitos  as  its  chief  center.  They 
are  as  follows: 

northern  zone. — Ports  of  Piraentel,  Eten,  Pacasmayo,  Paita,  Tru- 
jillo,  Salaverry,  and  Chimbote.  The  chief  products  of  this  region 
are  sugar,  cotton,  and  minerals.  There  are  also  some  very  famous 
oil  fields  near  Tunibez;  and  I'aita. 

Central  zmie. — This  has  Callao  as  its  chief  port,  through  which 
passes  between  60  and  70  per  cent  of  the  total  imports  of  Peru.  It 
lies  very  close  to  Lima,  the  capital.  In  this  regiim  are  the  wonder- 
ful copper,  silver,  and  other  mines,  including  those  at  Cerro  <le 
Pasco,  Casapalca,  and  Jlorococha. 

Southern  zone. — Chief  port,  Mollendo.  Arequipa  is  a  most  im- 
portant distributing  point. 

Amazon  zone. — The  Amazon  region  lies  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Andes  and  for  all  practical  purposes  must  be  considered  entirely 
alone.  becaus(>  the  communication  between  Iquitos  and  the  western 
side  is  very  diflicult.  In  fact,  mail  for  Iquitos  from  the  United 
States  is  usually  dispatched  via  Para,  Brazil,  and  most  travelers 
find  it  easier  to  take  an  Amazon  River  steamer  to  Iquitos  from 
New  York  City  tlian  to  go  overland  through  Peru. 

Distributing  Centers. — The  chief  distributing  centers  of  Peru  are 
Lima,  a  place  of  supreme  importance,  and  Arequipa,  which  is 
rapidly  growing  as  an  entrepot  for  southern  Peru.  The  most  im- 
portant port  is  Callao.  There  are  other  places  in  Peru,  such  as 
Paita  and  Pacasmayo,  that  are  developing  and  are  being  cauvas.sed 
by  commercial  travelers.  Inasmuch  as  the  merchants  in  certain  of 
these  places  are  now  making  direct  importations,  the  necessity  of 
taking  these  cities  into  account  is  more  and  more  urgent.  Iquitos, 
the  entrepot  of  the  Amazon  region,  must  naturally  be  "  made " 
from  the  Atlantic. 

ROUTES. — The  routes  suggested  below  assume  that  the  traveler 
arrives  from  the  north,  and  are  necessarily  subject  to  variation. 
Certain  travelers  may  find  it  feasible  to  visit  some  points  and  not 
others.  Under  certain  conditions  visits  may  be  made  while  return- 
ing to  the  Unitefl  States  from  the  south.  It  is  believetl,  however, 
that  the  itineraries  outlined  will  serve  as  a  basis  for  calculation. 


346  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

In  connection  with  southern  Peru,  It  is  important  to  take  into 
account  Bolivia,  which  may  be  worlsed  in  combination  with  Are- 
quipa. 

From  Paita. — By  Paita  &  Piura  Railway  to  Piura ;  return  to 
Paita ;  thence  by  steamer  to  Eten ;  by  Ghicalayo  Railway  to  Lam- 
bayeque ;  return  to  Eten ;  by  steamer  to  Pacasmayo ;  side  trip  by 
Pacasmayo  Railway  to  Chilete ;  thence  by  carretera  to  Cajamarca ; 
return  to  Pacasmayo ;  thence  by  steamer  to  Salaverry ;  by  Sala- 
verry  &  Trujillo  Railway  to  Trujillo ;  return  to  Salaverry ;  thence 
by  steamer  to  Chimbote;  by  Chimbote  Railway  to  Yuramarca; 
thence  carretera  to  Huaraz ;  return  to  Chimbote ;  thence  by  steamer 
to  Callao ;  by  Central  Railway  to  Lima  and  Oroya ;  by  Cerro  de 
Pasco  Railway  to  Cerro  de  Pasco;  by  carretera  to  Huanuco ;  re- 
turn to  Oroya ;  by  Central  Railway  to  Huancayo ;  by  carretera  to 
Huancavelica ;  by  cai-retera  to  Ayacucho. 

From  Callao  by  steamer  to  Pisco;  by  Pisco  &  lea  Railway  to 
lea ;  return  to  Pisco ;  thence  by  steamer  to  Mollendo ;  by  Southern 
Railway  to  Arequipa,  Juliaca,  and  Cuzco ;  return  to  Juliaca ;  thence 
by  Southern  Railway  to  Puno;  by  steamer  across  Lake  Titicaca  to 
Guaqui,  Bolivia ;  thence  by  Guaqui  &  La  Paz  Railway  to  La  Paz, 
Bolivia. 

From  Lima  to  Iquitos  via  Central  Route. — Prom  Lima  to  Oroya,  by 
railroad,  1  day,  128  miles  (206  km.)  ;  Oroya  to  Tarma,  by  road,  1 
day,  20  miles  (33  km.)  ;  Tarma  to  Huacapistana,  via  Acobamba, 
Palca,  and  Cai'papata,  by  road,  1  day,  28  miles  (45  km.)  ;  Huaca- 
pistana to  La  Merced,  via  La  Libertad  and  San  Ramon,  by  road, 
1  day,  20  miles  (32  km.)  ;  La  Merced  to  Vista  Alegre,  via  Perene 
and  San  Luis,  by  road,  1  day,  20  miles  (33  km.)  ;  Vista  Alegre  to 
Tambo  Enenas,  by  road,  1  day,  26  miles  (41  km.)  ;  Enenas  to 
Tambo,  by  road,  1  day,  26  miles  (42  km.)  ;  Tambo  to  Azupizu,  via 
San  Nicholas,  by  road,  1  day,  31  miles  (50  km.)  ;  Azupizu  to  Puerto 
Yessup,  passing  through  Ibarra,  by  road,  1  day,  26  miles  (42  km.)  ; 
Puerto  Yessup  to  Puerto  Bermudez,  by  road,  1  day,  12  miles  (20 
km.)  ;  Puerto  Bermudez  to  Iquitos,  by  steamer,  7  days,  932  miles 
(1,500  km.).  Total  time  of  trip,  17  days;  total  distance,  1,270 
miles  (2,044  km.).  The  trip  often  takes  longer.  The  best  time  for 
this  journey  is  in  the  dry  season,  from  June  1  to  October  15.  The 
cost  is  $150  to  $170.  Iquitos  is  also  reached  from  the  Atlantic  by 
steamer  up  the  Amazon. 

Chief  Items  of  Interest. — Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru,  with  its  pub- 
lic bitildings,  the  famous  portales,  cathedral,  churches,  etc.  Inca 
and  pre-Inca  ruins:  These  are  found  in  many  places.  Among  the 
more  important  are  Pachacamac,  which  is  located  not  far  from 
Lima.  In  Lake  Titicaca,  on  the  islands  of  Titicaca  and  Coati,  are 
other  famous  Inca  ruins,  including  the  site  of  the  famous  Temple 
of  the  Sun.  Cuzco,  a  picturesque  but  dirty  place,  famous  for  its 
associations  with  the  history  of  the  Incas.  Arequipa,  charming 
and  important  city  in  southern  Peru.  Near  by  is  the  famous  ob- 
servatory of  Harvard  University.  El  Misti,  a  very  beautiful  peak, 
not  far  from  Arequipa ;  altitude,  19,200  feet.  Ayacucho,  celebrated 
for  its  historical  interest. 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  chief 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  observed.     In  addition, 


PERU.  347 

the  follow  iiip  ar(>  oniciiilly   ro<'<>t:ui/,(>(l   liolidays  on   wludi  business, 
except  ill  the  sinalU'r  towns,  is  siisix-ndrd  : 

July  4,  Independence  Day;  July  2.S,  li!).  3(),  holidays  coniineraoral- 
ing  national  independence;  Aujrust  30,  Santa  Uosa  of  Lima;  Sep- 
tember 24,  Our  Lady  of  ilansoin  ;  (>ct«)licr  11',  Discovery  of  Aiuerka. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

AREQUIPA,  capital  of  Department  of  Arequlpa ;  altitude,  7.750 
feet;  population,  ."iU,(K)(»;  situated  on  Chile  River  and  on  the  South- 
ern Itailway-;  740  luiles  (l.'JOO  l<ni.)  southwest  from  Lima,  "Jis 
miles  (351  km.)  from  Tuno,  and  107  miles  (172  km.)  from  .Moi- 
lendo;  climate,  delightful;  temperature  averaiEces  oS"  F.  Princijtal 
products:  Alpaca  and  sheep's  wool,  hides,  cacao,  rubber,  gold,  and 
silver.     Industries :   Cotton   weaviug,   vermicelli   factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Mollendo,  by  Southern  Railroad;  daily, 
except  Sunday  and  Tuesday;  time,  o*  hours;  fare,  $3.  From 
Juliaca,  by  Southern  Railroad;  fare,  .$6.10.  From  Puno,  by  South- 
♦■rn  Railroad;  trains  Mondays  and  Saturdays;  time,  about  9 
hours ;  fare,  $7. 

Banks. — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres;  Banco  Italiano;  Banco  Mer- 
cantll  Americano  del  Peru. 

Hotels. — Central,  Panama,  Morosini-Parodl,  France  et  Inglaterra, 
Royal,  Gran,  Internacional. 

Cab  Hire. — Cabs,  20,  30,  and  40  cents  for  one,  two,  and  three  per- 
sons, respectively,  for  short  distances  within  the  city. 

Note. — The  approach  to  Arequipa  is  by  way  of  Mollendo.  It  is 
also  on  the  road  to  Bolivia.  Next  to  Lima,  this  city  should  receive 
the  attention  of  all  commercial  men.  It  is  an  important  dis- 
tributing point  for  the  entire  southern  district ;  rapidly  growing  In 
importance,  and  a  good  place  in  which  to  establish  an  agency  for 
the  southern  part  of  Peru. 

AYACUCHO.  capital  of  the  Department  of  Ayacucho ;  altitude, 
9,210  feet;  population,  20,000;  3G0  miles  (580  km.)  from  Lima,  162 
miles  (260  km.)  from  Huancayo,  and  112  miles  (ISO  km.)  from 
Bolognesi  (port  of  Apurimac  River)  ;  climate,  cool.  Principal 
products:  Gold,  silver,  copper,  cobalt,  coflee.  cacao,  sugar,  tobacco, 
cotton,  fruit,  vegetables,  grain,  alfalfa.  Industries :  Silver  filigree, 
pottery  making,  stock  raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Huancayo,  by  camino  de  herradura ;  from 
Bolognesi,  by  carretera ;  from  Lima,  by  Central  Railway  to  Huan- 
cayo ;  thence  camino  de  herradura. 

Hotel. — Colon. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  place;  considerable  mining  in 
the  vicinity  ;  visited  by  those  who  work  closely. 

CAJAMARCA,  capital  of  Department  of  Cajamarra  ;  altitude,  9,4<V) 
feet;  population,  12.0(H1 ;  climate,  cool;  on  the  Maishcon  River.  477 
miles  (768  km.)  from  Lima.  Principal  products:  Gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, iron,  coal,  cereals.  Indiustries:  Leather  goods,  cotton  and 
woolen  cloth,  straw  hats. 

How  Reached.— From  Chilete.  by  carretera.  (Chilete  is  terminus 
of  Pacasmayo  Railway.) 

Hotels. — Amazonas,  International. 


348  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — A  good  disti'ibuting  point  for  the  surrounding  district. 
Being  the  capital  of  the  Department,  it  attracts  a  great  deal  of 
trade.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  are  the  famous  Inca  ruins,  wliich 
are  generally  visited  from  this  place. 

CALLAO,  capital  of  littoral  Province  of  Callao;  population,  35,000; 
on  the  Bay  of  Callao.  Landing,  by  shore  boats ;  ch.arges,  40  cents 
per  person  ;  per  paclfage  from  ship  to  hotel  in  Lima,  $1.50.  Situated 
1,300  miles  from  Panama  Canal,  480  miles  (770  km.)  from  Mol- 
lendo,  8  miles  (13  km.)  from  Lima,  215  miles  (346  km.)  from 
Huancayo,  and  1,301  miles  from  Valparaiso,  Chile.  Climate,  tropi- 
cal;  temperature  averages  70°.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  cacao, 
sulphite  of  silver,  guano.  Industries:  Foundries,  distilleries,  flour 
mills,  etc.  Customhouse  brokers,  A.  S.  Puccio  &  Co. ;  Velez,  Zavala 
&  Co.  Lloyd's  agent,  H.  M.  Beausire  &  Co.  American  consul  and 
vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Salaverry,  by  steamer ;  from  Lima,  by  Cen- 
tral Railroad  or  tramcar,  time  one-half  hour;  from  Pisco,  by 
steamer ;  from  Huancayo  via  Central  Raihvay. 

Hotels. — Internacionai,  Bristol,  Peninsula,  Gran,  Blanco,  Gerrona, 
Italia,  Clialaquito. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  del  Peru ;  Banco  Peru  y 
Londres,  Arsenal  48 ;  Banco  Italiano,  Adolfo  King  28. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  Peru  and  the  most  commodious 
and  safest  on  the  Pacific.  The  greater  part  of  foreign  trade  passes 
through  this  port.  No  movement  is  allowed  iu  port  after  6  p.  m. 
Every  traveler  should  stop  here,  as  much  of  the  business  of  Peru 
is  done  in  Lima. 

CEREO  DE  PASCO,  capital  of  Department  of  Junin ;  altitude, 
14,380  feet:  population.  15.000;  110  miles  (176  km.)  from  Lima, 
81  miles  (131  km.)  from  Oroya,  and  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Tai*ma; 
climate,  cool ;  temperature  averages  40°.  Principal  products :  Silver, 
copper,  coal,  tungsten.  Industries:  Mining  and  smelting;  copper 
output  averages  over  55,0(X),000  pounds  annually.  American  con- 
sular agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Lima  or  Callao,  by  Central  Railroad  via 
Oroya,  time  15  to  16  hours ;  from  Tarma,  by  carretera,  automobile 
service,  fare  S5,  distance  30  miles. 

Hotels. — Universo,  Iberi  Americano. 

Bank. — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres. 

Note. — A  famous  mining  district ;  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Mining  Co. 
operates  a  commissary  here.  There  are  a  number  of  dealers  who 
make  direct  importations  for  their  large  retail  stores.  Salesmen 
frequently  arrange  to  meet  the  merchants  or  buyers  of  Cerro  de 
Pasco  in  Lima,  reimbursing  them  for  their  expense. 

CHICIAYO,  capital  of  Department  of  Lambayeque ;  altitude,  82 
feet;  population,  15,000;  18  miles  (29  km.)  from  Lambayeque,  514 
miles  (827  km.)  from  Lima,  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Eten.  Principal 
products  :  Sugar,  rice,  cotton,  corn,  cacao.  Industries  :  Textile  mills, 
manufacture  of  straw  hats,  distilleries,  rice  mills,  and  chocolate 
factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Eten,  by  railroad  (Ferrocarril  Muelle  de 
Eten)  ;  from  Lambayeque,  by  railroad    (Ferrocarril  de  Chiclayo). 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  del  Peru ;  Banco  del  Peru  y 
Londres. 


PERU.  349 

Hotels. — Gran.  Intemacional,  Itoynl. 

Note. — This  is  n  city  witii  a  firowiiip  business.  Its  port  Is  Eten. 
Tiiere  are  a  nuiuiier  of  dealers  liere  wlio  nialvo  direct  ini|)orlatii)n.s. 
Several  proiniiiont  liouses  whose  headquarters  are  in  Lima  have 
branches  at  tliis  point. 

CUZCO,  capital  of  the  Department  of  Cuzco;  altitude.  11.-140  feet; 
poptdation.  ;^0.0«X) ;  on  the  Southern  Kallway,  TjUT  niiies  (81G  kiu.) 
from  Mollendo.  87  miles  (140  km.)  from  Sicuain,  and  about  o9tj 
miles  (9C()  km.)  from  Lima;  clinuite.  cool.  Principal  products: 
Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  rum,  rubber,  and  sugar.  Industries :  Manu- 
facture of  cifrars  and  cigarettes,  soap,  cocaine,  anfl  woolens. 

How  Reached. — From  Mollendo,  by  Southern  Railroad,  3  days' 
journey;  fare,  $17.20.  From  Sicuani  via  Southern  Iiaihv:iy.  From 
Lima.  by.  carretera.  From  .Tuliaca,  by  Southern  Railway;  time, 
about  10  hours ;  fare,  .$8.10. 

Hotels. — Angel  Gasco,  Maury,  De  Europa,  I'ullman,  Central. 
Coniercio,  Royal. 

Bank. — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres. 

Note. — Although  Cuzco  is  on  a  railroad,  it  is  not  ea.sy  of  access. 
It  is,  however,  growing  in  importance  and  is  visited  by  salesmen 
who  work  very  closely.  The  principal  houses  are  branches  of  tho.'se 
located  in  Lima.  Some  of  the  larger  houses  of  Arequipa  have 
branches  here.  There  is  a  strong  demand  for  goods  which  can  be 
sold  to  the  Indians.  Avho  form  the  greater  part  of  the  i>oi>nlation. 

A  new  railroad  is  being  constructed  to  a  point  beyond  Santa  Ann, 
about  100  miles  (161  km,)  fi-om  Cuzco.  This  road  will  provide 
transportation  facilities  to  a  navigable  point  on  the  Urubamba 
River. 

ETEN,  Department  of  Lambayeque ;  population.  3.0«X> ;  port  on 
the  Pacific;  landing,  open  roadstead;  vessels  anchor  oue-half  mile 
from  sltore;  19  miles  (31  km.)  from  Lambayeque,  161  miles  (2G0 
km.)  south  of  Paita,  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Chiclayo.  and  8  miles 
(13  km.)  from  Ferrinafe.  Principal  products:  Rice,  tobacco,  sugar, 
cotton,  hides,  honey,  cacao,  coffee,  etc.  Industry :  Manufacture  of 
Panama  hats.     Lloyd's  agent.  E.  Aran.ia. 

How  Reached. — From  Lambayeque,  Ferrinafe,  and  Chiclayo,  by 
railroad;  from  Paita,  by  steamer. 

Hotel.— R.  Bo.irgi. 

Note. — This  is  a  very  important  port,  with  a  good  pier.  The 
railroad  runs  through  the  towns  of  Eten,  Chiclayo,  Lambayeque, 
and  Ferrinafe.  A  branch  line  also  operates  to  some  of  the  large 
estates,  including  Patapo,  Pomalca,  etc.  The  business  of  this  place 
is  rapidly  growing,  due  to  the  a.gi'icultural  wealth. 

HUANCAVELICA,  capital  of  Department  of  Huancavelica ;  alti- 
tude, 12,.'ioO  feet:  population.  8.000;  74  miles  (120  Imi.)  from  Huan- 
cayo  and  1S6  miles  (.300  km.)  from  lea;  climate,  cool.  Principal 
products ;  Cinnabar,  mercury,  silver,  salt,  wool,  wolfram.  Indus- 
try :  Cotton  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Callao.  by  Ci^ntral  Railroad  to  Huancayo; 
carretera  to  Huancavelica;  290  miles  (467  km.)  from  Pisco,  by 
Pisco  &  lea  Railroad  to  lea;  thence  carretera  to  Huancavelica;  232 
miles  (374  km.). 

Bank. — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres  (agency). 


350  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — Huancavelica  is  famous  for  its  production  of  cinnabar, 
wolfram,  and  gold.  Usually  canvassed  only  by  merchants  of  Lima. 
There  are,  however,  a  number  of  dealers  who  make  direct  importa- 
tions. The  mining  operations  are  exceedingly  important.  This 
place  is  also  famous  for  its  mineral  water,  said  to  have  special  cura- 
tive properties  for  certain  diseases. 

HTJANCAYO,  Department  of  Junin ;  altitude,  10,830  feet;  popu- 
lation, 8,000;  climate,  cool;  on  the  Mantaro  River,  165  miles  (265 
km.)  from  Cerro  de  Pasco,  215  miles  (346  km.)  from  Callao,  162 
miles  (260  km.)  from  Ayacucho,  and  77  miles  (125  km.)  from  Oroya. 
Products:  Silver,  copper,  grain,  live  stock. 

How  Reached. — From  Callao,  by  Central  Railroad  (via  Oroya)  ; 
fare,  $11.  From  Ayacucho,  by  carr^-tera.  From  Lima,  by  Central 
Railway ;  fare,  about  $10.70. 

Hotel.— Royal. 

Banks. — Banco  Italian©  (Julio  Bodoracco,  agent)  ;  Banco  del 
Peru  v  Londres  (Jose  V.  Comejo,  manager)  ;  Banco  Popolar  del 
Peru  (Ruiz  Diaz,  agent)  ;  Banco  Internacional  del  Peru  (Robert 
Saunders,  agent). 

jlote. — This  is  the  junction  of  two  railroads,  one  to  Callao  and 
the  other  to  Ayacucho.  It  is  generally  canvassed  by  the  houses  of 
Lima.  Being  the  chief  commercial  city  of  its  Province,  consider- 
able business  is  transacted.  The  mines  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
are  very  prosperous,  with  a  constantly  increasing  output. 

HUANUCO,  capital  of  Department  of  Huanuco ;  altitude,  5,945 
feet;  population,  9,000;  climate,  cool.;  on  the  Upper  Huallaga,  256 
miles  (412  km.)  northeast  of  Lima,  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  La 
Union,  and  68  miles  (110  km.)  from  Cerro  de  Pasco.  Principal 
products :  Gold,  silver,  coffee,  cacao,  and  cotton.     Industries :  Sugar 

How  Reached.— From  Cerro  de  Pasco,  by  carretera ;  from  Callao, 
by  Central  Railroad  to  Oroya;  thence  Cerro  de  Pasco  Railway  to 
Cerro  de  Pasco,  then  carretera. 

Hotel.— El  Ucayali. 

Uote. — This  place  is  generally  canvassed  by  the  houses  of  Lima. 
It  is  growing  in  importance  owing  to  the  rapid  development  of  the 
mines  in  this  vicinity.  There  is  also  considerable  agricultural 
wealth.     Canvassed  by  those  who  work  closely. 

HUARAZ,  capital  of  Department  of  Ancachs ;  altitude,  9,932  feet ; 
population,  17,000;  near  Huaraz  River,  on  Santa  River;  216  miles 
(348  km.)  from  Lima,  and  64  miles  (103  km.)  from  Casma  (port)  ; 
temperature  averages  59°.  Principal  products:  Silver,  cinnabar, 
coal,  cereals,  wheat,  potatoes. 

How  Reached.— From  Casma,  by  carretera;  from  Chimbote,  by 
railroad  to  Yuramarca,  thence  carretera. 

Bank.— Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres. 

Hotels. — Ancachs,  Italia. 

jjote. — This  is  an  important  mining  center,  generally  visited  only 
by  those  who  canvass  closely ;  rather  difficult  of  access.  Output  of 
mines  is  increasing,  and  consequently  business  is  growing. 

ICA,  capital  of  Department  of  lea  ;  altitude,  1,310  feet ;  population, 
15,000;  on  the  lea  River,  92  miles  (147  km.)  from  Lima,  46  miles 
(74  kn*".)  from  Pisco.  Principal  products:  Wool,  cotton,  cacao, 
goatskins,  silver,  copper.     Industries :  Distilleries,  textile  mills. 


PERU.  351 

How  Beached. — From  I'isoo,  by  V\avi>  t<.  lea  Railway;  from  Aya- 
cucho,  by  carri'tiTa  via  Castrovirrciim  or  rilpicluua. 

Hotel. — Americano. 

Bank. — Raiu-o  del  Peru  y  Lomlres. 

Note.— Ira  is  a  very  important  center  of  (li.striltiition  for  sudi 
places  as  Ayacnclio,  Huancavelira.  etc. 

IftUITOS,  capital  of  iK'partnienr  of  Bajo  Amazonas  de  Loreto ; 
iiltllnde,  .T><1  feet  ;  pepulalioii.  -JO.IMMl;  a  port  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
l^pper  Amazon,  2..'?(M)  niilt>s  CJ.KK)  km.)  from  Its  mouth,  and  1.2GS 
miles  (2,040  km.)  from  Lima  (via  del  ricliis)  ;  ves-scls  anchor  along- 
side floatinp:  mole.  I'rinciinil  prodncts:  India  rubber,  tobacco,  cof- 
fee, Ivory  nuts.  Industries.  Sawmilliufr.  chocolate  makinfr,  prepara- 
tion of  rubber.  Customhou.se  brokers:  :\Iauricio  Moses;  J.  Abel 
Vargas. 

Steamship  Service. — lleuular  steamship  connections  with  Para, 
P>razil.  and  with  Unite<l  States  and  Europe;  .served  also  by  .steamers 
of  the  (Ma.  Nacional  de  Navetracion  ;  connections  with  Ucayali  River 
points  by  Cia.  Navegacion  al  Uio  Ucayali. 

Overland  Boutes. — Westward  across  the  Ande.s  via  Yuriniflgnas, 
Cachapoyas.  Cajanuirca,  to  Pacasmayo.  Al.so  via  Ueayali.  Pachitea. 
and  Pichis  Rivers ;  mule  road  to  Oroya ;  railway  to  Lima  and  Callao 
(distance  1.300  miles.  17  days'  journey). 

Hotels. — Continental,  ^Inlican,  Loro.  Bella  Vista,  Colon,  Union. 

Banks. — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres;  Commercial  Bank  of  Spanish 
America ;  Israel  &  Co. 

Note. — Iquitos  is  very  difficult  of  access  from  western  Peni  and  is 
almost  invariably  made  via  the  Amazon  by  way  of  Para,  Brazil — 
an  expensive  journey.  The  town  is  growing  rapidly  and  exports 
large  quantities  of  rubber,  tobacco,  and  other  products.  Tlie  trade 
is  accustomed  to  imjiort  direct,  and  a  good  business  can  be  done  here. 

JULIACA,  Department  of  Puno;  altitude,  12,.^.tO  feet;  population, 
2.500;  on  the  Southern  Railroad,  21.5  miles  (346  km.)  from  Cuzco, 
289  miles  (467  km.)  from  Mollendo,  and  29  miles  (47  km.)  from 
Puno ;  cliiTiate,  cool. 

How  Beached. — From  Cuzco,  by  Southern  Railroad  ;  train  leaves 
Sundays  and  Fridays;  time,  10  hours;  fare,  ^S.IO.  From  Mollendo, 
by  Southern  Railroad ;  fare,  .$9.10.  Trains  from  Cuzco  connect 
here  with  trains  from  Arequipa  and  Puno. 

Hotels. — Jiplo  Seralin,  Hotel  Ratti. 

Note. — This  town  is  generally  canvassed  by  the  dealers  of  Are- 
quipa. 

LAMBAYEQTJE,  capital  of  Province  of  Lambayeque;  population. 
8,0(K»:  2(Mt  miles  (322  km.)  from  Lima.  19  miles  (31  km.)  from 
Eten,  and  lo  miles  (24  km.)  from  Pimentel.  Princiiial  products: 
Rice,  .sugar,  cereals,  cattle,  silver,  wool,  cotton.  Industries:  Textile 
mills,  soap  factories,  rice  mills. 

How  Beached. — From  I-^ten,  by  railroad  (Ferrocarril  Muelle  de 
Eten)  :  from  Pimentel,  by  railroad  (Ferrocarril  de  Chiclayo). 

Hotels. — .lose  M.  Leguia,  Oriental. 

Note. — In  this  vicinity  are  luuuerous  sugar  and  rice  estates,  both 
of  these  crops  being  important. 

LIMA,  capital  of  the  Republic,  in  the  Department  of  Lima ;  alti- 
tude, 501  feet;  population.  1.50,000;  on  the  Rimac  River,  8  miles 
(12  km.)    from   Callao,  23  miles    (37   km.)    from  Aucon,   and   110 


352  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

miles  (176  km.)  from  Cerro  tie  Pasco;  climate,  cool;  temperature 
averages  66°  F.  Principal  products :  Sugar,  cotton,  fruits,  vege- 
tables, and  grain.  Industries :  Soap,  tobacco,  and  shoe  factories ; 
cotton  spinning  and  weaving.  American  minister,  consul  general, 
and  vice  consul.     Lloyd's  agent,  Beausire  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Callao,  by  Central  Railroad  and  electric 
cars,  one-half  hour ;  from  Cerro  de  Pasco,  by  Cerro  de  Pasco  and 
Central  Railways,  via  Oroya. 

Hotels. — Maury,  Francia-Inglaterra,  Gran,  Americano,  Central, 
Cardinal. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  Americano  del  Peru  (Filipinas  251)  ; 
Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres  (Melchormalo  360)  ;  Banco  Italiano  (Car- 
rera  99)  ;  Banco  Popular  del  Peru  (Villalta  241)  ;  Banco  Interna- 
cional  del  Peru. 

Conveyances. — ^Electric  cars  to  all  parts  of  city,  5-cent  fare ;  cabs, 
for  short  journeys  within  city  limits,  40  cents,  or  by  the  hour,  $1.50. 

Hiote. — This  is  the  most  important  city  of  the  Republic ;  visited 
by  all  salesmen,  who  generally  make  their  headquarters  here;  a 
good  place  to  establish  an  agency.  Large  wholesale  and  retail 
houses  are  located  here. 

MOLLENDO,  Department  of  Arequipa ;  population,  7,000;  port  on 
tlie  Pacific  with  open  roadstead ;  landing  by  shore  boat,  about  80 
cents  per  passenger;  distant  about  478  miles  (770  km.)  from 
Callao,  53  miles  (85  km.)  from  Ilo,  and  107  miles  (172  km.)  from 
Arequipa ;  located  on  Southern  Railway.  Principal  products :  Al- 
paca wool,  rubber,  coffee,  bark,  copper,  gold.  Industries :  Agri- 
cultural and  mining,  planing  mills,  textile  mills.  American  con- 
sular agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  William  J.  Donnelly. 

How  Reached.— From  Callao,  by  steamer.  From  Arequipa,  by 
Southern  Railroad ;  train  leaves  every  day  except  Wednesday ;  fare, 
$3.     From  Ai'ica,  Chile,  by  steamer. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Donnelly  &  Co. ;  Mollendo  Agencies  Co. ;  G. 
Elias. 

Hotels. — Ferrocarril,  Gran,  Hotel  4  de  Julio. 

Banks. — Banco  Italiano ;  Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres. 

Note. — Mollendo  is  tlie  second  port  of  Peru  in  importance  and  the 
entrepot  for  goods  shipped  to  the  southern  part  of  the  Republic  and 
into  Bolivia.  Other  places  reached  from  here  are :  Arequipa,  Cuzco, 
Puno;  also  La  Paz,  Bolivia. 

MOaUEGUA,  capital  of  littoral  Province  of  Moquegua ;  altitude, 
4,475  feet ;  population,  8,000 ;  62  miles  ( 100  km. )  from  Ilo ;  climate, 
cool.  Principal  products :  Copper,  silver,  borax,  tin,  coal,  salt, 
wines,  figs,  and  olives.     Industries:  Chiefly  mining. 

How  Reached. — ^^rom  Ilo,  by  railroad. 

Bank. — Sucesion  de  Malatesta"  Huos. 

Hotels. — Central,  Union. 

Note. — Although  of  considerable  importance,  Moquegua  is  nsually 
visited  only  by  those  who  canvass  very  closely.  It  is  reached  from 
tlie  port  of  Ilo. 

PACASMAYO,  Department  of  Lambayeque ;  population,  4,000 ;  port 
on  the  Pacific;  landing,  open  roadstead;  vessels  anchor  one-half 
mile  from  shore;  distant  286  miles  (461  km.)  from  Callao,  34  miles 
(54  km.)  froi!i  Eten,  and  65  miles  (104  km.)  north  from  Salaverry. 
Principal  products  :  Sugar,  cacao,  rice,  hides,  minerals.     Industries : 


i'liM'.  353 

Sugar  and  rioe  mills.  < 'ustninlumsf  hi<>k«'rs:  Pacasmayo  Apcnclos 
Co.;  C.  G.  Salus  &  Salinas  Co.  Lloyd's  agwit.  C.  G.  Salas  & 
Salinas  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Calhio,  by  .st<>amt'rs  (Vaporos  Nacionalos). 
From  (;ua(!<'liiiM'.  by  Pa<*asmayo  Railroad;  train  k-aves  Guadalupe 
on  Sunday,  Wednesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday ;  time  of  trip,  2 
hours  -lO  niiniitos. 

Principal  Hotels. — (Vntral,   Mariiui,   I'acasmayo. 

Banks. — r.aiico  del  Peru  y  Londrcs;  Banco  Intfrnacional  del  Peru; 
Banco  Italiano  (ap:ency)  ;  Banco  Popular  del  Peru  (agency), 

Uote. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  northern  Peru.  The  railway 
starts  here  for  Guadalupe  and  Chiletc.  Some  dealers  make  direct 
importations. 

PAITA,  Department  of  Piura ;  p(»pulation,  9,000;  at  the  head  of 
the  Bay  of  Paita ;  vessels  anchor  two  cable  lengths  from  shore:  500 
miles  (SOO  km.)  from  Callao,  and  60  miles  (97  km.)  from  Piura. 
Principal  products:  Cotton,  oil,  coal,  salt.  American  consular  agent. 
Lloyd's  agent,  C.  B.  G.  Wilson. 

How  Reached. — From  Callao,  by  steamer.  Froni  Piura,  by  rail- 
road ;  train  leaves  Piura  Tue.sday,  Thursday,  Saturday,  and  Sunday, 
returning  Monday;  fare,  .'?1.4.5:  time,  3J  hours. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Duncan  Fox  &  Co. ;  Manuel  Perez ;  G. 
Artadi  &  Co.;  F.  P.  Lo]iez  &  C<». :  R.  Guidino;  Julio  Maldonado ; 
Ricardo  Raygada ;  and  the  Paita  Agencies, 

Bank. — TJ.  Artadi  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Pacifico.  Victoria. 

ITotes. — This  port  has  a  small  population,  but  is  important  as  the 
entrepot  for  the  interior,  esp<>cially  for  Piura.  ^Many  of  the  mer- 
chants of  Piura  have  branches  at  Paita.    The  harbor  is  excellent. 

At  no  great  distance  is  Catacaos.  where  Panama  hats  are  made. 

PISCO,  capital  of  Province  of  Pisco,  Department  of  lea:  popula- 
tion, 4.000;  a  port  on  Pisco  Bay;  landing,  alongside  pit^r  2,250  feet 
long;  distant  4G  miles  (74  km.)  from  lea,  186  miles  CVX)  km.)  from 
Huaucavolica,  and  130  miles  (208  km.)  from  Callao.  Principal 
products:  Vicuna  wool,  bee?!wax,  cochineal,  alpaca,  lima  beans, 
etc.  Industries :  Cotton  ginning  and  oil  refineries.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Divizia  «&  Quinones.     This  firm  also  acts  as  customhouse  brokers. 

How  Reached. — From  lea,  by  Pisco  &  lea  Railway ;  from  Callao 
and  ilollendo,  by  steamer. 

Bankers. — Venn,  Vargas  y  Cia. 

Hotels. — Americano,  Gran. 

ITote. — This  town  is  important  as  the  distributing  point  for  sur- 
rounding country.  It  exports  large  amounts  of  agricultural  prod- 
ucts. 

PIURA,  capital  of  Department  of  Piura ;  altitude,  167  feet ;  popu- 
lation, ll.O0<):  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Piura  River;  al.so  on  the 
Paita  &  Piura  Railway,  60  miles  (97  km.)  l)y  rail  from  Paita  and  6 
miles  (10  km.)  from  Catacaos;  temperature  averages  78°  F.  Prin- 
cipal products:  Cotton,  cotton  seed,  goatskins,  corn.  Industries: 
Manufacture  of  Panama  hats,  petroleimi  refineries,  textile  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Paita,  by  railroad;  train  leaves  Paita 
Monday,  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday;  3*-hour  trip;  fare, 
$1.45.    From  Catacaos,  by  Ferrocarril  Catacaos. 

14 1297°— 20 23 


354  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Principal  Hotels. — Colon,  Gran. 

Bank.- — Banco  del  Peru  y  Londres. 

Note. — Piura  is  famous  for  its  exports  of  Panama  hats.  Many  of 
the  principal  houses  of  Lima  have  branches  here.  Direct  importing 
is  done.  The  largest  cotton  plantations  of  Peru  are  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity.  The  towns  of  Catacaos  and  Huancabamba  are  near 
at  hand. 

PUNO,  capital  of  Department  of  Puno ;  altitude,  12,648  feet ;  popu- 
lation, 11,000 ;  on  northwest  shore  of  Lake  Titicaca  and  on  the 
Southern  Railway;  about  218  miles  (351  km.)  from  Arequipa,  820 
miles  (1.320  km.)  from  Lima,  324  miles  (521  km.)  from  MoUendo, 
and  171  miles  (277  km.)  from  La  Paz,  Bolivia;  climate,  cool.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Vicuna,  alpaca  and  sheep's  wool,  cereals,  cacao, 
India  rubber,  coffee,  gold,  silver,  petroleum.  Industries:  Chiefly  ag- 
ricultural. 

How  Reached. — Prom  Arequipa,  by  Southern  Railway  ;  trains  leave 
Sunday  and  Friday ;  fare,  $7 ;  time,  11  hours.  From  La  Paz,  Bo- 
livia, Southern  Railway  to  Guaqui ;  thence  steamer  to  Puno.  From 
Mollendo,  by  Southern  Railway,  via  Juliaca ;  fare,  $10. 

Note. — Train  leaving  Puno  on  Mondays  at  7  a.  m.  connects  with 
fast  train  leaving  Arequipa  for  Mollendo  the  same  day  at  4.20  p.  m., 
making  connections  with  direct  steamers  to  Callao  and  Panama 
sailing  from  Mollendo  Tuesday. 

Principal  Hotel.— Comercio. 

Lake  Steamers. — Direct  steamers  leave  Puno  Friday  night ;  ar- 
rive Guaqui  Saturday  morning.  Daylight  steamers  leave  Puno  Sun- 
day night ;  arrive  Guaqui  Tuesday  night.  Lake  steamers  make  con- 
nections at  Guaqui  with  train  to  La  Paz  and  at  Puno  with  trains  to 
Arequipa,  Cuzco,  and  Mollendo. 

SALAVERRY,  Department  of  La  Libertad ;  population,  3,000 ;  ves- 
sels anchor  one-half  mile  from  shore;  also  a  port  on  the  Pacific,  on 
the  Salaverry  &  Trujillo  Railway,  9  miles  (14  km.)  from  Trujillo, 
G5  miles  (104  km.)  from  Pacasmayo,  and  196  miles  (316  km.)  north 
of  Callao.  Principal  products :  Sugar,  cacao,  coffee,  rice,  coal.  In- 
dustries :  Tanneries  and  distilleries.  American  consular  agent. 
Lloyd's  agent,  A.  J.  Salazar. 

How  Reached, — From  Trujillo,  by  Ferrocarril  de  Trujillo,  three 
trains  dally;  time,  35  minutes;  fare,  20  cents.  From  Chimbote,  by 
local  steamer. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — .J.  Dalmau ;  Gonzales,  Larranaga  Hnos. ; 
The  Salaverry  Agencies  Co. 

Hotels. — America,  Central,  Cosmos,  Italia. 

Note. — This  is  the  port  for  Trujillo  and  exports  a  considerable 
volume  of  agricultural  products.  It  is  also  the  entrepot  for  the 
famous  sugar  district. 

SAN  PEDRO  DE  LLOC,  capital  of  Province  of  Pacasmayo,  Depart- 
ment of  La  Libertad ;  altitude,  131  feet ;  population,  15,000 ;  5 
miles  (8  km.)  from  Pacasmayo  and  86  miles  (138  km.)  northwest  of 
Trujillo.  Principal  products:  Rice,  sugar  cane,  gold,  and  copper; 
also  coal.     Industries:  Tannerie.s,  cotton  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Pacasmayo,  Guadalupe,  Yonan,  and  Chilete, 
by  railroad. 

Hotel.—Roma. 


PERU.  365 

Note. — San  IVdro  is  usually  canvassed  by  the  importiTS  of  Lima 
and  rarely  visited  by  loreijjrn  salesmen.  In  the  neighborhood  are  im- 
portant coal  mines. 

TRUJILLO.  capital  of  Department  of  La  Libertad  ;  altitude,  202 
feet;  poi)ulation,  22,OU(>;  on  the  Moche  River  and  on  the  Salaverry 
&  Trujillo  Railway;  about  300  miles  (485  kra.  (  from  Lima  and  y 
miles  (14  lim. )  from  Salaverry.  I'rincipal  products:  Su«ar.  rice, 
coffee,  cert'als,  cacao,  cotton,  hides,  minerals.  Industries:  Tobacco, 
soap  and  candle  factories,  and  taiuieries.  Customliouse  brokers, 
Salaverry  Agencies  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Salaverry,  by  railroad;  three  trains  daily; 
time,  35  minutes  ;  fare,  20  cents. 

Hotels.^Central,  Cosmos,  Italia,  Arco,  American,  Gran. 

Bank. — Banco  Mercuntil  Americano  del  Peru;  Banco  del  Peru  y 
Londres. 

Note. — A  good  distributing  business  is  carried  on  here.  Some 
large  sugar  plantations  are  in  the  vicinity.  There  are  dealers  here 
who  are  in  a  position  to  import  direct.  Some  of  the  houses  of  Lima 
have  branches  at  Trujillo.  Near  by  are  the  ruins  of  the  Inca  town 
of  Chanclmn. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally  direct  importations  are  made  by  firms  or  companies 
located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable  to  inquire 
in  the  nearest  large  town  as  to  trade  possibilities. 

Abancay,  capital  of  Department  of  Apurimac;  population.  6,500; 
130  miles  (209  km.)  from  Cuzco :  road  to  Chala.  Chief  prwlucbs: 
Copper,  sugar,  and  agricultural  produce. 

Acomayu,  Department  <if  Cuzco;  distant  44  miles  (72  km.)  from 
Cuzco  and  H.'^  miles  (HG  km.)  from  Sicuani ;  southwest  of  Urcos, 
which  is  on  the  railroad  from  Cuzco  to  Puno.  Products :  Wlieat, 
corn,  potatoes.     Industry:  Weaving. 

Anta,  Department  of  Cuzco;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Cuzco. 
Products:  CJen^als,  corn,  sugar,  pot.itoes.  copper.  Reached  by 
camino  de  herradura. 

Ascope,  Province  of  Trujillo,  Department  of  La  Libertad  ;  popula- 
tion. 0,000;  29  miles  (45  km.)  from  Trujillo  (time,  2i  hours;  fare, 
50  cents)  and  51  miles  (S2  km.)  from  Salaverry.  Agricultural 
protlucts.     Reached  by  Trujillo-Ascope  Railway. 

CalUoma,  Department  of  Arequipa :  population.  14,0(X>  (mostly 
Indians);  137  miles  (220  km.)  from  Snmbay  (nearest  station,  on 
railroad  from  Arequipa  to  .Tnliaca )  :  on  Apurimac  River.  Products: 
Alpaca  and  vicuna  wool,  silver,  gold,  copper,  salt. 

Cajabamba,  Department  of  Cajamarca  :  population.  6,500;  66  miles 
(110  km.)  from  Cajamarca,  from  which  it  is  reached  by  camino  de 
herradura.  Chief  industries :  Agriculture  and  mining,  flour  mills, 
soap  factories,  cattle  raising.  Reached  also  from  Menocucho  by 
camino  de  herradura. 

Galea,  Department  of  Cnzco :  population,  13,000;  27  miles  (44  km.) 
north  of  Cuzco.     Products:  Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  c«'reals.  cocoa. 

Camana,  Department  of  Arequipa:  population,  7..300;  a  Pacific 
port,  13G  miles  (220  km.)  from  Arequipa,  27  miles  (44  km.)  from 
Vitor  (on  IMollendo-Arequipa  Railroad). 


356  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Canete,  Department  of  Lima;  population,  16,000;  6  miles  (10  km.) 
from  Cerro  Azul  (port),  162  miles  (260  km.)  from  Lima.  Chief 
products :  Agricultural,  especially  sugar  and  cotton.  Gold,  copper, 
and  iron  are  mined  and  hats  are  manufactured, 

Carhuas,  Department  of  Ancachs;  population,  6,000;  20  miles  (32 
km.)  from  Hunraz,  93  miles  (151  km.)  from  Chimbote.  Reached 
from  Chimbote  by  railroad  to  Yuramarca,  thence  carretera.  Prod- 
ucts :  Cereals,  fruits,  alfalfa,  copper,  lead,  gold,  silver. 

Casapalca,  Department  of  Junin ;  altitude,  13,500 ;  on  Central 
Railroad,  95  miles  (153  km.)  from  Callao  and  86  miles  (140  km.) 
from  Lima ;  fare  to  Lima,  $4.61.  Here  are  located  the  mines  of  the 
famous  Morococha  Mining  Co.  and  a  great  smelting  plant.  There  is 
a  short  private  railway  line  to  the  mines  of  El  Carmen.  The  towTi 
is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  salesmen. 

Casma,  Department  of  Ancachs;  population,  6,000;  37  miles  (60 
km.)  from  Huaraz;  south  of  Chimbote  and  5  miles  (8  km.)  from 
Bahia  de  Casma.  Carreteras  to  Huaraz  and  Huarmey  (port). 
Products:  Gold,  silver,  sugar,  rice,  cotton,  cereals,  and  salt. 

Cerro  Azul,  Department  of  Lima ;  a  port ;  vessels  anchor  -J 
mile  from  shore;  located  74  miles  (118  km.)  from  Callao;  reached 
by  railway  from  Canete,  6  miles  (10  km.)  distant.  Products: 
Sugar  and  cattle.     Industry  :  Mining. 

!  Chachapoyas,  capital  of  Department  of  Amazonas;  population, 
4,500;  261  miles  (420  km.)  from  Yonan.  Products:  Gold,  silver, 
copper,  coal,  marble,  woods,  cereals.  Carretera  to  Cajamarca  via 
Celendiu  to  Chilete,  which  is  on  railroad  to  Pacasmayo. 

Chala,  Department  of  Arequipa ;  population,  3.500 ;  seaport  at 
mouth  of  Yauca  River ;  reached  by  steamer ;  197  miles  from  Pisco 
and  127  miles  from  Quilca.     Copper  is  an  important  product. 

Chepen,  Department  of  Pacasmayo ;  population,  9,000.  Chief 
products :  Rice,  sugar  cane,  etc.  Reached  by  railway  from  Pacas- 
mayo to  Guadalupe.  In  this  vicinity  are  numerous  sugar  estates. 
Pacasmayo  is  the  port. 

Chimbote,  Department  of  Ancachs;  population,  1,600;  a  port;  ves- 
sels anchor  3  cable  lengths  from  shore;  on  Chimbote  Railway  to 
Huaraz  and  Tablones ;  35  miles  (57  km.)  from  Tablones,  on  Chim- 
bote Railway  (fare,  $1.75;  time,  4  hours)  ;  61  miles  (99  km.)  from 
Salaverry.  Chief  products:  Sugar,  corn,  wheat,  gold,  copper,  coal, 
and  silver. 

Chincha  Alta,  capital  of  the  Province  of  same  name,  Department 
of  lea ;  population,  6,000 ;  reached  from  Tamo  de  Mora  by  railroad. 
Products,  chiefly  agricultural.  Banks :  Banco  Italiano ;  Banco  de 
Peru  y  Londres.     Supplied  by  the  importers  of  Peru. 

Chorillos,  Department  of  Lima ;  population,  5,250 ;  a  port,  10  miles 
(16  km.)   from  Lima  by  railroad.     Products:  Sugar  and  rum. 

Chosica,  Department  of  Lima;  altitude,  2,800  feet;  25  miles  (40 
km.)  from  Lima  by  Central  Railway  (fare,  $0.49).  Train  is  taken 
here  for  Oroya,  Hotel,  Gran  de  Estacion.  This  is  a  famous  water- 
ing place. 

Coracora,  Province  of  Porinocochas,  Department  of  Apurimac ; 
port,  Chala;  population,  16,000.  Industries:  Agriculture;  also 
mines  of  silver,  etc.  Bankers  and  brokers:  Jorge  M.  Rosenthal 
&  Co. 


PERU.  357 

Guadalupe,  Dopartniont  of  T.:i  I.ihortad:  20  miles  (40  km.)  from 
Pacasniayo,  by  I'acusiiiuyo  &  (iiuulalupe  Hallway. 

Huacho,  l)oj)aniiit'tit  of  Lima  ;  i)oj)iilati«iii.  lu.uOO;  a  port,  112  miles 
(180  km.)  from  Lima  ami  70  miles  ( II:!  km.)  from  Callai>.  UeaeJied 
from  Lima  by  railway  via  AiK.-on ;  al.so  railway  to  Huaura  and 
Sayan.     Products:  Salt,  supar,  cotton,  rum,  cereal.'^,  and  cattle. 

Hualgayoc,  iH-partment  of  Cajauiarca  ;  population,  .'i,<)00;  41 
miles  (GG  km.)  from  (Jajamarca  and  r>2  miles  (S3  km.)  from 
Yourma ;  on  Pacasniayo  Railway;  important  mininp  center;  tlie 
output  (»f  ore  i.s  larpe.  Here  is  located  the  famous  Socavon  mine, 
as  well  as  many  other  mines  of  copper,  silver,  antiuiony,  etc.  A 
brisk  supply  trade  is  carried  on. 

Huanta,  Dep)artment  of  Ayacucho;  ixipulation,  2..500;  near  Enca- 
lada  River;  10  miles  (16  km.)  from  Ayacucho  by  camino  de  her- 
radura.  Products:  Cereals,  coffee,  cacao,  potatoes,  6ut,'ar,  gold,  and 
silver. 

Jauja,  Department  of  Junin ;  population,  8,000;  on  railroad  to 
Hu.niicayo.  Oroya,  and  Lima.     Products:  ('erials  and  live  stfx^k. 

Morococha,  l>oi)artment  of  Junin;  altitude,  14.814  feet;  HM»  miles 
from  Lima:  readied  from  Callno.  Lima.  Oroya,  and  Iluancayo  by 
Central  Railway,  via  Tidio,  10  miles  (1.")  km.)  distant.  This  is  a 
very  famous  copper-mininp  district  with  a  larpe  output ;  deserves 
the  attention  of  most  salesmen.  A  great  .supply  and  outlitting 
bii.siness  is  done. 

Moyobamba,  Department  of  Loreto;  population.  5,000;  altltnde, 
2,900  feet;  reached  from  Chachapoyas.  105  miles  (160  km.)  distant; 
also  from  Yurimapuas,  on  Huallapa  River,  103  miles  (1»^  km.)  dis- 
tant. Chief  proflucts :  Bananas,  cacao,  and  coconuts.  Mines:  Gold, 
iron,  and  sulphur. 

Oroya,  Department  of  .Junin;  population,  500;  altitude.  12.180 
feet;  on  Manlaro  River;  81  miles  (131  km.)  from  Cerro  de  Pasco, 
77  miles  (125  km.)  from  Iluancayo,  140  miles  (225  km.)  from 
Callao.  and  129  miles  (208  km.)  from  Lima.  This  is  the  junction 
point  of  the  (k-ntral  Railway  and  the  Cerro  de  I'asco  Railway. 
Hotel,  Junin. 

Otuzco,  Department  of  La  Libertad ;  population.  10.000;  .50  miles 
(80  km.)  from  Trujillo  by  railroad;  east  of  Menocucho.  Products: 
Lead,  coal,  silver,  gold,  cattle,  corn,  wheat,  and  oats. 

Palpa,  Department  of  lea;  population.  8.000;  43  miles  (70  km.) 
from  lea  by  camino  de  herradura.  Products:  Cotton,  cereals, 
wines. 

Paucartambo,  Department  of  Cuzco ;  population,  27,000;  40  miles 
(65  km.)  from  Cuzco  and  62  miles  (1(X)  km.)  from  Sicuani.  Prod- 
ucts :  Cattffe.  coca,  cacao,  coffee,  potatoes,  M'heat.  and  corn. 

Puerto  Bermudez,  on  Pichis  River.  This  is  tlie  extreme  point  to 
which  steamers  ascend  on  the  Pichis  River;  time  required  for 
launches  to  Iquitos.  10  days  down  and  12  days  up.  On  the  road 
from  Iquitos  to  On^ya.     There  is  a  commissary  here. 

Puerto  Maldonado,  capital  of  Department  of  Madre  do  Dios; 
population,  o,(-H'0;  steamship  service,  via  Madre  de  Dios  River,  to 
the  Amazon.  Also  reached  via  Mollendo  to  Tirapata,  thence  by 
road  to  Astellero,  and  from  that  point  by  canoe;  time  of  trip.  20  to 
22  days.  Chief  products :  Rubber,  coffee,  gold,  and  silver.  Hotels : 
Manuel  Useglio  and  David  Schiatinno. 


358  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Santa,  Department  of  Ancachs ;  population,  5,500 ;  on  Santa  River. 
Products :  Salt,  rice,  etc.     Railway  communication  with  Kecuay. 

Santa  Ana,  Department  of  Cuzco ;  population,  19,870 ;  97  miles 
(156  km.)  northwest  of  Cuzco.  Products:  Sugar,  coca,  cacao, 
coffee,  tobacco,  rice,  and  caoutchouc. 

San  Vicente  de  Canete,  Department  of  Lima;  population,  14,000; 
121  miles  ( 195  km. )  from  Lima.  Products :  Sugar,  corn,  rice,  beans, 
iruits,  cotton,  and  wines.     Railway  to  neighboring  haciendas. 

Santo  Tomas  de  Chumbivilicas,  Department  of  Cuzco ;  population, 
33,940;  70  miles  (112  km.)  from  Santa  Rosa;  on  Santo  Tomas 
River.     Products :  Cereals,  gold,  silver,  iron,  and  lead. 

Sicuani,  Department  of  Cuzco;  population,  15,000;  altitude,  11,650 
feet;  on  Vilcanota  River;  on  Southern  Railway,  87  miles  (140  km.) 
from  Cuzco,  6i  hours'  trip ;  123  miles  ( 197  km. )  from  Juliaca,  7^ 
hours'  trip.     Products :  Wheat,  corn,  potatoes,  and  wool. 

Supe,  Department  of  Lima ;  population,  6,310 ;  a  port,  140  miles 
(226  km.)  from  Lima  and  21  miles  (34  km.)  from  Huacho.  Railroad 
to  Pativilca  and  to  Alpas.  Products:  Sugar,  cereals,  cotton,  and 
cattle.  Connected  by  public  highway  with  Huacho,  San  Nicolas,  and 
Barranca. 

Tarma,  Department  of  Junin ;  altitude,  10,000  feet ;  population, 
10,500;  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Cerro  de  Pasco  and  20  miles  (33 
km.)  from  Oroya.  Reached  by  road.  Chief  products:  Silver,  cop- 
per, and  other  minerals ;  coffee,  sugar,  etc.  Cattle  raising  is  car- 
ried on  to  some  extent ;  also  some  manufacturing. 

Tumbes,  capital  of  the  littoral  Province  of  Tumbes ;  population, 
3,000;  port  on  Tumbes  River.  Chief  products,  tropical  produce. 
Hotel,  El  Orlente. 

Urubamba,  Department  of  Cuzco;  population,  25,600;  17  miles 
(28  km.)  from  Cuzco.  Products:  Sugar,  coffee,  cereals,  potatoes, 
silver,  and  copper.     Hotels:  Umberto  and  Roma. 

TJrcos,  Department  of  Cuzco;  population,  38,325;  altitude,  10,236 
feet;  on  Vilcaconga  River;  20  miles  (32  km.)  from  Cuzco;  on  South- 
ern Railway.  Products :  Gold,  silver,  copper,  corn,  wheat,  potatoes, 
and  cattle. 


BOLIVIA. 

Maps  No8.  18,  lil,  and  22. 

Location.— The  third  largest  country  of  South  America ;  bounde«J 
on  the  north  ami  east  by  Brazil,  on  the  south  by  Paraguay  anil 
Argentina,  and  on  the  west  by  Chile  and  I'eru. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Bolivia  is  variously  estimated 
at  473,500  to  708,105  square  nnles.  The  latter  ligure,  if  correct, 
would  give  Bolivia  a  surface  14  times  the  size  of  New  York  and 
two  and  two-third  times  the  size  of  Texas.  The  population  is  esti- 
mated at  from  2,-500,000  to  2,88D,970,  or  approximately  D.G  inhabi- 
tants per  sciuare  mile.  The  following  table  gives  the  estimated  area 
and  population  by  Departments  and  Territories : 


Departments  and  Territories  (capitals). 


La  Paz  (La  Paz) 

Cochabainbii  (Cochabamba) 

Potosi  (Potasi) 

Santa  Cruz  (Santa  Cruz) 

Chuguisaca  (Sucre) 

Tarija  (Tarija) 

Oruro  (Oruro) 

El  Beni  (Trijiidad; 

El  Chaeo  ( Yacuiba) 

Colonial  Territories  (Cobija) 

Total 


Area, 
square 
miles. 


40,6S6 
25,288 
•lo.CCJl 
144,941 
36, 132 
31,567 
20,657 
9.5, 3.">4 
46,  .501 
27,938 


514, 155 


PopulatioE, 
1915. 


726,357 

534,901 

530,748 

.341,640 

333, 220 

164,  701 

140,S"J1 

52, 4.50 

l.i.O^^) 

•51,968 


2,889,970 


Population 

per  square 

mile. 


17.  s 

21.2 

11.  s 

2.3 

9.2 

5.2 

6..S 

.5 

.3 

l.s 


5.6 


Topography. — The  chief  physical  feature  of  Bolivia  is  the  vast 
central  plateau,  over  500  miles  (800  km.)  in  length,  at  an  average 
altitude  of  12,000  feet.  This  plateau  lies  between  two  gi*eat  chains 
of  the  Andes  which  traverse  the  country  from  north  to  south.  From 
the  two  mtiin  ranges  numerous  smaller  ones  branch  in  all  directions. 
Three  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  Illampu,  or 
Sorata  (21,490  feet),  Illimani  (21,204  feet),  and  Sajama  (21.047 
feet),  are  found  in  Bolivia. 

In  the  northern  part  of  Bolivia  the  table-land  falls  toward  the 
Yungas,  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Beni  River  Basin ;  in  the  east 
there  is  a  precipitous  slope  toward  the  Tierra  Caliente,  or  hot  lauds, 
of  Santa  (jruz  and  the  (ihaco. 

Rivers. — Bolivia  has  a  network  of  navigable  river.s.  The  Para- 
guay is  navigable  for  about  1,0.50  miles  (1,(580  km.)  for  steamers  of 
8  to  10  foot  draft;  the  Itenez  for  1.000  miles  (1.600  km.);  the 
Beni  1.000  miles  (1,600  km.)  for  steamers  of  6-foot  draft;  while 
the  Pilcomayo.  ilamore,  Madre  de  Dios,  Itonama.  Sara,  Orton, 
Baures,  Inambari,  Pirai,  Chapare,  Paragua,  Abuna,  Yucuma,  and 
Desaguadero  Rivers  are  navigable  for  light-draft  vessels  for  dis- 
tances from  200  to  1,000  miles  (300  to  1,600  km.). 

359 


360  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

The  total  length  of  navigable  rivers  in  Bolivia  is  5,600  miles 
(9,020  km.),  all  excepting  the  Desaguadero  flowing  in  the  direction 
of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  way  of  the  Amazon  or  the  Paraguay,  a 
tributary  of  the  Plate  River. 

Lakes. — The  principal  lake  of  Bolivia  is  Titicaca,  having  an  area 
of  4,000  square  miles  (over  10.000  sq.  km.),  situated  at  a  height  of 
12,900  feet.  It  is  the  highest  steam-navigated  lake  in  the  world 
and  one  of  the  largest  on  the  American  continents.  Lake  AuUagas 
is  connected  with  Lake  Titicaca  by  the  Desaguadero  River.  The 
chief  ports  on  Lake  Titicaca  are  Guaqui,  Puerto  Perez,  Huata, 
Ancoraimes,  Carabuco,  and  Escoma. 

Climate. — Owing  to  the  difference  in  altitude  between  the  lowlands 
of  the  Amazon  and  the  central  pla^'eau  region,  the  climate  varies 
greatly.  The  mean  temperature  of  the  lowlands,  up  to  about  5,000 
feet,  is  74°  F.  Between  5,000  and  9,000  feet,  in  the  valleys,  the 
climate  is  moderate,  the  temperature  averaging  63°  F.  On  the 
Puna  or  central  plateau,  from  9,000  to  13,000  feet,  the  temperature 
ranges  from  50°  to  54°  F.  The  evenings  are  cool  and  the  climate 
healthful. 

Seasons. — ^The  wet  or  rainy  season  extends  from  December  to 
May  and  the  dry  season  from  June  to  November.  The  summer 
months  are  November,  December,  and  January,  and  the  winter 
months  June,  July,  and  August.  There  is  a  gi'eat  variation  in  rain- 
fall, which  is  influenced  by  altitude. 

Products. — Agriculture  is  in  a  comparatively  undeveloped  state; 
the  chief  products  are  sugar,  cotton,  coffee,  tobacco,  cacao,  and  rice. 
From  the  eastern  section  come  increasing  quantities  of  rubber, 
cinchona  bark,  dyewoods,  and  mahogany.  Some  cattle  are  raised 
and  there  is  a  considerable  export  of  wool,  and  of  the  hides  and 
skins  of  goats,  sheep,  alpacas,  and  llamas. 

Industries. — Manufacturing  is  of  a  very  minor  character  and  the 
chief  plants  are  devoted  to  supplying  small  local  requirements. 
Coarse  cloth  is  woven  by  the  Indians.  There  are  shoe,  soap,  and 
cigarette  factories,  sugar  refineries,  and  breweries. 

Mineral  Wealth. — The  chief  dependence  of  Bolivia  is  upon  its 
mineral  wealth.  Bolivia  is  one  of  the  world's  greatest  sources  of 
tin.  Other  important  mineral  products  are  copper,  antimony, 
wolfram,  bismuth,  le^d,  and  molybdenum.  The  Bolivian  tin  mines 
are  famous  throughout  the  world. 

Inhabitants. — The  population  is  composed  largely  of  Indians,  over 
half  being  of  that  blood.  The  next  important  element  is  the  mestizo, 
or  mixed  white  and  Indian.  The  number  of  pure  whites  is  com- 
paratively small.     The  Negro  element  is  insignificant. 

"  Cholo  "  Indians. — These  constitute  such  an  important  element 
of  the  Bolivian  population  as  to  merit  special  consideration.  They 
number  more  than  half  a  million,  have  peculiar  and  picturesque 
dress,  and  possess  customs  which  are  highly  imique. 

language. — Spanish  is  the  official  langiiage  of  the  Republic. 

Currency. — Bolivia  has  a  gold  standard.  The  boliviano  is  the 
unit  of  value,  being  equivalent  to  $0,889  in  United  States  currency ; 
12^  bolivianos  are  equivalent  to  £1  sterling.  English  and  Peruvian 
pounds  circulate  freely  and  are  legal  tender.  Paper  money  is  also 
in  circulation.     There  are  silver  coins  of  20,  50,  and  100  centavos, 


BOLIVIA.  361 

and  minor  coins  of  10,  5,  1.  and  *  centavos  (100  rentavos=l 
boliviano). 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  .system  Is  oificial.  In  the 
interior,  liowevor,  old  Spaiusli  weights  are  still  \i<(h\. 

Telegraph.— AltluniKlJ  the  telc^rajih  service  is  lar;rely  controUecl 
by  the  (ioveninient,  there  are  also  .some  private  lim^. 

Wireless. — There  are  wireless  stations  at  La  l'a;5,  Riberalta, 
Cobija,  Trinidad,  Santa  <'ruz,  and  Puerto  Suarez,  communicating 
with  the  capitals  of  adjoining  countries. 

Postage. — The  first-class  letter  rate  from  the  United  States  Is 
5  cents  for  the  first  ounce  atal  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce. 
There  is  also  a   parcel-post   arrangement  with    the   Unitetl    States. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

Bolivia  has  no  coast.  It  is  easily  reached,  however,  from  the 
Peruvian  port,  Mollendo,  and  from  the  ports  of  Antofagasta  and 
Arica,  Chile.  It  can  also  be  reached  from  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina, 
and  from  Para,  Brazil.  The  various  routes  are  given  below.  For 
steamship  lines  visiting  the  ports  mentioned  above,  see  pages  342, 
877,  4(»S,  and  402. 

From  Mollendo,  Peru. — By  Southern  Railway  of  Peru  to  Are- 
quipa  and  thence  to  Puno ;  from  Puno  by  steamer  acro.ss  Lake 
Titicaca  to  UuMfiui,  Bolivia,  and  from  Guaqui  to  La  I'az  by  the 
Guaqui  &  La  Paz  Railway.  Distance,  525  miles  (844  km.)  ;  time, 
46*  hours  ascending.  81*  Ixairs  descending;  fare,  $2.5. 

From  Antofagasta,  Chile. — By  the  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Rail- 
way, via  Uyuni,  to  Oruro,  Bolivia;  thence  by  Bolivia  Railway  to 
Viacha;  thence  to  La  Paz.  Distance,  727  miles  (1,163  km.)  ;  time, 
43  hours  ascending,  38  hours  descending;  approximate  fare,  ?20. 

From  Arica,  Chile. — By  railway  to  Viacha,  Bolivia;  thence  to  La 
Paz.  Distance.  274  miles  (440  km.)  ;  time,  22  hours  ascending,  20J 
hours  descending;  fare,  about  !?13. 

From  Buenos  Aires. — Via  Valparaiso  &  Antofagasta,  Chile;  Train 
leaves  Buenos  Aires  (Station  Retiro)  Sunday;  transfer  at  Men- 
doza,  arriving  at  Valparaiso  Monday ;  time.  39  hours.  Another 
train  leaves  Buenos  Aires  Wednesday,  arriving  in  Valparaiso  Fri- 
day, stopping  over  night  in  Mendoza  ;  time.  .56  hours.  From  Val- 
paraiso the  journey  is  continut^l  to  Antofagasta  by  steamer  (2 
days)  ;  thence  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  to  La  Paz.  Total 
tiiiie,  about  7  days;  total  distance,  1,674  miles  (2,695  km.). 

Via  Valparaiso  and  Arica,  Chile:  From  Buenos  Aires  to  Val- 
paraiso, same  as  above;  thence  steamer  (o  Arica  (3  days);  then 
Arica  &  La  Paz  Railway  to  La  Paz. 

Via  La  Quiaca :  From  Buenos  Aires  by  Argentine  Railways  (Sta- 
tion Retiro.  F.  C.  C.  A.)  Tuesdays  and  Fridays  (F.  C.  C.  C). 
arriving  at  La  Quiaca.  on  the  Bolivian  frontier,  on  Thursdays  and 
Mondays.  Time,  direct  journey,  2  days.  From  La  (Juiaca  to 
Atocha' by  automobile  stage  (8  hours)  ;  thence  by  Bolivia  Railway 
to  La  Paz,  via  Uyuni,  Rio  IMulato,  and  Oruro.  Total  time,  about  6 
days;  fare  to  Uyuni,  ^66.25. 

Via  Corumba.  Brazil:  Departures  from  Buenos  Aires  on  Sun- 
days and  Wednesdays,  wth  transshipment  at  Asuncion  to  the 
steamers    Asiniciun    and    Corumba,    which    leave    Asuncion    every 


362  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA.       • 

Wednesday  and  return  from  Corumba  every  Thursday.  Stops  are 
made  at  intermediate  ports,  including  Villa  Concepcion,  Guarany, 
etc.  From  Corumba,  4  miles  across  the  border,  to  Puerto  Suarez ; 
thence  391  miles  (630  km.)  by  pack  train  to  Santa  Cruz,  the  chief 
commercial  center  of  eastern  Bolivia.  Santa  Cruz  is  227  miles 
(365  km.)  by  wagon  road  from  Potosi. 

From  Montevideo,  Uruguay. — Via  Plata,  Parana,  and  Paraguay 
Rivers  to  Corumba,  Brazil,  which  is  11  miles  from  Puerto  Suarez, 
Bolivia;  thence  by  pack  train  to  Santa  Cruz,  .391  miles  (630  km.), 
and  then  by  wagon  road  to  Potosi,  227  miles  (365  km.). 

From  Para,  Brazil. — Up  the  Amazon  and  Madeira  Rivers  to  Porto 
Velho ;  thence  Madeira  Railway  to  Villa  Bella  and  Guajara  Merim ; 
then  by  river  and  mule  back  to  La  Paz,  via  Riberaita,  on  Beni 
River,  and  Rurrenabaque. 

PRINCIPAL  RAILWAYS.— The  Peruvian  Corporation:  Guaqui  to 
El  Alto,  56  miles  (91  km.)  ;  El  Alto  to  La  Paz,  6  miles  (10  km.). 

Arica  &  La  Paz  Railway :  Arica,  Chile,  to  Viacha,  Bolivia,  144 
miles   (233  km.). 

Bolivia  Railways:  Viacha  to  Oruro,  125  miles  (202  km.)  ;  Oruro 
to  Cochabamba,  125  miles  (202  km.)  ;  Rio  Mulato  to  Potosi,  108 
miles  (174  km.). 

Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway:  Antofagasta,  Chile,  to  Oruro, 
Bolivia,  302  miles  (487  km.). 

Private  railroad:  Uyuni  to  Huanchaca,  21  miles   (33  km.). 

Baggage  Rates. — No  differentiation  is  made  by  the  railroads  be- 
tween ordinary  baggage  and  travelers'  samples.  The  rates  for  ex- 
cess baggage  are  very  high. 

Character  of  Railway  Service. — The  service  from  Antofagasta, 
Chile,  to  La  Paz  is  very  satisfactory,  and  includes  sleeping  ears  and 
dining  service.  As  in  all  Latin-American  countries,  it  is  important 
to  make  arrangements  as  far  in  advance  of  departure  as  possible  in 
order  to  secure  the  best  accommodations. 

Distances  in  Bolivia. — From  La  Paz  to:  Cochabamba,  285  miles 
(459  km.)  ;  Corocoro,  78  miles  (125  km.)  ;  Guaqui,  60  miles  (97 
km.)  ;  Oruro,  150  miles  (242  km.)  ;  Potosi,  375  miles  (603  km.)  ; 
Riberaita,  963  miles  (1,550  km.)  ;  Santa  Cruz,  581  miles  (936  km.)  ; 
Sucre,  316  miles  (508  km.)  ;  Tarija,  604  miles  (972  km.)  ;  Tiipiza, 
436  miles  (702  km.)  ;  Uyuni,  342  miles  (550  km.). 

From  Cochabamtfa  to  Oruro,  125  miles  (2(X)  km.)  ;  Potosi  to 
Oruro,  236  miles  (380  km.)  ;  Potosi  to  Uyuni,  125  miles  (200  km.)  ; 
Santa  Cruz  to  Puerto  Suarez,  391  miles  (630  km.)  ;  Sucre  to 
Potosi,  75  miles  (121  km.)  ;  Potosi  to  Rio  Mulato,  109  miles  (176 
km.)  ;  Cochabamba  to  Santa  Cruz,  275  miles  (443  km.). 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  having  no  commercial  value 
may  be  imported  duty  free.  It  is  the  custom  of  the  officials  to 
mutilate  samples  in  such  a  manner  that  they  may  be  unsalable  but 
not  destroyed.  This  applies  to  shoes,  as  outlined  for  Chile  on 
page  380.  If  samples  have  a  commercial  value,  it  is  necessary  to 
give  a  bond,  furnished  either  by  a  customs  broker  or  signed  by  a 
reliable  merchant.  This  bond  is  canceled  upon  reexportation  of 
the  samples  within  90  days,  with  a  possible  extension  of  30  days. 

Reexportation. — Samples  may  be  reexported  through  another 
office  than  that  by  which  they  were  entered. 


BOLIVIA. 


363 


Time  Required  for  Clearance. — This  dei>omls  uiwii  tlio  fhanirter  of 
tlK>  sainiilfs  caiiii'd,  iiuiiiIxT  of  trunks,  otf.  \Vh(Mi  saiiipN-s  nre 
plainly  of  no  valut",  the  proccilure  is  simple  and  eaBily  adjust»'d. 
When  tlu'  mutter  is  more  complicatetl,  from  one  to  three  days  may 
be  required. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — I'rintod  rirctilars,  cards,  pam- 
phlets, caltMidurs,  ( iiial(>;:ii«-s,  etc.,  earrietl  by  travelers  for  com- 
plimentary distril)Ution,  are  dutiable  as  follows:  Advertisinf;  mat- 
ter made  of  jnisteboard,  tin  plates,  or  brass,  is  subjcx-t  to  a  rate  of 
$0,015  per  pound.  For  advertisements  nuule  of  paper,  Imise  or  in 
pamphlets  or  booics,  bound  or  not.  -and  uiK-oiored,  the  rate  is  .$0.03 
per  pound,  and  tliose  with  colored  cuts  are  dutia^>l<^  at  .$0.04G  per 
pound.  On  advertisements  in  frames  of  wood  or  pasteboard,  of 
any  finisli,  the  duty  charjjed  is  .$0,076  per  pound.  Gross  weli,'ht  is 
the  basis  for  duty  on  all  advertising  matter. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — ^The  most  ascrei-able  time  to  visit  Bolivia  is 
during  the  dry  season.  This  lasts  from  May  to  December.  How- 
ever, as  in  the  case  of  all  Latin  American  countries,  the  traveler 
must  govern  the  time  of  his  visit  by  the  conditions  which  affect 
his  special  line  of  business.  Latin  American  dealers  desire  to  have 
good  stocks  of  novelties,  etc..  for  the  Christmas  and  Easter  seasons 
and  for  tlu^  national  holidays.  Sea.sonable  merchandise,  particu- 
larly in  the  Temperate  Zones,  is  r'Hiuired  iu  reverse  time  order  to 
that  which  prevails  in  the  United  States. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC. 

The  chief  development  of  Bolivia  has  been  on  its  great  central 
plateau.  Here  are  located  almost  all  of  the  important  mines  and 
the  cities  of  greatest  prominence.  These  are  now  practically  all 
reached  by  rail.  The  chief  lines  are  from  Antoi'agasta,  Chile,  to 
La  Paz,  and  from  Mollendo,  Peru,  to  La  Paz.  La  Paz  can  also  be 
reached  by  rail  from  Arica.  Chile,  and  from  Argentina  by  way  of 
La  Quiaca.  Other  cities  accessible  by  rail  are  Cochabamba.  Oruro. 
I^otosi.  and  Uyuni.  Among  the  places  that  can  be  reached  only 
from  the  west  by  pack  animal  are  Sucre,  the  nominal  capital  of 
Bolivia ;  Santa  Cruz,  in  the  Beni  River  district;  Suarez,  Villa  Bella, 
and  Riberalta. 

Business  Districts. — Bolivia  falls  naturally  into  two  business 
regions:  First,  that  of  the  Andes,  and,  second,  the  Amazon  or  Beni 
River  district.  The  latter  is  growing  in  importance  and  includes 
Puerto  Suarez,  Villa  Bella,  Riberalta,  Trinidad,  and  Santa  Cruz. 
Although  the  relations  Ijetween  Cocliabaniba  and  the  Beni  district 
have  become  more  intimate,  a  great  deal  of  the  business  heretofore 
has  been  done  direct  by  way  of  the  Amazon  River.  Tiie  communi- 
cation overland  by  means  of  pack  train  from  Cochabamba  to  the 
Santa  Cruz  country  is  obviously  difficult,  being  approximately  400 
miles  f(i4.">  kni.K     The  district  is,  however,  one  of  great  promise. 

TRAVELERS'  TAXES. — Bolivia  offers  considerable  difficulty  to 
traveling  salesmen  because  of  the  very  high  local  taxes.  There  are 
frequent  attempts  ;it  evasion  and  many  difficulties  with  municipal 
authorities  have  resulted.  The  system  generally  followed  by  the 
various  municipalites  is  to  auction  off  to  the  highest  bidder  the 


364  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

collection  of  the  tax.  In  this  manner  the  municipality  obtains  a 
fixed  sum  and  avoids  the  trouble  of  making  collections,  although 
the  municipal  police  is  compelled  to  lend  every  possible  assistance. 
Auction  of  the  right  to  the  collection  of  taxes  takes  place  annually, 
and  the  price  paid  for  the  preceding  year  is  taken  as  the  basis  for 
the  lowest  bid.  Sometimes,  however,  the  municipality  itself  takes 
charge  of  these  collections. 

License  Fees. — The  license  fees  levied  in  various  municipalities  of 
Bolivia  are  given  below.  Licenses  are  good  for  one  year  and  the 
fees  are  levied  regardless  of  the  number  of  firms  represented  or  the 
line  of  goods  carried:  Potosi,  Tarija,  Tupiza,  200  bolivianos  (ap- 
proximately $80)  ;  La  Paz,  Oruro,  Uyuni,  250  bolivianos  (approxi- 
mately $100)  ;  Sucre,  300  bolivianos  (approximately  $120)  ;  Co- 
chabamba,  1,000  bolivianos  ($400)  ;  Santa  Cruz,  400  to  800  bo- 
livianos ($160  to  $320).  Before  visiting  Bolivia  the  traveler  should 
consult  business  houses  at  other  points,  as  well  as  fellow  travelers, 
to  obtain  the  benefit  of  their  experience.  Travelers  sometimes  ar- 
range with  local  firms  to  act  as  their  representatives. 

Seasons  for  Traveling. — Those  who  intend  to  visit  the  eastern 
part  of  Bolivia,  in  the  Beni  River  district,  should  select  the  dry 
season  (May  to  December).  Even  at  the  best  the  climatic  condi- 
tions are  not  pleasant.  During  the  wet  season  many  of  the  rivers 
of  Bolivia  are  crossed  by  a  wire  cable.  This  is  stretched  from  one 
side  to  the  other,  and  on  it  runs  an  "aroyo"  (pulley),  suspended 
from  which  is  a  basket.  The  traveler  must  use  this  primitive 
means  to  cross.  The  rainy  season  presents  particular  difiiculties 
and  it  is  unwise  to  travel  at  that  time. 

Diligence  Service. — The  diligencias,  as  a  rule,  are  operated  only 
daring  the  months  of  July  to  December.  The  distance  covered 
averages  about  45  miles  per  day,  the  mules  being  changed  about 
every  18  niies  on  certain  routes.  On  some  roads  the  diligencias  are 
run  every  fourth  day ;  on  others  every  eighth  day.  The  baggage  is 
generally  carried  by  a  vehicle  which  follows  the  diligencia. 

Outfit. — For  those  who  are  compelled  to  travel  under  the  difficult 
conditions  outlined,  it  is  important  to  provide  the  outfit  described 
on  page  26. 

Cost  of  Traveling. — ^This  is  in  relation  to  the  journey  and  the 
equipment.  In  any  event  it  is  indispensable  to  strike  a  bargain 
with  the  "  arriero,"  oji-  muleteer,  so  that  there  may  be  no  question  in 
regard  to  any  item.  In  most  instances  a  portion  of  the  cost  must 
be  paid  in  advance.  Experienced  travelers  recommend  that  details 
of  such  payment  and  agreements  be  arranged  in  the  presence  of  a 
police  magistrate.  The  legal  tariff  in  Bolivia  on  the  more  im- 
portant roads  is  2  reals,  or  20  centavos  per  league  per  mule,  and  1 
real  for  the  Indian.  The  mules  are  obtained  at  the  "  postas "  or 
relay  stations.  It  is  not  always  possible  to  obtain  these  animals, 
and  it  is  therefore  advisable  to  hire  mules  from  private  companies. 

Arriero's  Outfit. — The  "arriero"  generally  has  an  assistant  and 
six  mules.  He  usually  pays  for  his  own  food  and  that  of  his  as- 
sistant, and  must  also  look  after  the  feeding  of  the  animals. 

Loading.— A  pack  mule  can  generally  carry  about  250  pounds  of 
freight,  125  pounds  on  each  side.  Overloading  is  inadvisable,  since 
an  overloaded  mule  can  not  keep  pace  with  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany. 


BOLIVIA.  365 

Distance  Covered. — A  ttiulf-rruot  wlio  is  not  uccustoiued  to  travi'l- 
iii}?  in  this  iiiaiiner  can  not  cover  inoro  tiian  25  lo  30  miles.  One 
wlio  lias  (lone  a  great  deal  of  .sucli  traveling  can  uiaiie  40  to  45 
miles  a  day. 

Accommodations. — The  accommodations  on  almost  all  the  Bolivian 
road.s  an;  very  limited.  Inasmuch  o.«  there  is  a  marked  dilTerenci- 
in  the  temperatun'  Intween  night  and  day — the  diurnal  variation 
ranging  from  S'J'  V.  to  below  lieezing — sullicient  warm  be«l<ling 
must  be  carried.  The  houses  are  not  heated,  and  the  traveler 
should  l)e  provided  with  overcoats  and  wraps. 

Holiday  Travel. — On  the  fete  days  of  ISolivia  traveling  is  out  of 
the  question.  Tiiese  days  are  the  li4th  of  June  and  tlie  24th  of 
December.  On  such  days  it  is  highly  important  not  to  make  any 
effort  to  travel. 

Health  Precautions. — Some  travelers  incur  risk  of  mountain  sick- 
ness on  account  of  the  great  heights.  This  is  s<inietimes  avoided 
by  making  a  stop  en  route.  On  the  way  to  Bolivi.i  the  town  usually 
selected  is  (Jalama,  Chile,  which  has  an  altitude  of  (j,b'2':>  feet.  Are- 
quipa,  Peru,  is  sometimes  selected. 

Food. — In  making  trips  overland  it  is  important  to  be  well  sup- 
plied with  provisions.  Often  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  these  from 
the  natives  who,  while  they  may  have  them,  are  frequently  unwill- 
ing to  supply  them. 

Passport. — In  the  interior  a  passport  is  verj-  useful.  There 
should  also  be  obtained  a  letter  of  instructions  from  Government 
otlicials  demanding  that  the  local  authorities  aid  one  in  getting 
around  and  that  they  render  such  service  as  may  be  require<l. 

Business  Hours. — The  retail  shops  are  gt  nerally  oi)en  from  8  a.  rn. 
to  7  p.  m.  In  the  smaller  towns,  however,  they  olteu  do  not  close 
before  9  or  It)  p.  m.  Luncheon  hours  are  between  11.30  and  1.30. 
during  which  time  many  stores  are  closed. 

Funds. — The  traveler  should  make  certain  in  advance  that  the 
money  carried  liy  him  will  be  acceptable  in  the  interior.  In  some 
places  there  is  a  hesitancy  to  accept  bills  of  certain  banks.  This 
can  be  determined  at  the  outset  of  a  journey  by  a  conference  witli 
those  who  know. 

Hotel  Rates. — In  the  larger  cities  of  Bolivia  the  rate  is  from  ."^S 
to  $G  per  day.  This  includes  two  regular  meals  and  the  usual 
moridng  bread  an<l  coffee.  Special  rates  for  the  week  are  generally 
obtainable.  In  the  smaller  towns  the  accommodations  are  not  quite 
so  good  as  in  thi>  best  hotels  of  I.a  Paz.  The  rates  are  also  some- 
what lower,  ranging  from  §2  to  $3.50  per  day. 

SUGGESTED  ROUTES. 

From  La  Paz  Southward.— By  Bolivia  Railway  to  Corocoro. 
Viacha,  Oruro,  and  r'ochabamba ;  by  trail  to  Santa  Cruz  and 
Puerto  Simrez. 

From  Oruro. — By  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  to  Uyuni ;  by 
private  railroad  to  Huanchaca. 

By  Bolivia  Railway  to  Potosi ;  by  automobile  service  to  Siicre. 

By  Bolivia  Railway  to  Challapata :  thence  camino  de  herradura 
to  Colqnechaca,  Sucre,  and  I'otosi. 


366  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

From  Uyuni. — By  Bolivia  Railway  to  Atoctia ;  thence  by  auto- 
mobile to  Tupiza,  by  cart  road  to  Tarija.  Tlience  (a)  by  cart  road 
to  La  Quiaca,  and  by  railroad  to  Jujuy,  Argentina;  or  (&)  from 
Tarija  return  to  Uyuni,  and  thence  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Rail- 
way to  Calama  and  Antofagasta,  Chile. 

From  La  Paz. — Northward  by  mule  back  to  Canaviera,  Coroico, 
and  Puerto  Pando ;  thence  to  Rurenabaque  by  trail  or  steamer ; 
thence  by  steamer  to  Riberalta. 

Points  of  Interest. — La  Paz,  the  capital :  Very  picturesque  and 
ancient  city  ;  old  Spanish  architecture ;  numerous  Government  build- 
ings. The  markets :  Of  absoi'bing  interest,  particularly  on  the  feast 
days.  Lake  Titicaca :  The  highest  fresh  water  lake  in  the  world ; 
the  boats,  called  balsas  and  callapos,  used  by  the  Indians  on  the 
lake,  are  also  very  interesting.  Volcanoes:  Ulimani  and  Sorato  are 
among  the  highest  in  the  world ;  Ulimani  is  a  snow  mountain  of 
great  beauty.  Inca  ruins:  Those  of  Tiahuanaco,  a  short  distance 
from  La  Paz,  are  world  famous.  Sucre:  Famous  as  the  capital. 
Cochabamba :  Very  picturesque  town.  Bolivian  mines :  The  most 
famous  are  those  of  Potosi,  from  which  fabulous  amounts  of  ore 
have  been  removed ;  others  are  those  of  Huanchaca,  Corocoro,  Oruro, 
and  Chuquisaca.  Lake  Poopo:  This  is  a  large  salt  lake,  on  the 
route  from  Chile  to  Oruro.  Prehistoric  ruins  netir  Cuzco :  These 
include  some  very  interesting  ones  at  Yucay  and  Pisac.  Ruins  of 
Vilanota  and  Choquequirua. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

COCHABAMBA,  capital  of  Department  of  Cochabamba;  altitude, 
8.435  feet;  population,  35,000;  125  miles  (200  km.)  from  Oruro, 
188  miles  (303  km.)  from  Sucre,  283  miles  (455  km.)  from  La  Paz, 
56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Chimore;  climate,  mild;  temperature  aver- 
ages 66°  F. ;  frequent  rains,  November  to  April.  Principal  products  : 
Corn,  barley,  wheat,  wines.  Industries :  Chiefly  agricultural ; 
woolen  goods,  leather,  soap,  and  earthenware  are  manufactured  to 
some  extent. 

How  Readied. — From  Oruro  by  Bolivia  Railway,  10  hours ;  from 
La^Paz  by  Bolivia  Railway,  via  Oruro ;  from  Santa  Cruz,  overland, 
by  pack  train. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion  Boliviana ;  Banco  Francisco  Argon- 
dona  ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco  Na- 
cional  de  Bolivia  ;  Banco  Industrial ;  Banco  Agricola  ;  Banco  Credito 
Hipotecario  de  Bolivia. 

Hotels. — Union,  Sucre,  Americano,  Gran,  Continental,  Comercio, 
Central. 

Note. — This  is  a  city  of  much  importance  owing  to  the  rich  agri- 
cultural district  in  which  it  is  located.  There  is  considerable  trade 
with  the  surrounding  country.  Here  are  located  some  excellent 
houses  that  do  a  direct  importing  business.  Large  trade  also  with 
El  Beni  and  Santa  Cruz.  This  is  a  promising  place  for  future 
trade. 

COROCORO,  Department  of  La  Paz;  altitude,  13,119  feet;  near 
the  Desaguadero  River ;  population,  about  6,000 ;  climate,  cold ; 
distant   78   miles    (125   km.)    from   La   Paz,     Principal   products: 


noLiviA.  3(37 

Copper,  silver,  sugar  cuue,  barley,  aud  potatoes.  InduslriL's:  Min- 
iug  and   a^'ricullural. 

How  Reached.— I'loui  La  Paz,  via  Arica  &  La  Paz  Hallway. 

Hotel. — Grand  Hotel  Corocoro. 

Note. — A  large  Imsines.s  is  done  in  outfitting.  The  mines  of  the 
Corocoro  Co.  are  located  here. 

-  GUAQUI,  Department  of  Ui  Paz;  altitude,  12,024  feet;  situate<l 
ou  Lake  Titicaca,  near  mouth  of  Desaguadcro  River;  GO  miles  (97 
km. J  from  La  Paz,  and  3oO  miles  (503  km.)  from  Mollcndo.  Peru. 

Hov/  Reached. — From  La  Paz:  By  (juaqui  &  La  Paz  Railroad; 
trains  leave  La  Paz  Sundays  and  Thursdays ;  time,  3A  hours. 
Trains  leave  Guaqui  for  La  Paz  on  Saturdays  and  We<lne.sdays ; 
time,  4  hours.     Trains  connect  with  steamers  on  Lake  Titicaca. 

From  Puiio,  I'l'ru :  By  steamers  across  Lake  Titicaca,  leaving 
Puno  Friday  night,  arriving  at  Guaqui  Saturday  morning;  also 
Sunday  night,  arriving  at  Guaqui  Tuesday  night.  Steam«'rs  leave 
Guaqiii  for  Puno  Sunday  night  and  Thursday  night,  arriving  at 
Pun()  on  Monday  morning  and  Saturday  morning,  respectively. 

Hotel. — Guaqui. 

Note. — Such  importance  as  Guaqui  possesses  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  headquarters  for  the  Guaqui  &  La  Paz  Railway. 
Tlie  volume  of  business  done  is  not  largo. 

HUANCHACA,  Department  of  I'otosi ;  altitude,  13,500  feet;  popu- 
lation, about  4,000;  22  miles  (35  km.)  from  Uyuni  and  T.)l  miles 
(308  km.)  from  Druro.  Principal  products:  Silver,  sulphur,  salt. 
Industry  :  Mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Oruro,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  to 
Uyuni,  thence  by  private  railroad;  from  Uyuni,  by  private  railroad; 
from  Potosi,  by  Bolivia  Itaihvay  to  Uyuni,  thence  by  private  road. 

Note. — The  great  silver  mines  of  the  Compaiira  .Miuera  de  Huan- 
chaca  are  located  here.  Besides  these  are  other  mines  of  great  im- 
portance. The  company  has  its  own  commissary,  and  no  private 
shops  are  permitted. 

LA  PAZ,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  about  100.000;  alti- 
tude, 12,470  feet;  on  the  Chaupuiapa  River,  61  miles  (99  km.)  from 
Guaqui;  525  miles  (844  km.)  from  Mollendo,  I^eru  ;  274  miles  (440 
km.)  from  Arica,  Chile;  727  miles  (1.1(53  km.)  from  Antofagasta, 
Chile.  Climate,  temperate;  temperature  averages  50°  F.,  with  ex- 
treme diurnal  variations;  snow  during  June  and  July.  Principal 
products :  Tin,  gums,  resin,  cocoa,  coffee,  rubber.  United  States 
minister,  consul,  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Arthur  G. 
Thompson. 

How  Reached. — From  Mollendo,  Peru,  by  railway  to  Puno ; 
steamer  across  Lake  Titicaca  to  Guaqui ;  thence  Guaqui  &  La  Paz 
Railway  to  La  Paz;  4Gi  hours'  journey.  Trains  leave  on  Thursday 
and  Saturday.  Fare,  50.30  soles  (about  $25)  ;  baggage  allowance, 
"155  pounds. 

From  Arica,  Chile,  by  railroad,  22  hours'  journey ;  return  trip,  20i 
hours. 

From  Antofagasta,  Chile,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway ;  43 
hours'  journey  ;  trains  leave  Tuesdays  and  Saturdays. 

From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railway  to  La  Quiaca ;  thence  stage  to 
Atocha,  and  thence  railroad  to  Jai  Paz  (0  days). 

Hotels. — Paris,  Guibert,  Whitehouse,  Hartlieb,  Park,  Sportsman, 
Gran. 


368  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Banks. — ^Banco  Francisco  Argondona ;  Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco 
de  la  Nacion  Boliviano ;  Banco  Nacional  de  Bolivia ;  W.  R.  Grace 
&  Co. ;  Credito  Hipotecario  de  Bolivia ;  Commercial  Bank  of  Spanish 
America. 

Brokers  and  Forwarders. — W.  R.  Grace  &  Co. ;  Cazorla  Hnos ;  E. 
Romecin ;  Juan  Bergelund. 

Note. — Although  Sucre  is  the  legal  capital,  the  seat  of  the  Govern- 
ment is  at  La  Paz,  it  being  more  accessible.  This  is  the  most  im- 
portant business  city  of  Bolivia  and  should  be  visited  by  all  sales- 
men. Heavy  importations  are  made  and  there  is  great  prosperity. 
La  Paz  is  the  logical  place  to  establish  an  agency  for  Bolivia. 
Those  who  can  not  withstand  high  altitudes  should  remember  that 
La  Paz  is  one  of  the  highest  cities  in  the  world.  From  El  Alto,  near 
La  Paz,  may  be  seen  the  peaks  of  lUimani,  Potosi,  and  Mururato. 

OK.UB,0,  capital  of  Department  of  Oruro ;  population,  26,000 ;  alti- 
tude, 12,000  feet;  near  the  Desaguadero  River;  150  miles  (242  km.) 
from  La  Paz,  12.5  miles  (200  km.)  from  Cochabamba,  and  6.53  miles 
(1,052  km.)  from  Antofagasta,  Chile;  climate,  cool;  temperature 
averages  42°  F. ;  wet  season,  December  to  March.  Principal  prod- 
ucts :  Silver,  tin,  copper,  antimony,  wolfram.  Industry :  Mining ; 
the  famous  Socavon  mine  is  near  by.  United  States  vice  consul. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Alexander  Cameron  Quin. 

How  Beached. — From  La  Paz,  by  Bolivia  Railway,  8  hours;  from 
Antofagasta,  Chile,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway,  36  hours ; 
from  Cochabamba,  by  Bolivia  Railway,  12  hours. 

Hotels. — Metropol,  Comercio,  Terminus  El  Tagarete,  Francia, 
Quintanal,  Alleman,  Union. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco  Nacional  de  Bolivia ;  Banco  de 
la  Nacion  Boliviano;  Banco  Francisco  Argandona ;  Banco  Anglo- 
Sudamericano. 

Customhouse  Brokers  and  Forwarders. — Guaqui  Agencies,  Nitrate 
Agencies  (Ltd.),  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.,  E.  Romecin,  Juan  Bergelund, 
Oscar  M.  Barrios. 

Note. — This  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  tin-mining  district; 
junction  point  for  railroad  running  north  and  south  and  also  east- 
ward to  Cochabamba.  Since  the  completion  of  the  railroad  it  is 
easily  accessible.  A  very  large  business  is  done,  as  Oi'uro  is  grow- 
ing in  importance.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  are  numerous  mines 
of  silver,  tin,  w^olfram,  copper,  etc.  The  famous  properties  of 
Simon  I.  Patino  and  others  are  in  the  neighborhood. 

POTOSI,  capital  of  Department  of  Potosi;  population,  27,000; 
altitude,  14,000  feet;  on  affluent  of  Pilcomayo  River;  .375  miles 
(603  km.)  from  La  Paz,  75  miles  (121  km.)  from  Sucre,  125  miles 
(200  km.)  from  Uyuni,  and  236  miles  (380  km.)  from  Oruro ;^cli- 
mate,  cold ;  temperature  averages  48°  F.  and  is  rarely  above  59°  F. 
Principal  products:  Silver,  cobalt,  tin.  Industries:  Mining  and  re- 
fining of  minerals.     Brokers  and  forwarders,  A.  Viano  y  Cia. 

How  Beached. — From  Sucre,  by  cart  road ;  from  Oruro,  by  Anto- 
fagasta &  Bolivia  Railway  to  Rio  Mulato,  thence  Bolivia  Railway 
(21  hours)  ;  from  Antofagasta,  Chile,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia 
Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil;  Banco  de  Potosi;  Banco  de  la  Paz; 
Banco  Francisco  Argondona ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Boliviano ;  Banco 
Nacional  de  Bolivia ;  Credito  Hipotecario  Nacional. 


BOLIVIA.  369 

Customhouse  Brokers. ^ — Viirj;its  ^   Katiujs. 

Hotels. — KspleiKiul,  Iiiteriiacloiial,  Fmnces,  Ontral,  r'olon.  Paris. 

Note. — This  is  diu'  of  tin-  riclH'Sl  ininiiii;  ot'iiters  of  the  world. 
Tlie  !!)iiu'ral  ox|)i>rts  of  tlil.s  city  eonstitutf  al)uut  (W  \ht  eent  of  tin- 
total  exiMirts  of  Hollvia.  i'otnsi  lias  be<4i  famous  f<»r  liundroUs  of 
year.s.     An  luiporrant  volume  of  trade  is  stlil  doiie. 

PUERTO  SUAREZ.  Departiiit-rK  of  Santa  Cruz;  situate<l  on  tin- 
Piira;,'u:iy  Itivcr :  l.(M)0  miles  (1,610  km.)  from  La  Paz  (ovt-rland), 
391  miles  Hj'AO  km.)  from  Santa  Cruz,  11  niilcs  (17  km.)  al)ove 
Corumba  (r.razilian  porl).  and  1.733  mil»»s  (2,7l)<>  km.)  from 
Buenos  .\iros.  via  La  PiatJi.  l^smuia.  and  Paraguay  Rivers.  Climate, 
hot  in  daytinu'.  idshts  cool.     Products:  I{ubl>er.  oacan,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Santa  Cruz,  by  cart  road ;  from  La  Paz. 
by  sm.ill  river  boats  and  pack  animals;  from  Corumba,  Brazil,  by 
steam  launch   (two  hours"  Journey). 

Steamship  Service. — Monthly  steam.ship  s«'rvice  between  Puerto 
Suarez  an<l  Rosario,  Argentina.  Steamer  Maria  is  operated  liy 
Lara  &.  Co.  This  line  navipates  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  and  Up- 
per Para.i:uay  Rivers.  Mtrchandise  is  carrietl  by  mechanical  tractors 
from  Puerto  Suarez  to  Santa  Cruz.  For  other  service  to  Corumba 
see  paw  4o2. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  supply  port  for  the  surrounding  dis- 
trict ;  it  is  rapidly  developing:,  owing  to  the  great  wealth  of  the 
contiguous  reerion. 

RIBERAITA,  Department  of  Beni ;  population.  1..500 ;  «*ltuated  on 
the  Beni  River.  4  miles  west  of  confluence  with  the  Madre  de  Pios; 
964  miles  (l..")0  km.)  from  La  Paz  and  12.5  miles  (200  km.)  from 
Villa  Bella  ;  temperature  averages  75°  F.     Principal  product,  rubber. 

How  Reached. — From  La  Paz:  To  Canaviera,  Cumico,  and  Puerto 
Pando.  by  mule  back  (203  miles)  ;  thence  to  Rurenabaque  (1.50 
miles  by  river  or  GO  by  land)  ;  thence  by  steamer  to  Ril>eralta  (."T.j 
miles). 

Banks. — Suarez  Hnos. ;  Braillard  &  Co. 

Note. — There  are  some  important  houses  established  here  that  do 
a  general  import  as  well  as  export  business.  The  chief  source  of 
wealth  is  rubber.  This  town  is  rather  difficult  of  access ;  u.sually 
canvassed  from  the  Atlantic  side. 

SANTA  CRUZ,  capital  of  Province  of  Santa  Cruz;  altitude.  1,450 
feet;  population,  22,O<>0;  .582  miles  (9.36  km.)  from  La  Paz.  275 
miles  (443  km.)  from  Cochabamba.  391  miles  (630  km.)  fi'om  Puerto 
Suarez,  323  miles  (519  km.)  from  Sucre,  and  227  miles  (.365  km.) 
from  Potosi  (wagon  road).  Climate,  warm;  temperatiu-e  averages 
80°  F.  Principal  prcnluots :  Sugar,  alcohol,  petroleum,  gold.  tin. 
and  antimony.  Industries:  Cigar  and  chocolate  factories,  tanneries, 
and  sugar  relineries. 

How  Reached. — From  Cochabamba  by  miile  back ;  from  Sucre,  by 
mule  back  or  bullock ;  from  Puerto  Suarez,  by  cart  road. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion  Boliviano:  Banco  Nacjoual  de  Bo- 
livia :  P>anco  de  Potosi. 

Principal  Hotels. — Continental.  C^mercio. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  a  rich  mining  and  agricultural  dis- 
trict, but,  owing  to  lack  of  traveling  facilitie-s,  little  business  i.s 
Gk>iae  In  proportion  to  its  natural  resf>urces.  It  trud«^s  with  Ajrgen- 
144297"'— 20 24 


370  GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

tina,  via  Tacuiba,  by  means  of  the  Central  Northern  Railway  of 
Argentina.  There  are  a  number  of  important  houses  here,  both 
exporters  and  importers. 

SUCRE,  Department  of  Chuquisaea ;  altitude,  9,600  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 25.000;  127  miles  (205  km.)  from  Cochabamba,  316  miles 
(508  km.)  from  La  Paz,  75  miles  (121  km.)  from  Potosi,  and  211 
miles  (339  km.)  from  Challapata.     Principal  products,  agricultural. 

How  Reached. — From  Cochabamba,  by  diligence.  From  Potosi,  by 
automobile  service  (12  hours).  From  La  Paz,  by  railway  to  Challa- 
pata, thence  diligence  to  Sucre;  about  5  days'  journey;  fare,  $18  to 
$25 ;  baggage  allowance,  24  pounds ;  excess  baggage,  $8  to  $10  per 
100  pounds.  By  muleback.  trip  takes  about  8  days.  From  Anto- 
fagasta,  by  Antofagasta  Railway  to  Rio  Mulato;  thence  Bolivia 
Railway  to  Potosi ;  then  by  automobile. 

Hotels. — Hispano-Americano,  Espana,  Colon,  Uyuni,  Japones, 
Burgos. 

Banks. — Banco  Francisco  Algondona ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Garan- 
tizador  de  Valores  ;  Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco  de  la  Naeion  Boliviano ; 
Banco  Nacional  de  Bolivia. 

Note. — Although  the  seat  of  government  is  La  Paz,  the  official 
capital  is  Sucre.  A  good  volume  of  business  is  carried  on,  owing  to 
the  mines  and  agricultural  developments  in  the  vicinity.  A  number 
of  important  houses  do  an  import  as  well  as  export  business.  Sucre 
is  not  so  difficult  of  access  as  formerly. 

TARIJA,  capital  of  Department  of  Tarija  ;  altitude,  6.312  feet ;  on 
the  Tari.ia  River,  affluent  of  the  Bermejo  River;  population.  9.000; 
climate,  mild,  healthful ;  temperature  averages  64°  F.  Distant  605 
miles  (972  km.)  from  La  Paz,  85  miles  (136  km.)  from  Tupiza,  85 
miles  (136  km.)  from  La  Quiaca,  Argentina.  Principal  products: 
Cattle,  hides,  tobacco.     Industries:  Stock  raising  and  agriculture. 

How  Reached. — From  Tupiza.  via  cart  road,  by  muleback.  2  days ; 
from  La  Quiaca,  Argentina,  via  cart  road,  by  diligence.  Ih  days. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Naeion  Boliviano ;  Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco 
Nacional  de  Bolivia. 

Hotels. — Social,  16  de  Julio,  Gran,  Nacional. 

Note. — This  city  is  located  on  the  proposed  railroad  from  La  Paz 
to  Ju.iuy.  Argentina,  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agricultural  region.  A 
considerable  volume  of  business  is  carried  on,  owing  to  the  immense 
natural  wealth  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  There  is  a  large  trade  in 
cattle  and  hides.  More  accessible  from  Argentina  than  from 
Bolivia. 

TRINIDAD,  capital  of  Department  of  Beni ;  population,  6,000;  on 
River  Mamore;  520  miles  (837  km.)  from  La  Paz,  445  miles  (716 
km. )  from  Villa  Bella.  Products :  Sugar,  rice,  cotton,  corn,  bana- 
nas, cacao,  cattle,  alcohol. 

How  Reached. — From  La  Paz,  by  road  and  river. 

Bank. — Suarez  Hnos. 

Note. — Because  of  the  great  wealth  of  the  surrounding  country, 
this  place,  like  Villa  Bella,  is  assuming  larger  prominence.  A  large 
trade  is  already  being  carried  on  and  is  constantly  growing. 

TUPIZA,  Department  of  Potosi;  population,  5,000;  altitude,  9,859 
feet;  436  miles  (702  km.)  from  La  Paz;  288  miles  (464  km.)  from 
Jujuy,  Argentina;  65  miles  (105  km.)  from  La  Quiaca,  Argentina; 
85  miles  (136  km.)  from  Tariia ;  188  miles   (302  km.)  from  Sucre. 


miLiviA,  371 

Climate,  mild,  vt-ry  dfli^rhtliil  :  .Inly  and  Aufnist,  r<»ld.  ITiiif^ipul 
produrts:  Silvpr,  trold.  tin.  J)isnnitli.  l(>nd.  whf'Ut,  barley,  com,  alfalfa. 
Industries:  Ajrrioulture  aiul  mining;. 

How  Reached. — From  .Tnjuy.  Argentina.  l>y  railroad  to  La  Quinra, 
thenft'  cart  road;  from  Tarija.  I»y  cart  road:  from  Suen',  muleback. 
Hotels.— Kspafla,    Mt'troix)!,   ('ciitrai,   FA   ArKentlno. 
Banks.— I'.anco  Mt'rtantil ;  Banco  Nacional  <le  Bolivia  ;  Banco  de  la 
Nacion   Boliviano. 

Note.— This  town  is  locatetl  in  a  rich  agricultural  section;  will 
soon  have  railroad  connection  with  La  Paz  and  also  with  .Tujuy. 
Argentina  ;  a  place  of  jrrowinp  importance  and  destined  to  have  a 
very  hrijrht  future.  Some  rich  mines  are  located  in  the  immediate 
vicinity.  The  production  of  bismuth,  silver,  tin.  and  h-ad  is  increas- 
ing.    A  number  of  important  houses  are  established  here. 

1JY1JNI,  Department  of  Potosi ;  population,  5.000;  altitude.  12,00S 
feet;  124  miles  (190  km.)  from  Tupiza,  12."»  miles  (200  km.)  from 
Potosi,  191  miles  (308  km.)  fntm  Oruro,  379  miles  (609  km.)  from 
Antofagasta,  Chile,  and  342  miles  (.=i.'>0  km.)  from  La  Paz.  Prin- 
cipal  products:  Tin,    silver,   bismuth. 

How  Reached. — From  Oniro,  via  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Rail- 
way (8*  hours)  ;  from  Antofagasta,  Chile,  via  Antofagasta  &  Bo- 
livia Railway  (12  hours)  ;  from  Potosi.  by  Bolivia  Railway  to  Rio 
Mulato,  thence  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  (13  hours). 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion  Boliviano ;  Banco  Nacional  de  Bo- 
livia. 

Customhouse  Brokers  and  Forwarders. — Delgado,  Ramallo  &  Co. ; 
J.  Orlandini. 

Hotels.— French,  Union.  Uyuni. 

Uote. — This  is  the  most  easterly  station  on  the  Antofagasta  Rail- 
way ;  customhouse  located  here.  There  are  some  excellent  hou.ses 
here.  Huanchaca  is  22  miles  (3.^  km.)  distant.  Here  are  located 
the  famous  Pulcayo  silver  mines. 

VILLA  BELLA,  Department  of  Beni ;  population.  2,.'iO<>;  climate, 
damp  and  hot  ;  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Beni  and  Mamore 
Rivers;  12.t  miles  (200  km.)  from  Riberalta,  1.010  miles  (1.626  km.) 
from  La  Paz.  44.5  miles  (716  km.  t  from  Trinidad,  via  Hiver  Ma- 
more, and  2,152  miles  (3,463  km.)  from  Para.  Products:  Cacao, 
rubber,   etc. 

Banks. — Brailiard  «&  Co. ;  Suarez  Hnos. ;  B.  Arnold  &  Co. 
Note. — The  surrounding  country  is  extremely  rich,  and  with  its 
development  Villa  Bella  will  assume  still  greater  importance.     The 
trade  already  being  done  is  of  a  considerable  volume.     Some  of  the 
houses  of  Cochabamba  have  branches  here. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally  direct  importations  are  made  by  firms  or  companies 
located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable  to  in- 
quire in  the  nearest  large  town  as  to  trade  po.ssibilities. 

Acltacachi.  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  SOOO;  near  Lake 
Titicaca  :  .50  miles  (80  km.)  from  La  Paz.  Carreteras  to  Sorata 
and  La  Paz. 

Camargo.  Department  of  Cochabamba;  population,  2,500;  between 
Sucre  and  Tarija,  in  an  agricultural  and  wine-pro<lucing  di.strict; 


372  GUroE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA, 

gold  mines  near  bj'.     The  chief  tirnis  here  are  branches  of  houses  in 
Sucre  and  Tarija. 

Capinata,  Department  of  Cochabam'bai  population.  3,500;  28  miles 
(45  km.)  from  Cochabamba ;  9  miles  (15  km.)  northwest  of  Arque, 
which  is  on  railroad  to  Oruro.  Products :  Cereals,  cotton,  grapes, 
timber,  wopds,  lead,  copper,  marble.  Industries :  Wines  and  liquors, 
cotton  and  Avoolen  textile  mills,  and  hats. 

Challapata,  on  the  railroad  from  Uyuni  to  Oi'uro,  69  miles  (111 
km.)  from  Oruro.  In  the  neighborhood  are  numerous  mines,  to 
which  shipments  are  made  from  this  station. 

Chuliimani,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  2,500;  altitude, 
5,440  feet;  90  miles  (145  km.)  east  of  La  Paz;  carretera  to  La  Paz 
via  Coripata.  Products :  Quinine  coca,  coffee,  and  cacao.  The 
Rio  de  los  Sajones  mines  are  located  here. 

Coroico.  Department  of  La  Paz ;  population,  1,580 ;  altitude,  6,500 
feet;  93  miles  (149  km.)  northeast  of  La  Paz  and  186  miles  (300 
km.)  northwest  of  Oruro;  reached  by  camino  de  herradura  via 
Coripata.  Products:  Coffee,  rice,  sugar,  corn,  bananas,  oranges, 
gold,  and  silver. 

Colqueehaca,  Department  of  Potosi;  population.  8,000;  124  miles 
(200  km.)  from  Potosi;  carreteras  to  Sucre,  to  Challapata  (on  the 
railroad  to  Oruro),  and  to  Poto.si.  Gold,  silver,  and  tin  mines. 
Bank,  Banco  de  Potosi.     Hotel,  De  Europa. 

Cotagaita,  Department  of  Potosi;  population,  1,796;  on  Cotagaita 
River;  106  miles  (170  km.)  from  Potosi  and  109  miles  (175  km.) 
from  Uyuni ;  carreteras  to  Sucre  and  Potosi.  Products :  Cereals, 
vegetables,  fruits,  silver,  lead,  and  antimony. 

Inquisivi,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  2,000;  93  miles 
( 1.50  km. )  from  La  Paz ;  carreteras  to  La  Paz  via  Chuluraani,  and 
to  Cochabamba  via  Palca.  Products :  Cacao,  coffee,  coca,  gold,  lead, 
and  tin. 

Lagunillas,  Department  of  Santa  Cruz;  population,  1,500;  217 
miles  (350  km.)  from  Santa  Cruz  and  402  miles  (750  km.)  from 
Uyuni.  Products:  Cereals  and  cattle.  Carreteras  to  Sauces,  and 
to'Charagua  via  Choretio;  also  to  Uyuni. 

Xuribay,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  3,000;  climate,  va- 
ried, dry;  93  miles  (150  km.)  from  La  Paz  and  93  miles  (150  km.) 
from  Oruro ;  west  of  Ayoayo,  which  is  on  the  railroad  from  Oruro  to 
La  Paz.     Products:  Cereals,  vegetables,  wines,  alcohol,  and  gold. 

Mocomoco,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  1,500;  160  miles 
(2.58  km.)  from  La  Paz.  Products:  Cereals,  sugar,  alcohol,  silver, 
gold,  lead,  and  tin. 

Padilla,  Department  of  Chuquisaca;  population,  8,500;  123  miles 
(198  km.)  from  Sucre;  carreteras  to  Sauces  and  Lagunillas,  via 
San  Pedro,  and  to  Vallegrande.  Products:  Cei*eals,  tobacco,  sugar, 
coffee,  and  woods. 

Puerto  Perez,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  1,200;  on  Lake 
Titioaca,  43  miles  (70  km.)  northeast  of  La  Paz;  climate,  hot; 
mineral  products;  carretera  to  La  Paz.  Hotel,  Gran.  Custom- 
hou.se  broker,  Luis  Ernest  y  Cia. 

Puna,  Department  of  Potosi;  30  miles  (48  km.)  southwest  of 
Potosi ;  on  carretera  from  Sucre  to  Cotagaita.  Silver  is  mined 
here.  Although  Puna  is  only  30  miles  from  Potosi,  in  order  to  reach 
it  from  the  latter  point  one  has  to  go  to  Yotala,  south  of  Sucre. 


r.oLiviA.  373 

>iu»l  llu-n  turn  south  jigaiii,  a  total  distance  of  about  124  jiuIuh  ('JAM) 
kii).). 

Punata,  DepartuuMit  of  Coclialwiiiha ;  jMjpulatiou,  8.<X)0;  25  miles 
(40  km.)  from  ( 'ocUuhauiha ;  (.•anvtcra  to  Cochubamba.  rroducts: 
Cereals,  coca,  p»ld,  lead,  aud  iron. 

Sorata,  I>epaitiu»iit  of  La  Paz;  population,  li.txX);  altiludf,  9,0)0 
feet;  climate,  damp;  93  miles  (I.IO  km.)  froiu  La  Paz;  carivtera  to 
La  I'az  via  Achacacbi.  J'roducts:  Cereals,  cotte*?,  cacao,  Kold,  sil- 
ver, and  rubber  Pacitic  coast  is  reache<l  via  Lake  Titicaca  and 
railroad  to  Mollendo,  Peru. 

Tapacari,  Department  of  Cocb.-ibamba  ;  population,  2.r>(X) ;  32  mileti 
(52  km.)  IVoni  Coehubamba,  ou  Tapacari  River;  carretera  to  Co- 
ehabamba  and  Oruro. 

Tarata,  Department  of  Cochabamba ;  population,  3,500;  commer- 
cial towD  ou  a  plain  southeast  of  Cochabamba;  carretera  to  Corha- 
baml>a. 

Tiahuanaco,  Department  of  La  Paz;  population,  300;  on  the  rail- 
road from  <;uaqui  to  La  Paz.  Near  here  are  famous  Inca  ruins. 
Products:  Potatoes,  quinine,  and  alfalfa. 

Vallegraude,  1  )ei)artment  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra ;  population, 
6,0(K>;  !>o  miles  (I.K)  km.)  from  Santa  Cruz.  Pro<lucts :  llice,  sugar, 
wheat,  tobacco,  quinine,  woods,  and  cattle  Carreteras  to  Tapera.s, 
San  Isidoro,  and  Painpagrrande. 

Viacha,  DepnrtnieiiL  of  La  Paz;  jiojudation,  2.0<)0;  altitude.  13,TCtO 
feet;  IS  miles  (30  km.)  from  La  Paz.  .Junction  jioint  of  the  dif- 
ferent railroad  lines  to  Iai  Paz,  vOruro,  and  I>ake  Titicaca.  Proil- 
ucts:  Potatoes,  barley,  and  live  stock.     Hotel,  Arica. 


CHILE. 

Maps  Nos.  21,  24,  26,  28,  and  29. 

Location. — Chile  is  a  llepuFjlic  on  tlie  western  coast  of  Soutli 
America,  famous  for  its  lengtli.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Peru, 
on  the  east  by  Bolivia  and  Argentina,  and  on  the  south  and  west  by 
the  Pacihc  Ocean.     The  coast  line  is  about  2,700  miles. 

Area  and  Population. — Area,  292,419  square  miles.  The  width  of 
the  country  varies  from  65  miles  (104  km.)  to  nearly  250  miles 
(402  km.)  ;  average  width,  87  miles  (139  km.)  ;  widest  at  Antofa- 
gasta.  Population,  3,870,023;  approximately  13  inhabitants  per 
square  mile.  There  are  many  inhabitants  of  pure  blood — descend- 
ants of  Spaniards  and  Europeans.  There  has  also  been  some  in- 
termarriage between  these  people  and  the  Indians. 

Topography. — The  crest  of  the  Andes  marks  the  eastern  boundary 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean  the  western  boundary  of  Chile.  The  Republic 
is  traversed  by  two  mountain  chains,  the  Cordillera  de  la  Costa  and 
the  Andes.  Between  these  tAvo  chains  lies  the  central  valley,  the 
great  agricultural  section.  The  country  may  be  divided  into  four 
zones : 

1.  Desert,  from  18°  to  27°  south  latitude.  Here  are  found  the 
nitrate  deposits.  This  zone  extends  from  the  northern  border  to 
about  Copiapo,  and  includes  the  ports  of  Iquique,  Taltal,  Antofa- 
gasta,  and  others.     It  is  rainless  and  sterile. 

2,  Mineral  zone,  from  27°  to  33°  south  latitude.  In  this  region 
the  Andes  reach  their  highest  i^oiut.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  cobalt, 
nickel,  lead,  etc.,  are  found  here.  This  zone  is  generally  arid ;  there 
is  a  fair  amount  of  cultivation  in  the  central  valley. 

3.  Agricultural  zone,  from  33°  to  42°  south  latitude,  known  as 
the  central  zone.  The  Andes  gradually  diminish  in  height  until  they 
reach  one-third  the  height  of  the  second  zone.  Between  the  coast 
mountain  range  and  the  Andes  there  is  an  exceedingly  fertile  val- 
ley, known  as  the  central  valley  of  Chile,  watered  by  numerous 
rivers.  It  is  about  60  miles  (98  km.)  in  length.  This  zone  also 
contains  coal,  other  minerals,  and  considerable  timber. 

4,  Southern  or  island  zone,  south  of  Puerto  Montt,  from  42°  to 
56°  latitude,  where  the  central  valley  falls  away  and  the  coast 
range  is  transformed  into  a  large  archipelago,  extending  along  the 
coast  as  far  as  Cape  Horn  and  including  the  island  of  Tierra  del 
Fuego  and  the  Territory  or  Magallanes.  It  is  but  thinly  populated, 
although  there  is  an  enormous  area  suitable  for  sheep  grazing. 

Rivers. — While  numerous  rivers  flow  from  the  mountains  to  the 
coast,  but  few  are  navigable.  Among  these  are  the  Maullin,  naviga- 
ble for  small  vessels  for  about  30  miles ;  the  Bueno,  navigable  for 
about  50  miles ;  the  Calle-Calle,  or  Rio  Valdivia ;  the  Cautin,  navi- 
gable for  about  30  miles ;  the  Bio-Bio,  about  100  miles  long,  naviga- 
ble by  flat-bottomed  boats;  and  the  Maulle,  navigable  for  about  75 
miles  by  small  vessels. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  the  coast  may  be  said  in  general  to 
resemble  that  of  the  Californian  coast ;  it  varies,  however,  accord- 

374 


CHILE.  376 

ing  to  the  laliludi*  and  natural  conditions,  in  tlip  tir>»t  zone  thpn- 
is  scarcely  any  rain ;  in  llu;  second  tiuTo  is  more,  but  it  is  not 
abundant;  in  tin-  liiird  zone  tlie  rains  arc  fre<iut'ni  ;  and  in  tJie 
fourth  zone  tlie  lireciiiitation  is  very  heavy,  in  some  plact-s  as  ninrli 
as  130  inclit'S  i)er  year.  Tlie  cliniale  is  aiso  intiut'nced  by  tlie  liuni- 
boldt  Current,  by  the  hif^h  mountains,  etc.  The  average  tempera- 
ture at  SanliaKo  is  50°  1-'.;  the  highest  in  the  north  is  91"  and  the 
lowest  in  the  south  is  17°  F,  In  the  north  the  weather  Is  hot  and 
dry  but  cool  at  ni^ht.  In  tlie  mountains  there  is  considerable  dif- 
ference between  day  and  ni^ht  temperatures.  Here  snowstorms 
are  frequent,  especially  diirins:  the  winter,  when  they  sometimes 
reach  the  central  valley. 

Seasons. — Tlie  seasons  are  chiefly  distinK^uished  by  fnHiuency  or 
lack  of  rain.  In  the  north  there  is  no  rain  in  any  month.  Between 
latitudes  30°  and  40°  the  winter  is  the  rainy  .season,  while  the 
summer  is  the  dry  sea.son.  South  of  40°  latitude  the  weather  is 
rainy  and  durinj?  the  summer  there  is  lieavy  preeipitation.  Around 
Santiago  there  is  a  long  dry  season,  and  in  southern  Chile  a  long 
rainy  season. 

Because  of  its  position  south  of  the  Equator,  the  seasons  are  the 
opposite  of  those  of  the  United  States:  Spring,  September  21  to 
December  21 ;  summer,  December  21  to  !March  21 ;  autumn,  ^larch 
21  to  June  21 ;  winter,  June  21  to  September  21. 

liining. — The  chief  source  of  Chilean  wealth  is  mining.  This 
includes  almost  every  variety  of  mineral,  but  certain  kinds  are  of 
outstanding  importance. 

Nitrate  Industry. — The  most  important  industry  of  Chile  is  that 
of  nitrate.  Owing  to  the  demand  for  this  mineral  during  the 
European  war,  the  Repiiblic  enjoyed  unprecedented  prosperity.  The 
export  tax  from  this  source  alone  amounted  to  over  .$;^1.(KH»,00()  in 
1916.  More  than  70  companies  are  conducting  operations.  The 
nitrate  deposits  lie  chiefly  between  Pisagua  and  Taltal,  a  distance 
of  about  4.'50  miles  (725  km.),  between  the  coast  range  and  the 
higlter  Andes. 

Copper, — This  industry  is  veiy  important,  being  developed  by 
capital  from  the  United  States.  The  mines  include  those  of  the 
Chile  Copper  Co..  at  Chuquicamata,  and  the  Braden  Copper  Co.,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Sewell,  Province  of  O'Higgins.  Other  copper 
mines  are  those  of  the  Naltagua  Copper  Co.  (French).  Another 
group  of  mines  in  the  Province  of  Coquimbo,  between  Ovalle  and 
Tongoy,  is  about  to  be  developed. 

Gold  and  Other  Minerals. — Gold,  silver,  and  salt  mines  are  im- 
portant, as  is  also  coal,  which  is  found  In  the  southern  portion  of 
Chile,  near  Talcahuano  and  Coronel,  there  being  about  130  coal 
mines  in  that  vicinity.  The  output  in  1015  reached  almost  1.171.504 
tons.     Salt,  gApsum,  etc.,  are  also  exploited. 

Agricultural  Products. — Agriculture  has  been  highly  develoi»e(l  in 
the  rich  central  valley,  where  the  products  of  the  Temperate  Zone, 
including  grains,  fruits,  and  vegetables,  are  grown.  There  has  been 
some  export.  Grape  culture  is  very  important  and  there  are  numer- 
ous vineyards  as  far  south  as  Concepcion.  Wine  making  is  n 
prominent  industry  in  the  Provinces  of  Santiago,  O'Higgins,  and 
Colchagua.  Other  products  are  barley,  rice,  beans,  peas,  lentils,  and 
potatoes.     Dairy  farming  is  increasing  in  importance. 


376 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 


Industries. — Mauufacturing  has  been  growing  in  importance  and 
numerous  manufacturing  enterprises  have  been  developed.  The  fol- 
lowing table  indicates  the  relative  importance  of  the  different 
plants : 


Class  of  establishments. 


Bfeweries , 

Glass  manufacturers 

Mills 

Sugar  retineries 

Macaroni  and  vprmiceili  factories 

Biscuit  factories 

Fruit  canneries  and  manulacttirers  of  fruit  prod- 
ucts  

Meat  factories 

Shipyards 

Hat  factories 

Corset  manufactm-ers 

Furniture  factories 

Sawmills 

Cement  factories 

Textilemills 

Manufactiu-ers  of  industrial  and  agricuUui-al  ma- 
chinery  

Manufactiu-ers  of  railway  cars 

Printers  and  publishers 

Tanneries 

Shoe  manufacturers 

Powder  manufacturers 

Soap  manufacturers 

Total 


Estab- 
lish- 
ments. 


8 
40 
12 

24 
6 

32 
11 
5 
V?A 
296 
3 
IS 


302 
129 

45 
9 

66 


Capital  in- 
vested. 


Pa-per  pesos. 
32,004,187 
3,499,059 
73, 160, 603 
25,967,501 
5,354,981 
2, 274, 874 

S,  975, 033 

048,000 

5, 575, 543 

0,545,651 

1,643,438 

28, 965, 458 

17, 587, 722 

4,358,000 

14,456,562 

4,580,000 
2,155,913 
26,218,181 
30,698,491 
20,988, 120 
146, 434 
10,432,395 


Produetion. 


326, 533, 146 


Paper  pesos. 
19,496,541 
2, 747, 973 
87,217,319 
29,602,420 
4,699,056 
3, 870, 340 

3, 623, 852 

1,050,543 

3,339,110 

4, 974, 794 

2, 185, 262 

30,264,526 

10,209,759 

2,703,000 

12,584,555 

3,800,000 
3,645,446 
36, 154, 862 
29,617,205 
26,366,961 
830, 681 
12,284,984 


331,269,189 


Forest  Products.— In  the  forest  regions  of  Chile  several  thousand 
sawmills  have  been  established  and  there  is  considerable  business  in 
many  kinds  of  woods;  among  these  are  oak,  mahogany,  ash,  pine, 
laurel,  etc. 

live  Stock.— The  statistics  of  exports  show  a  large  production  of 
wool  in  Chile.  A  good  deal  of  this  is  sent  to  Peru  and  other  coun- 
tries. The  raising  of  cattle  is  important,  and  the  "  estancias  "  of 
southern  Chile  have  aided  greatly  in  increasing  the  number  of 
sheep. 

language. — Spanish  is  the  official  language  of  Chile  and  is  the 
only  language  generally  used  in  business. 

Currency. — Chilean  currency  is  on  a  gold  basis,  but  gold  is  rarely 
used  in  counuercial  transactions.  The  gold  peso  is  the. unit  of 
value,  equivalent  to  $0,365  in  United  States  money.  The  currency 
of  the  country  is  the  paper  peso,  which  fluctuates  widely  in  value. 
The  paper  peso  is  divided  into  IGO  centavos.  Gold  pieces  of  20,  10, 
and  5  pesos  are  coined  but  rarely  seen.  There  are  notes  in  multi- 
ples of  the  paper  peso,  a  silver  peso,  silver  coins  of  40,  20,  10,  antl  5 
centavos,  and  copper  coins  of  2i,  2,  1,  and  one-half  centavos. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  of  weights  ami  meas- 
ures prevails. 


CHILE.  377 

Postage. — Letter  rate  to  and  from  tlie  United  StatPH,  5  c«-nt.s  fur 
the  tirsi  ouiic*',  and  o  cents  for  each  additional  onnec  or  fractional 
part  thereof. 

Telegrraph  Rates. — The  Government  tele^aph  system  coniniuni- 
cates  wiih  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  rotes  are  as  fcdlows: 
Ordinary  tfle^rranis,  Spiml.>^h,  0  (mmuuvos  (paper)  \n-r  word;  urircnt 
telej?rains,  Spanish.  18  cciitavos  (if-r  woi-d  :  nn-ssaircs  in  c'«>le  or  f«ir- 
eign  lanpuajfes,  extra  fees. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

United  States  and  Pacific  Line. — Sailinirs  al)our  monthly  for  (  ri.s- 
tobal.  Panama;  Callao  and  Molleudo,  Peru;  Arica.  Iquique,  Antn- 
faj?asta.  C'uqiuiubo,  and  \'alj)arais<i,  ("idle.  Fares  from  New  York : 
To  liaihoa.  $12();  Arica,  ^2ini;  Iquii|ue.  .$300;  Antofapasta,  Jf ;i25 ; 
Co(iuinibo,  $;>;)ii;  Valparaiso.  ^^Ail  Distances:  New  York  to  ("nlon, 
1,972  nautical  miU-s ;  Balboa  to  Arica,  2,177  miles;  Balboa  to 
Iquique,  2,247  miles;  Balboa  to  Antofafrasta,  2.013  ndlt's;  Balboa  to 
Valparaiso.  3.1UG  milew  Average  time  of  trip  from  New  York:  To 
Cristobal.  6  days;  Arica.  i;Vl(»  days;  Iquique,  14-17  days;  Anto- 
fagasta,  1-VlS  days;  Co(|uimbo.  17-20  days;  Valparaiso.  l.S-21  days. 

Panama  Railroad  Steamship  Line, — (Mlice.  24  State  Street  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  07.  Norlli  Biver  (West  Twenry-sevcnth  Street).  De- 
partures every  wet>k  for  Colon  (Cristobal)  i'anan»a;  thence  by 
steamers  of  Pacilic  Steam  Xavigati»>n  Co.,  Compauia  Sudamericana 
de  Vapores,  or  Peruvian  Line.  Fare:  New  York  to  Cristobal,  $7.5; 
through  Panama  Canal  (Cri.stobal  to  Balboa),  .$6. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — (Mhce,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  1(!.  East  Biver  (lUirling  Slip),  and  Pier  1.  North 
River.  Departures  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday  fen*  Colon  (Cris- 
tobal), Panama  ;  thence  by  steamer  of  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  (!o., 
Compania  Sudamericana  de  A'apores,  or  Peruvian  Line.  Fare,  New 
Y'ork  to  Cristobal,  $120. 

SAILINGS  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office.  62G-G30  Common 
Street,  New  t)rleans.  Dei)arlures  every  Wednesday  for  Cristobal. 
Canal  Zone;  thence  by  steamer  of  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.. 
C(»mpanfa  Sudamericana  de  Vapores,  or  Peruvian  Line.  Fare,  New 
Orleans  to  Cristobal   (Atlantic  side),  $106. 

SAILINGS  FROM  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha  (Oriental  Steamship  Co.). — Sailings  about  bi- 
moiithlv  for  west  coast  ports. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.— Office.  .''.08  California  Street.  San 
Francisco.  Sailings  sendmouthly  for  Balboa.  Paiuima  ;  thence  by 
steamers  <»f  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Compafda  Sudamericana 
de  Vapores,  or  Peruvian  Line.  Fares  from  San  Francisco  to  points 
in  Chile;  Arica,  $332;  Pisagu.a.  $337;  Junin,  .'«!3,37 ;  Caleta  Ruena, 


378  GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

$342;  Iquique,  $342;  Tocopilla,  $357;  Gatico,  $357;  Antofagasta. 
$367;  Taltal,  $372;  Chanaral,  $372;  Caldera,  $377;  Huasco,  $377; 
Coquimbo,  $377;  Valparaiso,  $382;  Talcahuano,  $397;  Coronel,  $397. 

OTHER  LINES  VISITING  CHILE. 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co. — Occasional  sailings  from  England, 
calling  at  Brazilian  ports,  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina,  and  Port  Stanley,  Punta  Arenas,  Coronel,  Talcahuano, 
and  Valparaiso,  Chile.  For  rates  of  fare  to  west-coast  ports,  see 
page  36. 

Compaiiia  Importadora  y  Exportadora  de  la  Patagonia. — Fort- 
nightly sailings  from  Buenos  Aires  to  Punta  Arenas,  calling  at 
intermediate  ports. 

Braun  &  Blanchard  Line. — Steamer  about  every  three  weeks  from 
Buenos  Aires  for  Punta  Arenas,  Talcahuano,  and  intermediate  ports. 
Fares  from  Valparaiso,  in  United  States  currency :  Talcahuano  and 
Tome,  $18.25;  Coronel,  $23.75;  Corral,  ,$36.50;  Ancud,  $42;  Puerto 
Montt,  $45.65;  Punta  Arenas,  $91.25.  Baggage  allowance,  24  cubic 
feet. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Wiegan  &  Cia. — National  steamers  Caupolican,  Cerda,  Tarapaca, 
and  General  Freire.  Weekly  sailings  from  Valparaiso,  calling  at 
Los  Vilos,  Puerto  Oscuro,  Coquimbo,  Huasco,  Taltal,.  Antofagasta, 
Mejillones,  Tocopilla,  and  Iquique. 

Gonzales,  Soffla  &  Cia. — Steamers  Taltal,  Iquique,  and  Chorrillos. 
Weekly  service  between  Valparaiso  and  Arica,  stopping  at  Coquimbo, 
Huasco,  Caldera,  Taltal,  Antofagasta,  Tocopilla,  and  Iquique.  Fare, 
Valparaiso  to  Arica,  $75.  Baggage  allowance,  20  cubic  feet  free; 
excess,  $18  per  ton. 

Borquez  &  Cia. — Steamers  Pisagua  and  Lobos.  Local  service  to 
the  north  and  south  of  Valparaiso. 

Sociedad  Anonima  Ganadera  y  Comercial  "  Menendez  Behety." — 
Regular  service  between  southern  ports  of  Chile  and  ports  of  Pata- 
gonia. 

CANVASSING  CHILE. 

Chief  Routes. — It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  lay  out  definite 
routes  for  individual  salesmen  to  follow.  Conditions  vary  as  much 
as  do  the  directions  from  which  the  country  may  be  approached,  so 
that  any  suggestions  can  only  be  tentative.  The  following  outlines 
indicate  but  a  few  routes  that  may  be  followed : 

1.  From  Argentina  by  way  of  Mendoza  to  Santiago  and  Valparaiso. 

2.  From  Bolivia  by  way  of  La  Paz  to  Arica  or  La  Paz  to  Anto- 
fagasta. 

3.  From  Peru  by  way  of  Mollendo  to  Arica  and  Iquique. 

4.  From  Bolivia  by  way  of  Potosi  and  Uyuni  to  Antofagasta. 

5.  From  Argentina  by  steamship  around  the  Horn  to  Punta  Arenas 
and  thence  northward  to  Puerto  Montt. 

Places  between  ports  may  be  reached  in  most  instances  by  steam-' 
ers,  either  local  or  direct,  and  in  the  interior  by  the  Longitudinal 
Railway,  which  has  short  branches  to  the  chief  ports. 


CHILE.  370 

Suggested  Route  from  the  North. — 

Arica  (port)  ;  to  'l'a<-iia  by  Arli-a  &  Taciia  Ilailway;  to  La  Paz, 
Bolivia,  by  Arica  &  La  I'az  Kailway,  touching  en  routp  CJalacotn  and 
Coroforo. 

I'isiiiaia  (port)  ;  ronnecte<l  with  Iqulquo  aiul  other  places  en  route 
by  nitrat*'  viiilways. 

.Tuiiiii  (port)  ;  .lunin  Railway  to  .small  places  near  by. 

Caleta  Buciia    (port)  ;  to  Tarapaca  via  Huaseo. 

Iquiquo  (port);  nitrate  railway  to  IMiitados;  from  this  point 
Chilean  Northern  LoiiKitudiiuil   Railway  to  the  s<juth, 

Tocopilla  (port)  ;  Anfrlo-Chilcan  Railway  (nitrate  road)  to  near- 
by points;  connection  with  Chilean  Northern  Lonjritudlnal  Railway 
at  Toco. 

Cobija   (port). 

Me.iillones  (port)  ;  branch  of  Antofafrasta  &  Bolivia  Railway  to 
Antofapista  ;  also  connections  with  main  line  of  same  road  to  the 
interior,  touching  Calama,  Ollague,  etc.  From  Calama  a  branch 
leads  to  Chiupiicaniata. 

AntofagastM  (port)  :  Antofas'ista  &  Bolivia  Railway;  connections 
with  Chilean  Northern  Railway  at  Baquedano.  This  road  also  to 
near-by  places. 

Taltal  (port)  ;  Taltal  Railway  to  nitrate  district  and  small 
places;  connection  with  Longritudinal  Railway  at  Santa  Catalina. 

Chanaral   (port)  ;  Chilean  National   Railway  to  I'ueblo  llundido. 

Caldera  (port)  ;  Chilefin  National  Railway  to  Copiapo  and  Valle- 
nar. 

Puerto  de  Carrizal  (port). 

Puerto  C(Xiuimbo  (port)  ;  Chilean  Nati<mal  Railway  to  La  Serena 
and  south  to  Valparaiso. 

Los  Vilos  (port)  ;  branch  to  Chilean  National  Railway 

Valparaiso  (port)  ;  (a)  railway  to  Mendoza,  Arwntina.  via  Quil- 
lata.  La  Galera,  San  Felipe,  Los  Andes,  and  Juncal ;  (/»)  railway  to 
Santiago  and  south  via  La  Galera. 

Santiago;  railway  to  port  of  San  Antonio;  Chilean  National  Rail- 
way to  south,  via  Rancagua,  San  Fernando,  Curico,  Talca ;  at  Taloa, 
branch  to  Constitucion. 

Talca;  Chilean  National  Railway  to  Linares.  I'arnil.  Chill.m,  and 
Tome. 

Concepcion  :  branch  of  Chilean  National  Railway  to  Talcnhuano 
(port>  ;  railway  to  Coronel  (port)  and  I^ota  (port)  ;  Chilean  Na- 
tional Railway  south  to  Temuco;  thence  Chilean  National  Railway 
to  Valdivia. 

Valdivia  (port)  ;  thence  Chilean  National  Railway  to  La  Union 
and  Osorno. 

Puerto  ^Montt  (port)  ;  thence  Braun  &  Blanchard  Line  to  Ancud 
and  Pnnta  Arenas. 

Salesmen's  Samples. — Salable  samples  of  any  kind  of  merchandise 
mny  be  introduced  into  Chile  for  a  period  of  six  months  if  a  bond 
is  given  to  guarantee  their  removal  or  the  payment  of  duty.  Such 
a  bon<l  may  be  .*<upplied  by  nny  reputable  merchant,  or.  if  preferred, 
a  cash  dei>osit  may  he  left  with  tlie  customhouse. 

Reexportation. — When  samples  are  nvxporte<l  within  six  months 
the  cash  is  refunded  or  the  bond  is  canceled!.  S.imples  m.-iy  he  im- 
porte<l   Through  one  port  and  export»>d   through  another,  but   it   is 


380  rrUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

uecessary  to  present  a  new  memorandinn  of  the  sample.s  or  make  a 
deposit  ol"  the  amount  of  duty  assessa!>le  ou  the  samples.  Deposit  is 
refunded  or  bond  canceled  ou  presentation  at  the  customhouse  at 
the  port  of  exportation  of  a  sp(>cial  certificate  viseed  by  the  consul 
of  Chile  in  the  port  of  destination  of  the  samples,  stating  that  the 
full  number  of  packages,  etc.,  has  been  landed  in  the  country  of 
destination.  If  samples  which  can  be  admitted  under  bond  are 
sold,  the  amount  of  the  duty  that  can  be  levied  against  them  is 
taken  from  the  deposit,  or  is  collected  on  the  bond  which  has  been 
given. 

Samples  of  No  Value. — When  samples  are  of  no  commercial  value, 
or  if  samples  of  commercial  value  are  mutilated,  so  as  to  render 
them  entirely  unsalable,  they  are  admitted  fi'ee  of  duty,  and  there 
is  no  restriction  as  to  reexportation.  Samples  of  shoes  consisting 
entirely  t>f  shoes  for  one  foot  only  must  be  mutilated  to  render 
them  unsalable.  This  is  done  to  prevent  the  Importation  of  the 
mates  through  some  other  port.  The  same  system  is  followed  with 
all  articles  of  a  similar  nature. 

Customhouse  Declaration. — This  document  must  show  definitely  the 
number  of  cases  and  samples  carried  by  the  salesman.  It  is  re- 
quired to  be  made  ou  Chilean  stamped  paper,  costing  40  ceutavos 
(approximately  8  cents  United  States  currency).  If  the  commercial 
traveler  leaves  one  customs  port  to  go  to  another  in  Chile,  a  certifi- 
cate on  stamped  paper  of  20  centavos  is  added  by  the  second  cus- 
tomhouse, stating  that  the  samples  agree  with  the  declaration  made 
at  the  first  port  of  entry.  At  each  successive!  port  of  entiy  at 
which  the  traveler  may  arrive  a  similar  certificate  is  added  to  his 
declaration.  The  original  declaration  may  be  made  at  a  Chilean 
consulate  before  embarking  for  Chile,  but  the  customs  authorities 
in  all  Chilean  ports  require  the  commercial  traveler  to  open  his 
baggage  so  that  it  may  be  examined  and  the  proper  duties  assessed. 

Time  Required  to  Clear. — When  samples  arrive  as  baggage  they 
can  ordinarily  be  cleared  within  one  or  two  days.  If  the  samples 
have  no  commercial  value  they  can  be  quickly  examinetl  and  not 
much  time  is  required.  When  samples  are  shipped  by  freight  they 
have  to  take  their  course  through  the  clearing  house,  and  the  time 
required  may  be  from  two  weeks  to  a  month.  In  any  event,  when 
sampl&s  have  a  commercial  value  the  services  of  a  customhouse 
broker  will  help  to  get  them  cleared  quickly. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — Commercial  travelers  may  import 
advertising  matter  for  c-omplimentary  distribution,  but  they  are  re- 
quired to  pay  duty,  except  in  the  case  of  catalogues,  which  are 
specifically  exempted.  As  is  the  case  in  most  countries  of  Latin 
America,  if  a  limited  number  of  souvenirs  or  souvenir  calendars 
are  carried,  there  probably  will  be  no  charge,  particularly  if  the 
traveler  is  discreet  and  tactful  in  his  relations  with  the  customs 
agents. 

Following  are  the  duties  (in  United  States  currency)  on  articles 
usually  carried:  Cards,  printed  or  lithographed,  with  names  or 
advertisements,  but  without  illustrations,  including  weight  of  inner 
packing,  33  cents  per  pound ;  cards,  post  cards,  bookmarks,  etc.,  with 
advertisements,  illustrations,  or  ornaments,  including  weight  of 
inner  packing,  82.8  cents  per  pound  ;  connnercial  advertisements  on 
post  cards  or  paper,  including  those  illustrated  or  framed,  almanacs, 


CHILK.  381 

and  othor  hook^:  for  adv^^itisinir  p\ii7>(ts«^K,  pross  weiclit,  16.6  ccsut."* 
per  pound  :  cuitmu'n'iHl  calalofnieR,  fr«^. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  seasons  in  Chile  are  the  rei'erse  of  those 
in  the  T^nito<i  States.  The  tiini-  for  visltinn  is  (1t'r»<^n(lent  upon  tli« 
fonditioiis  that  n-friilnte  the  hiisiness  in  tlie  resjieetive  lines. 

Traflfxc  from  Chile  to  Argentina. — <)n  account  of  tlie  l>eavy  snowfallH 

duritis  .Tniif.  July.  Au^rust,  aiul  SepteniiMT.   ititerniption.s  of  travel 

on  the  Andean  Itailway  are  frequent.     This  sliould  l)e  Ijome  lii  mind. 

Special  Baggage    Rates. — No  si)e<'ial   Ita^'f-'ap'   rates  are  alloweiL 

On  tlie  contrary,  the  rates  are  generally  quite  high. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — The  princiiial  cities  have  regulations 
imposing  taxes  on  foreign  commercial  ti'avelers,  but  they  liave  uol 
been  generally  enforced. 

Passports. — It  is  highly  desirable  in  Chile,  as  in  other  countries, 
to  have  a  passport.  This  should  bear  the  photograph  of  the  traveler. 
Advance  Information. — The  traveler  s1k)u1<1  inform  himself  of 
the  extent  and  possibilities  of  the  Chilean  market  before  leaving 
New  York.  This  can  be  done,  particularly  in  many  special  lines  of 
manufacture,  by  carefully  reading  the  publications  of  the  I'nited 
States  Government  containing  reports  made  by  sfiecial  agents  of 
the  Department  of  Commerce.  These  publications  are  listed  on 
page  582.  They  will  aid  the  traveler  in  deciding  which  places  to 
visit. 

Transportation. — Chile  is  one  of  the  countries  of  South  America 
best  supjilied  with  railroads.  The  Longitudinal  Kailroad  (under 
dilferent  names  in  various  sections),  mth  connections,  runs  from 
Puerto  !\Iontt,  in  the  middle  south,  to  Iquique.  in  the  north.  There 
are  connections  at  Santiago  with  Argentina,  by  way  of  Los  -Vndes, 
Mendoza,  and  Buenos  Aires.  In  the  north  connection  with  IJolivia 
is  had  from  Antofagasta  with  Uyunl  or  Potosl,  Bolivia,  and  from 
Arica  wltli  La  Paz,  Bolivia. 

Methods  of  Transportation. — It  will  be  found  by  consulting  the 
preceding  and  following  pages  that  most  of  the  important  places  in 
Chile  may  be  reached  by  steamers.  This  is  the  most  pleasant 
metliotl  of  traveling,  and  when  sei'vice  is  available  it  should  be 
taken  advantage  of.  On  the  other  hand,  if  no  steamer  is  to  he  had, 
it  may  be  advisable,  from  the  standpoint  of  economy  and  time,  to 
make  use  of  the  train  service. 

Buyers  in  Chile. — As  is  the  case  in  other  large  countries,  the  char- 
acter of  the  buyers  differs  greatly.  They  include  mining  companies, 
manufacturing  establislunents,  wholesale  merdiants.  retail  store.s. 
large  individual  buyers,  etc.  No  hard  and  fast  rule  can  be  laid 
down  as  to  the  methods  to  employ  in  canvassing  the  diff''rent  classes 
of  trade,  but  attention  is  drawn  to  the  fact  that  the  merchants  are 
very  keen  traders  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  ^vorld  condition-s. 

Methods  of  Canvassing. — These  are  determined  almost  entirely  by 
the  class  of  dealers  canvassed,  agency  arrangements,  and  the  pros- 
perity of  the  country.  A  number  of  very  largi-  institutions  have 
their  main  offices  in  Valparaiso  and  Santiago,  with  branch  houses 
in  such  places  as  Iquique.  Antofagasta,  Concejx-ion.  and  Valdivia. 
They  frequently  do  their  buying  in  the  main  house  and  supply  the 
other  stocks  from  the  main  otJice.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are 
important  distributing  houses,  as  well  as  large  retailers  (some  of 
whom  do  a  jobbing  and  distributing  business  iu  conuectiou).  who 


382  GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 

import  directly  from  the  United  States,  European,  and  Asiatic  coun- 
tries. In  order  to  obtain  tliat  trade,  it  is  necessary  to  tlioroughly 
canvass  places  such  as  Iquique,  Antofagasta,  Coquimbo,  Concepcion, 
and  Valdivia,  as  well  as  Santiago  and  Valparaiso.  Many  nitrate 
and  copper  mining  companies  operate  commissaries  and  general 
stores,  and  their  purchases  are  of  large  volume. 

Business  in  Nitrate  and  Copper  Districts. — Many  of  the  mining 
companies  operate  commissaries  or  stores  in  which  their  employees 
can  supply  themselves.  A  list  of  such  stores  is  easily  obtainable. 
The  volume  of  business  transacted  by  these  stores  is  considerable. 

Hotel  Rates. — There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  hotel  accom- 
modations in  this  country.  In  the  larger  cities,  such  as  Valparaiso, 
Santiago,  and  Concepcion,  the  rates  in  the  better  hotels  average 
from  $3  to  $7  per  day,  American  plan ;  European  plan  correspondingly 
lower.  In  the  second-class  hotels  in  these  cities  the  rates  are  from 
$2  to  $3.50  per  day.  In  the  nitrate  ports  of  the  north  the  rates 
are  comparatively  high,  and  in  the  best  hotels  range  from  $3.50 
to  $6  per  day,  American  plan.  In  the  second-class  hotels  the  rates 
are  somewhat  lower.  In  the  southern  part  and  interior  of  Chile 
the  accommodations  are  rather  inferior  and  range  in  price  from 
$1.50  to  $8.50  per  day,  Ajnerican  plan;  European  plan  somewhat 
lower. 

Exclusive  Agencies. — It  is  well  to  take  into  account  the  length  of 
Chile.  This  is  especially  important  in  considering  agencies  for  the 
west  coast.  It  is  practically  impof^ible  for  one  agency  to  cover  the 
Republics  of  Chile,  Ecuador,  Bolivia,  and  Peru  from  one  point. 

Selling  Seasons. — ^As  in  many  Latin-American  countries,  the  chief 
business  periods  are  just  before  the  Christmas  holidays,  the  few 
weeks  preceding  Easter,  and  before  the  national  holiday.  In  Chile 
the  chief  fete  day  is  September  18. 

Business  Hours. — As  a  rule,  business  hours  in  Chile,  as  in  many 
other  Latin-American  countries,  are  somewhat  longer  than  those  in 
the  United  States.  The  retail  stores  in  general  open  at  8  a.  m.  and 
close  at  7  p.  m.  In  the  small  towns  it  is  customary  to  keep  the 
stores  open  even  later,  sometimes  until  9  o'clock.  In  the  larger 
cities,  such  as  Santiago,  Valparaiso,  etc..  many  stores  close  com- 
pletely for  an  hour  to  an  hour  and  a  half  in  the  middle  of  the  day, 
usually  beginning  at  noon. 

Railway  Guide. — Upon  arrival  in  Santiago  travelers  are  recom- 
mended to  buy  a  copy  of  the  Guia  de  Los  Ferrocarriles,  published 
monthly  by  Daniel  Yague,  at  Santiago.  This  ^ide  contains  the 
timetables  and  also  gives  the  fares  to  different  points.  Price,  80 
eentavos. 

Arica  &  La  Paz  Railway. — One  passenger  train  weekly  between  La 
Paz  and,  Arica.  Train  leaves  Arica  on  Monday  at  4  p.  m.  and 
ai-rives  at  La  Paz  Tuesday  at  2.20  p.  m.  Train  leaves  La  Paz 
on  Thursday  at  4  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Arica  Friday  at  1  p.  m. 
Both  trains  make  connections  with  the  steamers  of  Companfa  Sud 
Americana  de  Vapores,  which  call  at  Arica  on  Mondays  from  Val- 
paraiso to  Panama,  and  on  Fridays  from  Panama  to  Valparaiso. 
No  other  steamship  lines  maintain  regular  service.  The  free- 
baggage  allowance  between  Arica  and  La  Paz  is  .50  kiloa 
(110  pounds)  ;  excess  baggage  is  charged  at  the  rate  of  $3  per  25 
kilos  (55  pounds). 


CHII.K. 


383 


Insurance  of  Baggage  for  Trans-Andean  Railway  Journey. — 
Travelers  should  invariahly  Insure  fhelr  ba«enKe  njijiinst  all  risks, 
iucludiii^'  those  of  lire.  pilfer.-iKe,  ete.  It  is  lundvisiilile  to  inalie  the 
trip  without  adequate  insurance  for  bat'Snpp.  Tf  not  otherwise  ob- 
tainable, arranireinents  may  be  made  for  n  polloy  with  Lloyd's  of 
London.     Lloyd's  airciits  may  be  found  in  all  the  principal  cities. 

Holidays  in  Chile. — Following  are  listed  the  cliicl  holidays  of  this 
liepublic.  The  Stat«'  relifrion  beiiifr  Roman  Catholic,  many  of  the 
feast  days  of  the  church  are  scruind<)usly  observed.  (Jenerully 
speakinp,  busim'ss  is  suspende<l  on  the  holidays  odicially  recotrnized, 
with  the  exception  that  in  the  small  interior  towns  the.se  days  are 
taken  advantapc  of  by  the  merchants  for  the  transaction  of  business 
"with  the  natives,  who  visit  the  communities  in  larpe  numbers : 
January  1.  New  Year's  Day:  (Jood  P'riday ;  Holy  Saturday;  The 
Ascension;  May  21.  anniversary  of  Battle  of  Iquique;  Corpus 
Christl ;  June  29.  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul ;  The  A.ssumption  ;  September 
38,  celebration  of  national  independence:  September  1ft,  celebration 
of  victories  of  army  and  navy;  Xovember  1.  All  Saints'  Day:  L)e- 
cember  8,  Immaculate  Conception;  December  25,  Christmas  Day. 
The  day  of  each  presidential  election  is  a  holiday  All  Saturdays 
after  2  p.  m.  are  lepal  holidays. 

AREA  AND  POPULATION. 


Provinces. 


Tacna 

Tarapaca 

Antofagasta 

Atacama 

Aconcagua 

Coquimbo 

Valparaiso 

Santiago 

O'Higgins 

Colchagua 

Curico 

Talca 

Maule 

Linares 

Nublo 

Concepcion 

Arauco 

Bio  Bio 

Malleco 

Cautin 

V^aldi\'ia 

Llanquihue 

Chiloe 

Magallanes  Territory. 


8,990 
16,6S9 
46,40S 
30,711 

.S,406 
14,n<)S 

l.TT.i 

5,  ^o;^ 

2,  I6S 

3,  Ml 
3,045 
3,864 
2,812 
3.969 
3,498 
3,313 
2, 180 
5,3.'')3 
3,303 
6,381 
8,991 

34,778 
6,979 
65,355 


Total. 


289.829 


Population 

I'opuiaiion 

in  1U17. 

mile. 

3S,12S 

4.24 

1.32,ftf.l 

7.94 

205, 662  ■ 

4.43 

63, 8'.'3 

2.08 

131,354 

24.29 

189,507 

13.44 

340,3-t7 

191.  74 

616,316 

104. 58 

120. 7.50 

55.69 

162,  C»66 

42.31 

114,671 

3f.65 

131,058 

33.91 

110,288 

39.30 

12.5,  S21 

28.98 

195, 302 

55.83 

26.5, 362 

80.09 

73,260 

33.47 

105,620 

19.73 

133,212 

40.33 

161,477 

25.30 

178,  .589 

19.86 

148,214 

4.17 

97,941 

14.03 

30,62:5 

.47 

3,870,002 


CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ANCUI),  Province  of  Chiloe;  port  on  northcru  j.art  of  Chiloe 
Island;  vessels  anchor  offshore;  population.  4.tXX"i.  Distant  765 
miles  (1.232  km.)   from  Santiago.     Climate,  mihl ;  very  rainy;  rain 


384  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

falls  on  170  to  180  days  a  year;  temperature  averages  51°.  Prin- 
cipal products :  Wheat,  potatoes,  and  other  agricultural  produce  of 
Temperate  Zone. 

How  Beached. — From  Talcahuauo  and  Punta  Arenas,  by  Braun  & 
Blanchard  Line  steamers ;  from  Santiajio,  by  Longitudinal  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Hotels. — Central,   Royal,  Coniercio,   Nielsen. 

Note. — ^There  is  a  good  deal  of  agricultural  and  timber  wealth  in 
the  vicinity.  Good  connection  v^lth  Puerto  Montt.  Not  generally 
canvassed  by  foreign  salesmen. 

ANTOFAGASTA.  capital  of  Province  of  Antofagasta.  Port ;  vessels 
anchor  1  to  li  miles  offshore ;  landing  by  shore  boat ;  charge,  2 
pesos  per  passenger.  Population,  65,000,  Distant  234  miles  (37(> 
km.)  south  of  Iquique.  964  miles  (1,552  km.)  from  Santiago,  573 
miles  (922  km.)  from  Oruro,  Bolivia,  575  miles  (925  km.)  from 
Valparaiso.  Principal  products :  Silver,  gold,  nitrate,  borate,  cop- 
per, iodine.     Industries :  Silver  smelting  works ;  nitrate  works. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers :  E. 
Alcayaga ;  J.  I.  Gantolla ;  G.  Rodriguez  -Granada ;  Oritz  &  <3o. ; 
Romero  &  Co. ;  Jorge  Larrieu.     Lloyd's  agent :  Barnett  &  Co, 

How  Reached. — From  Iquique,  by  Chilean  Longitudinal  Railway 
or  steamer ;  from  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Rail- 
way, time,  38  hours.  Steamship  service  north  and  south  weekly  by 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Compaiiia  Sudamericana  de  Vapores, 
and  Wiegan  &  Cla. 

Hotels. — Francia-Ingla  terra,  Londres,  Gran,  Mauri,  Belmont, 
Oriental,  Panama,  Espanol,  Europa,  Espana. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  Chile ;  Banco 
EspaSol  de  Chile ;  Banco  Mercantil  de  Bolivia ;  Caja  Nacional  de 
Ahorros. 

Note. — Tlie  most  important  port  in  northern  Chile.  Many  im- 
portant exporters  and  importers  are  established  at  this,  place.  It  is 
the  entrepot  for  the  mining  center  and  the  principal  tov\ms  of 
Bolivia.  A  Bolivian  customhouse  is  located  here.  There  is  good 
steamship  service  to  the  north  and  south.  The  business  of  Anto- 
fagasta has  increased  considerably  during  the  last  few  years.  May 
be  visited  advantageously  by  almost  all  salesmen  on  their  way  to 
Bolivia  from  the  south  or  on  their  departure  from  Bolivia  to  the 
south.  For  houses  which  require  subagents  in  northern  Chile,  this 
is  the  strategic  point,  as  the  Provinces  of  Tacna,  Tarapaca,  and 
Atacama  can  easily  be  canvassed  from  here. 

AS,ICA,  Province  of  Tacna.  Port ;  vessels  lie  about  one-half  mile 
from  shore ;  cost  of  landing,  $1  pei*  passenger  and  $1  for  each  pack- 
age. Population,  9,000.  Distant  907  nautical  miles  noxth  of  Val- 
paraiso, 40  miles  (64  km.)  from  Tacna,  112  nautical  miles  from 
Iquique,  133  nautical  miles  from  Mollendo,  1,491  miles  (2,311  km.) 
from  Santiago,  273  miles  (439  km.)  from  La  Paz,  Bolivia.  Prod- 
ucts: Copper,  silver,  molybdenum,  gold,  sulphur.  Industries:  Ship- 
ping and  mining;  also  smelting. 

American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  brokers :  Arica  Agencies, 
(Ltd.)  ;  J.  Bergelund ;  C.  G.  Bai-ahona ;  Thomas  Bradley;  .1.  Arthur 
Quiros.     Lloyd's  agent,  Arthur  F.  Lee. 

How  Beached. — From  La  Paz.  Bolivia,  by  Arica  &  La  Paz  Rail- 
way; from  Tacna,  by  Arica  &  Tacna  Railway,  $3  In  Chilean  cur- 


CHIL£.  385 

rency,  time  1^  liours;  from  Iquique,  by  steamer  fJhancay,  two  trips 
weekly;  from  Valp.iruiso,  Mollendo,  uiul  AntofimaKtu  hy  steuinerH. 

Steamship  Service. — I'udlic  Steam  Navigation  Co.  uu«l  Compufilii 
Stidamericiiiia  da  Vapores,  joim  wtH'kly  service,  from  ilu*  Koiitli  "n 
Sundays,  from  the  north  on  Tuesdays;  Peruvian  Line,  semimonthly  : 
Toyo  Ki.seri  Kalsha,  once  a  month  ;  CJonzHlez,  Sutliu  &  CIu.,  weekly 
to  \alparaiso. 

Hotels. —  \'erKara,  Fram-e.   Talare.  Americano,  Arica,  ('ontiueutal. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  de  Tacna  (V.  de  Nugent  &  Co.. 
npents;)  ;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Note. — This  port  owes  its  importance  to  the  construction  of  the 
railway  to  Bolivia.  It  is  the  entrepot  for  Tacna.  A  Kood  volume 
of  frelpht  is  handled  for  the  interior  of  Bolivia  and  for  the  Province 
of  Tacna.  C^anvas.sed  by  those  who  make  the  smaller  place.s.  Tacna 
is  easily  readied  by  the  Arica  &  Tacna  Railway.  It  has  a  cable  and 
wireless  station. 

CALDERA,  Province  of  Atacama  ;  population,  2,80<).  Port ;  ves.selK 
lie  about  half  mile  from  shore.  Distant  47  miles  (75  km.)  from 
Chanaral.  .">()  miles  (81  km.)  from  Copiapo,  G4:5  miles  (1,0.30  km.) 
from  Santiajro.  Temperature  averages  60°  F.  Principal  jiroducts: 
Copper,  g:old,  silver,  chinchilla.  Industries:  Silver  and  copper  smelt- 
Ins:  works;  car  building, 

American  consular  agent.  Lloyd's  agent,  Harry  Beckwith  Beax- 
ley.  Customhouse  brokers  :  Beazley  ;  MacKenzie ;  Carlos  Aranclhia  : 
Iqnadt  &  Co. 

How  Eeached. — From  Chanaral,  by  steamer  or  by  railroad  via 
Copiapo;  from  Copiapo,  by  Copiapo-Caldera  Railway.  Train  leaves 
Copiapo  at  9.10  a.  m.  and  anives  at  Caldera  at  11.15  a.  m. ;  leaves 
Oaldera  at  1.30  p.  m.  and  arrives  at  Copiapo  at  3.45  p.  m.  When 
steamers  stop  at  Caldera.  the  mail  and  passenger  train  leaves  Copi- 
apo at  6  a.  m.  and  arrives  at  Caldera  at  8  a.  m. :  leaves  Caldera  at 
9.10  a.  m. :  arrives  at  Copiapo  at  11.10  a.  m. 

Some  Hotels. — .Tuana  P.  de  Osorio,  Emilio  Pascal.  (Tulllermo 
Sch  after. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  the  Pro^ince  of  Atacama.  Owes 
Its  ii>]portaiice  to  the  copper  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Copiapo.  Gen- 
erally canvassed  by  sale.snien  who  work  closely. 

CHANARAL,  Province  of  Atacama;  population,  3.0<X);  Pacific 
port ;  vessels  anchor  about  three-fourths  mile  offshore.  I>istant  47 
miles  (75  km.)  from  Caldera,  40  miles  (65  km.)  from  Pueblo  Hun- 
dido,  and  7.')3  miles  (1.212  km.)  from  Santiago.  Climate,  mild. 
Industries:  Copper  smelting  is  most  important;  very  rich  mining 
district — copper,  gold,  coal,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Caldera,  by  steamer,  or  by  railroad  via 
Copi.ipo  ami  Pueblo  Hundido;  from  Taltal.  by  steamer:  from  the 
north,  by  Chilean  Longitudinal  Railway.  Regular  weekly  steam- 
ship service  by  the  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Compafifa 
Sudamericana  de  Vapores. 

Customhouse  broker,  .Jorge  Canturrios. 

Lloyd's  agent,  .T.  G.  Sheriff. 

Some  Hotels. — Central.  International.  Chanaral.  Ingles. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  port  in  the  Province  of  Atacanm. 
In  the  vicinity  are  numerous  mines  and  important  smelting  works. 

144297° — 20 25 


386  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

principally  for  cojiper.  which  is  shipped  through  this  port.  Not 
generally  canvassed  by  foreign  salesmen,  the  merchants  largely  de- 
pending upon  the  principal  imjiorters  of  Antofagasta. 

CKILLAN,  Province  of  Nul>le;  altitude,  375  feet;  population, 
40.000;  on  Nuble  River;  247  miles  (397  km.)  from  Santiago  by 
raih-oad,  and  92  miles  (148  km.)  from  TiUc-a.  Principal  products: 
Wine,  wheat,  and  cattle.  Industries:  Tanneries,  flour  mills,  and 
breweries. 

How  Reached.— From  Talca,  by  railroad  (Chilean  National).  3A 
hours;  fioni  Concepcion,  by  railroad;  from  Santiago,  by  railroad': 
fare,  22.20  Chilean  pesos;  baggage,  7.70  pe.sos  per  1(X)  kilos;  time, 
8i  hours 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  de 
Nuble;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile;  Gaja  Nacioual  de  Ahorros. 

Hotels. — (Jentral,  France,  Comercio,  Royal,  Nuevo  Leon. 

Note. — This  place  ov/es  its  importance"  to  the  fact  that  there  is 
considerable  agricultural  wealth  in  the  vicinity.  A  large  volume  of 
business  is  carried  on  in  fruits,  cereals,  wines,  etc.  Good  connec- 
tion by  railroad  with  Concepcion  to  the  southwest,  with  Talca  and 
Valparaiso  to  the  north,  and  with  Valdivia  to  the  south. 

CHUftUICAMATA,  Province  of  Antofagasta;  on  branch  line  of 
Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway;  14  miies  (23  km.)  from  Calama 
and  162  miles  (261  km.)  from  Antofagasta.  Products:  Chiefly  cop- 
per. 

How  Reached.— From  Antofagasta,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Rail- 
way ;  fi-oni  Calama,  by  Antofagasta  &  Bolivia  Railway,  IJ-hour 
trip,  two  trains  daily. 

Note. — Here  are  the  great  copper  mines  of  the  Chile  Copper 
Co.  This  is  an  exceedingly  important  mining  town,  having  an  out- 
put of  over  7,000.(X)0  pounds  of  copper  monthly.  The  population  is 
rapidly  increasing  and  is  expei-ted  soon  to  number  betv\'een  1.5.000 
and  20,000.  The  copper  company,  which  is  an  American  corpora- 
tion, has  a  commissary  here. 

CONCEPCION,  capital  of  Province  of  Concepcion;  altitude,  50 
feet;  population,  100,000;  on  Bio-Bio  River,  6  miles  (10  km.)  from 
its  mouth;  9  miles  (13  km.)  from  Talcahuano,  its  port;  10  miles 
(16  km.)  from  Penco;  354  miles  (571  km.)  from  Santiago.  Climate, 
mild;  temperature  averages  56°  F.  Principal  products:  Wine, 
corn,  fruits,  leather,  wool,  and  hides.  Industries:  Breweries,  tan- 
neries, flour  mills,  woodworking  plants,  coal  mining,  copper  smelting 
works,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Talcahuano,  by  railroad  or  electric  car, 
half-hour  trip;  from  Santiago,  by  railroad,  12  hours  (29..50  Chilean 
pesos;  baggage,  9.17  pesos  per  100  kilos)  ;  from  Coronel,  by  rail- 
road, 1  hour ;  from  Valparaiso,  by  railroad. 

Customhouse  brokers,  Franklin  &  Co.  and  Talcahuano  Agencies 
Co.     Lloyd's  agent.  Gibbs  &  Co. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamei-icano;  Banco  Espanol  de  Ghile; 
Banco  de  Concepcion  ;  Banco  de  Chile ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Agricola ; 
Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Hotels. — Wachler,  France,  Bolsa,  Cosmopolita,  Aleman,  Colon, 
Medici.  Visconte,  Royal. 

Note. — A  very  important  modern  town  in  southern  Chile.  Its  re- 
cent growth  has  been  very  rapid.     It  is  one  of  the  most  important 


rniLK.  387 

distributing  points  In  ilu-  s«iutluM-n  portion  of  tlic  ll«-iniiili. .  Tliore 
is  Ki'*'iit  ugriciiituriil  Ufultli,  wiiilc  liic  raisin;;  oi  siun-p,  cuttie.  and 
other  live  stoclv  is  an  important  okMiient  in  Its  prosperity.  This 
place  is  \v<  li  worthy  of  a  visit  from  all  salesmen,  as  there  are 
numerous  important  liusiness  houses  here. 

COPIAPO,  capital  of  I'ro\  inc.>  of  Atacama;  altitude,  uliout  1,0(»0 

.feet;  on  the  C'opiapo  Itiver  ;  jiopulation,  ll,(J<K);   'A)  miles   (SI  lim.) 

from  C'aldera,   617  miles    (DUO  km.)    from   Santia^jo.     Temi)erature 

averages  Gl°    F.     Priucipal   products:   Copper,  gold,   silver,   nlieut, 

barley,  hay,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Caldera,  by  railway;  train  leaves  (Jopiapo 
at  9.10  a.  m.  and  arrives  at  Caldera  at  ll.To  a.  m. ;  leaves  Caldera 
at  1.30  p.  m.  and  arri\es  at  Coitiajx)  at  3.45  p.  m. ;  n-ached  from 
Santiago  by  Longitudinal  Railway. 

Some  Leading  Hotels. — Atacama.  Ingles. 

Banks. — Banco  Auulo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  Chile;  Caja  de 
Aliorros. 

Note. — A  to\vn  midway  between  Antofagasta  and  Coquimbo.  noted 
chiefly  as  a  mining  town.  There  are  some  very  important  copiK'r 
mines  in  the  vicinity,  including  those  of  tlie  American  Smelting  *t 
Refining  Co.  anil  Copiapo  (Ltd.).  It  is  counei'ted  l»y  rail  witli  its 
r)ort,  Caldera.  A  considerable  business  is  carried  ou*  Not  gen- 
erally visited  by  Ami-rican  travelers,  except  tliose  who  canvass  the 
.smaller  places,  dependence  being  chielly  on  tlie  importers  of  Val- 
paraiso.  Santiago,  and  Antofagastii. 

COftTJIMBO,  Province  of  Coquiu.i)i>;  altitude,  90  feet;  p«ipulatlon. 
10,900.  i'acific  port;  ve.ssels  anchor  abnut  one-f<iurth  miii-  from 
shore.  Disiant  9  niiies  0~'  ku\.)  frcm  La  Serena.  (•a;>ital  of  Co- 
quimbo, 19S  miles  (320  km.)  from  Valparaiso.  32  miles  ( .">1  km.) 
nortli  of  Ovalle.  SoT  miles  (575  km.)  from  Sa?itiago.  Climate,  mild  ; 
moderate  rainfall;  tem|)erature  averages  60°  F.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Copper,  iron,  gonts,  chinchilla  skins,  fruits,  vegetables,  alfalfa. 
Industries:  Ctipper  mining  and  smelting,  planing  mills,  furniture, 
etc. 

American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  brokers:  Alvarez  Hnos. 
&  Cla. ;  J.  R.  Alvarez,  y  Cfa. ;  Ruperto  Alvarex  y  Cfa. ;  Morgado  & 
P.ahamondes :  F.  C.  Sii'vers  &  Co.;  C.  Videla  y  Cfa.;  iNxjuimlx* 
Agencies.     Lloyds  agent,  Huth  &  Co. 

How  Readied. — From  Valparaiso  and  Caldera,  by  steamer  or  rail- 
road (Chilean  National)  ;  from  La  Serena,  by  railroad,  one-half 
hour. 

Steamship  SeiTice. — Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Cia.  Su<l 
Americana  de  Vapores.  .loint  service  weekly,  northbound  Sinnlays. 
snutliboimd  Motulays;  Wiegan  &  Cia.,  weekly  .cervice  to  Valparaiso 
and   Iquique  and  intermediate  ports. 

Some  Hotels. — Rosario  v.  de  Cordove?;;  Luksic  &  Sparcic ;  Jose 
Tomas  Molinas. 

Banks. — Banco  Anplo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  C'liile:  Banco 
Espanol  de  Chile;  Ca.ia  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Note. — A  porr  midway  between  Antofagasta  and  Valparaiso. 
Owes  its  importance  chiefly  to  the  copper  and  Iron  miu's  in  The 
vicinity  and  to  the  smelting  works  of  large  American  and  other  com- 
panies. Tliere  is  considei-able  export  of  native  products,  including 
wool,  hides,  skins,  etc.     Growing  iu  importance  and  a  large  business 


388  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

is  done.  Easily  reached  from  Valparaiso  by  railroad  or  local 
steamers. 

COEONEL,  Province  of  Concepciou;  population,  14,000.  Principal 
coaling  port  on  the  coast ;  vessels  lie  close  to  shore.  Distant  372 
miles  (599  km.)  from  Santiago,  by  rail,  5  miles  (8  km.)  from  Lota, 
17  miles  (28  km.)  from  Concepcion,  41  miles  (65  km.)  from  Talca- 
huano.     Products :  Coal,  cereals,  cotton,  wine,  timber. 

Customhouse  brokers :  Coronel  Agencies  Co. ;  Franklin  &  Co. ; 
Luis  Jacobsen.     Lloyd's  agent,  Franklin  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Concepcion  and  Santiago,  by  railroad. 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  furnishes  fortnightly  service, 

Note. — In  the  vicinity  are  the  most  important  coal  mines  of  Chile. 

CURICO,  Province  of  Curico;  altitude,  690  feet;  population, 
18,000;  115  miles  (185  km.)  south  of  Santiago.  Products:  Grapes, 
cereals,  and  timber.  Industries :  Tanneries,  flour  mills,  brevreries, 
soap  and  candle  factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago,  by  Central  Railway ;  fare,  11.30 
pesos ;  baggage,  5.12  pesos  per  100  kilos ;  time.  3i  to  4  hours. 

Some  Hotels. — Castillo,  Comercio,  Lopez,  Gutierrez,  Gran  Hotel 
Central. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Curico;  Banco  Comercial  de  Curico;  Banco  de 
Chile;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacioual  de  Ahorros;  Bunco 
Comercial  de  CUrico. 

Note. — Located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  district.  Little 
direct  importing,  depending  chiefly  upon  Santiago. 

CRUZ  GRANDE,  situated  on  a  small  gulf  of  the  same  name;  30 
miles  (48  km.)  north  of  Coquimbo,  130  miles  (208  km.)  north  of 
Valparaiso. 

American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — By  coasting  steamer."?. 

Note. — This  is  the  shipping  point  for  Tofo,  near  which  lie  the 
Iron  deposits  of  the  Bethlehem  Steel  Co.  Tlie  mines  are  about  15 
miles  (25  km.)  from  the  dock,  connected  by  electric  railway.  This 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  important  ports  of  Chile,  because  of 
the  enormous  quantity  of  ore  already  in  sight, 

HUASCO,  Province  of  Atacama ;  population,  3.000 ;  Pacific  port ; 
vessels  lie  about  one-half  mile  offshore.  Distant  537  miles  (866 
km.)  from  Santiago,  93  miles  (149  km.)  south  from  Carrizal  Bajo, 
and  30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Vallenar.  Principal  products:  Com- 
pressed hay,  cattle,  copper,  silver,  and  gold ;  also  wine.  Industries  : 
Copper  smelting  works ;  mining  districts  of  Huasco  and  Santa  Rosa. 

Customhouse  brokers :  Craig.  Vance  &  Co.,  Torres  &  Co.,  and  Wie- 
gan  &  Cia.    Lloyd's  agents.  Craig,  Vance  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Caldera.  by  steamer ;  from  Coquimbo.  by 
steamer  or  railroad  via  Vallenar;  train  leaves  Vallenar  at  8.30 
a.  ni.  and  2.45  p.  m. ;  arrives  at  Huasco  11.45  a.  m.  and  5.25  p.  m. 

Steamship  Service. — Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Cia.  Sud 
Americana  de  Vapores,  joint  weekly  service;  Puerto  Montt-Iquique 
Line,  three  times  a  month ;  Wiegan  &  Cia.,  weekly  service  north 
and  south. 

Note. — This  port  is  midway  between  Copiapo  and  Coquimbo.  Can- 
vassed generally  by  the  houses  of  Santiago  and  Valparaiso. 

IftUIftTJE,  capital  of  Province  of  Tarapaca  ;  population,  70,000; 
port ;  vessels  lie  about  half  a  mile  offshore ;  lauding  by  shore  boat, 


CHILE.  389 

charf^e  $1  per  person  and  $1  p«r  ordinary  packH^o.  ivi.sinut  7H4 
nautical  nuit>.s  from  Valparaiso.  74  nautical  miles  lioiii  Ari<.-;i.  22ii 
nautical  miles  from  Antofajrasta,  and  l,31i7  miles  n.U74  kmj  from 
Santhmo.  Climate,  mild;  nevw  rains  (us  in  all  unratu  countrits)  ; 
temi)erature  averajres  06"  F.  I'rlueipal  producl-s:  >iliratus<,  iodine, 
and  salt. 

American  consular  agent.  Cu.stondiouse  brokers :  J.  de  AKuirre, 
A.  Aniliony,  J.  N.  Bravo.  Hector  Cauavaro,  Marcial  Velez,  Manuel 
J.  Masalias.     Lloyd's  agents,  Uibl.s  &  <Jo. 

How  Reached. — From  Valparai-so,  by  steamer  or  railroad;  from 
Arioa,  by  steamer  Chancay,  two  triptj  weekly;  from  the  north,  by 
nitrate  railroads. 

Banks. — Banco  AnKlo-vSntlamericano ;  Banco  de  Ciiile;  Banco 
Espanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros;  Banco  Itallauo. 

Some  Hotels. — Salon  Americano,  Phoenix,  8ik1  America,  Conti- 
nental. Geiiova,  Kuropa.  Ingles,  Suisse,  Espanol  Fonio.s,  Central, 
Chile,  Universal,  Royal. 

Note. — This  is  the  chief  port  of  Chile  north  of  Antofaga.sta ;  owes 
its  importance  to  the  niti'ate  industry,  much  of  this  material  being 
shipped  from  the  surrounding  country.  Many  salesun-u  find  it  ad- 
vantageous to  stop  off  nt  I(|ui(iue,  owing  to  the  large  number  of  im- 
portant houses  established  here. 

LA  SERENA,  capital  of  Province  of  Coquimbo;  population,  17,000; 
9  miles  (15  km.)  from  C<Miuimbo,  62  miles  (100  kjn. )  from  Ovalle. 
35  miles  (56  km.)  from  Vicuna,  and  304  miles  (586  km.  i  from  San- 
tiago. Temperature  averages  G0°  F.  Pnxlucts:  (Jold,  silver,  coi> 
per,  etc.  Industries:  Olive-oil  factories,  soap  making,  tanneries, 
mining,  and  metal  work. 

How  Reached. — From  Coquimbo,  by  railroad;  from  points  nortli 
and  south,  by  Longitudinal  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-t>udaniericano ;  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco 
Espanol  de  Chile ;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Some  Hotels. — Santiago,  Gran,  Serena. 

Note. — Heavy  exports  of  copper,  gold,  and  silver.  In  the  neigh- 
borhood is  considerable  agricultural  wealth.  Chielly  a  retail  cen- 
ter, the  houses  depending  upon  Santiago  and  Valparaiso. 

LINARES,  Province  of  Linares ;  altitude,  475  feet ;  population, 
14,700;  ISO  miles  (301  km.)  from  Santiago  and  31  miles  (51  km.) 
from  Talca. 

How  Reached. — From  Talca  and  Parral,  by  Longitudinal  Hall- 
way; from  Santiago,  by  Longitudinal  Railway;  6  hours;  f;"' .  iT.nu 
pesos :  baggage.  6.70  pesos  per  100  kilos. 

Some  Hotels. — Pauimavida,  Lazari,  Mardones,  Francia. 

Banks. — Banco  Espaiiol  de  Chile ;  Banco  de  Talca ;  Caja  Nacional 
de  Ahorros. 

Note. — This  is  a  town  of  growing  importance,  with  a  fair  volume 
of  business.     Canvasse<l  by  those  who  make  the  smaller  places. 

LOS  ANDES,  Province  of  Aconcagua  ;  altitude.  2.G75  feet ;  popuLa- 
tion,  10,474;  terminus  of  Transandine  Railway;  S7  mili>s  (141  km.) 
from  Santiago,  83  miles  (132  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  26  miles  (41 
km.)  from  Llai-LIai.  and  lu  miles  (16  km.)  from  San  Felipe  de 
Aconcagua.  Temperature  averages  61°  F.  Products:  Cereals,  to- 
bacco, wine,  cattle,  silver,  and  copper. 


390  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    xVM ERICA. 

How  Reached. — From  Mendoza,  Argentina,  by  Trausandine  Kail- 
way,  time  about  12  hours;  from  Valparaiso,  by  railroad,  time  4 
hours ;  from  Santiago,  by  railroad,  4  hours,  fare  9.10  pesos. 

Some  Hotels. — Sudamericano,  Central,  France,  Del  Oomercio, 
Transandino,  Ingles,  Italia. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile;  Caja  de 
Ahorros. 

Note. — This  is  not  a  very  important  commercial  center,  but  on  ac- 
count of  the  railway  connection  between  Chile  and  Argentina  it 
is  growing. 

LOTA,  Province  of  Concepcion;  population,  12,000.  Port  ou  Bay 
of  Arauco ;  vessels  lie  offshore ;  landing  by  shore  boats,  36  cents. 
Distant  5  miles  (8  km.)  from  Coroael,  21  miles  (37  km.)  from  Con- 
cepcion, 377  miles  (608  km.)  from  Santiago.  Principal  products: 
Coal,  copper,  hides,  bricks. 

How  Reached. — From  Coronel,  by  railroad,  one-half  hour ;  from 
Concepcion,  by  railroad,  lA  hours. 

Some  Hotels. — Gran  Maury,  Del  Comercio,  Ingles. 

Note. — Its  importance  is  due  chiefly  to  the  heavy  production  and 
shipment  of  coal.  Salesmen  who  canvass  Concepcion  are  in  easy 
reach  of  this  place. 

MEJILLONES,  Province  of  Antofagasta  ;  population,  4,000.  Port ; 
vessels  lie  one-fourth  mile  offshore.  On  a  branch  of  the  Antofagasta 
Ttaihvay  to  Bolivia,  57  miles  (91  km.)  from  Antofagasta,  1,003  miles 
(1,616  km.)  from  Santiago.  Principal  products:  Nitrate,  borate, 
copper,  tin. 

How  Reached. — From  Antofagasta.  by  Antofagasta  Railway  daily 
except  Sundays ;  time,  2|  hours.  Steamship  service  to  the  north 
and  south  weeklv  by  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Wiegan  <.^c 
Cla. 

Customhouse  brokers:  Nitrate  Agencies  (Ltd.)  :  M.  Balados. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Barnett  &  Co. 

Some  Hotels. — Colon,  Francia,  Ingles. 

Note. — A  port  which  owes  its  chief  importance  to  shipments  of 
nitrate  and  copper.  The  merchants  are  chiefly  branch  houses  of 
firms  located  in  Valparaiso,  Antofagasta,  etc.  Canvassed  by  those 
who  "  work  "  small  places. 

PISAGTIA,  Province  of  Tarapaca ;  population,  4..500.  Port ;  vessels 
lie  about  one-half  mile  oft"shore;  shore  boats  used,  charge  40  cents 
per  passenger.  Distant  39  miles  (64  km.)  from  Iquique,  1,292  miles 
(2,083  km.)  from  Santiago,  74  nautical  miles  from  Arica.  Prod- 
ucts: Nitrate,  iodine.     Climate,  hot. 

How  Reached. — From  Iquique,  by  steamers  and  by  nitrate  railroad 
(Ferrocarril  Salitrero)  ;  from  Arica,  by  steamer  Chancay,  twice 
weekly. 

Banks.— Banco  de  Chile ;  Caja  de  Ahorros. 

Customhouse  brokers :  Cia.  Comercial  y  Salitrero  "  La  Aguada ;  " 
Mariano  Terrazas.     Lloyd's  agent.  Wilfred  D.  Pettie. 

Note.— The  most  northerly  nitrate  port  of  the  Republic.  Owes  its 
entire  importance  to  the  nitrate  industry,  there  being  many  mines  in 
the  vicinitv.  Canvassed  usually  by  those  who  visit  the  smaller 
towns.  Easily  reached  by  steamers  plying  along  the  coast  and  by 
the  nitrate  railway  from  Iquique. 


CHILK.  .*i91 

PUERTO  MONTT,  (iipilnl  «>t'  ITovinc*!  >>{  Llanquiliiu- ;  ..ii  (;ulf  *if 
Reloiiciivi  ;  poiuilation,  S.OiH).  LuiitlinK;  Vessels  anchor  ofTshore. 
Distant  (JTl  niilcs  (],()S0  km.)  from  Santiago,  lli  miles  (20  i<ni.) 
from  Lake  IJanciuiliiie.  I'rincipal  products:  Potatoes,  timber. 
Industries:  Fisliin;:,  slock  raising;,  brcnverles,  sliot?  factories,  siisli 
and  door  factories.   Hour  mills. 

How  Reached. —  I'roui  C'onccpcion,  by  railway;  from  Puiita  Arenas 
and  from  Talcalmnnc.  by  Uraun  &  Blanchard  .steamers;  from  San- 
tiago, by  Loniritudiiial  Hallway ;  fare,  44  [»esos  Chilean  currency; 
baggage,  1.1.2.")  pesus  per  KK)  kilos. 

Customhouse  brokers:  lUaiin  &  Blanchard;  Puerto  Montt  Agen- 
cies Co.;  Jose  Ignacio  Maldonado. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  Lanquihue;  Banco  Osorno  y  La 
Union ;  Caja  Xacional  de  Ahorros. 

Some  Hotels. — Mirainar,  Hein,  Gran  Hotel  Cliile.  Central. 

Note. — An  important  port  of  middle  8«)uthern  Chile.  It  is  easily 
reached  from  the  south  by  steamers  and  from  the  north  by  railroad. 
A  good  bu.siness  is  carried  on  with  Valdivia.  As  a  rule,  canvas.«ed 
only  by  tliose  who  visit  the  smallei-  ttnvns;  dependence  chiefly  on  the 
importers  of  A'alparaiso  ami  Concepcion. 

PUNTA  ARENAS,  Territory  of  Magallanes;  population,  35,000. 
Port  on  the  Strait  of  ^Magellan  :  vessels  anchor  about  three-fourths 
mile  oll'sh(»re;  launches  are  use<l ;  cost,  $1.50  per  per.son,  $1  per 
package.  Distant  1,3<X)  miles  (2,003  km.)  from  Santiago,  1,445 
nautical  miles  from  Vrdpai-aiso.  and  1.355  nautical  miles  from 
Buenos  Aire.s.  Argentina.  Climate,  cool;  r.iin  about  150  days  a 
year;  temperature  averages  43"  F.  Principal  pnKlucts:  Sheep, 
fur,  skins,  wool,  whale  products,  and  coal.  Indu.stries;  Refrigeration 
and  preservation  of  meat,  sheep  growing,  and  timber  cutting. 

American  consul  and  vice  consul.  Customhouse  brokers :  Jose 
ilanuel  Vega,  Emilio  Blaya,  F.  Valverde,  and  Diaz,  Contardl  y 
Cla.     Lloyd's  agent.  Capt    A.  Merrick. 

How  Reached. — From  Ilio  Gallegos.  Argentina,  by  steamers;  from 
Ancud  and  lUienos  Aires  by  steamers.  There  is  a  railroad  to  the 
coal  lields  of  Loreta. 

Steamship  Service. — Pacitic  Steam  Navigation  Co. ;  Lamport  & 
Holt  Line,  fortnightly  sailings;  Braun  &  Blanchard  Line,  steamer 
every  three  weeks  between  I'unta  Arenas  and  Valparaiso.  Socia- 
dad  Anouima  Importadora  y  Exportadora  de  la  I'atagonia,  fort- 
nightly sailings  for  Buenos  Aires  and  port  en  i-oute. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  Punta  Arenas; 
Banco  de  IMagallanes ;  Banco  Yugoslavo  de  Chile ;  Banco  Espauol  de 
Chile. 

Hotels. — Royal.  Cosmo.s.  France,  El  Comercio,  Santiago,  Subma- 
i-ino,  ilagallanes.  Gran  Pacifico,  Imperial,  Withe,  Progreso. 

Note. — The  southernmost  town  of  Chile.  Has  had  a  very  rapid 
growth  in  the  last  few  years.  Owes  its  wealth  largely  to  the  cattle 
and  fur  industry.  Somewhat  diflicult  of  accei?s.  but  there  are  nu- 
merous important  houses  here  that  make  heavy  direct  importations. 
Ten  towns  can  be  reached  from  here  by  automobile  or  coast  steam- 
ers. Travel  by  automobile  is  rather  difficult  during  the  winter 
months.  April  to  September. 

RANCAGTJA.  capital  of  Province  of  O'Higgins;  altitude,  1.575 
feet;  population,  15,500;  on  Central  Railway:  165  miles  (269  km.  1 


392  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

from  Valparaiso  and  52  miles  (83  km.)  from  Santiago.  Products: 
Cereals,  potatoes,  alfalfa,  and  cattle.  Industries :  Flour  mills,  fruit 
and  vegetable  preserving;  also  copper,  silver,  and  gold  mining.  In 
this  Province  are  the  mines  of  the  Braden  Copper  Co, 

How   Reached. — From    Santiago,   by   Central   Railroad,   3   hours; 
fare,  5.80  pesos  Chilean  currency ;  baggage,  3.20  pesos  per  100  kilos. 
Hotels. — Peralta    (railway  station),  Americano,  Central,  Comer- 
cio,  Silva. 

Banks.— Banco  de  Chile ;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile ;  Caja  Nacional 
de  Ahorros. 

SAN  FELIPE,  Province  of  Aconcagua;  altitude,  2,100  feet;  popu- 
lation, 12,000;  78  miles  (125  km.)  from  Santiago  and  Valparaiso. 
Principal  products:  Silver,  copper,  gold,  cereals,  grapes,  and  to- 
bacco. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago,  by  railroad;  fare,  8.10  Chilean 
pesos ;  baggage,  4.18  pesos  per  100  kilos.  From  Valparaiso,  by  rail- 
road. 

Banks. — Banco   de   Chile;    Banco   Nacional;    Banco   Espanol    de 
Chile ;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 
Some  Hotels. — Luis  Fernandez  and  Rosali  Figueroa. 
Note. — This  town  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agi'icultural 
district.     The  business  is  principally  retail,  the  merchants  depend- 
ing upon  the  importers  of  Valparaiso  and  Santiago. 

SAN  FERNANDO,  capital  of  Province  of  Colchagua ;  altitude, 
1,075  feet;  population,  10,700;  83  miles  (133  km.)  from  Santiago 
and  197  miles  (319  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  Products:  Copper,  gold, 
silver,  sulphur,  and  cereals. 

How   Reached. — From   Santiago,   by   Chilean  Railway,   5   hours; 
fare,  8.40  Chilean  pesos;  baggage,  4.26  pesos  per  100  kilos.     From 
Valparaiso,  by  Chilean  Railway. 
Hotels, — Colon  and  Colchagua. 

Banks. —  Banco  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros;  Banco 
Espanol  de  Chile. 

SANTIAGO,  ProAince  of  Santiago;  capital  of  the  Republic;  alti- 
tude, 1,821  feet;  population,  500,000.  On  the  Mapocha  River;  116 
miles  (187  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  72  miles  (116  km.)  from  San 
Antonio,  nearest  seaport.  155  miles  (250  km.)  from  Talca,  890  miles 
(1,436  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.  Climate,  excellent; 
average  temperature,  60°  F.  Principal  products:  Copper,  silver, 
fruits,  honey,  hides.  Industries:  Agriculture  and  mining,  flour 
mills,  foundries,  machine  shops,  wood-working  plants,  tanneries, 
carriage  factories,  breweries,  shoe. and  soap  factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Valparaiso,  by  railroad ;  time.  3^  hours ; 
fare,  11.80  Chilean  pesos;  baggage,  5.24  pesos  per  100  kilos;  from 
Talca,  by  railroad,  6^  hours;  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad;  trains 
leave  Buenos  Aires  Sundays  8.30  a.  m.  and  Wednesdays  3  p.  m. ; 
arrive  in  Santiago  Mondays  at  11.23  p.  m.  and  Fridays  11.23  p.  m. ; 
the  Wednesday  train  stops  overnight  in  Mendoza.  Fare  from 
Buenos  Aires,  $89  (U.  S.  currency)  ;  free  baggage  allowance,  .50  kilos 
(110  pounds)  ;  excess  baggage,  27  cents  per  kilo. 

Conveyances. — Electric  tramcars  throughout  the  city.  Taxicabs, 
6  pesos  per  hour,  or  1.20  pesos  per  kilometer ;  Victorias,  3.50  pesos 
per  hour. 

Banks.— W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.'s  Bank;  Banco  Anglo-Sudamerieano 
(Ltd.),   Huerfanos  858;   Banco  de  Chile,   Huerfanos  930;   Banco 


CHUiE.  393 

Chileno  Garanlizailor  do  Vulores.  Hueiliuifis  sut;  r.:ui<.i  I^iiumoI 
de  Chile,  Estiido  198;  Banco  llii)otoc;a-i»)  dc  Chile,  llucrfan<js  WT ; 
Banco  Nacional,  Huerfauos  1102;  Banco  de  la  K^'piildica.  Hucifaiioa 
1072;  I'.aiKo  I'nimlar,  Avenue  de  las  Delicias  es<i.  Ahuinada;  Banco 
SantiaKO.  Abiiumda  198 ;  Banco  Union  Comercial,  Bandera  98, 
esq.  Moneda ;  <'a.ia  do  Credito  Hiin)tecaiii>,  llucrlnnos  ]21o; 
Caja  Nacional  de  Aliorros,  Morande  281-291 ;  Caja  de  Ahorros  do 
Santiajro,  Augustinas  esq.  Morande;  Banco  Italiano,  Hyerfanos  830; 
Ix)ndon  &  IJiver  rialo  Bank,  Iluorfaucs  1120;  A.  Kdwards  &  Co., 
Bandera  299;  Banco  P'rances  de  Chile,  Huerfanos  1072;  National 
City  Bank  of  Now  Yorli,  Bandera  249;  Banco  de  la  Indu.stria  y  del 
Coineroio,  cnrnor  Bandera  and  Moneda. 

Some  Hotels. — Oddo,  Grand.  Milan,  EspaQoI,  Urmeneta,  Melossi, 
Brink,  Santiago,  Kuyal,  Biarritz,  Ksi>ana,  Italia,  I'laza,  .Savoy.  J, a 
Marne. 

Cable  Offices. — West  Coast  (via  Eastern).  Huerfano.s  851;  South 
&  Central  American  Telegraph  Co.  (via  (Jalve-ston),  Huerfanos  2941. 

Note. — Santiap)  is  the  capital  of  the  Hcpubllc.  and  after  Val- 
paraiso the  most  important  market.  Almost  every  kind  of  business 
is  done  and  many  important  houses  have  their  headquarters  here. 
There  is  considerable  manufacturing  in  the  vicinity,  and  near  by 
are  numenui.s  mines  of  copper,  silver,  etc.  A  large  business  is  also 
done  in  agricultural  products,  cattle,  hides,  etc.  Should  be  visitetl 
by  every  salesman,  as  it  is  easily  accessible  both  from  Valparaiso 
and  by  the  railways  to  the  north  and  south.  An  excellent  place  for 
a  general  agency. 

TACNA,  Province  of  Tacna  ;  altitude,  1,865  feet ;  population.  11,.500. 
On  Tacna  River;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  the  Pacilic.  39  miles  (64 
km.)  from  Arlca.  1.471  miles  (2,372  km.)  from  Santiago,  by  rail. 
Principal  products:  Agricultural,  cotton  and  tropical  fruits,  copper 
and  sulphur.  Industries:  Mining,  tobacco,  and  shoe  factories,  tan- 
neries, and  foundries. 

How  Reached. — From  Arica,  by  Arica  &  Tacna  Railroad,  time  2 
hours;  from  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  b.v  Arica  &  La  Paz  Railroad;  from 
Santiago,  by  LougitHdinal  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile ;  Banco  de  Tacna ;  Caja  Nacional  de 
Ahorros. 

Some  Hotels. — Raiterl.  Americano,  Albini,  Milos. 

Note. — This  place  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  valley  in 
northern  Chile.  There  is  considerable  agricultural  wealth.  Can- 
vassed by  those  who  find  it  desirable  to  visit  the  smaller  places. 

TALCA,  Province  of  Talca ;  altitude.  351  feet;  population.  65.000; 
155  miles  (2.50  km.)  from  Santiago,  52  miles  (83  km.)  from  Con- 
cepcion.  Temperature  averages  56.5°  F.  l*rincipal  products:  Cat- 
tle and  agricultural  produce.  Industries:  Agriculture,  wine  grow- 
ing, flour  mills,  planing  mills,  shipbuilding. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago,  by  Longitudinal  Railroad  ;  fare, 
14.90  pesos  Chilean  currency ;  time.  5  hours  :  bagirage.  6.10  pesos  iier 
100  kilos;  from  Concepcion,  by  Longitudinal  Railroa*!. 

Banks, — Banco  de  (;^'hile;  Banco  de  Talca;  Banco  EspaQol  de 
Chile ;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Some  Hotels. — Intemacional,  National.  Talca,  Central. 

Note. — A  progn^ssive  city  in  a  rich  agricultural  dlstricl:.  Here 
are  important  tlour  and  grain  mills,  aod  a  large  business  is  done  in 


394  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

cereals  of  all  sorts.  There  is  some  manufacturing,  and  important 
commerce  is  conducted  with  tlie  north,  inchiding  Santiago,  Val- 
paraiso, etc.,  and  to  the  south  with  Concepcion,  Valdivia,  etc.  May 
be  visited  by  most  salesmen  to  some  advantage. 

TALCAHUANO,  Province  of  Concepcion  ;  port  on  Talcahuano  Bay  ; 
vessels  lie  offshore;  population,  40,000;  9  miles  (15  km.)  from 
Concepcion,  363  miles  (585  km.)  from  Santiago  by  railroad,  and 
240  nautical  miles  from  Valparaiso.  Principal  products:  Coal, 
wheat,  cereals,  nuts,  timber,  etc. 

American  consular  agent.  Customhouse  brokers :  William  K. 
Steel,  Franklin  &  Co.,  and  Talcahuano  Agencies  Co.  Lloyd's  agents. 
Gibbs  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago,  by  railroad ;  fare,  80.10  Chilean 
pesos;  baggage,  9.29  pesos  per  100  kilos;  time,  12  hours.  From 
Valparaiso,  by  steamer.  From  Concepcion.  by  electric  car  or  train, 
half-hour  trip.     Weekly  steamship  service  to  the  north  and  south. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamericano ;  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco 
Espanol  de  Chile ;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Some  Hotels. — Central,  Colon,  and  Comercio. 

Note. — This  place  is  quite  close  to  Concei)cion,  being  located  on 
Concepcion  Bay.  Chiefly  noted  for  its  coal  and  grain  exports,  and 
having  an  important  dry  dock  and  naval  station.  In  the  surround- 
ing country  there  is  great  agricultural  wealth,  making  possible  im- 
portant exports  of  wheat,  flour,  wool.  etc.  Iron  also  is  produced 
in  the  neighborhood.  Here  are  located  many  concerns  who  do 
direct  importing,  while  many  of  the  important  houses  of  Santiago 
and  Valparaiso  have  branches  at  Concepcion.  Worthy  of  sales- 
men's attention 

TALTAL,  Province  of  Antofagasta ;  population,  16,000 ;  Pacific 
port ;  vessels  anchor  about  one-half  mile  from  shore.  Distant  111 
miles  (178  km.)  south  of  Antofagasta.  93  miles  (149  km.)  from 
Cachinal  (nitrate  offices),  and  883  miles  (1,421  km.)  from  Santi- 
ago. Climate,  mild ;  temperature  averages  63°  F.  Products :  Bo- 
rax, alum,  gypsum,  borate  of  lime,  copper,  and  nitrate. 

How  Reached. — From  Antofagasta,  by  steamer ;  from  points  north 
and  south,  by  Longitudinal  Railway  in  connection  with  Taltal 
Railway. 

Customhouse  brokers:  Nitrate  Agencies  (Ltd.),  J.  de  Alfaro, 
Carlos  Aranciba,  Cordero  Hnos.,  J.  Antonio  Guerra.  Lloyd's 
agents,  Williamson,  Balfour  &  Co. 

Steamship  Service. — Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Cia.  Sud 
Americana  de  Vapores  jointly  have  weekly  service,  northbound  on 
Wednesdays,  southbound  on  Saturdays. 

Some  Hotels. — Central,  Cosmopolita,  Ingles,  Colon,  Santiago. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile ;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile,  Caja  Nacional 
de  Ahorros. 

Note. — This  port  owes  its  chief  importance  to  the  production  of 
nitrates.  Business  in  general  is  carried  on  with  Antofagasta  and 
Valparaiso.     Traveling  salesmen,  as  a  rule,  do  not  visit  Taltal. 

TEMUCO,  capital  of  the  Province  of  Cautin  ;  altitude,  350  feet ; 
population,  27.000;  locate<l  on  the  Cautin  River;  430  miles  (692 
km.)  from  Santiago  and  108  miles  (174  km.)  from  Valdivia.  In- 
dustries: Agriculture,  sheep  raising,  and  flour  mills. 


CHIfE. 


:jOo 


How  Reached. —  I>"n>m  S!iiiIi;iL'').  !>>  I.Miii,'iiiiilin;il  lUiilwiiy  ;  lur»*. 
3:}.!)  riiil'.iii  iifs.is;   l>a;:;;ii;,'t',  10.14  pesos  per  IW  kilos. 

Some  Hotels. — Ci'iitnil,   Teimico,   IH'    France.   Andriata.    FlspuOuI, 
-and  Koyal. 

Banks.— Banco  fU'  Chile;  Banco  Espafiol  de  Chile,  Caja  Naclonal 
de  Aliorros. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  place,  doing  considerable  business 
with  the  surroundinc:  country.  There  is  some  dire<-t  Importinj?. 
nlthoufih  most  of  the  nierclumts  are  depenilent  upon  the  imiiorters 
of  Saiitiiiiro. 

TOCOPILLA,  rrovinoe  of  Antofagasta ;  population,  8,700;  Pacific 
port  on  Al^'odon  Bay;  vess(>ls  anchor  about  one-third  mile  from 
shore,  ivistant  117  miles  (188  km.)  south  of  Lpiique.  1,110  mile.s 
(1,797  km.)  from  Santiago.  1(){)  miles  (17.j  km.)  from  Antofagasta, 
and  5")  miles  (80  km.)  from  Kl  Toco.  Principal  products:  Ni- 
trate, copper,  borate,  and  iodine. 

Custondiouse  brokers:  Carlos  Uobletlo  and  Sagua  &  Perez. 
Lloyd's  agent.  Charles  Wesley  Nicholls. 

How  Reached. — From  Iquique  and  Antofagasta,  by  steamer. 
From  Kl  Toco,  by  railroad  ( .Vnglo-Chih^n  )  ;  time,  3i  hours;  fare, 
$1.55.  Steamship  service  by  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Cfn. 
Sudamericana  de  Vapores, 'northbound  ou  Fri<lays,  southbound  on 
Thursdays:  Wiegan  &  Cfa.,  weekly  service  north  and  south. 

Some  Hotels.-^America,  Cosmopolita,  and  Garibaldi. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Caja  Naclonal  de  Ahorro.s. 

Note. — A  frt^  port  and  one  of  the  chief  shipping  points  for 
nitrate  and  copper.  Easily  reached  but  not  generally  canvassed 
except  by  those  who  "make"  the  smaller  places. 

VALDIVIA.  capital  of  Province  of  Valdivia ;  altitude,  75  feet; 
population,  2n.(io6.  On  Calle  Calle  River,  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  its 
mouth:  447  nnutical  miles  from  Valparaiso,  .")6  miles  (90  km.)  from 
Ost>rno.  .5.^5  miles  (803  km.)  from  Santiago,  12  miles  (19  km.)  from 
Puerto  Corral,  its  port.  Climate,  mild;  rain  about  160  days  per 
year;  temperature  averages  52°  F.  Principal  products:  Hides, 
wheat,  timber.  Industries:  Breweries,  distilleries,  caudle  factories, 
flrmr  mills,  iron  foundries,  etc. 

Customlunise  brokers,  Mally  &  Reccius.  Lloyd's  agent.  Charles 
Prochelle. 

How  Reached. — From  Osorno,  Talcahuano,  and  Temuco.  by  rail- 
road:  coTinecrion  at  Rosendo  with  Central  Railway;  time  to  Santi- 
ago, about  lU  hours;  fare,  41.30  Chilean  pesos;  baggage,  12.25 
pesos  per  100  kilos. 

Some  Hotels. — P.ussenius,  France,  Daguerre,  Haussmann,  Palace, 
Reimer.  Scliuster.  <'olon,  I'niversal,  Bielefeldt. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional 
de  Ahorros. 

Note. — The  most  important  city  south  of  Concepcion.  There  Is 
considerable  agricultural  wealth,  while  the  timber  industry  is  a 
source  of  great  iirf)sperity.  A  place  that  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit 
from  traveling  salesmen. 

VALPARAISO.  Province  of  Valparaiso  ;  population,  280,000.  Chief 
port  of  Chile:  vessels  anchor  about  one-half  mile  offshore;  landing 
by  small  boats.     Passengers  should  make  terms  with  boatmen  before 


39B  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

handing  over  baggage,  otherwise  charges  may  be  excessive ;  charges, 
40  cents  to  $1  per  passenger  or  package.  Distant  575  miles  (925 
km.)  from  Antofagasta,  116  miles  (187  km.)  from  Santiago.  Cli- 
mate, good ;  temperature  averages  60°  F.  Principal  products :  Agri- 
cultural. Industries :  Foundries,  machine  shops,  shoe,  soap,  candle, 
and  furniture  factories. 

Am.erican  consul  general,  consul,  and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent, 
iiuth  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Santiago,  by  railroad ;  tim6,  about  3i  hours ; 
fare,  11.80  Chilean  pesos ;  baggage,  5.24  pesos  per  100  kilos.  From 
Buenos  Aires,  by  Transandine  Railway ;  leave  Buenos  Aires  Sun- 
days at  8.30  a.  m.  and  Wednesdays  at  3  p.  m. ;  arrive  in  Santiago 
Mondays  and  Fridays  at  11.25  p.  m. ;  Wednesday  trains  stop  over- 
night at  Mendoza ;  first-class  fare,  with  sleeping  accommodations, 
$200.95  Argentine  currency.  Weekly  steamship  service  by  Pacific 
Steam  Navigation  Co.  and  Cia.  Sudamericana  de  Vapores, 

Eahks. — Banco  Anglo-Sudamericano,  Prat  276;  Banco  de  Chile, 
Prat  100;  Banco  A.  Edwards  &  Co.,  Prat  199;  Banco  Espanol  de 
Chile,  Prat  202 ;  Banco  Hiiwtecario  de  Valparaiso,  Prat  281 ;  Banco 
Italiano,  Cochrane  909;  Banco  Chile  y  Argentina,  Esmeralda  21; 
Banco  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Nacional,  Prat  119 ;  Banco 
JSantiago,  Prat  201;  Banco  Tarapaca  y  Argentina  (Ltd.),  Prat  276; 
National  City  Bank  of  New  Tork,  Arturo  Prat;  Caja  Nacional  de 
Ahorros,  Salvador  Donso  297. 

Hotels. — Colon,  Palace,  Grand,  Francia,  Valparaiso,  Aleman, 
Royal,  Ingles,  Commercial,  Espaua,  Acosta,  Carrasco,  Suisa,  Lebelle. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Caja  Comercial,  Blanco  683;  Pretat  Fon- 
taine &  Co.,  Blanco  495;  Villagran  Aguayo  y  Cla,  Errazuniz  1002; 
Wiegan  &  Cia.,  Cochrane  671. 

Steamship  Service. — Wiegan  &  Cia. :  Steamers  Caupolican,  Cerda, 
Tarapaca,  and  Gen.  Freire;  weekly  sailings  to  Los  Vilos.  Puerto 
Oscuro,  Coquimbo,  Huasco,  Taltal,  Antofagasta,  Mejillones,  Toco- 
pilla,  and  Iquique.  Gonzalez,  Soffia  &  Cia. :  Steamers  Taltal,  Iqui- 
que,  and  Chorrillos;  weekly  service  between  Valparaiso  and  Arica. 
Borquez  &  Cia. :  Steamers  Pisagna  and  Lohos;  local  service  to  the 
north  and  south.  Sociedad  Anonima  Ganadera  y  Comercial  "  Men- 
endez  Behety"  :  Regular  service  to  southern  ports  of  Chile  and  ports 
of  Patagonia. 

Conveyances. — Electric  tramcars  to  all  parts  of  city  and  suburbs. 
Fare  in  city,  10  cents ;  suburbs,  50  cents. 

Note. — ^This  is  the  second  largest  city  of  Chile  and  the  chief  port. 
A  large  volume  of  exports  is  handled  through  this  port,  while  the 
imports  also  are  large.  Should  be  canvassed  in  connection  with 
Santiago.  Some  houses  instruct  their  salesmen  to  visit  only  these 
two  places  and  depend  upon  the  wholesalers  here  to  canvass  Chile 
to  the  north  and  south. 

Vina  del  Mar  is  a  suburb  only  a  short  distance  from  the  business 
center.  It  is  situated  on  the  seashore.  Travelers  find  the  hotels 
here  more  comfortable  than  those  in  Valparaiso,  and  the  i^ates  are 
higher  only  during  the  tourist  season,  February  and  March.. 
Hotels :  The  Grand,  Francia,  Carrasco. 


CHILE.  3^7 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

OccRSionally  Hinxi  imiiortations  art'  iiimle  l>y  tirnis  or  companies 
located  in  t-ertaiii  of  (he  followinif  places.  It  is  advixabln  to  inquire 
in  the  nearest  lar^e  town  as  to  tnnle  ixjssHiilities. 

Angeles  (Los),  capital  of  l'rovinc«>  of  Hio-liio ;  popuiatioii,  13,<J<A>; 
altitude.  47!>  fwt ;  330  miles  (547  km.)  from  Saiitia«o  (fare  28.60 
Chilean  pes^.s.  buKtruKe  8.1>1>  pesos  per  1(H>  kilos)  ;  453  niile.s  (728 
km.)  fn»in  Valparaiso;  1*2  miles  (If)  km.  i  from  Santa  Vv.  Braneh 
line,  Santa  Fe  »S:  Los  An;?eles  Railway,  connects  with  trunk  line  of 
railway.  Hotels:  Montori  and  Bassaletti.  Bank.s :  Banco  de 
Chile ;'Banco  p]spanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Aliorros. 

Angol,  Province  of  Malleco;  population.  7.400;  altitude.  236  feet: 
85G  miles  (572  km.)  from  Santiago  (time  14  hours,  fare  21i.60 
Chilean  pesos,  ba^'paRe  9.19  pesos  per  KMJ  kilos)  ;  470  mib'S  (754 
km.)  from  Valparaiso;  43  miles  (68  km.)  from  Traitruen  (time  2 
hours).  Products:  Wheat,  barley,  and  cattle.  Industries:  Flour 
mills,  tatmeries.  soap  factories,  and  breweries.  Branch  line  con- 
nects at  Traiffuen  with  trunk  line  of  railway.  Hotels:  Daza,  (Gar- 
cia.    Banks:  Banco  Espailol  de  Chilo;  Caja  Nacional  de  .Vhorros. 

Araiico,  I'rovince  of  Arauco ;  popiUatiou.  3.25<>;  on  Arauco  River: 
5^  miles  (9  km.)  from  Carampan^'ue.  50  miles  {(<)  km.  >  from  Lebu. 
and  39."5  miles  (<538  km.)  from  Haniiago.  Rea<-hed  by  railwaj-  from 
Concepclon  to  Curanilahue,  thence  branch  line  to  Arauco.  Prinl- 
ucts:  Cereal.s.  coal,  and  woods.  Banks:  Banco  de  Arauco;  Caja 
Naciimal  de  Ahorros.     Hotels:  Rita  Barrnza,  Jo.se  Prouza. 

Buin,  Province  of  Santiiijro;  p<ipidation,  2,725;  altitude.  1,542 
feet;  on  Central  Railway;  20  nnles  (3:^  km.)  from  .Santlaj^o  (time 
45  minutes,  fare  2.10  Chilean  pesos.  bagjraKe  LU-t  pe.sos  per  100 
kilos).     Products:  Cattle,  alfalfa,  cereals,  and  cpper. 

Calama,  Province  of  Antofagasta ;  altitude,  7,27t)  f e«n ;  population. 
l.tXHJ;  14.S  miles  (239  km.)  from  Antofairasta  and  14  miles  (23  km.) 
from  Chuquictimata ;  on  Antofasasta  &  Bcdivla  Railway;  daily 
trains  from  Antofagasta ;  time,  10^  hours.  Products:  Copp«M-.  iron, 
silver;  also  asricultural  produce.  Hotels:  Sud  ADieri<-auo,  Siglo 
XV.  Iberia,  De  la  Balsa.  JVLiny  travelers  on  their  way  to  Bolivia 
make  a  stop  at  this  place  to  guard  agrainst  mountain  sickness. 

Calbuco,  cai)ital  of  the  Province  of  Carelmapu ;  population,  2,000: 
20  miles  (33  km.)  from  Puerto  Montt  and  37  miles  (60  km.)  from 
Ancud.  ~       -   -- • 

Caleta  Coloso,  Province  of  Antofagasta.  Port ;  vessels  anchor 
three-fourth.*^  mile  from  .<<hore.  Distant  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  An- 
tofagastti  and  9(35  miles  (1..555  km.)  from  Santiairo.  This  i.s  a  ni- 
trate port  on  the  Asnias  Blancas  Railway.  conne<;ted  by  numerotis 
branch  lines.     Steamship  service  to  Puerto  Montt  aii<l  .lunin. 

Caleta  Buena,  Province  of  Tarapaca ;  i)optdation,  2.000;  22  miles 
(35  km.)  from  Iquique.  Principal  products:  Nitr.ite,  iodine,  sul- 
phate, and  borax.  Daily  train  service  to  Hiiara  ;  time,  2i  hours. 
Connicted  by  branch  line  with  Rpiicjue  and  l'ii«ifrua. 

Canete.  Province  of  Arauco;  population.  2.30();  31  miles  (50  km.) 
from  Lei)U.  33  miles  (.54  km.)  from  Curanilahue  (nearest  .station), 
and  42S  miles  (G91  km.)  from  Santiago.  Products;  Cereals,  tim- 
ber, c(.>iil.  and  cattle.     Hotels :  Evert  and  Preto. 


398  GUIDE    TO    I-ATIN    AMERICA. 

Caracoles,  Province  of  Antofagasta  ;  population,  4,5<)0;  altitude, 
9,220  feet;  168  miles  (272  km.)  from  Antofagasta  and  17  miles  (27 
km.)  from  Sierra  Gorda,  on  the  Antofagasta  Railway.  Rich  con- 
per  and  silver  mines  are  located  in  this  vicinity. 

Carrizal  Bajo,  Province  of  Atacama ;  population,  1,000;  port; 
vessels  anchor  half  mile  from  shore.  Distant  15  miles  (25  km.) 
from  Jarrilas  and  72  miles  (116  km.)  from  Caldera.  Chief  prod- 
ucts :  Manganese,  lead,  and  skins.  On  the  Carrizal  Sierra  Blanca 
Railway. 

Cauquenes,  capital  of  Province  of  Maule ;  population.  12,000 ;  356 
miles  (573  km.)  from  Santiago  by  railroad  (fare  21.80  pesos,  bag- 
gage 7.61  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time  7 J  hours)  :  470  miles  (7.56  km.) 
from  Valparaiso  by  railroad.  On  branch  line  of  Central  Railway, 
branch  starting  at  Parral.  Banks:  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  de 
Talca  ;  Banco  Espanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros.  Hotels : 
Alarcon  and  Urantia.  Cauquenes  is  an  important  distributing 
point.     A  brisk  trade  is  carried  on ;  some  direct  Importing. 

Chanco,  Province  of  Maule;  population,  2,900;  5  miles  (8  km.) 
from  Cabo  Carranza.     Products:  Agricultural. 

Chepica,  Province  of  Curico ;  population.  2,.50O;  8  miles  (12  km.) 
from  Cunaco  (nearest  station).     Products:  Cereals  and  marble. 

Chimharongo,  Province  of  Colchagua ;  population,  1.000;  15  miles 
(24  km.)  from  San  Fernando;  95  miles  (154  km.)  from  Santiago 
(time  4  hours,  fare  9.30  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  4.-56  pesos  per  100 
kilos).     On  Central  Railway. 

Collipulii,  Province  of  Malleco;  population.  3,025;  370  miles  (597 
km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  30.30  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  9.33  pesos 
per  100  kilos)  ;  25  miles  (lO  km.)  from  Angol,  railway  and  carre- 
tera.  On  Longitudinal  Railway  between  Concepcion  and  Temuco. 
Products:  Wheat,  woods,  cattle.  Unexploited  mines  of  gold  and 
copper. 

Combarbala,  Province  of  Coquimbo;  population,  2,970;  on  River 
Combarbala.  On  Central  Railway  between  Ovalle  and  Illapel,  59 
miles  (95  km.)  from  Ovalle.  83  miles  (135  km.)  from  T.a  Serena, 
241  miles   (388  km.)  from  Santiago. 

Constitucion,  Province  of  Maule;  population,  8,875.  Port  at 
mouth  of  Maule  River  (navigable  by  small  craft)  ;  52  miles  (83  km.) 
from  Talca,  reached  by  branch  of  Longitudinal  Railroad,  3  hours; 
210  miles  (339  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  19.50  Chilean  pesos,  bag- 
gage 7.19  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time  9  hours).  Hotels:  Gran,  Gran 
Hotel  Serafini,  International,  Victoria,  Italia.  Products:  Wheat, 
wine,  and  other  agricultural  produce.  Industries:  Shipyards. 
Banks :  Banco  de  Constitucion,  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 

Corral,  Province  of  Valdivia ;  population.  1.600;  port,  11  miles 
(18  km.)  from  Valdivia,  2^  mJles  (4  km.)  from  Collico. 

Cunaco,  Province  of  Colcha,gua ;  population,  1.3.50 ;  on  branch  rail- 
way from  San  Fernando  to  Pichilemu,  connecting  at  San  Fernando 
with  main  line;  101  miles  (163  km.)  from  Santiago.  Products: 
Agricultural  produce,  etc. 

Curepto,  Province  of  Talca;  population,  1,500;  50  miles  (81  km.) 
from  Talca,  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  the  sea,  6  miles  (9  km.)  from 
River  Mataquito.  Carretera  to  Talca.  Lontue,  and  Concepcion 
(nearest  station).    Products:  Wheat,  beans,  and  potatoes. 


CHILE.  899 

Ercilla.  Province  of  MhIUmo;  populalion,  1.310;  altitinh-,  l,f>riO 
fei't  ;  874  iiiil(»s  (003  Uni. )  Ci.uii  Siiiitiiit,'ci  (fare  .'{O.SO  ('lilU*iiii  jm^hos, 
bafrgflKP  9.44  pesos  per  IW  kil<)s)  ;  S  miles  (14  km.)  from  Collipulli. 
4  miles  (7  km.)  from  Fidima.  On  Lonfritndiiial  Kaihvay.  iTod- 
\iots :  Cattle,  wheat,  corn,  beans,  potatoes,  ami  limber. 

Preirina,  I'rovince  of  Atacama;  p<)p\ilation,  1..S<X»;  altitude.  2«15 
.feet:  on  raihv.iy  from  Huasco  to  Vaiii-nar;  21  miles  (35  km.)  from 
Valieiiar  (time,  ::  luairs)  ;  !)  miles  (1.')  km.)  from  Huasco  (time,  40 
minute.')).     Mines:  (toltl,  silver.  co|)per,  cobalt. 

Gatico,  Province  of  Antofa.irasta  ;  population,  2,800 :  port.  30  miles 
(48  km.)  south  of  Tocopilla.  u.sed  chiefly  for  export  of  copper. 
Roa<l  to  Calama. 

Gorbea,  rrovince  of  Valdivia;  poimlation,  4.(rj.">:  altitude,  3(J0 
feet:  93  miles  (151  km.)  from  Valilivia.  by  T.onpitudinal  Railway; 
45G  miles  (735  km.)  from  Santiago  (lure  ;-ir>.30  Chilean  pesos,  baV 
pajre  10.{9  pesos  per  100  kilos).     Timber  and  aprricultural  products. 

Graneros,  I'rovince  of  O'Hlspins ;  population,  1,270;  altitude,  1.050 
feet;  on  Central  Kaihvay.  7  miles  (12  km.)  from  Itanca^nia,  44  miles 
(71  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  4.50  (['hilean  pesos,  bapfrape,  2.95 
pesos  per  100  kilos). 

Hospital,  I'rovince  of  O'Hijryins;  population,  1.352:  altitufle,  1.275 
feet;  oti  Central  Raihv.iy.  29  miles  (48  km.)  from  Sautiaeo  (time 
H  hours,  fare  3.20  Chilean  pesos,  bagrfrasre  2.38  pesos  per  1(M>  kilos)  ; 
21  miles  (35  km.)  from  Rancajrua. 

Huara,  Province  of  Tarapaca ;  population,  2.252;  altitude,  3.500 
feet;  on  Lonfritndinal  Railway.  11  miles  (is  km.)  from  Tarapaca. 
Daily  train  service  to  Caleta  lUiena.  tinie  2i  hours. 

Illapel.  Province  of  Coquimbo;  pojMi la t ion.  3,300:  altitude.  1.020 
feet;  on  Central  Railway,  10(5  miles  (31(i  km.)  from  Santiago.  198 
miles  (320  km.)  south  of  Serena.  40  miles  (79  km.)  from  I>os  Vilns. 
5-hour  trip  by  rail.     Hotel:  Arturo  I'rat.     Hank:  I?aiico  de  Chile. 

Junin,  I'rovince  of  Tarapaca  :  minor  port,  11  miles  (IS  km.)  south 
of  Pisacrua.  Chief  export:  Nitrate.  Reached  by  Pacific  Steam 
NavisTiition  Co.  and  Cfa.  Sud  Americana  de  Vapores  steamers  frdm 
north  and  south.  Train  service  to  Santa  Catalina.  25  miles  (40 
km.)   distant,  time  4  hours. 

La  Calera.  I'rovince  of  Valparai.so;  population.  4.200;  altitude.  080 
feet;  45  miles  (73  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  reached  by  railway;  73 
miles  (118  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  7.70  Chilean  pesos,  basrpage 
4.02  pesos  per  100  kilos).  P>ranch  line  starts  from  bore  to  I.a  Lijrua. 
Ranks:  Ranco  de  Chile.  Ranco  Espaiiol  de  Chile.  Ca.ia  de  Ahorros. 
Hotels :  Central.  Comercio. 

Lautaro,  Province  of  Cautin ;  population,  14,000;  altitude.  710 
feet;  on  Lonjritudinal  Railway;  17  miles  (28  km.)  from  Temuco; 
411  miles  (603  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  32.90  (^hilean  pesos,  bajj- 
prape  9.91  pe.sos  per  100  kilos).  Banks:  Banco  K.spafiol  de  Chile 
and  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros.  Hotels:  Dafmendrail  a  fid  V^r- 
scheure. 

Lebu  (Port),  Province  of  Arauco;  population.  9.000;  on  southern 
bank  (^f  Lebu  River,  near  its  mouth ;  45  nautical  miles  south  of 
Lota;  402  miles  (740  km.)  from  Santiago,  on  Sauces  and  Lebu 
branch  of  Santiago  Railway.  Also  renched  by  coa.sting  steamers 
from  Coronel  and  Talcahuano.     Products :  Coal,  timber,  and  agri- 


400  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

cultural     Hotels:  Central,  Rivera,  aud  Alemaii.     Bank:  Banco  de 
Chile. 

Ligua,  Province  of  Aconcagua ;  population,  2,400 ;  on  Ligua  River 
and  Calero-Oabilde  branch  railroad;  69  miles  (112  km.)  from  San 
Filipe;  113  miles  (181  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  10.80  Chilean 
pesos,  baggage  4.97  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time  4  hours).  Products: 
Oats,'  potatoes,  copper  silver.  Industries :  Smelting  vs'orks.  Bank : 
Banco  de  Chile. 

Limache,  Province  of  Valparaiso;  population,  3,800;  altitude,  295 
feet;  27  miles  (44  km.)  from  Valparaiso  by  railroad  (time,  H 
hours)  ;  89  miles  (144  km.)  from  Santiago  (time  Si  hours,  fare  9.20 
Chilean  pesos,  baggage  4.53  pesos  per  100  kilos).  Products:  Cop- 
per, silver,  and  gold.     Hotel:  Republica. 

Llai-Llai,  Province  of  Valparaiso;  population,  5,000;  altitude, 
1.280  feet;  on  Santiago-Valparaiso  railway,  at  junction  of  branch 
line  to  Los  Andes,  where  it  joins  the  Transandine  Railway ;  57  miles 
(92  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  6  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  3.46  pesos 
per  100  kilos,  time  2  hours)  ;  58  miles  (95  km.)  from  Valparaiso 
(time,  2*  hours).     Products:  Wheat,  gi-apes,  and  cattle. 

Los  Viios,  Province  of  Aconcagua ;  population,  8.500.  Minor  port ; 
vessels  anchor  about  one-half  mile  offshore.  Distant  142  miles 
(230  km.)  from  San  Filipe;  70  miles  (114  km.)  from  Valparaiso; 
48  miles  <79  km.)  from  lUapel,  by  rail;  220  miles  (355  km.)  from 
Santiago.  Reached  by  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  steamers,  fort- 
nightly service.  Chief  products:  Wheat,  grain,  and  other  agricul- 
tural products;  silver  and  manganese. 

Melipiila,  Province  of  Santiago;  population,  6,265;  altitude,  554 
feet.  On  San  Antonio  Railway;  38  miles  (61  km.)  from  Santiago, 
by  railroad  (fare  3.90  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  2.70  pesos  per  lOO 
kilos,  time  1^  hours)  ;  151  miles  (241  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  by  rail- 
road. Carreteras  to  Santiago,  Valparaiso,  and  Alhue.  Wine-grow- 
ing district.  Banks:  Banco  Espaiiol  de  Chile,  Banco  Nacional,  Caja 
de  Ahorros. '  Hotels  i  Central,  21  de  Mayo. 

Molina,  Province  of  Talca ;  population,  4,350;  altitude,  750  feet; 
124  miles  (200  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  12.20  Chilean  pesos,  bag- 
gage 5.34  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time  4  to  5  hours).  Products:  Wine, 
wheat,  linseed,  timber,  and  wood.  Industries:  Tobacco  factories. 
Banks':  Banco  Comercial  do  Curico  and  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros. 
Hotels:  Central  and  Miretti. 

Mulchen,  Province  of  Bio-Bio;  population.  6,500;  altitude,  425 
feet;  360  miles  (580  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  29.90  Chilean  pesos, 
baggage,  9.25  pesos  per  100  kilos).  Reached  from  Central  Railroad 
by  a  branch  from  Coigue  station,  25  miles  (40  km.),  time  about  Ih 
hours.  Agricultural  and  cattle-breeding  district.  Banks :  Banco  de 
Chile  and  Banco  de  Mulchen.     Hotels :  Chile  and  Martin. 

Nueva  Imperial,  capital  of  Department  of  Imperial.  Province  of 
Cautin;  population,  9,000;  situated  on  bank  of  Chulchal  River,  1 
mile  (14  Km.)  from  its  confluence  with  the  Cautin;  18  miles  <30 
km.)  west  of  Temuco,  on  railroad  from  Temuco  to  Carahue;  4.50 
miles  (726  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  35  Chilean  pesos,  baggage 
10.41  pesos  per  100  kilos).  Hotels:  Central  and  Duhalde.  Bank: 
Banco  de  Chile. 

Osorno,  Province  of  Llanquihue;  poulation,  10,000;  on  the 
Rahue  River,  tributary  of  Rio  Bueno;  57  miles  (92  km.)  from  Val- 


CHILE.  401 

divia,  reached  by  L<)iii,MHi(liii;il  Uallway;  r»02  miles  (9-4."»  km.)  from 
Santiago,  hy  Loii^'iliulinal  Railway  Mare  ll.;{o  Chilean  pesos,  hau'- 
gajje  12.25  pesos  per  KM)  kilos).  l'ro(lii<-ts:  Wheat,  oats,  apples, 
elder,  sheej).  and  eattle.  Hfttels:  Central,  Granil  Hotel  Osorno.  and 
Italiano.  Hanks:  Banco  de  <:hile;  Banco  Es[»ari(»l  de  (Jhlle;  Banco 
Osorno  y  La  Union;  Caja  NacionnI  tie  Ahorros. 

Ovalle,  Provin<'e  of  Coquimho;  population.  T.fMM);  altitude.  72."t 
feet;  8Ul  miles  (484  km.)  from  Santia;,'o,  71  miles  (113  km.)  from 
IJotpnnibo,  and  51  miles  (.s2  km.)  from  Tongoy  (time  4A  hours  by 
railroad).  Baidvs:  Banco  Ksnafutl  de  Chile;  Banco  de  Cliile;  Cajii 
Nacional  de  Ahorros.     Hotel :  Ovalle. 

Parral,  i'mvince  (d"  Linares;  i)opulMtion.  11,150;  altltu«le,  .500 
feet;  on  Central  Railway;  211  miles  (340  km.)  from  Santiatro  by 
railroad  (fare.  1U.5()  Chilean  pe.sos.  hai;^r.i;-'e  7.18  pesos  per  100  kilos, 
time  7  hours)  ;  29  miles  (48  km.)  from  Cauquenes  by  railroad. 
Products:  \\ines  and  cereals.  Industries:  Flour  mills,  taimeries, 
and  foundry.  Hotels:  Comercio  an<l  Uidon  Comercial.  Banks: 
Banco  de  Talca ;  Banco  Espafiol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  «le 
Ahorros. 

Pelequen,  Province  of  Colchagtm ;  population.  1.100;  altitude,  880 
I'eet ;  on  the  Central  Railway ;  branch  runs  from  here  to  Peumo 
and  Las  Cahras ;  73  miles  (117  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  7.40 
Chilean  pesos,  hagfjape  3.i»4  pe.sos  per  KM)  kilos,  time  3  h<mrs). 

Penco,  I'rovince  of  Concepcion ;  population,  5.019;  port;  6  miles 
(10  Ian.)  east  of  Talcahuano,  238  miles  (370  km.)  from  Valparaiso, 
and  330  miles  (.")32  km.)  from  Santiago  by  railroad;  on  branch  line 
to  Concepcion,  9  miles  (15  km.)  distant,  time  45  miuute.s.  SSufrar 
refinery  here,  \\eekly  service  by  Pacitic  Steam  Xavigatiou  Co.  and 
Cia.  Sudamericana  de  Vapores. 

Peumo,  Province  of  0"IlijrKins ;  population.  3,900;  on  branch  line 
of  railway  from  Pelequen  to  Las  Cabras ;  45  miles  (72  km.)  from 
RancaKua  and  00  miles  (145  km.)  from  Santiago  (fare  9.10  Chilean 
pesos,  bay.traKO  4.5o  ijesos  per  100  kilos).  Products:  Timber,  wheat, 
and  other  airricultiiral  produce. 

Putaendo,  Province  of  Acouagua ;  population,  2.800;  11  miles  (17 
km.)  I'rom  San  i-'elipe,  nearest  railroad  station;  on  Putaendo  River. 
I'roducts :  ('ereals,  wine,  copper,  silver. 

Quillota,  Province  of  Valparaiso;  population,  18.860:  38  miles 
(Gl  km.)  from  Valparaiso  and  80  miles  (128  km.)  from  Santiago 
(fare  8.40  Chile;>n  pesos,  baggage  4.2G  pesos  i)er  100  kilos).  Agricul- 
tural and  fruit-raising  district;  lime  beds.  Banks:  Banco  de 
Chile;  Banco  Esjiauol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacioiial  de  Ahorros. 

Quilpue,  Province  of  Valparaiso;  population.  4,150;  on  Santiago- 
Valparaiso  Railway;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Valparaiso;  102  miles 
(164  km.)  from  Santiago  (f.ire  10..50  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  4.88 
pesos  per  100  kilos)  ;  13  miles  (21  km.)  from  Limache.  Agi-lcul- 
tnral  district.     Hotels:  France,  Recreo. 

ftuirihue,  Province  of  Maule;  population,  3,200;  56  miles  (95  km.) 
from  Tome  an<l  34  miles  (55  km  i  from  Cauquenes.  Agriculttiral 
and    vineyard    district.     Hotel:  Belizario    Ortiz. 

Rengo,  Province  of  Colchagua  ;  population,  6.050:  altitude,  1.037 
feet;  on  Longitudinal  Railway.  (59  miles    (112  km.)   south  of  San- 
tiago (fare  7  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  3.80  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time 
about  2i  hours)  ;  183  nules  (289  km.)  from  Valiiaraiso.     I'ro<lucls; 
144297°— 20 20 


402  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA, 

Agricultural;  smoked  and  dried  meat.  Banks:  Banco  de  Chile, 
Banco  Santiago,  Caja  Nacionai  de  Ahorros.     Hotel :  Union. 

San  Antonio  (Puerto  Menor),  Province  of  Santiago;  population, 
7,000;  73  miles  (117  km.)  from  Santiago,  by  Santiago  and  San 
Antonio  Railroad;  43  miles  (69  km.)  from  Valparaiso.  Products: 
Wool  and  barley.  Hotels:  La  Marina,  La  Quinta,  Roma,  San  Anto- 
nio.    Banks:  Banco  Nacionai;  Caja  Nacionai  de  Ahorros. 

San  Carlos,  Province  of  Nuble;  population,  10,000;  on  Central 
Railway,  1.5  miles  (24  km.)  north  of  Chilian,  77  miles  (124  km.) 
from  Talca,  2i  hours.  Products:  Cereals,  timber,  wine,  copper, 
silver,  gold.  Banks:  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  de  Talca;  Caja  Na- 
cionai de  Ahorros.     Hotels :  Carlos  Abucoli,  E.  filunoz. 

San  I'l-ancisco  de  Limache,  Province  of  Valparaiso;  population, 
4,700;  26  miles  (44  km.)  from  Valparaiso,  reached  by  railroad. 
Products :  Cereals,  wine,  beer,  cattle. 

San  Javier,  Province  of  Linares;  population,  4,900;  25  miles  (40 
km.)  from  Linares,  167  miles  (270  km.)  from  Santiago,  by  Longi- 
tudinal Railway.  Products :  Cereals,  wines,  vegetables.  Banks : 
Banco  Espaiiol  de  Chile,  Caja  Nacionai  de  Ahorros.     Hotel :  Royal. 

San  Rosendo,  Province  of  Concepcion ;  population,  2,150 ;  on 
branch  line  of  Ferrocarril  del  Llano  de  Maipo  to  El  Melocoton,  42 
miles  (70  km.)  from  Concepcion,  310  miles  (500  km.)  from  Santiago 
(fare  26.70  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  8.61  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time 
about  12  hours). 

Tarapaca,  Province  of  Tarapaca ;  population,  850 ;  altitude,  4,500 
feet.  On  Tarapaca  River,  11  miles  (18  km.)  from  Estacion  Huara, 
75  miles  (120  km.)  from  Iquique.  Products:  Borax,  nitrate,  iodine, 
sulphate,  alfalfa. 

Toco,  El,  Province  of  Antofagasta;  population,  5,000;  altitude, 
3,300  feet.  Located  in  the  nitrate  region,  55  miles  (88  km.)  from 
Tocopilla ;  reached  by  Anglo-Chilean  Nitrate  Railway,  time  3f  hours. 

Tome,  Province  of  Concepcion;  population,  4,800;  21  miles  (33 
km.)  from  Concepcion.  by  rail,  li  hours;  320  miles  (516  km.)  from 
Santiago.  Products:  Coal,  wine.  Industries:  Flour  mills,  sugar 
refineries,  distilleries.  Weekly  service  by  Pacific  Steam  Navigation 
Co.  and  Cla.  Sudamericana  de  Vapores.  Banks :  Banco  de  Chile, 
Caja  Nacionai  de  Ahorros.     Hotel :  De  France. 

Tongoy,  Province  of  Coquimbo ;  population,  2,000.  Port ;  vessels 
anchor  about  one-half  mile  from  shore.  On  Enipalrai  and  Tongoy 
Railway,  27  miles  (43  km.)  south  of  Coquimbo,  40  miles  (64  km.) 
from  La  Serena,  48  miles  (76  km.)  from  Ovalle,  time  5  hours. 
Reached  by  Chilean  State  Railways  and  by  small  coasting  steamers. 
Considerable  export  of  copper,  the  port  being  the  outlet  for  the 
copper  mines  of  Tamaya.  Chief  business  transacted  with  Coquimbo 
and  Valparaiso. 

Traiguen,  Province  of  Malleco ;  population,  7,655 ;  on  Angol  branch 
of  Central  Railway;  339  miles  (546  km.)  south  of  Santiago  (fare 
32.30  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  9.77  pesos  per  100  kilos,  time  about 
16  hours)  ;  43  miles  (69  km.)  from  Angol,  time  about  2  hours. 
Products:  Wheat,  barley,  potatoes.  Industries:  Flour  and  saw 
mills.  Banks:  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  E.spanol  de  Chile;  Caja 
Nacionai  de  Ahorros. 

Union,  La,  Province  of  Valdivia ;  population,  3,500 ;  on  Longitu- 
dinal Railway;  28  miles  (46  km.)  from  Osorno;  32  miles  (53  km.) 


cinij=:.  403 

from  Valdivia ;  .lO^l  inili's  (910  Um.^  frf>ni  Santtapi  (faro  44i.30 
Chilean  pesos,  hatrpitr*'  ll.SH)  pesos  [n-r  KMi  kilos).  I'rfMlucts:  Iron, 
coal,  woods,  cattle.  Hank:  Banco  Osorno  y  La  I'nion.  Hotels: 
Alvarez,  Jijun;.,'.  Salceto. 

Vallenar,  Province  «)f  Atacama ;  population,  5,600;  altltnfle,  1,243 
feet;  on  Lonf;itu(liiial  Kailway ;  :W  miles  (48  km.)  from  Huasco, 
3i-hour  journey  l)y  railway;  21  miles  (34  km.)  from  Fn'irlna.  by 
railway;  505  miles  (810  km.)  from  Santiago.  l'ro«luct.s :  Gold,  sil- 
ver. cop[ier.  fruit,  wine,  wheat,  oats.  Banks:  Banco  de  Chile; 
Banco  Kspanol  de  Chile;  Caja  Nacioiial  de  .Vliorros. 

Vicuna,  Province  of  (^Hiuiuilio ;  population,  .3,<mm>;  altitude.  1,975 
feet;  on  Coquimho  Biver  and  Coquiniho-Uivadavia  Railway  ;  4S  miles 
(77  km.)  from  Coquinilvt.  3i-liour  trip;  124  miles  (200  km.)  from 
Copiapo;  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  Kivadavia,  1-hour  trip;  4o2  miles 
(648  km.)  from  Santiapo.  Products:  Copper,  wints,  l)randie.s,  dried 
fruits.     Banks:  Banco  de  Chile;  Banco  EspaDol  de  Chile. 

Victoria,  Province  of  Malleco;  population.  12,150;  altitude.  1.075 
feet;  on. Central  Railway;  25  miles  (40  km.)  fr»mi  Anpol,  capital  of 
Province;  389  miles  (028  km.)  south  of  Sanria>ro  (fare  31.00  Chilean 
pesos,  bapgajxe  6.92  pesos  per  1*K)  kilos)  ;  20  miles  (.32  km.)  from 
Traiguen.  Industries:  I>istilleries,  sawmills,  tanneries,  textile  mills. 
Hotels :  Aleman,  Frances,  Victoria,  Royal.  Banks :  Banco  Espafiol 
de  Chile;  Ca.ia  Nacional  de  Ahorro.s. 

Vina  del  Mar,  Province  of  Valparaiso ;  population,  .32. .577 ;  st^aside 
resort;  on  Santiag.o-Valparalso  Railway:  (5  miles  (10  km.)  frrmi 
Valparaiso,  one-half  hour  trip;  111  miles  (177  km.)  from  Santiago. 
4-hour  trip  (fare  11.20  Chilean  pesos,  baggage  5.09  pesos  per  100 
kilos).  Industries:  Sugar  refineries,  cotton  factories,  machine 
shops.  Hotels:  Gran,  Francia,  Carrasco,  Acosta.  Banks:  Banco 
de  Chile;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros;  Banco  Nacional. 


EAST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 
ARGENTINA, 

Maps  Nos.  21,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  and  29. 

location. — Bounded  on  the  north  by  Bolivia  and  Paraguay,  on 
the  east  by  Paraguay,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on 
the  south  by  the  Atlantic  and  Chii<^,  and  on  the  west  by  Chile. 

Physical  Features.— Argentina  is  wedge-shaped.  Its  leugth  is 
2,285  miles;  its  greatest  width  930  miles,  and  its  coast  line  about 
1,665  miles.  It  may  be  said  to  have  three  divisions:  First,  the 
mountainous  zone  and  table-lands  of  the  west,  which  extend  the 
full  length  of  the  Republic;  second,  the  great  plain  or  pampas  of 
the  east,  from  the  Rio  Pilcomayo  to  the  Rio  NegTo;.  third,  the 
great  arid  section  of  Patagonia.  The  pampas  are  the  source  of  the 
wonderful  wealth  of  Argentina,  making  possible  the  raising  of 
wheat  and  other  grains  and  the  development  of  the  live-stock  indus- 
try. There  are  heavily  wooded  areas  in  the  north.  The  region  of 
Patagonia  is  a  great  wool  country,  rapidly  increasing,  in  importance. 

Lakes.— The  principal  lakes  of  Argentina  are:  Nahuel-Huapi,  in 
the  extreme  south  of  Neuquen,  about  40  miles  long  and  10  miles 
broad;  Buenos  Aires  (partly  in  Chile),  about  75  miles  long;  San 
Martin  (partly  in  Chile)  ;  and  Viedma,  about  40  miles  long  and  12 
miles  broad. 

Rivers.— Argentina  has  five  river  systems,  namely : 

Plate  River  system,  including  the  principal  rivers  of  the  north, 
together  with  their  tributaries.  Most  of  these  rivers  rise  beyond 
the  limits  of  Argentina.  The  chief  streams  of  this  division  are  the 
Parana,  Iguazu,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  Pilcomayo,  Bermejo,  and 
the  northern  Salado  or  Juraraento.  The  Parana,  Paraguay,  and 
Uruguay  are  of  supreme  importance. 

'  Central  system,  including  tlie  Dulce  and  the  five  Cordoba  rivers — 
Primero,  Seguudo,  Tercio,  Cuarto,  and  Quinto.  The  Tercio  and 
Cuarto  join  at  Saladillo  and  form  the  Carcarana,  which  unites 
with  the  Parana  above  Rosario,  and  therefore  might  be  included  in 
the  first  division. 

Cordillera  system,  including  those  streams  which  rise  in  the 
western  mountains  and  have  no  outlet  except  in  the  lagoons  of  the 
plains.  These  rivers  are  the  Bermejo,  Jachal,  Mendoza,  San  Juan, 
Diamante,  Tunuyan,  Atuel,  etc. 

Pampa  system,  including  the  small  rivers  which  water  the  plains 
of  Buenos  Aires  and  flow  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Salado  and 
Azul  are  the  principal  ones. 

Patagonian  system,  including  the  Colorado,  which  is  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  the  Grande  and  the  Barrancas;  the  Negro, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Neuquen  and  Limay  Rivers;  the 
Chubut,  which  is  joined  from  the  south  by  the  Senguer  or  Ghico ; 
the  Deseado,  the  Belgrano  or  Chico.  the  Santa  Cruz,  the  Coile,  and 

404 


ARCJKNTrNA. 


405 


thf  (inlN'trns.     With  fhc  ('Xf«'|»tion  of  ilw  ('nlursitio  nml  X»';.'n>,  nuvl- 
fliitidii  nil  tlif'sc  riv.Ts  is  (lilliciilt  atnl  sonn'tlint's  iiii|)riietlfuble. 

Area  and  Population. — Th<>  t.ilil»>  wliicli  follows  (ilvt-s  the  area  by 
politiciil  divisions,  also  the  population  statistics  lor  the  year  1914. 
The  estiuiuteil  population  of  Arj,'entiuu  in  1911)  was  9.(X)0.6uO. 


T'olitioal'livi^ion^. 


FEDERAL  IHSTRICT. 


Biionos  \irps 

Martin  Oarcia  Island. 


Buenos  .Vires 

Santa  Fe 

Cordoba 

Entre  Rios 

Corrientcs 

Pan  Luis 

Santiiipode  I-'stero. 

Tucuraan 

Mcndo..a 

San  Juan 

La  Rioja 

Catamarca 

Salta 

Jujuy 


TERRITORIE.'!. 


Misinnes 

Formosa 

Chnco 

Pampa  Central. . 

Neuquon 

Rio  Negro 

rhubut 

Santa  Cniz 

Ticrra  del  Fuego. 
Los  .\nde3 


'Population' ?«P°'f/'7 


117,777 

r>o,m 
ft;,  91 2 

29,211 
33,535 
29,085 

.55,38.'^ 
10.4?J 
5(.,5n-2 
37,  sr,,"i 
37,8.30 
3f.,S0O 
4S.3(VJ 
14,'JVj 


11,511 
■}  1.402 
.^2.741 
5'>,32i> 
40,  .=i.TO 
79,Si).'> 
9^, 427 
10it,142 
8,299 
.34,710 


Total 1, 153, 1 19       7,  S49,.385 


L.i75,814 

21,886.3 

783 

2,(XV>,105 

17.5 

K99,tV10 

17.7 

735,472 

10.9 

425,373 

14.5 

347,055 

10.3 

n6,2(Vi 

4.0 

2;-.i,r,7S 

4.7 

:«2,933 

31.9 

277,. =535 

4.9 

119,2.52 

3.2 

79,754 

2.1 

100,391 

2.7 

110,927 

2.9 

7r,,(331 

5.2 

5;t,5«J3 

4.6 

I9,2«l 

.5 

in. 122 

.2 

iri.:;:;s 

L8 

2> ,  '^ '   1 

.7 

42.212 
■>i  (V.-, 

.5 

9 

9.9ts 
2,  .104 
2,487 


Inhabitants. — Of  the  8.(^OO.fK)0  inhnhitants,  the  majority  are 
whites.  inciiKliiis  a  larce  foreign  population,  particularly  Spanish 
and  Italian.  Other  European  nationalities  are  represented.  There 
are  also  soin(»  Indians  jind  luestizcs. 

Agricultural  Products. — Ar;;entiiia  is  one  of  the  tireat  wheat-pro- 
ducing countries  of  tiie  world.  Other  cereals  grown  are  fla.\,  oats, 
and  niaij'.o.  The  produ(-tion  of  cotton,  su^jir,  wine,  and  toi)acco  is 
increasing:.  The  vineyards  in  the  western  section  of  the  Ke(iuhlic 
are  especially  Important.  The  susar  industry  likewi.se  has  rapidly 
developed. 

Cattle  Industry. — This  country  is  a  great  producer  of  cattle.  The 
meat  products,  wool,  hides,  and  skins  add  greatly  to  the  national 
incom(>.  There  are  numerous  plants  devote<l  to  the  packing,  re- 
frigerating, and  drying  of  beef,  and  to  allitHi  iudustrie.s. 

Mineral  Wealth. — Copjier.  gold,  sulphur,  and  coal  are  mined.  Sil- 
ver, borax,  and  wolfram  are  also  fouiid.     I'ctroleum  has  had  a  con- 


406  GUIDE    TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

siderable  developmeut,  especially  iu  the  Comodoro  Rivadavia  field, 
and  latterly  there  have  been  indications  of  oil  in  the  Salta  and 
Jujuy  regions,  and  in  the  Cacheuta  and  Mendoza-Neuqiien  fields. 

Manufacturing. — Although  Argentina  is  not  primarily  a  manu- 
facturing country,  at  least  56  different  branches  of  industry  are 
represented,  totaling  48,779  separate  establishment  in  1913,  with  an 
invested  capital  of  over  three-fourths  of  a  billion  dollars,  and 
value  of  annual  production  estimated  at  $791,260,627  United  States 
currency.     These  plants  employed  over  400,000  persons. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Argentina  is  widely  diversified.  The 
temperature  and  rainfall  are  governed  by  the  Andes  Mountains,  the 
Equatorial  Current,  and  other  factors.  However,  the  climate  may 
be  described  as  temperate,  with  some  variatitms. 

Coast  region :  January  is  the  hottest  mouth ;  mean  temperature 
77°  F.  Freezing  point  is  rarely  reached  in  winter,  although  snow 
and  hail  storms  are  quite  common.  Average  annual  temperature 
is  63°  F.  Rainfall  is  abundant,  most  frequent  in  summer  and 
autumn,  lightest  in  winter.  Buenos  Aires  is  favored  during  the 
summer  by  alternate  land  and  sea  breezes,  the  former  at  night  and 
the  latter  during  the  day.  Gales  are  frequent  throughout  the 
year. 

Central  region :  This  region  is  distinguished  for  its  sudden  varia- 
tions in  temperature.  The  summers  are  hot,  with  light  rainfalls, 
the  temperature  being  often  over  100°  F.  Frosts  occur  during  the 
winter,  which  is  generally  dry.  This  region  is  subject  to  the  same 
windstorms  as  the  coast  region. 

Andean  region :  It  seldom  rains  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Andes  and  in  the  plateaus  of  the  north  it  never  rains.  These  re- 
gions are  swept  by  violent  winds  almost  continuously  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly hot  during  the  day  and  cold  at  night,  the  diurnal  variation 
sometimes  being  as  much  as  68°. 

The  "  pamperos "  are  cold  southwest  winds  from  the  Andes 
Mountains,  blowing  chiefly  from  June  to  November.  In  the  Andean 
regions  there  are  hot  wands  known  as  the  "  zondas,"  blowing  from 
the  north  and  northwest,  chiefly  in  September  and  October ;  the.se 
cause  great  suffering.  In  Tierra  del  Fuego  it  is  cold  practically  all 
the  year,  the  maximum  summer  temperature  being  from  46°  to 
48°  F.,  and  in  winter  from  36°  to  88°,  Rains  are  frequent  and  it 
snows  practically  every  month. 

On  the  whole,  despite  the  wind  and  sudden  changes  of  tempera- 
ture, the  climate  of  Argentina  is  exceedingly  healthful. 

Seasons, — Spring,  September,  October,  November ;  summer,  De- 
cemlier,  January,  February ;  autumn,  Mai'ch,  April,  May ;  winter, 
June,  July,  August. 

Language. — Spanish. 

Currency. — The  money  of  Argentina  is  on  the  decimal  basis,  the 
peso  being  the  unit  of  value.  There  is'  a  gold  peso  and  a  paper 
peso.  The  gold  pe.so  is  the  unit  adopted  for  ^nancial  transactions 
and  for  Government  reports,  unless  specifically  stated  to  the  con- 
trary, although  it  is  not  unusual  to  place  the  word  "  oro  "  at  the 
top  of  a  column  of  figures  or  after  the  sum  designated.  The  gold 
peso  has  a  value  of  .$0.96.5  United  States  gold.  The  paper  peso  is 
the  unit  of  value  for  commercial  transactions,  used  in  paying  ordi- 


ARGENTINA.  407 

iiiiry  bills,  purchases  In  shops,  lii)t«'l  a(:c(>urit>-.  rnrrlawi'  hin-,  etc. 
It  is  (h'signnted  in  n-poits  as  ni/n  (inomxla  iia<'i<>iiah  <>r  as  "  jmiiwI  " 
(paper).  It  hears  a  legally  tixed  relation  to  the  gold  i)eso,  so  that 
a  pai)er  peso  always  tfiuals  44  i)er  cent  (that  Is,  44  tetitavos)  of  a 
gold  peso;  <)r,  for  ready  calculation,  is  e<!Uivalent  to  about  43  cents, 
L'nittHl  States  currency.  As  there  is  practically  no  Uuctuutlon  in 
foreign  exchange,  these  values  can  be  uccei)tc^l. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  of  \veight.s  and  mea.s- 
urcs  prevails  in  Argentina. 

Postage. — Fir.st-class  letter  rate  from  the  United  States,  5  cents 
for  the  first  oiniee  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  frac- 
tional part  thereof. 

Telegraph  Rates. — Ordinary  telegram,  first  10  words  (including 
name  and  address).  .50  cents;  each  additional  word,  .3  cents;  maxi- 
mum limit,  100  words.  Urgent  telegrams,  twice  the  above  rates. 
Ilepeat  telegrams:  Sender  can  have  telegrams  "repeated"  at  a 
cost  of  four  times  the  usual  tariff.  Coded  telegrams  are  accepted 
at  the  rate  of  four  times  the  ordinary  tariff.  Code<l  urgent  tele- 
gi-am.s,  six  times  the  ordinary  tariff;  code  word  must  not  contain 
more  than  10  letters ;  words  uuderlinetl  are  counte<l  sis  two  v.'ords. 
Telegrams  in  foreign  language,  double  tariff;  only  English,  French, 
Spanish,  Italian,  German,  Latin,  and  Portugriese  messages  are  ac- 
cepted. Telegraph  addresses  can  be  registered  at  the  following 
rates:  Six  months,  J?10;  one  year,  .$20.  Copies  of  telegrams  may  be 
obtained  at  the  rate  of  J?!  per  copy. 

Tlie  rate  on  telegraph  letters  up  to  50  words,  including  name  and 
address,  is  ."0  cents ;  51  to  100  words.  80  cents. 

Cable  Rates, — Buenos  Aires  to  New  York,  per  word,  65  cents 
(gold). 

Time-tables  and  Guidebooks. — Upon  arrival  the  traveler  should 
buy  a  copy  of  the  monthly  publication  called  "Guia  Express." 
published  by  the  Compailla  Na clonal  de  Transportes  Expresa  Vllla- 
longo,  office,  B.ilcaroe  esq.  ^Moreno,  I'uenos  Aires.  This  guide  book 
contains  complete  data  regarding  all  rates  for  steamship  and  rail- 
road lines  in  Argentina,  besides  other  important  information.  This 
company  also  maintains  an  information  bureau  for  travelers  at  its 
olfice.     Another  inexpen.sive  guide  is  the  •' Gui'a  IVn.ser." 

For  those  who  desire  detailed  information  regarding  points  of 
interest  in  botli  large  and  small  places,  the  Baedeker  of  the  Argen- 
tine Republic  is  recommended.  This  may  be  bought  either  in 
English  or  Spanish.  It  is  edited  by  Albert  B.  Martinez  and  pub- 
lished in  Barcelona.  Spain  (R.  Supena,  Provencia  93°).  It  is  avail- 
able in  all  the  principal  book  stores  of  Buenos  Aires,  as  well  as 
other  place.s. 

The  "Argentine  Standard  Directory  and  Buyer.s'  Guide  "  in  Eng- 
lish, published  by  the  Standard  Directory  Co.,  La  Valle  341.  Buenos 
Aires,  can  l)e  obtained  in  New  York  City.  This  guide  contains  con- 
siderable information  of  value,  paiticularly  to  tho.se  who  remain 
for  any  length  of  time.  It  also  contains  conversion  rates  of  Argen- 
tine gold  and  paper  to  various  moneys. 

Argentine  Consulates  in  TInited  States. — Besides  the  foreign  min- 
ister in  Washington  and  the  consul  general  and  consul  in  New  York. 
Argentina  has  vice  consuls  residing  at  Mobile,  Ala. ;  Apaluchicola, 


408  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    A31ER1CA. 

Feriiandina,  and  Pensacola,  Fla. ;  Bruiisu  iek  and  Savannah,  Ga. ; 
Chicago,  111. ;  Portland,  Me. ;  Baltimore.  Md. ;  Boston,  Mass. ;  Pasca- 
goula,  Miss. ;  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Philadelpliia,  Pa. ;  Newport  News  and 
Norfolk,  Va. ;  Port  Arthur,  Tex. ;  and  Tacoma,  Wash. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Lamport  &  Kolt  Line.— Pier  8,  Brooklyn,  Wall  Street  Ferry.  De- 
partures for  Buenos  Aires  alternate  Saturdays ;  for  La  Plata  and 
Rosario  direct,  occasionally.  Time,  about  25  days;  fare  to  Buenos 
Aires,  $385. 

Prince  Line. — Paul  Gerhard  &  Co.,  agents,  10  Bridge  Street.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  4,  Bush  Terminal,  Brooklyn.  Departures  for  Buenos 
Aires  and  Rosario  dii'ect  about  twice  a  month ;  for  La  Plata  and 
Campana  occasionally.  Other  ports  in  Argentina  may  be  reached 
by  transshipment  at  Buenos'  Aires  or  Rosario.  Passenger  service 
temporarily  suspended. 

Norton  Line. — Sailings  about  montlily  for  Buenos  Aires  and 
Monteviedo.     Fare  to  Buenos  Aires,  .$:!50-$500. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  17  Battery  Place. 
Sailings  from  Pier  16,  East  River  (Burling  Slip),  and  Pier  1,  North 
River  (Battery  Place).  Dep.irtures  every  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day for  Colon.  Panama.  Trnnsshipment  at  Colon  to  steamer  of 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  to  Valparaiso,  Chile;  thence  via 
Transandine  Railway  to  Buenos  Aires.  Total  time,  about  22  days; 
approximate  cost,  $455. 

LINE  FROM  NEW  ORLEANS. 

United  Fruit  Co.  Steamship  Service. — Office,  626-6.30  Common 
Street.  Departures  every  Wednesday  for  Colon,  Panama.  Trans- 
shipment at  Colon  to  steamer  of  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  to 
Valparaiso,  Chile;  thence  via  Transandine  Railway  to  Buenos 
Aires.     Total  time,  about  20  days;  approximate  cost,  $455. 

EUROPEAN  LINES. 

The  chief  European  lines  visiting  Argentine  ports  are:  Pacific 
Steam  Navigation  Co.  (British)  ;  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co. 
(British)  ;  Compania  Transatlantica  Espanola  (Spanish)  ;  Nelson 
Line  (British)  :  Royal  Holland  Lloyd;  La  Veloce  (Italian)  ;  Lloyd 
Brasilerio  (Italian)  ;  Lloyd  Italiano  (Italian)  ;  Lloyd  Sabaudo 
(Italian)  ;  Pinillos  Isquierda  (Spanish)  ;  Compagnie  Sud  Atlantique 
(French)  ;  and  Houlder  Line  (British). 

Several  of  these  lines  make  the  trip  around  the  horn  from 
Buenos  Aires  to  ports  in  Chile,  Peru.  etc.  These  include  the 
steamers  of  the  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  the  Royal  Mail  Steam 
Packet  Co.,  and  the  Nelson  Line. 

Travelers  may  sometimes  find  it  desirable  to  take  advantage  of 
unexpected  sailings.  Itineraries,  rates,  etc.,  may  be  obtained  by 
application  to  the  agents  of  these  lines  in  Buenos  Aires.  Such  sail- 
ings frequently  include  stops  at  Montevideo.  Santos,  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
and  other  ports. 


AIMiKNTINA.  409 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP   SERVICE. 

The  CornpaRfa  Arfrf*niiii:i  (It>  N;ivi";;aciou  l  Mllumovlch  Lino)  ofjer- 
ates  a  number  of  lines  of  eoa.stin;;:  and  river  steamers  out  of 
Buenos  Aires,  as  follows: 

Buenos  Aires  to  Montevideo  Line;  two  steamers;  departun'S 
dally  from  eiich  terminus. 

I'ru^runy  River  Line:  dcparTures  from  Buenos  Aires  Simdays. 
Tuesdays,  and  Thursdays  for  Nueva  I'alniira.  Soriano.  Merr.'edi*s. 
(JualeKuaycliu.  Fray  Bentos,  Concepeion  del  I'rupuay,  Paysandu, 
Colon,  Concordia,  ami  Salto  and  return  ;  fare,  out'  way.  28  paper 
pesos;  round  trip,  50.40  paper  pesos.  From  Salto  boats  run  to 
Montevideo. 

Buenos  Aires  to  Carmelo  and  intermediate  points;  departures 
Sundays  and  Wpdm-sdiiys ;  return. trips.  Mondays  and  Thursdays. 

I'aranti  and  Paramiay  lane;  Buenos  Aires  to  Corrientes,  Asun- 
cion, and  intermediate  points:  <lepartures  Sundays,  We<lnesdays, 
and  Saturdays;  relurn  trips,  Sundays.  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays. 

Buenos  Aires  to  Corumba.  P.razil ;  departures  from  Buenos  Airt^ 
Sundays  and  Wednesdays;  transshipment  at  Asuncion,  boats  leave 
every  Wednesday ;  stops  ;it  \'ii!a  Concepeion,  (luarany.  and  other 
points. 

Distances  from  Buenos  Aires. — To  New  York,  G.Oin  nautical  miles; 
Rio  de  .Janeiro,  Brazil,  l.'JIO  nautical  miles:  Santos.  Brazil,  1,000 
nautical  miles:  Montevideo,  120  nautical  miles;  I'unta  Arenas, 
Chile,  1.3r)5  nautical  nnles;  Santiaj^o,  Chile,  by  rail.  S90  miles 
(1,436  km.);  Valparaiso.  Cliile.  by  rail,  901  miles  (1.4r)l  knj..)  ; 
Bahia  Blaiica,  MOS  miles  (040  km.)  :  Cimcordia,  8as  nnles  (.">44 
km.);  Cordoba.  482  nnles  (0!)r>  km.);  Corrientes.  8.80  miles  n,8.".<) 
km.)  ;  Jujuy.  9:^S  miles  (l.nil  km.)  ;  La  Plata.  34  miles  ( .".  km.)  ; 
La  Quiaca,"  1.184  miles  (l.tH)7  km.):  Mendoza,  0.".1  miles  (1.048 
km.)  ;  Parana,  S'^G  miles  (.^74  km.)  :  Posadas,  708  miles  (1.142  km.)  ; 
Puente  del  Inca,  7r>l  miles  (1,208  km.);  I'uerto  (Jallejios.  L(«a 
miles  (2,080  km.);  Rosario.lSS  miles  (303  km.  >  :  Salta.  92.-.  miles 
(1,492  km.)  ;  Santa  Fe,  298- miles  (480  km.)  :  Tucunian.  718  miles 
( 1.1.56  km. ) . 

Baggage. — Travelers  will  tind  on  board  the  steamers  from  the 
United  States  the  neces-sary  declaration  forms  for  baj-'frafic,  elc.  In 
order  to  avoid  difliculty,  these  should  be  tille<l  in  before  lantlinji. 
However,  if  this  should  not  have  bi'en  done  b<'fore  landinir, 
th«>  forms  can  be  tilled  in  at  the  customliouse  on  application  to  the 
chief  of  the  depot,  but  this  must  be  done  before  the  examination  of 
bapgafie  takes  jilace. 

Once  the  steamer  has  been  granted  leave  to  enter  and  passen;;ers 
are  allowed  to  disembark,  they  should  see  to  it  that  none  of  their 
bagpage  remains  on  board,  for  when  the  disembarkation  of  pas- 
sengers and  baggage  is  completed,  steamers  proceetl  to  the  docks, 
where  the  examination  of  luggage  is  not  allowed.  Passengers  are 
also  advised  not  to  have  their  baggage  withdrawn  from  the  custom- 
house without  being  present  at  the  examination. 

Express  "  Villalonga." — On  board,  as  well  as  in  the  customhouse, 
passengers  will  lind  agents  of  the  Compaula  Nacional  de  Trans- 
portes  (Villalonga  Express),  who  will  take  care  of  baggage  and 
deliver  it  to  any  address. 


410  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Storage. — If  on  account  of  the  quantity  or  the  nature  of  the 
packages,  it  is  not  desirable  to  take  them  all  to  their  destination, 
passengers  can  have  all  or  part  of  them  stored  in  the  express  conj- 
pany's  warehouse,  which  is  centrally  located  and  contains  ample 
accommodations.  Salesmen  with  samples  can  also  avail  them- 
selves of  the  warehouse  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  or  arranging 
their  samples,  and  they  can  arrange  to  meet  buyers  there  if  de- 
sired. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  which  have  no  commercial 
value  are  admitted  free.  If  a  traveler  represents  a  shoe  manufac- 
turer, and  wishes  to  bring  in  samples  free  of  duty,  they  must  be 
damaged  so  as  to  make  them  absolutely  unsalable.  This  applies 
also  to  such  articles  as  hats,  waists,  etc. 

Giving  Bond. — If  samples  have  value,  bond  may  be  given  for  an 
amount  equivalent  to  the  duty  payable  on  similar  goods.  The  clear- 
ing of  samples  under  bond  should  be  left  in  the  hands  of  an  experi- 
enced customhouse  broker.  Bond  is  for  90  days,  with  privilege  of 
renewal  for  a  like  period. 

Refund  of  Duties. — If  duties  have  once  been  paid,  they  are  not 
refunded,  as  there  is  no  provision  made  for  this.  If  part  of  the 
samples  under  bond  have  been  soldT  duties  are  collected  only  on  the 
part  sold. 

Reexporting  Samples. — Reexportation  must  take  place  through 
the  same  customhouse  through  which  samples  are  bonded.  They 
may,  however,  subsequently  be  taken  overland  in  bond  to  another 
city  and  reexported.  For  example,  if  a  traveler  enters  by  way  of 
Buenos  Aires,  and  visits  other  places,  such  as  La  Plata,  Cordoba, 
Tucuman,  etc.,  he  must  arrange  to  have  the  samples  brought  back 
to  Buenos  Aires  and  the  formalities  of  reexportation  attended  to 
there.  He  is,  however,  then  periuitted  to  carry  them  overland  to 
Chile,  Paraguay,  etc.,  under  bond. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — When  samples  accompany  traveler 
as  baggage  they  can  be  cleared  through  the  customhouse  within  24 
hours.  If  they  come  through  as  cargo,  48  hours  or  more  are  gen- 
erally required  to  clear  them. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — A  customs  duty  is  collected  on  all 
printed  circulars,  cards,  pamphlets,  catalogues,  etc.,  brought  in  in 
quantities  by  commercial  travelers  for  complimentary  distribution. 
The  amount  of  duty  on  .such  printed  matter  is  as  follows : 

The  duty  on  printed  matter  on  cardboard  for  advertising  or  other 
purposes,  in  ordinary  ink,  colors,  or  chromos,  including  tickets  of 
all  classes,  calendars,  and  printed  matter  intended  for  calendars, 
vrith  or  without  pads,  is  47  per  cent  on  a  fixed  valuation  of  0.60 
peso,  gold,  per  kilo,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  specific  rate  of  .$12.37 
per  100  pounds. 

Similar  articles  of  Bristol  board,  with  or  without  inscription, 
with  the  exception  of  photographs,  are  subject  to  a  rate  of  47  per 
cent  on  a  fixed  valuation  of  1  peso,  gold,  per  kilo,  equivalent  to  a 
specific  rate  of  $20.61  per  100  pounds. 

Printed  matter  on  paper  for  advertising  piirposes,  and  ordinary 
printed  matter  on  cardboard,  also  for  advertising  purposes,  not 
specified  in  the  preceding  items,  inchiding  calendar  pads,  are  sub- 
ject to  a  rate  of  47  per  cent  on  a  fixed  valuation  of  0.2.5  peso,  gold, 
per  kilo,  equivalent  to  a  specific  rate  of  $5.15  pei-  100  pounds. 


ARGENTINA.  411 

TRAVELERS'  TAXES.— Cuiimicnial  tijivelprs  who  wlsli  to  do 
husiiM'ss  in  .Krtrciit  iiui  iirt-  contiit'lU-d  to  olitalu  a  liccnsi'  in  tlif  city 
or"  Hucnos  .\in\s,  wliidi  is  known  as  tlio  Ff(l«*nil  IH.-itrict.  wht-n  tiiry 
cnrry  snniidcs:  and  a  scpaiato  lifense  niust  l»«»  taken  out  in  •very 
I*rf)vince  and  Territory  in  wiiicli  tlie  traveler  desires  to  do  liUHlne.ss. 
The  fees  that  are  payahle  in  the  (li(1\>rent  I'mvlnrvs  dilTer  in 
amount.  In  certain  Provinces  one  fee  will  jiermit  the  traveler  to 
represent  as  many  lirnis  as  lie  desires,  in  others  a  separate  f»»e  Is 
rharged  for  each  kind  of  goods  handled,  and  in  still  others  a  fee  i.s 
payahle  for  ovcM-y  firm  represented. 

Avoiding  Payment. — In  order  to  avoid  license,  it  Is  the  general 
practice  among  American  and  Kuro|)ean  firms  to  assign  their  trav- 
elers to  some  large  Importing  honse  estal)lislu»<l  in  Buenos  Aires, 
under  whose  auspices  they  work,  theri'hy  avoiding  the  payment  for 
a  license.  Many  of  these  firms  maintain  branches  or  agents  In  the 
principal  cities  of  the  various  Provinces.  If  the  traveler  wishes  to 
sell  in  any  of  these  Provinces  the  importing  tirm  in  Buenos  Aires 
will  assign  him  to  the  corresponding  branch  or  agent.  By  this 
arrangement  the  traveler  also  avoids  the  i»ayment  of  the  provincial 
license  for  which  he  would  have  to  pay  were  he  to  travel  for  his 
owTi  account. 

In  addition  to  this  matter  of  licen.se,  the  importing  hou.se  also 
very  often  acts  in  behalf  of  the  traveler  in  clearing  his  gf>ods 
through  the  customhouse  and  rendering  other  assistance  of  a  nd.s- 
cellaneous  character.  It  is  customary  for  the  im!>orting  hou.se  to 
divide  with  the  traveler  the  comnnssion  re<-eive«l  on  the  sale  of 
goods,  although  the  terms  of  the  arrangements  vary. 

licenses.  Where  Obtainable. — The  license  for  the  Federal  District 
is  obt.iinahle  at  the  office  of  the  Administracion  Oeneral  de  los 
Impuestos  de  ('ontribucion  Territorial,  Patenfes  y  Sellos,  Minlsterlo 
de  Hacienda  (General  Administration  of  Territorial  Taxes,  Licenses, 
Stamps,  etc..  Treasury  Department).  Provincial  licenses  are  obtain- 
able from  the  provincial  treasury  departments  located  In  the  respec- 
tive capital  cities. 

Amount  of  License  Fees. — The  commercial  traveler  who  prop<ises 
visitimr  each  of  the  Provinces  and  Territories  of  Argentina  must 
reckon  on  spending  ii.r>00  paper  pesos  in  license  feo.=!,  uidess  he  sells 
from  catalogue  only,  or  avoids  payment  by  the  plan  suggested  above. 
An  eft'ort  is  being  made  by  the  United  States  Government  to  n«-go- 
tiate  treaties  with  Latin-American  countries  providing  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  single  travelers'  tax  by  American  conmuTcial  men,  in 
lieu  of  the  numerous  local  and  provincial  taxes  now  ('haru^ed  in 
some  of  these  countries.  As  at  present  is.sued  in  Argentina,  all 
licenses  are  valid  until  the  end  of  the  calendar  year.  In  most 
I'rovinces  it  is  possil)le  to  obtain  liceust^  only  by  paying  the  full 
amiual  fee.  The  annual  fees  in  these  Provinces  are,  in  terras  of 
United  States  currency,  as  follows : 

Santa  Fe.  .$100.84;  Catamarca,  $127.3S;  San  Uuis,  .SlGD.^l;  La 
Rioja.  $63.00;  Ju.iuy,  for  one  representation,  .'SS-1.92 ;  for  each  addi- 
tional rcprosontation,  $42.40:  Corrientes,  .$2.54.70,  plus  an  additional 
tax  of  .^."1.48;  National  Territories.  $42.46. 

In  Eiitre  Rios  the  annual  fee  is  .$2.14.70;  in  Santiairo  del  E>-'tero, 
$127.38;  ('..rdel)a.  .$100.84;  Tueuman.  .$2."'.4.70;  Salta.  .$42.40  to 
.$424.60,  depending  on   the  characLer  uf   the  merchandise   handled. 


412  GUIDE    TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

In  each  of  these  Provinces  it  is  also  possible  to  obtain  a  license  for 
six  months,  July  to  December,  at  half  the  annual  fee.  In  the 
Province  of  San  Juan  the  annual  fee  is  $254. TG:  fee  for  license  from 
May  to  December,  $169.84;  September  to  December,  $127.38.  Tn 
Mendoza  if  license  is  taken  out  in  the  first  nnarler  of  tlie  year  the 
cba'-ge  is  $212.30;  second  quarter,  $100.84;  third  quarter.  $127.3S. 

Tlie  annual  license  fees  for  the  Province  of  Buenos  Aires  are 
$127.38  for  firms  establishefl  in  the  Province,  and  twice  this  amount 
for  firms  not  established  in  the  Province.  The  Federal  district 
(city  of  Buenos  Aires)  also  charges  an  annual  fee  varying  from 
$212.30  to  $2,130.  Licenses  in  the  Federal  district  are"not  transfer- 
able. 

Buying  Customs. — Because  of  the  distance  of  Argentina  from  the 
United  States  and  Europe  (30  days  or  more  by  steamer),  im- 
porters place  their  orders  far  in  advance  of  the  time  \vhen  they 
wish  the  goods  to  be  put  on  the  shelves  of  the  retail  merchants. 
Time  must  be  allowed  for  the  trip  of  the  traveler,  taking  of  the 
order,  the  time  the  order  is  in  transit,  preparation  of  the  goods  in 
the  mill,  their  shipment,  time  of  goods  in  transit,  clearance  through 
customhouse,  etc.  In  addition,  time  must  be  allowed  for  the  goods 
to  pass  through  the  hands  of  the  jobbers  and  be  delivered  to  the 
retailers. 

Buying  for  Special  Periods. — Holiday  goods,  as  in  most  Latin- 
American  countries,  are  Avanted  by  November  1  by  the  retailers, 
and  the  jobbers  must  have  them  earlier.  Orders  for  carnival  time 
and  for  national  holidays  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  dealers  some 
six  to  eight  weeks  before  that  time,  as  nmst  also  those  for  i'^aster. 

Harvesting  Season.— The  harvesting  and  thrashing  season  in  Ar- 
gentina begins  in  December  for  wheat  and  continues  until  May 
for  corn.  The  machinery,  twine,  bags,  etc.,  for  this  purpose  must 
be  purchased  at  least  12  months  in  advance  to  be  sure  of  their  being 
delivered  at  the  time  of  the  harvest. 

Placing  Orders  in  Advance. — In  innumerable  lines  of  business  it 
is  the  custom  to  place  orders  6.  12,  and  even  18  months  in  advance, 
particularly  where  climatic  or  other  reasons  do  not  enter  into 
consideration. 

CANVASSING  ARGENTINA. 

Travelers  in  Argentina  should  confine  their  clientele  to  those 
merchants  who  are  listed  in  the  Commercial  Regi.ster  (Tribunal  de 
Comercio)  as  importers.  Any  firm  not  in  the  Commercial  Register 
does  not  enjoy  the  privileges  granted  to  traders  under  the  com- 
mercial code  of  Argentina,  and  can  not  be  sued  in  the  courts.  In 
dealing  with  such  a  firm  a  transaction  involving  the  loss  of  mer- 
chandise or  refusal  to  honor  a  draft  would  leave  the  traveler  vidth- 
out  any  redress  under  the  Argentine  law. 

Commercial  Zones. — Despite  its  great  area,  Argentina  has  only 
about  8.000,000  people.  Of  these,  over  1,.500,000  are  located  in 
Buenos  Aires.  Thus  this  city  exercises  an  overwhelming  influence, 
commercially  as  well  ns  politically.  Practically  all  travelers  who 
wish  to  canvass  Argentina  visit  Buenos  Aires  first.  Here  they  find 
the  large  jobbing  houses,  railroads,  and  frequently  the  buyers  of 
the  other  important  enterprises  which  are  scattered  throughout  the 
Republic.     Buenos    Aires    must    be    carefully    canvassed,    and    the 


ARGIONTINA.  413 

traveler  will  find  it  possible  to  work  I'min  tliis  i)ol(it  far  morn  n<l- 
vantnjieously  than  any  otlirr.  Heri'  also  he  will  \w  >tl»lt'  to  obtain 
facts  nwessary  to  jniidc  him  in  his  svibscfuicnt  trips.  For  pni- 
posos  of  i-on\enit'nco  tlic  K(  public  may  be  divifltMl  into  four  zoru-s. 
The  towns  listed  in  these  zones  are  tiie  most  import  ant  orns. 
Muiiy  of  them  have  firms  that  deal  directly  with  tnreinn  exjtortera: 

Zone  1. — East  Arjxentina:  lUienos  Aires,  l.a  I'lala.  Maiiia  lilancu, 
Kusario.  Santa  Fe,  Concordia. 

Zone  2. — Central  and  northern  Arf^eiitinii :  Cordoba,  Tucuiuan, 
Salta.  Jujuy. 

Zone  3. — Middle  Argentina:  San  Luis  and  Mendoza  (on  route  to 
Chile). 

Zone  4. — Extreme  south,  including,'  the  Patagonian  region :  Santn 
Cruz.  Puerto  Madryu,  Puerto  Gal  legos. 

Itineraries. — Most  travelers  after  canvassing  Buenos  Aires  make 
side  trips  to  La  I'lata  and  Baliia  Blunca.  On  their  way  to  Asuncion. 
Paraguay,  if  traveling  by  rail,  they  can  most  e<onomicalIy  include 
Rosario,  Santa  Fe.  and  Corrientes.  Those  who  find  it  necessary  to 
j)enerrate  into  the  extreme  northwest  usually  go  from  Buenos  Aires 
to  Cordoba,  thence  to  Tucuman,  Jujuy,  and  continue  into  Bolivia. 
Those  who  do  not  go  by  way  of  the  Cape  to  Chile,  and  w  ish  to  make 
the  trip  direct  from  Buenos  Aires  to  Santiago,  usually  stop  in 
Mondoza. 

:More  coiuitlete  data  concerning  the  towns  mentioned  below  will 
be  found  on  later  pages.  The  cities  of  the  extreme  s<.uUh  of  Argen- 
tina are  usually,  though  not  always,  left  to  the  importers  of  Buenos 
Aires  and  other  centers.  The  following  itineraries  suggested  for 
the  traveler  arriving  at  Buenos  Aires  and  making  headquarters 
there  are  8Ub.ie<:*t  to  innumerable  combinations  and  alternatives : 

From  Buenos  Aires  to  Montevideo,  Uruguay.  Steamers  depart 
nightly. 

From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Mibanovich  Line  to  Rosario,  Parana.  Cor- 
rientes ;  and  thence  to  Asuncion.  Paraguay.  Steamers  leave  Buenos 
Aires  Sundays,  Wednesdays,  and  Saturdays;  return  Sundays,  Wed- 
nesdays, and  Fridays.  Fare,  one  way.  102.50  paper  pesos;  round 
trip.  i64.25  paper  pesos. 

From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Railway  or  Central 
Cordoba  Railway  to  Rosario,  Cordoba.  Tucuman,  Salta,  and  La 
Quiaca.     If  arrival  is  by  way  of  Bolivia,  this  trip  is  reversed. 

From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Buenos  Aires  &  Pacific  Railway  to  Men- 
doza :  by  Transaiidine  Railway  to  Santiago  and  Valparaiso.  Fare, 
$89  ( U.*  S.  curren-y).  including  sleeping  berth;  baggage  allowance. 
50  kilos  (110  pounds)  ;  excess  baggage  rate.  $2.70  per  10  kilos  (2_' 
pounds).  No  .special  b.iggage  rates  are  made  to  commercial  travel- 
ers in  Argentina.  The  time  reiiuired  for  a  tlirough  trip  from 
Buenos  Aires  to  Valparaiso  is  about  39  hours;  return  trip,  48  hours. 

From  Buenos  Aires  to  Bahia  liiauca,  going  via  Southern  Railway 
and  returning  via  Pacific  Railway  or  vice  versa. 

From  Buenos  Aires  via  Central  Argentine  or  Central  Cordoba 
Railway  to  Rosario,  Santa  I">,  Cordoba.  Tucuman.  and  Salta ; 
return  to  Cordelia;  thence  to  Villa  Nueva,  Villa  Mercedes,  Mendoza. 
and  Buenos  Aires. 

Insurance  of  Baggage  for  Trans-Andean  Railway  Journey. — 
Travelers  should  invariably  insure  their  baggage  against  all  risks, 


414  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

including  those  of  tire,  pilferage,  etc.  It  is  iiiaflvisable  to  make  the 
trip  without  adequate  insurance  for  baggage.  If  not  otherwise  ob- 
tainable, arrangements  for  a  policy  may  be  made  with  Lloyd's  of 
London.     Lloyd's  agents  may  be  found  in  all  the  principal  cities. 

Compania  Expreso  Internacional. — Travelers  will  find  the  service 
of  the  Compania  Expreso  Internacional  very  useful.  This  com- 
pany maintains  relations  with  all  the  railroads  and  the  best  hotels 
in  Argentina,  Brazil,  and  Uruguay.  It  issues  hotel  coupons  and 
travel  orders  for  anything  from  a  straight  journey  to  the  most 
extended  tour.  The  rates  charged  are  not  more  than  the  ordinary 
current  rates  and  in  some  cases  they  are  lower.  This  company 
maintains  otBces  at  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  Brazil,  Avenida  Rio  Branca 
184 ;  and  at  Buenos  Aires,  Pasaje  Guemes. 

PRINCIPAL  RAILROABS. — The  total  railway  mileage  in  Argen- 
tina at  the  close  of  1917  was  appi-oximately  22,500.  The  major  part 
of  the  Republic  Is  now  accessible,  and  numerous  lines  are  still  pro- 
jected. Practically  every  town  of  any  interest  to  the  commercial 
traveler  may  be  reached  by  rail.  The  principal  lines  running  from 
Buenos  Aires  are  the  Western  (Oeste),  Southern  (Sud).  Pacific 
(Pacifico),  Central  Argentine,  Buenos  Aires  Central,  and  Cordoba 
Central. 

Buenos  Aires  Central. — This  line  joins  the  line  running  to  the 
Provinces  of  Entre  Rios  and  Cori'ientes,  which  in  turn  joins  the 
line  of  the  Paraguay  Central  at  the  frontier  on  the  Alta  Parana 
Rive*',  thus  establishing  through  traffic  between  Buenos  Aires  and 
Asuncion,  Paraguay. 

Central  Argentine. — The  main  line  runs  to  Rosario,  from  which 
point  it  branches  toward  the  west  to  Cordoba ;  toward  the  north  to 
Santa  Fe,  and  between  these  two  toward  the  northwest  to  Santiago 
del  Estero  and  Tucuman. 

Buenos  Aires  Paoiiic.— This  line  runs  almost  due  westward,  one 
branch  passing  through  San  Luis  to  Mendoza,  where  it  joins  the 
narrow  gauge  Transandine  Railway,  which  crosses  the  Cordillera, 
making  connection  for  Santiago  and  Valparaiso,  Chile. 

Buenos  Aires  Western. — Several  branches  of  this  road  radiate 
throughout  the  Province  of  Buenos  Aires,  reaching  westward  into 
the  territory  of  the  Pampa  Central,  thus  supplying  the  immense 
wheat  district  of  Argentina  with  transportation  facilities. 

Buenos  Aires  Great  Southern. — The  main  line  runs  to  Bahia 
Blanca,  where  it  turns  toward  the  west  and  reaches  Neuquen  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cordillera.  From  this  point  a  branch  is  under  con- 
struction which  will  finally  pass  into  Chile.  Other  important 
branch  lines  are  those  toward  Mar  del  Plata  and  La  Plata. 

Cordoba  Central. — This  line  runs  direct  to  Rosario,  thence  west- 
ward to  Cordoba,  continuing  northward  to  Tucuman,  where  it 
joins  the  State  Railways,  which  extend  to  the  frontier  of  Bolivia. 

State  Railways. — Although  having  no  independent  entrance  into 
Buenos  Aires,  the  line  makes  use  of  the  Central  Cordoba,  thus 
bringing  into  direct  connection  the  northern  capitals  of  Salta, 
Jujuy,  Catamarca,  and  La  Rioja.  Another  division  of  the  State 
Railways  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Republic  starts  from  Puerto 
Antonio  in  the  Territory  of  Rio  Negro  and  passes  almost  due  west 
to  Chacabuco  and  San  Carlos. 


ARGENTINA.  415 

Hotel  Rates. — Those  Jire.  on  llio  wliolc,  lii;;her  tlinn  Iho.m-  of 
most  otliiT  I-:itin-Aiiieric!in  countries.  Tlu'y  also  tVuTvr  malirlally 
in  the  i»riii<iital  eiiie.s.  In  Buenos  Ain'.s,  a  thorouKliiy  cosniopoli- 
taii  place,  ahiiost  auy  kind  of  ac<<tiiiiiio(l:itioiis  can  bf  liad.  iiin;;iriK 
from  the  most  expensive  to  tiic  (piite  hunihi*-.  Hotels  are  op«M-attil 
on  botli  the  European  and  American  plans,  hut  many  Iravt-lcrs  Jinil 
the  Eurof)ean  pi.iii  ilesirable.  in  view  of  the  fact  ihat  there  are  so 
many  and  such  excellent  restaurants.  For  the  better  class  hotels, 
(inerate<l  on  the  Euroijean  plan,  the  rates  range  from  $3  to  iplO  per 
day.  The  rates  in  the  American-plan  hotels  of  the  better  kind 
ranjie  from  )!>6  to  .'SIS  i)er  day.  For  the  EuroiJ«'an-iilan  hotels  oper- 
ated on  a  more  modest  scale  the  rates  ranf;e  fmni  $1.50  to  $4  per 
day,  while  the  more  moderate  American-plan  hiitels  charge  from  SI 
to  $7  per  day.  In  the  small  towns  the  rates  for  the  averay;e  hotel 
conducted  on  the  American  plan  range  from  $3  to  $7  per  day,  and 
for  hotels  of  fair  quality  on  the  European  plan  from  .$2  to  $4. 
All  rates  here  quoted  are  in  American  gold. 

Holidays. — The  population  being  largely  R«»man  Catholic,  many 
of  the  fesist  days  of  the  church  are  scrupulously  (observed.  Gener- 
ally speaking,  business  is  suspemled  on  the  holidays  ofhcially  recog- 
nized, excepting  in  the  smaller  towns  in  the  interior.  On  all  the 
following  holidays  business  houses  and  Government  ollices  are 
closed : 

January  1.  New  Year's  Day ;  January  6.  the  Epiphany ;  May  2.'), 
Independence  Day ;  June  29,  St.  Peter  and  St.  I'aul ;  July  9, 
proclamation  of  national  independence;  August  12,  the  Assumption; 
August  30,  Santa  Rosa  of  Lima ;  November  1.  All  Saints'  Day ; 
December  8,  Immaculate  Conception ;  December  2~i.  Christmas  Day  ; 
and  also  on  the  Monday  and  Tuesday  before  Lent.  lioly  Tliurs«lay, 
Good  Friday,  Holy  Saturday,  and  the  Ascension.  In  Buenos  Aires 
November  11  is  also  observed  us  the  day  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours,  the 
patron  saint  of  that  city. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

AVELLANEDA,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  district 
90.000.  city  40.300;  on  Rio  de  la  Plata;  2J  miles  (4  km.)  from 
Buenos  Aires,  which  is  reacheil  by  Southern  and  Midland  railways. 
Great  market  for  cereals  and  agricultural  produce.  Metit-packing 
establishments. 

Banks. — Banco  Britanico  de  la  America  del  Sud ;  Banco  Comer- 
cial  e  Industrial  de  Avellaneda ;  Banco  de  Galicia  y  Buenos  Aires; 
Banco  Interuacional  de  Industrias.  Minas  y  Bosques;  Banco  de  la 
Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires. 

Note. — One  of  the  largest  markets  for  agricultural  produce  is 
held  at  this  place.  This  is  a  verj-  important  manufacturing  and 
marketing  community,  doing  a  hirge  business.  It  is  a  suburb  <»f 
Buenos  Aires  and  practically  a  part  thereof. 

AYACUCHO.  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  20.(HXl ;  on 
Southern  Railway;  206  miles  (332  km.)  from  La  Plata  and  188 
miles   (303  km.)    fnmi  Buenos  Aires.     Products:  Corn,  cattle,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad;  time,  8  Iiours; 
fare,  19.15  puiwr  pesos.  Also  branch  railway  line  from  Necochea 
(port). 

Bank. — De  la  Naclon  Argentina. 


416  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Hotels.— Comercio,  Central,  Espafiji.  Santa  Catalina.  and  London. 
Note. — This  is  a  prosperous  community,  owing  its  wealth  to  the 
cattle  raising  and  agriculture.     It  is  chiefly  dependent  on  the  whole- 
sale houses  of  Buenos  Aires. 

AZUL,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  altitude,  550  feet:  population, 
38,000;  on  Southern  Railway  (branch  Las  Flores  to  Olavarria)  ;  180 
miles  (289  Ivm.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  218  miles  (352  km.)  from 
Bahia  Blanca,  67  miles  (109  km.)  from  Las  Flores,  and  27  miles 
(44  km.)  from  Olavarria.  Products  :  Cattle,  hides,  etc.  Industries: 
Breweries,  tanneries,  distillei'ies,  carriage  factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare, 
18.30  paper  pesos;  time  of  trip,  5i  hours. 

Hotels.— Argentino,  Pension  Italia,  Espaiiol,  Dos  Hermanos, 
Pobre  Diablo. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de 
Buenos  Aires  (Sue.  Azul)  ;  Banco  Comercial  del  Azul. 

Note. — There  is  considerable  counnercial  activity  In  this  place. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  large  agricultural  and  cattle  district.  Som(> 
manufacturing  is  done.  Chiefly  dependent  upon  the  houses  of 
Buenos  Aires. 

BAHIA  BLANCA,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  altitude,  625  feet; 
population,  80,000;  a  port;  landing,  .steamer  to  wharf;  398  miles' 
(040  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  4  miles  (7  km.)  from  Puerto  Galvan, 
and  433  miles  (697  km.)  from  La  Plata;  climate,  drv :  temperature' 
averages  60°  F.  Principal  products :  Wheat,  wool,"  hides.  Indus- 
tries:  Brewing,  sawmilling,  meat  packing.  American  consul. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Charles  G.  Cumming. 

How  Beached.' — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  rail  via  Southern  or 
Pacific  Railway,  time  15  hours,  fare  31.40  paper  pesos;  from  La 
Plata,  via  Southern  Railway;  from  Puerto  Galvan,  by  rail. 

Conveyances. — Electric  cars  every  five  minutes;  cab,  2  persons 
1.20  paper  pesos  per  hour ;  motor  cars,  5  pesos  per  hour. 

Hotels. — Sud  Americano,  Crens,  Argentino,  Internacional,  Los 
Vascos,  Apolo,  Comercio,  Espanol. 

Banks.— Banco  Anglo  Sud-Americano  ;  Banco  El  Hogar  Argentino  ; 
Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  Frances  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  de  Italia  y  Rio  de  la 
Plata ;  Banco  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Londres  y  Rio  de  la 
Plata;  Banco  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires. 

Note. — The  most  important  city  of  southeastern  Argentina.  A 
large  import  and  export  business  is  carried  on.  The  chief  exports 
are  wool,  grain,  and  other  agricultural  products.  Well  worthy  of 
a  visit  by  commercial  travelers.  Easily  reached  from  Buenos  Aires. 
There  are  a  number  of  important  wholesale  houses  and  also  many 
industrial  plants. 

BAICARCE,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  21,000;  on 
Southern  Railway  (Ayacucho  to  Necochea),  260  miles  (420  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires.  Principal  products:  Whetit,  corn,  potatoes. 
Industry :  Cattle  raising. 

How  Beached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad  (Constitucion), 
fare,  23.50  paper  pesos,  time  11  hours.  Mail  coach  service  to  Mar 
del  Plata,  8  pesos. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  Espaiio]  del  Rio  de  la  Plata 
(subsidiary). 


AnOENTTNA.  417 

Hotels. — Central.  Comprrlo.  KspnflM.  SItrlo  XX.  «}ran.  Ln  Rstn<^ion, 
KoiiKi. 

Note. — This  is  un  tiirrinilniial  tniiimuiiity  in  tho  si»uthP!i5rt»Tn  jmrt 
of  the  rrovirup.  The  iiit'icli:ints  nvi'  ••iiledy  (lerwinlpiit  for  tliHr 
supi>li(>s  oil  the  wholcsjilf  houses  of  Hueiios  Aires. 

BRAGADO.  TroviiKt'  of  I'.iiciios  Ain-s;  iiltitinlf,  Ifl.S  feet:  popula- 
tion. 1(>.(M)();  on  Wi'stcni  Railway  (  r.raKiulo  to  Toay).  130  miles 
(209  kiu.)  from  Kuenos  Aires.  Prochu'ts :  Wheat,  iiiaize,  cattle, 
alfalfa,  and  dairy  products.     Mail  coach  service  to  l;."i  de  Mnyo. 

How  Reached. — From  Huenos  Aires,  by  Western  Railroad;  fare, 
13.2.">  paiKT  jn'sos;  time.  ."»  liours. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Ranco  de  la  I'rovlncia ;  lianco 
Espanol  del  llio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Popular  del  Bra^'ado. 

Hotels. — Fernando.   T^incoln,  0  de  .Tulio,   Central. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  railway  center,  surrounded  by  a  rich 
agricultural  district.  It  is  chiefly  dependent  upon  the  wholesale 
houses  of  Buenos  Aire.s,  whose  salesmen  canvass  it  repnilarlv. 

BUENOS  AIRES,  capital  of  the  Republic;  population.  1.7(X),()00; 
on  rifrht  bank  of  Plata  River;  landing,  steamer  to  wliarf;  about 
6,000  nautical  miles  from  New  York,  1,210  nautical  miles  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  and  120  nautical  miles  from  Montevideo.  FruRimy ; 
230  miles  (.'^TO  km.)  from  Rosario  by  river  and  187  miles  (30,?  kui.) 
by  rail;  901  miles  (1.4.51  km.)  from  Valparaiso.  Chile,  by  rail; 
climate,  healthful  ;  temperature  averages  (il°  F.  Best  visitinc;  time. 
March  or  October.  Principal  products:  Wheat,  maize,  linseed,  cat- 
tle, and  meat.  Industries ;  Flour  mills,  printini;  plants,  furniture, 
shoe,  cement,  and  soap  factories. 

American  legation,  Charcas  634;  consulate,  Lavalle  341;  con.sul 
general,  consul,  and  vice  consul  In  residence:  also  American  com- 
mercial attach^  and  American  chamber  of  commerce.  I.lovd's 
agents.  F.  H.  Chevallicr,  Boutell  &  Son.  B.  C  Dun  &  Co.  and 
Bradstreet  have  offices  here. 

How  Reached. — From  Valparai.so,  Chile,  by  Transandine  Rail- 
way, fare  f^S*.)  (U.  S.  currenc.v),  time  2  days;  from  New  York,  by 
Lamport  «&  Holt  Line  or  NorbMi  Line:  also  via  Pacific  Ocean  to  Val- 
paraiso, jinil  thence  by  Tran.sandine  Railway;  from  Montevideo,  by 
rail  or  Mihanovich  Line  of  steamers ;  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  by  rail  or 
steamer. 

CustomhoTise  Brokers. — Behr  y  Ott,  Defensa  43.T ;  Campbell  Hnos., 
2.5  de  Mayo  140;  Iv<'lloca  &  Permeutier,  Reconquista  37;  (t.  G. 
Noon,  Beconquista  46:  Ravina  &  Co..  Balcarce  25.S ;  Nicano  M. 
.Simonetti  iV:  Co..  Reconquista  144. 

Principal  Hotels — Plaza,  Plaza  San  Martin ;  Avenida  Palace, 
I'laza  \';tyo;  Royal,  Calle  Corrientes  7^0:  Phoenix,  C'alle  San  Mar- 
tin 7S0;  Crand,  Calle  Florida  25 ;  Ma.iesric.  Avenida  2.5  de  Mayo; 
Cran  Hotel  Espana,  Avenida  de  Mayo  91(>-9.56 ;  Metropoje.  Avenida 
de  Mayo  and  Calle  Salta ;  Splendid.  Avenida  de  Mayo  and  Calle 
Lima;  Paris,  Avenida  de  Mayo  and  Salta:  Savoy,  Callao  and  Can- 
gallo;  Colon,  Chacabuco  221;  Mayo.  Victoria  402;  Pal.-icp,  Cangallo 
and  2.5  de  Mayo:  Cecil.  Avenida  de  Mayo  and  Salta;  Caviezel's 
New  Hotel.  Avenida  de  ^layo  91.5.  There  are  innumerable  other 
hotels.  The  traveler  can  find  almost  any  kind  of  accommodations 
144297°— 20 27 


418  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

he  desires.  A  persoual  investigation  after  a  few  days'  stay  here 
will  enable  him  to  make  satisfactory  arrangements. 

Conveyances. — Rates  in  "paper"  (moneda  nacional)  :  Electric 
cars  serve  all  parts  of  city,  fare  10  cents  within  city  limits ; 
motors,  $3  per  hour ;  taxicabs,  65  cents  per  mile  and  5  cents  for 
each  o-minute  wait ;  horse  cabs,  60  cents  per  1,000  meters  and  10 
cents  for  each  5-minute  wait;  conveyance  from  ship  to  hotel,  $1.50. 

Banks. — The  First  National  Bank  of  Boston,  the  National  City 
Bank  of  New  Yorlc,  and  the  Guaranty  Trust  Co.  of  New  York  have 
branches  here.  Other  banks  are:  Anglo  South  American  Bank: 
Banco  de  Castilla  y  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  Comercial  Italiano ; 
Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Frances  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata;  Banco  Frances  e  Italiano  para  la  America  del  Sud ;  Banco 
de  Galicia  y  Buenos  Aiies;  Banco  Holandes  de  la  America  del  Sud; 
Banco  de  Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Italo-Belga ;  Banco  de 
Madrid  y  Buenos  Aires;  Banco  Popular  Argentine);  Banco  de  la  Pro- 
vincia  de  Buenos  Aires;  Banco  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Suizo 
Sud  Americano;  British  Bank  of  South  America  (Ltd.)  ;  London  & 
Brazilian  Bank  (Ltd.)  ;  London  and  River  Plate  Bank  (Ltd.)  ; 
Nuevo  Banco  Italiano;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada; 
Banco  Argentino-Uruguayo ;  Yokohama  Specie  Bank ;  Banco  Co- 
mercial de  Azul. 

Notes. — Buenos  Aires  is  the  logical  point  for  the  establishment  of 
agencies ;  may  be  used  as  a  base  from  which  to  canvass  Uruguay, 
Paraguay,  and  the  entire  Argentine  Republic.  An  enormous  im- 
port and  export  trade  is  carried  on,  and  the  wholesale  trade  is 
extremely  important.  It  should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen  and 
should  have  their  most  careful  attention. 

Buenos  Aires  is  second  only  to  Paris  as  a  Latin  center  and  the 
tenth  in  population  of  the  cities  of  the  world.  Here  converge  all 
the  important  railroads.  It  is  the  chief  tinancial  center  of  the 
Repiibiic.  The.pf)rt  works  are  of  enormous  importance,  including 
basins,  dry  docks,  etc.  The  volume  of  trade  is  extraordinarily 
large,  and  almost  any  kind  of  goods  that  are  salable  may  be  mar- 
keted here,  since  there  are  so  many  classes  of  people  and  varieties 
of  demand. 

CATAMARCA,  Province  of  Catamarca ;  altitude,  1,663  feet ;  popu- 
lation. 15,000:  temperature  averages  69°;  on  Catamarca  River; 
833  miles  (1.340  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  584  miles  (941  km.)  from 
Rosario,  572  miles  (920  km.)  from  Santa  Fe.  Products:  Dried  figs, 
wines,  cotton.  Industries:  Mining,  stock  raising,  viticulture,  weav- 
ing.    Important  distributing  point. 

How  Reached. — By  Northern  Argentine  Railway.  Fare  from 
Buenos  Aires,  64.45  paper  pesos ;  time,  2J  days. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina;  Banco  Provincial  de 
Catamarca ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  Popular  de  Cata- 
marca. 

Hotels.— Favorita,  San  Martin,  Plaza,  Victoria. 

Note. — The  center  of  a  rich  and  growing  agricultural  district. 
Merchants  depend  chiefly  on  the  importers  of  Buenos  Aires.  Can  be 
easily  made  in  connection  with  Cordoba  and  Tucuman, 

CHACABUCO,  Province  of  Buenos  Aii-es ;  altitude,  225  feet ;  popu- 
lation, 10,000;  distant  129  miles  (209  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires, 
298  miles  (480  km.)  from  Villa  Mercedes.  Products:  Wheat,  corn, 
alfalfa,  etc. 


AROKNTINA.  419 

How  Reached. — Kroiii  Itufii(»s  Aires.  )>y  IJueno.s  .\ir«-s  riicill<:  lluil- 
wiiy;  lure,  1^.7."  pjtjier  pese.s;  time  of  tri|),  5i  hours. 
Banks.— liaiieo  tie  In  i\;uioii ;  Daiuo  rroviiicia  ile  Uiieiios  Aln*s. 
Hotels. — Coiaercio,  Sau  Martin,  I. a  Liiioii,  Pacifico. 
Note. — Tills  piaee  is  in  the  uiiiist  «il!  uu  important  cattle  ami  agri- 
eultural  district;   cliieliy   dependent   upon   tlie   whole.sale  liouses  of 
Buenos  Aires. 

CHASCOMUS,  Province  of  liueiios  Aires;  population.  i:8.<)*»U;  on 
Soutliern  Uaihvay,  895  miles  (tj3G  km.)  froui  liahiu  iJlancu.  70 
xuiies  (114  km.)  from  Uuenos  Aires.  Products:  Wlieat,  corn,  alfalfa, 
tobacco,  wines.  Industries:  ('utile,  raising  and  lishinj?,  extractinji 
.sand.     Mail  coach  .service  to  Pila,  6  paper  pesos. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad  (Constituclon)  ; 
fare,  7.110  pesos;  average  time,  2^  hours. 

Banks. — Basko-Asturiantj ;  1  >e  la  >.a<ion  Argentina;  De  la  Proviu- 
cia  de  Huenos  Aires;  Comercial  de  Chascomus;  IJanco  de  la  I'n.vin- 
cia   ( Sue. ) . 

Hotels. — Americano,  Colon,  Santa  Maria. 

Kote. — This  place  is  easily  reached  from  P>ueno9  Aires ;  a  pr<».sper- 
ous  community,  owing  its  wealth  to  the  surrounding  agricultural  and 
cattle  country.  Most  of  the  merchiints  here  make  their  purchases 
from  the  wholesale  houses  of  Bueim.s  Aires,  whose  salesmen  canva.ss 
Chascomus  regularly.  Usually  canvas.sed  by  tho.se  who  work  the 
small   towns. 

CHIVILCOY.  Province  of  P.ueims  Aires;  altitude.  170  feet;  popuhi- 
tion  of  district,  ."2.000;  }ii7  miles  (1."»7  km.)  from  P.iienos  Aires. 
Produtts:  Cattle,  wheat,  oats.  Industries:  Foundries,  cigar  ami 
cigarette  factories,  patent-food  factories,  nio.saic  works,  hnwedes, 
tiouv  nn'lls.  tanneries.  Mail  coach  service  to  Chacabuco,  4  paper 
liesos;  to  Alberti,  3  jiesos;  to  2.")  <le  Mayo,  5  pesos;  to  Navarro.  4 
pesos. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Western  Ilailway  (Toay 
branch  I  ;  time,   'i  liours :  tare,  .S.05  i)esos. 

Banks. — P.anco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de 
Buenos  Aires;  Banco  Popular  Kspaiiol;  Banco  Frances  del  Rio  de 
la  Plata. 
Hotels. — Vallerga,  Pinzon,  Buenos  Aires,  Mayo.  Espafiol. 
Note. — This    is    ii    rapidly    growing    city,    who.se    merchaius    are 
chiefly  (U'peiidein  iip.)ii  the  wholesale  houses  of  Buenos  Aires. 

CONCEPCION  DEL  URUGUAY,  Province  of  Entre  Bios;  population, 
lO.OtKi;  on  Uruguay  Iliver,  334  miles  (537  km.)  from  Buenos  Ain's 
and  179  miles  (289  km.)  from  Parana.  Principal  products:  Wheat, 
cattle,  wool,  hides,  timber.  Industries:  Beef-salting  facferies. 
Steamer  connection  with  river  towns  and  coast  ports.  On  Fntre 
Bios  Railway,  which  branches  from  here  to  P;ir;ina.  (',.l..n  atal 
4  'oncordia. 

Hotels. — Concordia.  Central,  Paris. 

Banks. — Bjinco  Agi-icola  e  Inmobiliario  del  Uruguay:-  P»anco 
Hipotecario  Nacional  en  Concepcion  del  Uruguay:  Banco  Italia  y 
Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina  ;  Banco  -\nglo  Sud 
Americano. 

Note. — This  town  is  in  close  proximity  to  Uruguay,  and  is  often 
canvassed  by  salesmen  en  route  to  the  interior.  A  great  deal  of 
business  is  carried  on  with  the  <'onti,guous  territory. 


420  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

CONCORDIA,  Province  of  Eutre  Kios ;  population,  48,500 ;  on  Uru- 
guay River,  opposite  Salto  (Uruguay)  ;  338  miles  (544  km.)  from 
Buenos  Aires.  330  miles  (531  km.)  from  Corrientes,  and  96  miles 
(154  km.)  from  Monte  Caseros.  Industries:  Flour  mills,  preserved 
meat,  vineyards,  etc.  Products:  Wheat,  cattle,  wool,  hides,  mat6, 
and  quebracho. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Entre  Rios  Railway  or 
Mihanovich  Line  steamers.  From  Corrientes,  by  Northeastern  Ar- 
gentine Railway;  Average  time  from  Buenos  Aires  by  rail,  6^ 
hours ;  fare,  28.90  paper  pesos. 

Banks. — Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion 
Argentina:  Banco  de  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Italia  y 
Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Hotels. — Continental,  Imi)erial,  Colon,  Victoria,  Londres,  Argen- 
tino,  Paris,  Comercio. 

Note. — Concordia  is  a  flourishing  city  and  imiwrtant  distributing 
point,  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  cattle  district ;  excellent 
connections  by  rail  and  river.  Direct  importing  is  carried  on  and 
there  is  considerable  trade  with  Uruguay  through  Salto,  across  the 
river. 

CORDOBA,  Province  of  Cordoba ;  altitude,  1,440  feet ;  population, 
135,000;  on  right  bank  of  Primero  River;  270  miles  (434  km.) 
from  Rosario  and  432  miles  (695  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires;  climate, 
dry,  temperate.  Principal  products:  Wheat,  maize,  timber,  wood, 
hay,  flour,  cattle,  hides,  and  mai-ble.  Industries:  Manufacture  of 
shoes,  hats,  matches,  cigarettes,  soap,  candles,  carriages,  and  furni- 
ture; foundries,  marble  works,  and  paper  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Rosario,  by  rail  via  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way. From  Buenos  Aires,  by  rail  via  Central  Argentine  or  Central 
Cordoba ;  fare,  38.20  paper  pesos ;  time,  14  to  21  hours. 

Railroads. — Central  Argi'ntine,  Central  Cordoba,  Argentino  del 
Norte,  and  Malagueno.  The  city  has  electric  cars;  cabs  may  be 
hired  at  1  peso  per  hour. 

Hotels. — Plaza,  San  Jeronimo  101 ;  San  Martin,  Plaza  San  Mar- 
tin ;  Victoria-Grand,  Calle  San  Martin  and  Colon ;  Italia,  San  Jero- 
nimo ;  Roma,  Calle  Dean  Funes ;  Metropole,  Plaza  San  Martin. 

Banks. — Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Na- 
cional ;  Banco  Popular  La  Plata ;  Banco  Londres  y  Rio  de  la 
Plata ;  Banco  El  Hogar  Argentino ;  Banco  de  Cordoba ;  Banco  Co- 
mercial  del  la  Provincia  de  Cordoba;  Caja  Internacional  Mutua  de 
Pensiones ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina. 

Note. — Cordoba  is  one  of  the  most  important  towns  of  Argentina, 
the  center  of  an  excetnlingly  rich  agricultural  and  cattle  country. 
There  are  also  some,  quarries  in  the  neighborhood.  It  is  easily 
reached  from  Buenos  Aires;  usually  canvassed  in  connection  with 
Rosario,  Santa  Fe,  and  Tucuman ;  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 

CORONEL  SUAREZ,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  5,000; 
on  Southern  Railway,  branch  to  Bahia  Blanca  via  General  La 
Madrid;  304  miles  (490  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products: 
Wheat,  corn,  cattle,  etc.  Industries:  Flour  mill,  meat  preserving 
factoi-y.  tannery,  furniture  factory,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad  (Constitucion)  ; 
fare,  26.60  paper  pesos ;  average  time,  12  hours. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion;  Banco  Credito  Argentino;  Banco 
Espafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata. 


AIUJKNTINA.  421 

Hotels. — Apollo,  Colon,  Uoiiia,  Ksi)afm.  llclvti-ia. 

Note. — This  town  is  iu  tin*  iiiiilst  of  u  rich  uj^rlculturul  region, 
anil  is  jirowiiif;  in  ini[»<»itanre.  Tlien*  is  a  Ilnssiun  colony  here. 
Considerable  trade  is  ihjne  with  the  surrounding  count ly.  (Can- 
vassed by  the  wholesale  houses  of  Buenos  Aires. 

CORRIENTES,  capital  of  Trovince  of  Corrientes;  population, 
,  2"),000;  (»n  left  bank  of  Tarana  Uiver,  2.")  uules  (40  km.)  l)elow  its 
confluence  with  Alto  I'arana  and  I'arajjuay  lUvers;  33i>  ndles  (.">31 
km.)  from  Concordia,  and  S^iS  miles  (l.o.'iU  km.)  from  r.iu-nos  Aires. 
I'rincipal  products:  Fruit,  sugar,  cochineal,  timber,  ostrich  feutlters, 
tobacco,   cotton. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires  via  Northeastern  Argentine 
Railway,  fare  58.5(J  pesos,  time  of  trip  44  hours;  from  Concordia  by 
Northeastern  Argentine  Itailway.  Steamer  connnunication  with 
other  river  porta 

Banks. — Banco  del  Comercio ;  Banco  Hipotecario  de  la  Provlncia  ; 
Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  tie  hi  Naeitm  Argentina ;  Banco 
Popular  Corrientes;  Banco  de  la  I'rovincia  de  Corrientes;  Banco 
Mercantil  de  (.'orrientes. 

Principal  Hotels. — Buenos  Aires,   Frances,  Parana. 

Note. — Corrientes  is  a  growing  city  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agri- 
cultural and  cattle  district.  There  is  .some  direct  importing,  but 
the  dependence  is  chietly  on  Buenos  Aires. 

FORMOSA,  capital  of  Territory  of  Formosa;  population.  UXOOO ; 
port  on  right  bank  of  Kio  Paraguay;  terminus  of  branch  of  North- 
ern Railway  from  Encaruacion  ;  1,379  miles  (2,220  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires.  I'roducts :  Sugar  cane,  coffee,  tobacco,  cotton,  rubber,  corn, 
oranges,  timlter,  hides.  Reached  by  steamers  of  the  Mihanovitch 
Line.  Marina  Mercante  Ar,gentina,  and  Domingo  Barthe. 

Hotels. — Eduardo  Anchca,  Felix  Iinui,  Jose  Dolio.  Enritiue 
Ferradas. 

Bank. — Banco  Nacion  Argentina. 

Note. — Formosa  is  an  important  and  growing  community  in  north- 
eastern Argentina.  In  the  surrounding  country  there  is  much 
wealth.  Much  business  is  done  with  the  importers  of  Buenos  Aires. 
Some  travelers  make  this  place  in  connection  with  Asuncion.  Para- 
guay. 

GUALEGUAY,  Province  of  Entre  Rios ;  population.  12,<X)0;  on  the 
Gualeguay  River.  Products:  Flour,  leather.  Industries:  Shoe  fac- 
tories, flour  mills,  chilled  meat.  Distant  from  Buenos  Aires  174 
miles  (280  km.)  ;  railway  fare,  17.85  pesos;  time,  11  hours. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion;  Banco  de  Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Hotels. — Londres,  Genoves,  Americano,  Europa. 

Note. — A  considerable  business  is  carried  on  ;  also  cattle  and  sheep 
ranching.  The  chief  ilependence  is  upon  the  wholesale  houses  of 
Buenos  Aires.  I'uerto  Ruiz  is  the  port,  located  4  miles  (T)  km.) 
from  Gualeguay. 

JTTJUY,  Province  of  .Tujuy  :  altitude,  4.04G  feet ;  population,  14..")(X): 
on  right  baidv  of  Rio  Gi-ande;  also  on  Central  Nortliern  .VrL'cntine 
Railway.  9.S7  miles  (1,511  km.)  from  Buenos  .\ires.  and  814  miles 
(1,310  km.)  from  Ro.sario ;  rainy  season,  November  to  March. 
Principal  jiroducts :  Sugar,  grain,  coffee,  tobacco,  cattle,  horses, 
sheep,  nniles.  llam.is.  gold,  silver,  copper,  borax.  Industries:  Agri- 
culture and  mining. 


422  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

How  Reached, — From  Buenos  Aires,  via  Centnil  Argentine:  fare 
81.10  pesos,  average  time  36  hours;  from  Tucunian,  by  Central 
Nortliern  Argentine. 

Banks. — Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  Nacion  Argentina. 
Hotels. — Gran  Hotel  Espana,  Nuevo  Paris,  Central. 
Note. — Jujuy  is  a  prosperous  and  growing  city.  There  is  a  large 
trade  in  cattle,  agricultural  products,  etc.  Mineral  deposits  of  vari- 
ous kinds  are  worked,  and  timber  is  a  source  of  great  wealth.  The 
town  is  on  the  direct  line  between  Buenos  Aires  and  Bolivia  via 
La  Quiaca,  easily  reached  from  Salta ;  worthy  of  the  attention  of 
those  who  make  this  trip. 

JUNIN,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  altitude,  250  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 26.000;  on  Central  Argentine  Railway  and  Buenos  Aires  Pa- 
cific Railway;  158  miles  (255  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  and  270 
miles  (435  km.)  from  Villa  Mercedes.  Mail-coach  service  to  Los 
Todos,  5  pesos.     Products:  Corn,  wheat,  alfalfa,  cattle,  etc. 

Hov7  Reached.^ — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad ;  fare,  16.80  pesos 
average  time,  6i  hours. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos 
Aires. 

Hotels. — Britania,  Buenos  Aires,  Plaza,  and  Roma. 
Note. — This  town  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural 
section,  growing  in  importance.  Some  travelers  find  it  advan- 
tageous to  stop  here  on  their  way  to  or  from  Chile.  There  is  some 
direct  importing;  most  of  the  houses,  however,  depend  upon  the 
wholesale  firms  of  Buenos  Aires. 

LA  PLATA,  capital  of  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population, 
142,000;  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Plata  River;  landing  at  En- 
senada.  steamer  to  wharf;  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires, 
426  miles  (687  km.)  from  Bahia  Blanca,  and  5  miles  (8  km.)  from 
Ensenada.  Principal  products:  Cattle  and  cereals.  Center  of 
meat-packing  trade.  Electric  cars  to  all  parts  of  city.  Cabs,  single 
journey  inside  of  town,  50  centavos;  outside,  1  paper  peso;  per  hour, 
within' city,  1  peso;  outside,  1.50  iDesos.  Taxicabs,  5  pesos  i>er  hour. 
Lloyd's  agent,  Puelston,  Boas  &  Co. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare. 
3.05  pesos ;  time,  If  hours.  From  Ensenada,  by  rail ;  fare,  40 
centavos. 

Principal  Hotels. — Argentino,  Mosquera,  Marini,  Sportsman,  Co- 
mercio,  Espana,  Francais,  La  Republica. 

Banks. — Banco  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Argentino  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata;  Banco  Espaiiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Caja  Internacional  Mu- 
tua  de  Pensiones;  Banco  Comercio  Argentino:  Caja  Popular  de 
Ahorros  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires ;  Caja  Popular  de  Ahorros ; 
Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional;  Credito  Provincial;  Banco  Italia  y 
Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Defensa  del  Hogar ;  Banco  Popular  La  Plata. 
Note.— This  is  a  flourishing  and  rapidly  growing  city.  Being  so 
accessible  to  Buenos  Aires,  it  can  be  easily  canvassed  from  that 
point.     Should  be  visited  by  most  salesmen. 

LA  QUIACA,  Province  of  Jujuy :  altitude,  10,250  feet ;  1,184  miles 
(1,907  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  176  miles  (284  km.)  from  Jujuy, 
and  130  miles  (209  km.)   from  Atocha   (Bolivia). 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  rail,  via  Central  Argentine 
Railway  or  Curdubu  Central.     Trains  leave  via  Central  Argentine 


ARGKNTINA.  423 

on  Tuesdays  mid  nnivi'  at  La  (jiiiara  on  Tlnir«;«lnys ;  finie,  2  days 
aod  2  lioiiis.  Trains  K-ave  via  ('ord(il)a  (N'litral  on  WCfliU'sdays 
and  arrive  at  I.a  (.^tiia<a  on  Mondays;  tinn',  4  ilays  and  21  hours; 
fare,  97.80  i>esos. 

From  La  I'a/.  (i'.olivia).  via  I'.olivia  Ilailway.  to  Atoohn  by  way  of 
Uyurd,  liio  Mulato.  and  <  Jruro ;  from  Atocha  to  Ln  Qulaoii,  hy  au- 
tomobile staj;e;  service  sendwtM'kiy  ;  tare,  ijt'Jd. 

Hotels. — Salomon  Molina  and  .lose  Ueuter. 

Note. — La  Cjuiata  is  on  the  boundary  line  between  Bolivia  and 
Argentina.  At  lliis  place  automobiles  are  tnlfen  for  the  conntntlon 
with  tlie  Uolivia  liailway  at  Atocha:  time  of  trip.  8  hours. 

LA  KIOJA,  I'rovince  of  La  Itioja  ;  altitude,  l.OoO  ft*et  ;  i>opulutlon. 
12,r»oO;  on  Northern  Ifaihvay  (branch  from  r»ean  Fumes  to  Chih'- 
cito)  ;  temperature  avera;;;es  67°  F. ;  average  rainfall,  12  lnrh(?s. 
Products:  ()ranj,'es  and  other  fruits.  Industries:  <;oI«i  and  copper 
uilnius.  Distant  208  miles  (334  km.)  from  Tucuman,  117  miles 
(188  km.)  from  Calamarca,  rif»7  miles  (91o  km.)  from  Ilo.iario,  and 
fiiiG  miles  (814  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  AveriiKe  time  by  rail  from 
Santa  Fe,  7  hour.s. 

Banks. — I'.anco  de  la  Nacion  ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco 
Popular  La  Plata. 

Hotels. — Luis  Del  F'abro,  Rotlolfo  Lonmajaie,  Jose  Molpnra.  and 
Enrique  Prats. 

Note. — La  Rio.ia  can  l)e  easily  canva.««se<l  by  those  who  make 
northwestern  Argentina ;  can  be  reached  from  Cordoba  or  Cata- 
marca.  It  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  ay:ric\dtural  :ind  fruit-growin? 
district. 

MAR  DEL  PLATA,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  .30.000; 
on  the  Atlantic  coast;  also  on  Southern  Uailwny.  248  miles  (4<X) 
km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Mail  coach  s<'rvice  to  Balcarce  and 
Necochea. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  rail  via  Junncho,  11  hours; 
fare,  23.75  pesos. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  de  la  Nacion; 
Banco  de  la  Provincia. 

Hotels. — Arnnstad,  Baskonia,  Bristol.  Colon,  Famllle.  Galileo. 
Grand.  Manetti,  Paris,  Progrreso,  Recrina.  Royal,  Universal.  Victoria. 

Note. — This  is  the  most  famous  stviside  i-esort  of  South  America. 
Work  is  now  in  progress  which  will  make  it  also  one  of  the  best 
commercial  ports  of  Arirentina.  The  merchants  here  are  chiefly 
dependent  upon  the  wholesale  houses  of  Buenos  Aires,  but  a  few  do 
some  direct  importing:. 

MENDOZA,  capital  of  Province  of  Mcndoza ;  altitude.  2.40^)  feet ; 
population,  65.000;  on  the  Mendoza  River;  also  on  Transandin*'  and 
Western  Railways;  651  miles  (1,048  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  and 
252  miles  (407  km.)  from  Santiairo,  Chile;  climate,  dry;  temjierature 
averages  (^2°  F.  Principal  products:  Wine,  corn,  maize,  leather, 
wool.     Industries:  Stock  raising;,  ajrriculture,  and  miiuuK- 

How  Reached. — From  Santiajro.  Chile,  via  Transandine  Railwaj" ; 
from  Buenos  Aires  by  Transandine  Railway;  fare  l'2.40  pesos;  time, 
24  hours. 

Hotels. — Riviere.  Sierra,  Vera,  Graud,  Naclonul,  Anexo  Sportsman. 
Italia,  Central. 


424  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Banks. — Anglo  Sudamericaiio ;  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ; 
Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Industrial  de  Mendoza ;  Banco  de  Londres  y 
Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Popular  de  Men- 
doza ;  Banco  Provincial  de  Mendoza ;  Banco  Prestamos  y  Ahorros ; 
Seguros  y  Disc.  Mendoza. 

Note. — Mendoza  is  easily  visited  on  way  to  Valparaiso  from 
Buenos  Aires,  or  vice  versa,  via  Transandine  Railway.  There  is 
some  direct  importing,  although  many  dealers  depend  upon  Buenos 
Aires. 

MERCEDES,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  on  left  bank  of  Rio 
Quinto;  population,  12,500;  on  Western  Railway,  60  miles  (98  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires.  Products:  Wheat,  fruits,  cereals.  Industries: 
Manufacture  of  woolen  cloth,  tanning,  etc.  Hourly  train  .service 
from  Once,  Buenos  Aires ;  time,  2  hours  7  minutes ;  fare,  6.20  pesos. 
"  Mensajerias  "  (stage)  service  to  Victoria  and  intermediate  points. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos 
Aires ;  Banco  Espaiiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Hotels. — Nogues,  Mercedes,  Iris,  Galileo,  Del  Teatro. 

Note. — This  town  may  be  easily  worked  from  Buenos  Aires,  but 
its  chief  commercial  dependence  is  on  the  importers  of  the  capital. 

PARANA,  capital  of  Province  of  Entre  Rios;  population,  77,000; 
on  Parana  River;  also  on  Entre  Rios  Railway,  198  miles  (320  km.) 
from  Concepcion  del  Uruguay,  356  miles  (574  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires,  Principal  products :  Wheat,  maize,  linseed,  barley,  castor  oil, 
timber.  Industries :  Mosaic,  match  and  shoe  factories,  flour  mills, 
breweries,  tanneries. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Entre  Rios  Railway  in 
conjunction  with  Central  Buenos  Aires  Railway ;  or  via  Mihanovich 
Line  steamers ;  average  train  time  from  Buenos  Aires,  20  hours ; 
fare,  29.95  pesos.     From  Stanta  Fe,  via  Mihanovich  Line  steamers. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Hipotecario 
Nacional ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Popular  La  Plata ; 
Banco  de  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Proveedor  de  Entre 
Rios. 

Hotels. — Espana,  Espanol,  Cransac,  Central,  Sanguinetti,  Torreal- 
day.  Gran. 

Note. — Parana  is  a  city  with  a  rapidly  growing  population ;  in 
close  proximity  to  Santa  Fe,  and  easily  reached  by  rail  and  steamer. 
There  is  some  direct  importing. 

POSADAS,  capital  of  Gobernacion  de  Misiones;  a  port  on  the 
Alto  Parana ;  population,  14,000 ;  on  Central  Northeastern  Rail- 
way— connected  with  the  Entre  Rios  and  Central  Buenos  Aires  rail- 
ways by  ferryboat;  170  miles  (273  km.)  from  Corrientes  and  709 
miles  (1,142  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Industries:  Yerba  mat6 
mill,  saw  pits,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railway  or  steamer,  Mi- 
hanovich Line  and  Domingo  Barthe  Co.  Line;  from  Corrientes,  by 
Mihanovich  Line  of  steamers,  36  hours.  Average  time  by  rail  from 
Buenos  Aires,  34  hours ;  fare,  62.40  pesos. 

Banks. — Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion 
Argentina. 

Hotels. — America,  Paris,  Iguazu,  and  Globo. 

Note. — ^At  this  point  the  railroad  cars  are  ferried  across  the  Alto 
Parana.    A  fair  local  business  is  carried  on. 


ARGENTINA.  425 

PUENTE  DEL  lUCA,  Troviuce  of  M.-iidcza  ;  nltitiido,  O.UKJ  feet ; 
on  Conlilleni  <1(>  Ins  AruU's;  751  uiilfs  (1,208  kui.)  fntin  IluenoH 
Aires  ami  l(ii)  miles  (177  km.)   fn)iii  .Mcmlozii. 

How  Reached. — From  itutMios  Aires  or  Mendoza,  via  racitic  und 
Transamline  Railways;  average  time  from  Buenos  Aires,  iH)  liours; 
fare,  110  pesos. 

Hotels. — I'ueiite  del  Inca  and  Gran  Hotel  Sud  Americano. 

Note. — This  place  i.s  noted  for  its  hot  springs;  al.S4>  for  the  famou.s 
natural  iiridge  across  the  Mendoza  Uiver.  Mouiitaiu  climbers 
often  make  this  their  base  of  operations.  The  se:i.son  of  I'uente  del 
Inoa  extends  from  November  to  April.  The  town  is  of  slight  com- 
mercial importance. 

PUERTO  GALLEGOS,  capital  of  Province  of  Santa  Cruz;  popula- 
tion, 2,000;  on  riglit  bank  of  Gallegos  River;  8  miles  (lo  km.)  from 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  1,035  miles  (2.030  km.)  from  liuenos  Aires. 
Products:  Sheep,  wool,  skins,  etc.  Industry:  Manufacture  of 
tallow. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  or  Punta  Arenas,  Chile,  by 
steamers  of  Sodeilad  An6nima  Importadora  y  Exportadora  de  la 
Patagonia;  forlnightly  service  from  Buenos  Aires. 

Bank. — Banco  Anglo  Sudamericano. 

Note. — This  place  is  growing  in  prominence,  chielly  important  be- 
cau.se  of  the  cattle  and  sheep  industry.  Several  largi-  companies 
operate  store.«!.  Purchases  are  usually  made  at  their  headquarters 
in  Buenos  Aires  or  Punta  Arenas.  As  a  rule.  Puerto  (ialN-gos  is 
not  canvas.sed  by  foreign  travelers. 

RIO  CUARTO,  Province  of  Cordoba;  altitude.  1.424  feet;  popula- 
tion, 28.000;  on  Kio  Cuarto;  lis  miles  (UK)  km.)  from  Cordol)a 
and  445  miles  (716  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products:  Cattle, 
cereals,  etc.     Industries:  Tanneries,  tlour  mills,  and  breweries. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Railway;  aver- 
age time  of  tri[),  17  hours;  fare,  34.20  pesos.  From  Mendoza,  by 
direct  rail  communication  via  Maclvcna, 

Hotels. — Argentino,  Audino,  Gran,  Universal,  and  Royal. 

Banks. — Banco  Comercial  de  la  Provincia  Cordoba ;  Banco  Cor- 
doba ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Proveedor  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata. 

Note. — Rio  Cuarto  is  not  generally  canva.«:sed  by  foreign  sales- 
men, its  chief  dependence  being  upon  Buenos  Aires. 

ROSARIO,  Province  of  Santa  Fe ;  population.  250.000;  on  western 
bank  of  Parana  River;  landing,  steamer  to  wharf;  187  miles  (303 
km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  by  rail,  230  miles  (370  km.)  by  river; 
270  miles  (434  km.)  from  Cordoba;  temperature  averages  62°  F. 
Best  visiting  time,  Jlarch  to  Jlay  and  September  and  October. 
Principal  products :  Agricultural ;  coppi>r  is  also  found  here.  Indus- 
tries: Sugar  refineries,  distilleries,  breweries,  brickyards,  lumber 
mills,  macaroni  factories,  and  Hour  mills.  American  consul  and  vice 
consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Barnett  &  Co.  Electric  cars  r\m  to  all  parts 
of  the  city.  Cabs  may  be  hired  for  .50  <entavos  to  points  in  city;  1 
peso  to  points  beyond  limits ;  by  the  hour,  1  peso  \^ithin  the  city, 
1.50  pesos  outside. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  .Vires,  via  Central  Argentine,  Cen- 
tral Cordoba,  or  Province  of  Buenos  Aires  General  Railway;  or 
Mihanovitch  Line  of  river  steamers.     Time  by   rail   from   Buenos 


426  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Aires  8  to  11  hours;  fare,  18.20  pesos.  Steamers  leave  Buenos 
Aires  Mondayfi,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays  at  7  a.  m.  and  arrive 
same  day  at  5.15  p.  m. 

Some  Leading  Hotels. — Italia,  Calle  Maipu ;  Savoy,  Calle  San 
Martin  560-600;  Central.  Calle  Urquiza  1264;  Mayo,  San  Lorenzo 
1102-1136;  Britannia,  Calle  Urquiza;  Royal,  Calle  Libertad ;  Uni- 
versal ;  De  la  Paix,  Calle  Libertad  and  Urquiza ;  Frascati ;  Bristol ; 
Espafia,  Sarmiento  856 ;  Roma,  Corrientes  721 ;  Comercio,  San 
Lorenzo  969. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo  Sudamericano ;  Banco  Britanico  de  la  Amer- 
ica del  Sur;  Banco  El  Hogar  Argentino;  Banco  Escolar  Argentine 
del  Rosario ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  Frances  del 
Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  Banco  Internacional 
Anonima  (Ltd.)  ;  Banco  Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  de  Londres 
y  Brazil ;  Banco  de  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Municipal 
de  Prestamos ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Popular  de 
Rosario ;  Banco  Provincial  de  Santa  Fe ;  Banco  Agricola  y  Comer- 
cial  Argentina ;  Banco  Maritime  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Proveedor  del 
Rio  de  la  Plata ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Note. — Rosario  is  the  second  most  important  city  of  Argentina, 
the  center  of  a  large  trade,  and  the  doorway  to  a  great  interior 
district.  There  is  considerable  manufacturing,  and  agriculture, 
cattle  raising,  timber  trade,  etc.,  are  carried  on  extensively.  Rosa- 
rio has  a  splendid  harbor  equipment,  and  owing  to  its  favorable 
location  is  easily  accessible  by  river,  railway,  and  ocean.  Several 
railroad  lines  converge  here.  There  is  daily  river  service.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  the  most  fertile  in  Argentina.  There  is  direct 
importing,  and  the  city  should  be  visited  by  most  travelers. 

SALTA,  capital  of  Province  of  Salta ;  altitude,  3,839  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 38,000;  on  Central  Northern  Argentine  Railway,  925  miles 
(1,492  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires;  climate,  temperate;  average  annual 
rainfall,  23  inches.  Principal  products:  Corn,  tobacco,  wood,  cere- 
als, cotton,  sheep,  hides,  wool.     Industries:  Agriculture  and  mining. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  via  Central  Argentine  or 
Central  Cordoba  Railway  ;  fare,  80.10  pesos ;  average  time  of  trip,  48 
hours.     From  Tucuman,  by  Central  Northern  Argentine  via  Guemes. 

Hotels. — Nacional,  Colon,  Casino,  Roma,  Bristol,  Gran,  Centenario, 
Salteno,  Plaza,  Comercio. 

Banks. — Banco  Constructor  de  Salta ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argen- 
tina ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Salta ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata ;  Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional. 

Note. — Salta  is  on  the  great  trade  route  connecting  -Ju.iuy  and 
Tucuman  with  Chile  and  I?olivia,  and  can  be  easily  made  by  those 
who  canvass  northwestern  Argentina  and  southern  Bolivia.  There 
is  some  direct  importing,  but  the  chief  dependence  is  upon  the 
importers  of  Buenos  Aires. 

SAN  JUAN,  capital  of  Province  of  San  Juan ;  population,  15,000 ; 
on  the  San  Juan  River  and  Western  Railway;  750  miles  (1,204  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires;  temperature  averages  65°  F.  Products:  Cat- 
tle, wine,  agriculture,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  via  Buenos  Aires  &  Pacific 
Railroad,  average  time  27  hours ;  via  Central  Argentine  Railroad, 
average  time  25  hours,  fare  65.85  pesos. 


AROKNTINA.  427 

Banks. — Tinnco  KspaHdl  <lel  Ui«>  «!«•  la  riaia  ;  I'.aiiru  <1»»  la  Nucloii ; 
I'.aiicii  r«>iiiiliir  ;  IJaiico  I'lovincial  tie  Sun  .luuii;  HaiK-o  del  Obrero 
y  (.'aja  de  Almiros. 

Hotels. — Aljieciras.  Las  I'ruvincia.s,  Italia.  Castellana,  Krunco- 
Esitafin!.  and  K.^pana. 

Note. — ("tuisidorablo  coninien.'e  is  carrit'd  ou  with  ('Idle.  San 
.Tuan  is  easily  reached  from  Mendnza,  heinij;  only  a  short  distance 
therelroiu.  Some  traveler.s  make  this  town  on  their  way  to  or 
from  Chile.  Most  of  the  houses  are  dependent  upon  the  whole- 
salers of  r>uenos  Aires. 

SAN  NICOLAS,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population  of  district, 
32.1H»0;  a  port  on  Taraiia  River;  4<)  miles  (05  km.)  from  llosario 
(by  rail),  14S  miU>s  (238  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  (by  rail),  and 
45  miles  (73  km.)  from  Terj^amino.  Products:  Flour  and  aiijricul- 
tural  i>roduce.  Industries:  Paper  and  Hour  mills,  woolen  cloth 
weavin;;.  etc.     Lloyd's  agent,  Morteo  &  Toulet. 

Banks. — P.anco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  de  la  Provincla ;  Banco 
Espafiol  del  Kio  de  la  Plata. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way :   tare,  14.:>(>  jiesos;  avci-ai,'e  time.  5i   hours. 

Hotels. — E.>q)anol.   Italia.  .Marconi,  La   Paz,  Colon,  and  Ca*iza. 

Note. — This  town  is  very  important  because  of  its  location;  excel- 
leiu  service  between  Buenos  Aires  and  Kosario ;  some  direct  iui- 
portinii;  considerable  export  business. 

SAN  PEDRO,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  25.(X)d ;  a 
port  on  Parana  River;  also  on  C-entral  Argentine  Railway  (from 
Buenos  Aires  to  Rosario)  ;  82  miles  (132  km.)  from  Rosario  and 
HM  miles  (171  km.)  fiom  Buenos  Aires:  products,  agricultural  and 
pastoral. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way:  fare.  1(».J.'.  pesos;  average  time  of  trip.  4  hours. 

Banks. — P.anco  de  la  Nacion;  Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata; 
Banco  Industrial  Argentino. 

Hotels. — (.'astilla,  Otero.  Rivas,  Sportsman,  Plaza  Real,  and  Vi.s- 
caya. 

jjote. — A  large  business  is  done  with  the  surrounding  country. 
The  merchants  liere  are  chiefly  dependent  upon  the  wholesale 
houses  of  Buenos  Aires. 

SANTA  FE,  capital  of  Province  of  Santa  Fe ;  population.  79..50") ; 
un  left  hank  of  Parana  River,  near  its  junction  with  the  Salado ; 
298  miles  (480  km.)  from  P.uenos  Aires.  7  miles  (11  km.)  from 
Colastine  (its  port),  and  104  miles  (1G8  km.)  from  Rosario.  Cen- 
ter of  vast  gr.i in-growing  district.  Industries:  Cloth  and  bagging 
factories  and  tanneries.     Lloyd's  agent,  Norman  Bros. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way; fare,  27.85  pesos;  time,  14  hours.  From  Rosario,  by  rail; 
time,  5  hours. 

Banks. — Credito  Comercial ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina; 
Banco  Hipotecario  Nacional ;  P.anco  El  Hogar  Argentino;  Banco  In- 
ternacional  del  Plata:  Banco  Municipal  de  PrC'stamos ;  Bancn)  Itali- 
ano:  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Nuevo  Italiauo; 
Banco  Provincla  de  Santa  Fe. 

Hotels.— Italiano.  Globo,  Esi^ina.  Crran  Hotel  de  Roma,  Interna- 
cional.  and  De  Fraucia. 


428  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

Note. — This  is  a  city  of  great  importance  and  can  usually  be 
canvassed  to  advantage  by  the  majority  of  salesmen.  Some  direct 
importing  is  done. 

SANTA  ROSA,  Gobernacion  de  la  Pampa  ;  population.  7,000 ;  on 
Western  Railway,  376  miles  (606  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Indus- 
tries: Cattle  raising,  agriculture,  etc. 

How  Reached, — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Western  Railway, 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Nacion. 

Hotels. — Apollo.  Grand,  La  Amistad. 

Note. — This  is  a  typical  pampa  town,  owing  its  wealth  to  the 
surrounding  cattle  and  agricultural  district.  Merchants  make  most 
of  their  purchases  in  Buenos  Aires. 

TRENQUE  LAUQUEN,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population, 
8,000;  on  Western  Railway,  269  miles  (433  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires. 
Products :  Wheat,  alfalfa,  cereals,  cattle,  corn,  etc.  Mail  coach 
service  to  San  Mauricio,  $7.50 ;  to  America,  $7, 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  railroad,  fare  2-5.20  pesos ; 
avei-age  time,  11  hours. 

Banks, — Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  Popular  Espanol, 

Hotels. — Simon,  Royal,  Comercio, 

Note. — This  place  does  a  fair  business.  The  merchants  depend 
chiefly  upon  the  houses  of  Buenos  Aires.  Not  usually  canvassed  by 
foreign  salesmen. 

TUCUMAN,  Province  of  Tucuman  ;  altitude,  1.500  feet ;  population, 
100,000;  on  a  head  stream  of  the  Rio  Dulce;  on  Central  Argentine 
and  Central  Cordoba  Railways,  320  miles  (515  km.)  from  Cordoba, 
96  miles  (1.54  km.)  from  Santiago  del  Estero,  and  718  miles  (1,156 
km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  Temperature  averages  67°  F.  Principal 
products:  Sugar,  tobacco,  rice,  building  lumber.  Industries:  Sugar 
refining,  distilleries.  Near  by  are  gold,  silver,  and  copper  mines ; 
also  marble  quarries. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way, fare  60.30  pesos,  average  time  of  trip  28^  hours ;  from  Cordoba, 
by  Central  Cordoba  Railway, 

Hotels. — Savoy,  Artiga,  Frascati,  Lyon,  Paris,  Central,  Monte 
Cristo,  Espafia,  Nacioual,  Europa. 

Banks. — Caja  Internacional  Miitua  de  Pensiones;  Credito  General 
del  Norte  Argentino ;  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Frances  del  Rio 
de  la  Plata;  Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata;  De  Credito  Inmobiliario ; 
Edificador  del  Norte ;  De  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Hipotecario  Na- 
cional ;  Constructor  de  Tucuman ;  La  Mutua ;  Provincia  de  Tucu- 
man ;  Municipal  del  Prestamos, 

Note. — Tucuman  is  of  great  importance  because  of  the  sugar  in- 
dustry ;  easily  canvassed  by  those  who  visit  northwestern  Argentina 
and  southern  Bolivia ;  direct  importing  is  carried  on  quite  exten- 
sively ;  may  be  canvassed  to  advantage  by  almost  all  salesmen. 
There  are  a  number  of  wholesale  houses  here,  which  supply  the  sur- 
rounding country  and  whose  business  reaches  a  substantial  figure. 

VICTORIA,  Province  of  Entre  Rios;  population,  10,000;  on  Entre 
Rios  Railway,  34  miles  (-54  km.)  east  of  Rosaria.  1-50  miles  (241 
km.)  west  of  Concepcion  del  Uruguay,  and  100  miles  (161  km.) 
south  of  Parana.     Products :  Lime,  cereals,  cattle,  wool,  hides. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  Aires,  via  Entre  Rios  Railway; 
fare,  27.65  pesos;  average  time  of  trip,  211  hours. 


AROKNTINA.  429 

Banks. — Banco  de  Italia  y  Uio  ilo  hi   riam  ;  r.anco  rlo  la  Naclon 

Arm'iitina.  • 

Hotels. — Aiiiistud.  Trurr-o,  T'^nzuota,  Afni-'^tln  A.Sf^arate. 

Note. — ^This  town  is  easily  iiiiMle  from  Siinta  Fe  or  Rosarlo;  it.s 
chief  dependence  is  upon  Uuciin-  Aiifs;  -i  vt-rv  f:iir  voliitnf  of  Inmi- 
ness  Is  done. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Occasionally  direct  importations  are  made  by  flrm.s  and  com- 
panies located  in  certain  of  the  following  places.  It  is  advisable 
to  inquire  in   the  nearest   larj^e  town  as  to  trade  po.sslhilitles. 

Acebal,  Province  of  Santa  Pe;  altitude,  213  feet;  population, 
over  4,(KM) ;  192  miles  (309  km.)  from  lUienos  Aires,  reachei]  by 
Central  Argentine  Railway;  60  miles  (98  km.)  from  Santa  Fe. 
Products :  Oreals,  lin.seed,  and  cattle.  Hotels :  Geremias  and  Bi- 
estro. 

Adolfo  Alsina,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  7.500;  alti- 
tude, 36S  feet;  on  Southern  Railway  via  Lobos  .Junction;  on  West- 
ern Railway  via  branch  froni  Trenque  Lauquen  to  Carhue;  on 
direct  line  to  Bahia  Blanca  ;  310  miles  (">00  km.)  from  La  Plata. 
Products:  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  alfalfa,  hides,  and  wool.  Banks: 
Banco  Kspafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  Provincia  de  Buenos 
Aires. 

Almirante  Brown  (or  Androque),  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  popu- 
lation, 10,000;  on  Snulhern  Railway  and  Plata  River;  11  miles  (19 
km.)  from  La  Plata.  Products:  Corn,  alfalfa,  wheat,  oats,  and 
cattle.     Hotel,  La  Delcia. 

Altagracia,  Province  of  Cordoba;  population.  4.oOO;  altitude,  1,675 
feet;  52  miles  (86  km.)  from  Santa  Maria  and  441  miles  (710  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires,  which  is  reached  by  Central  Argentine  Rail- 
way (via  Cordoba)  ;  fare,  39  pesos;  time,  9^  hours.  Hotels:  Ingles. 
Koenig.  Sierras,  Sportsman,  and  Suizo.  Commercial  »nd  industrial 
center ;  quarries  near  by. 

Altamirano,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires:  population,  1^^.000;  54 
miles  (87  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Rjiilway;  faro. 
5.50  pesos;  time,  2  hours.  Proilucts:  Wheat  and  maize.  Agricul- 
tural and  breeding  center, 

.  Arrecifes,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  5.000;  112  miles 
(ISO  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Railway;  fare. 
lO.SO  pesos ;  time,  41  liours.     Products :  Cattle  and  wool. 

Bella  Vista,  Province  of  Corrientes;  population,  5.O00;  port  on 
Parana  River;  124  miles  (2CK)  km.)  from  Corrientes;  reached  by 
steamers.  Products:  Sugnr,  tobacco,  and  timber.  Center  of  com- 
merce for  Coacati,  San  Roque,  and  Concepcion,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  "  mensajerias "  (stage  service).  Bank.  Banco  de  la 
Nacion.     Hotels:  Olivieri.  Esteban,  Park,  and  Del  Prado. 

Belle  Ville,  Province  of  Cordoba ;  population,  6.800 :  altitude.  430 
feet;  on  Tercero  River;  308  miles  (496  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires: 
reached  by  Central  Argentine  Railway;  fare.  28.60  pesos;  averag»> 
time  of  trip  17  hours;  118  miles  (190  km.)  from  Cordoba.  B.mks: 
Banco  Comercial  Agricola  ;  Banco  de  la  Naciou  .Vrgentiua.  Hotels: 
Chichizola.  (Jhisiglieri,  Rossi,  San  Martin,  and  Belle  Ville.  Im- 
portant agricultural  district. 


430  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Bolivar,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  25,000;  205  miles 
(331  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires;  readied  by  Southern  Hallway;  fare, 
20.75  pesos;  average  time  of  trip,  7  hours.  Products:  Wheat,  corn, 
and  oats.  Industries:  Corn  mill,  cheese  and  patent-food  factories. 
BauliS :  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Popular  K.spaiiol ; 
Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aire.s.  Hotels:  Balnear,  El  Co- 
merico,  Paris,  and  La  Vizcama.  Mail-coach  service  to  Olavarria, 
Bella  Vista,  and  Carlos  Casares. 

Cacheuta,  Province  of  Mendoza ;  altitude,  3,750  feet ;  675  miles 
(1.088  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Buenos  Aires  Pacific  Railway; 
fare,  63.65  pesos ;  average  time  of  trip  23  hours.  Hotel,  Balneario. 
Medicinal  springs. 

Campana,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  15.0(X> ;  port  on 
Parana  River,  50  miles  (80  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  137  miles  (222 
km.)  from  Rosario.  Products:  Cattle  and  agricultural  produce. 
Industries :  Tanneries,  soap  factories,  paper  factories,  refrigerated 
meat.  Reached  by  Central  Argentine  Railway,  branch  to  Tucuman  ; 
fare  from  Buenos  Aires,  4.40  pesos.  Hotels:  Campana.  Loreley, 
Verdier.     Bank,  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires. 

Canada  de  Gomez,  Province  of  Santa  Fe ;  popidation.  15,400;  50 
miles  (80  km.)  from  Rosario  and  257  miles  (413  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires  by  Central  Argentine  Railway ;  fare  from  Rosario,  4.40  pesos ; 
time,  2  hours.  Bank,  Banco  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels:  Universal, 
Italia,  Mayo.     Agricultural  and  cattle  breeding  district. 

Canuelas,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  13,000 ;  40  miles 
(64  km.)  from  Buenos  Aii-es  via  Southern  Railway;  fare.  3.65 
pesos ;  average  time,  1^  hours.  Products :  Cattle,  hides,  tobacco. 
Bank.  Banco  de  la  Provincia.     Hotels :  Hotel  del  Club.  La  Union. 

Carlos  Casares,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  13,000 ; 
192  miles  (310  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  50  miles  (80  km.)  from 
San  Mauricio,  and  83  miles  (134  km.)  from  Trenque  Lauquen.  On 
Western  Railway ;  fare  from  Buenos  Aires,  19.65  pesos ;  average 
time,  8  hours.  Products :  Cattle  and  sheep ;  industry,  stock  raising. 
Banks :  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires ;  Banco  Ci'edito 
Argentina ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Hotels :  Apollo, 
Esparia,  El  Roma,  Internacional.  De  la  Amistad.  Mail  coach 
service  to  25  de  Mayo. 

Carmen  de  Areco,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  11,000; 
81  miles  (132  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires;  average  time  of  trip,  4 
hours;  fare,  7.80  pesos.  Products:  Cattle,  sheep,  wheat,  linseed." 
Reached  by  Central  Raihvay,  branch  line  to  Rojas.  Banks:  Banco 
de  la  Provincia ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Hotels :  V.  de 
Herrera,  C.  E.  Larroque,  C.  Massa. 

Carmen  de  Patagones,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  on  left  bank  of 
Rio  Negro,  in  front  of  Viedma  ;  171  miles  (275  km.)  from  Bahia 
Blanca.  Connected  with  Buenos  Aires  by  following  lines:  Linea 
Nacional  del  Sud,  Sud  Atlantica,  Marina  Mercante  Argentina 
(Mihanovich  Line).  Automobile  service  to  Stroeder  (station  on 
the  Paulista  Railway),  2  hours'  trip,  55  miles  (88  km.)  ;  from 
Stroeder  to  Bahia  Blanca,  116  miles  (187  km.),  fare  12.20  pesos, 
time  (not  including  stop  over  night  at  Pedro  Luro),  4  hours  30 
minutes.  Bank,  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels :  P.  Girani, 
A.  Larrauaga. 


AHdKNTINA.  431 

Chilecito,  I'roviiiic  oi"  La  Kiujn  ;  ;iltiiuilf,  :ijti)0  U'ef,  i">oi(Ulatl<m, 
r»,0(K);  on  Northern  Railway,  4r»  miles  (73  km.)  fr<>m  Illnja,  170 
miles  (289  km.)  from  San  .luan.  I'rodueis,  )i;iricultunil.  l{i"a«-li«Hl 
from  Cordoba  by  rail ;  from  rat»|uia.  by  rail,  average  time,  18  hours; 
bi^liway  connections  to  Atacama.  Cliile.  Hank.  Banco  «le  la  Nadon. 
Hotel,  tiUis  I>ufour.  The  merchants  of  iliis  place  depenil  upon  the 
importers  of  the  large  cities. 

Colon,  rrovincc  of  T.nenos  Aires;  i)o[)nlatioii.  ti.tMM);  on  the  Uru- 
l-'iiay  River.  Distant  IT;}  miles  (2Su  km. »  Irom  Unenos  AinN; 
reached  by  Central  Argentine  Railway;  fare,  lO.so  f>es<»s;  time,  t) 
hours.  Chief  iiidusirles.  meat  e.vtract  works.  'Miief  i.roduets: 
Meat  extracts,  leather,  tallow,  and  other  animal  prfnlucts.  Tho 
Liebif,'  Meat  Extract  Works  are  located  here  an<l  fiive  the  town  what 
importance  it  pos.sesses. 

Comodoro  Rivadavia,  Department  of  Sarmiento.  Territory  of  Chu- 
but ;  reached  by  steamers  of  the  Companfa  Importadora  y  Kx- 
portadora,  en  route  from  I'ataKonia  to  Huenos  Aires.  PrcMluct. 
petroleum  Banks:  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina:  Banco  Mspanol 
del  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Hotels:  Miramar;  Argentina,  Nacional,  Colon, 
Talleres. 

Dolores,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  ix^pulation,  1S,(>00;  climate, 
mild.  Products:  Cereals  and  fruits,  rattle.  On  Southern  Railway, 
12G  miles  (20.S  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  3}  hours'  journey.  Hotels; 
Francia,  Libertad,  Roma.  P>anks:  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina: 
Banco  E.spanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata.  Mail  coach  service  to  Lavalle 
and  to  Hinojales. 

Esperanza,  Province  of  Santa  Fe ;  population,  7.0<X);  on  the  Salado 
River;  .S12  nules  (.">0.S  km.)  from  Buenf>s  Aires,  by  Santa  Fe  and 
Central  Argentine  Railway;  fare.  2S;.85  pesos;  average  time  of  trip. 
13  hours.  Products:  Cereals,  cattle,  timber.  Bank.  Banco  de  la 
Nacion  Argentina.     Hotel,  Pisano  y  Planton. 

General  La  Madrid.  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  3.000; 
263  miles  (424  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare, 
24.50  pesos:  average  time  of  trip,  12  hours.  Banks:  Banco  Conier- 
cial  de  General  la  Madrid  ;  Banco  Provincia  de  Buen«xs  Aires;  Banmt 
de  la  Na<i<>n  Argentina.  Hotels:  Argentine.  Hspana.  Vasconia. 
Products:  Wheat,  maize,  alfalfa,  cattle. 

General  Pinto,  Province  of  Biienos  Aires;  population.  12..tOO;  20S 
miles  (33G  km.)  from  Biienos  Aires,  by  Western  Railway;  fare, 
$21.30;  average  time  of  trip.  7*  hours.  Prodiuts:  Wheat,  mai/.e. 
linseed,  cattle.  Bank,  Banco  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires.  Mail 
coach  service  to  Cermania.  .$3.     Hotels :  La  Perla,  Prognose. 

Goya,  Province  of  Corrientes;  population.  9.(MX) :  p<^rt  on  Pamnn 
River;  on  Central,  Entre  Rios.  and  Northeastern  Railways.  61.S 
miles  (994  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires;  fare.  ."iO.T.^  pesos,  time  0*  houi*s. 
Products ;  I-,€ather,  cattle,  wool,  cheese,  cereals,  timber.  Tinjiortant 
center  of  distribution  for  towns  in  the  interior.  Parana  ste.-imers 
call  three  times  a  week.  Daily  mail  and  passenger  service  to  La 
Reconquista  in  connection  with  Santa  Fe  and  Rosario  Railway. 
Hotels:  Central.  Palais,  Paris,  River.  Banks:  Banco  tie  la  Nacion; 
Banco  de  la   Provincia. 

Gualeguaychu.  Province  of  Entre  Rios;  population,  15.<XK);  11 
miles    (IS    km.)    from    confluence    of    Gualeguaychu    and    rrutniay 


432  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Rivers;  47  miles  (76  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  average  time  by  rail, 
2  hours,  fai-e  22.80  pesos:  217  miles  (350  km.)  from  Parana;  on 
Entre  Rios  Railway,  branch  to  Concordia.  Industries :  Tanneries, 
shoe  factories,  meat-exti'act  and  refrigerating  works.  River  steamer 
communication.  Hotels :  Comercio,  Lavayen  Lozano.  Banks :  Banco 
Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  ;  Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio 
de  la  Plata.  Some  direct  importing,  but  chief  dependence  is  upon 
Buenos  Aires. 

Guamini,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  12,000 ;  300  miles 
(482  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare,  26.40 
pesos ;  average  time,  11*  hours.  Industries :  Agriculture,  cattle 
raising.  Bank,  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires.  Hotels : 
Buffa,  Dalmau,  La  Union,  Valenciana,  Espaiia. 

Jose  C.  Paz,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  8,000;  2.5  miles 
(40  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Buenos  Aires  Pacific  Railway; 
fare,  1.85  pesos ;  average  time  of  trip,  1^  hours. 

Juarez,  Province  of  Biienos  Aires ;  population,  20,000;  178  miles 
(288  km.)  from  Bahia  Blanca ;  260  miles  (416  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires,  by  Southern  Railway,  fare  24.30  i>esos,  time  12|  hours.  Prod- 
ucts :  Corn  and  other  agricultural  produce.  Industry,  steam  mills. 
Banks :  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de 
Buenos  Aires ;  Banco  Popular  de  .Juarez.  Hotels :  Americano,  El 
Central,  E.slava,  El  Espaiiol,  Gran,  El  Sol,  Argentina,  San  Martin. 

La  Banda,  Province  of  Santiago  del  Estero ;  population,  19.000 ; 
688  miles  (1,107  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine 
Railway,  fare  53.15  pesos,  average  time  of  trip  20  hours. 

Lincoln,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  32,2.50;  186  miles 
(300  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Western  Railway,  fare  18.95  pesos, 
average  time  of  trip  6^  hours.  Mail-coach  service  to  Valdivia,  5 
pesos.  Banks :  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  de  la 
Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires ;  Banco 
Popular  del  Lincoln.  Hotels :  J.  Berthe,  A.  Bacchi,  A.  Rigalini. 
Products :  Wheat,  oats,  cattle. 

Lobos,  Pi'ovince  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  23,000;  63  miles 
(102  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway  or  Western 
Railway ;  average  time  of  trip,  2*  hours  by  Southern,  3  hours  by 
Western ;  fare,  6.25  pesos.  Bank,  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina. 
Hotels ;  Jose  Munoz,  Pigazzi  Hnos.,  .Tardin.  Indu.stries :  Agricul- 
ture and  cattle  raising,  corn  mills,  tanneries,  soap  and  patent-food 
factories. 

Lomas  de  Zamora,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population.  8,900 ;  9 
miles  (15  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  fare  0.85  peso:  387  miles  (625 
km.)  from  Bahia  Blanca:  on  Southern  Railway  (line  to  Temper- 
ley).  Products:  Alfalfa,  wheat,  corn,  tobacco,  fruits,  sugar,  wine. 
Industries;  Tanneries,  sawmills.  Banks :  Banco  de  la  Provincia  de 
Buenos  Aires ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  de  Ga- 
licia  y  Buenos  Aires.  Hotels :  B.  Vivaldo  e  Hijo,  Jockey  Club, 
La  Paz. 

Lujan,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  5,300 ;  on  Western 
Railway,  branch  to  Vagues ;  41  miles  (66  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires, 
473  miles  (762  km.)  from  Pergamino,  and  234  mile_s  (377  km.)  from 
Trenque  Lauquen.  Products:  Wheat,  linseed,  corn,  cattle.  Hourly 
train  service  from  Buenos  Aires,  time  li  hours,  fare  3.35  pesos. 
Banks :  Banco  de  la  Nacion ;  Banco  Popular  Espafiol ;   Banco  Es- 


ARGKNTIKA.  433 

pafiol  dPl  RJo  de  la  Plata.  Hotels:  I>;i  Paz,  Central,  Pere>?rlmi>a, 
Paris. 

Haipu,  Provinoo  of  Huoims  Aires;  population,  fi,r»0<);  ICS  miles 
(270  km.)  from  Riienos  Aires,  by  Soufherii  Tlailway,  fare  17.10 
pesos,  timeO*  bonis.  Products:  Cattle  ami  cereals.  Hoteis :  .Malpu, 
Nos.soti,  Vascoii;xada.  Guef,'ag:a,  P.enini. 

Merlo,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  i)oi»ulatlon,  7,100;  19  miles  (30 
km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  reached  by  We.stern  Railway,  fare  J. 40 
I)esos.  Products:  Wheat,  oats,  ami  cattle.  Hotels;  I..  (Jon/alez,  P. 
Salas. 

Navarro,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  11,400;  on  Salado 
River;  74  miles  (121  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  reaclu'<l  by  Sinitheru 
Railway,  Western  Railway,  and  Compafifa  (General ;  fare,  7.4.5  pe.sos  ; 
average  time  of  trip,  4i  hours.  Indu.stries:  Afnicultiiro,  cattle 
raisintr,  etc.  Banks:  Banco  de  la  Nacion  ;  Banco  Po[)ular  Ilspafiol ; 
Banco  E.spafia  del  Kio  de  la  Plata.  Hot**ls :  J.  Echevarria,  B.  Go- 
mez, M.  Lespaila,  E.  Melazzi.  Landelta  Bros.,  N.  de  Andrea. 

ITecochea,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  21,000;  310 
miles  (498  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  rr^iched  by  Southern  Railway, 
fare  26.90  pesos,  averape  time  of  trip  12^  hours.  Pro<lucts :  Cattle 
and  agricultural.  Banks:  Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio  ile  la  Plata; 
Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina;  Banco  Poblador  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ; 
Banco  el  Hojrar  Argentiiio.  Hotels:  A.  Altube  Marino,  Santiago, 
Necochea,  La  Perla,  Vaseonia,  Gran.  This  is  a  well-known  bathing 
resort. 

Ueuquen,  capital  of  Gobernacion  de  Nenquen ;  poi.ulatinn,  4,000; 
740  miles  (1.194  km.)  from  Biienos  Aires,  via  Bahia  Blanca  by 
Southern  Railway;  fare,  49.4.'5  pesos;  average  time  of  trip.  'M  hours. 
Bank,  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels:  Balmaseda,  Echevar- 
ria. Manzeroti.  Neuqiien,  Confluencia. 

Nogoya,  Province  of  Entre  Rios ;  population,  0,000;  2^  miles 
(454  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  on  Entre  Rios  Railway:  average  time 
from  Buenos  Aires,  .5^  hours;  fare.  20.0.5  pesos.  Pnxhicts:  Cereal.s. 
cattle,  bides.  Active  commercial  center.  Bank.  Banco  de  la  Nacion 
Argentina.     Hotels:  Arieiiti  Hnos.,  Francisco  Severin. 

Nueve  de  Julio.  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  40,000; 
161  miles  (2G1  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires:  which  is  reached  by  West- 
em  Railway  and  Corapaiila  General;  fare,  16.55  pesos;  average  time 
of  trip  via  Western  64  hours,  via  Cfa.  General  7}  hours.  Prod- 
ucts: Wheat,  corn,  cattle.  Banks:  Banco  Espafiol  d(>l  Rio  de  la 
Plata ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina  ;  Banco  Provincia  de  Buenos 
Aires.  Hotels:  Central,  Grandona,  Univer.sal.  Mail  coach  service 
to  Masconi. 

Olavarria,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  28,000;  altitude, 
528  feet;  on  Tapulque  River;  206  miles  (^32  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare,  21  pesos;  time,  7*  hour.^.  Prml- 
ucts :  Wheat,  corn,  cattle,  etc.  Gr.mite  qunrries  near  by.  Banks: 
Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina:  Banco  de  Olavarria;  Banco  Provin- 
cia de  Buenos  Aires.  Hotels:  Avinon,  B.  Gonzalez,  A.  Lahadle.  A. 
Presa,  T^sabiaga  y  Crouzat,  Grand,  .\rgentino,  Nacional,  Universal, 
De  Mayo,  Hisjjano  Argentine.     Mail  coach  service  to  Bolivar. 

Pehnajo,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population  of  district,  82,000; 
224  miles  (362  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Western  Railway:  fare. 

144297°— 20 28 


434  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

22.65  pesos;  time,  7i  hours.  Products:  Wheat,  corn,  flax,  cattle, 
sheep,  wool,  hides.  Industries :  Grain  elevators,  foundries,  and 
patent-food  factories.  Banks :  Banco  Nacional  Argentina ;  Banco 
Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires ;  Banco  Espafiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata. 
Hotels :  Golfo  do  Napoli,  El  Catalan,  De  France.  Mail  coach  service 
to  Bolivar,  8  pesos;  Belle  Visto,  13  pesos. 

Pergamino,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  9,540 ;  141  miles 
(229  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products:  Wheat,  corn,  linseed,  oats, 
cattle.  Industries:  Flour  mills,  brewery,  tanneries,  carriage  and 
wagon  works.  On  Central,  Western,  and  Central  Buenos  Aires 
Railways;  average  time  by  rail  from  Buenos  Aii-es  (Retire  station), 
5*  hours ;  fare,  13.30  pesos.  Banks  :  Banco  de  la  Nacion  ;  Banco  de 
la  Provincia ;  Banco  Comercial  Agricola  de  Pergamino ;  Banco  Es- 
paiiol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  Credito  Argentina.  Hotels : 
Espaiia,  Frances,  Londres,  Colon,  Roma.  Mail  coach  service  to  San 
Pedro,  5  pesos.     Important  railway  center, 

Pringles,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  21,270 ;  304  mile» 
(490  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Railway;  fare,  26.65 
pesos ;  time,  11  hours.  Banks :  Banco  Comercio  de  Azul,  Banco  de 
la  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels :  Imperial,  La  Paz,  Comercio,  Cabanne. 
Agricultural  and  cattle-breeding  center. 

Rauch,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  15,(X)0;  167  miles 
(269  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Southern  Raihvay ;  fare.  17  pesos; 
time,  6i  hours.  Products:  Wheat,  corn,  oats,  cattle,  etc.  Bank, 
Banco  de  la  Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires.  Hotels :  Artica  &  Martinez, 
P.  Escostegny,  J.  Maisonave. 

Rawson,  capital  of  Territory  of  Chubut ;  population,  about  5,000 ; 
principal  industries,  sheep  and  cattle  raising;  reached  by  coasting 
steamers.  Hotels:  Paris,  Luiz  Marzulo,  Rinaldo  Mottino,  N.  Ros- 
selli.  Banks :  Banco  de  la  Kacion ;  C.  Rivadavia.  This  is  one  of 
the  chief  ports  In  Patagonia  and  a  lai'ge  supply  and  outfitting 
business  is  done.  There  are  several  large  houses,  also  a  number  of 
sm.all  firms ;  chiefly  dependent  upon  Buenos  Aires. 

Resistencia,  capital  of  Gobernacion  del  Chaca ;  population,  32,200 ; 
port  on  Parana  River;  345  miles  (557  km.)  from  Santa  Fe,  by  Santa 
Fe  Railway;  fare  from  Buenos  Aires,  67.85  pesos.  Steamers  for 
Barranqueras  leave  Buenos- Aires  Wednesdays  and  Sundays,  at  10 
a.  m.  (Compaiiia  General  de  Navigacion).  Agrictfltural  and  cattle- 
raising  district.  Banks :  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco 
Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ;  Banco  de  Italia  y  Rio  de  la  Plata. 
Hotels :  Legrand,  Laguayo. 

Eojas,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  17,000  •  167  miles 
(269  km.)  fi'om  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine  Railway,  fare 
12.80  pesos,  time  8  hours.  Products :  Wheat,  cattle,  etc.  Banks : 
Banco  Credito  Argentina ;  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels : 
Arzubi  &  Cia.,  M.  Marti,  Tco.  Mina,  S.  Sorriguieta. 

Saladillo,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires ;  population,  27.000 ;  on  South- 
ern Railway,  114  miles  (184  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products: 
Cereals  and  cattle.  Average  train  time  from  Buenos  Aires,  4J 
hours;  fare,  11.55  pesos.  Banks:  Banco  de  la  Nacion;  Banco  de  la 
Provincia  de  Buenos  Aires :  Banco  Espailol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata ; 
Banco  de  Galicia  y  Buenos  Aires ;  Banco  Popular  Espanol.  Hotels : 
El  Porvenir,  Progreso,  Otamendi,  Listoc. 


ARGENTINA.  435 

San  Antonio  los  Cobres,  rnpitiil  ot*  Torritory  of  Los  Aiulos;  ulii- 
tiKlc.  ll.fXht  foot;  poimliitiuii,  l.fiOO;  l.ur.»;  milos  ilXMi  km.  I  from 
HiU'iios  Aires;  fan",  lOl.M)  pesos,  liidiisdies :  ('.itllH  riiisiiijr  iiml 
agriculture.  Koaclied  overland  from  station  of  Kosario  do  I.erinti 
by  auto.  This  is  a  very  sm.ill  town,  eiiietly  dependent  upon  the 
morcliants  of  th(>  larger  places,  and  dlffieult  of  access. 

San  Fernando,  Province  of  liueiios  Aires;  population,  10,000; 
jjort  on  riata  Kiver,  15  unles  Cio  km.)  inmi  Huenos  Aires;  fare,  l.UO 
I>esos;  time,  1  hour.  Products:  Fruit  and  timiier.  On  C^entral 
Argentine  Railway.  Banks:  Banco  de  la  N'acion  Argerdina;  Bunco 
I'rovincia  de  Buenos  Aires;  Banco  Galicia  y  Bueims  Aires. 

San  Isidro,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population.  13,<^)0;  on 
Plata  Itiver;  12  miles  (20  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  and  5  miles  (9 
km.)  from  Tigre ;  on  Central  Railway;  average  mil  time  from 
Buenos  Aires,  1  hour  and  40  minutes,  trains  hourly,  fare  1  peso. 
I'.a.idv.   P.anro  de   la    Provincia.      Hotels;   Vignolles.   Chacahuco. 

San  Luis,  I'rovince  of  San  Luis;  altitude,  2..'ii;j  feet;  population, 
11,000;  on  C'horrillos  River;  148  miles  (240  km.)  from  Mendoza, 
58  miles  (06  km.)  from  Villa  MercetU^,  and  488  miles  (788  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires.  Prrtducts :  Cereals,  cattle,  grapes,  and  other 
fruits.  On  Buenos  Aires  Pacific  Railway;  time,  18  hours  26 
minutes;  faro.  4(;.r)0  jiesos.  Stage-<-oa<h  service  to  Beigrano, 
Ayacucho,  and  Villa  Dolores  on  the  2d,  0th,  17th.  and  2.'ith  of  each 
month.  Hotels:  Kspana,  Mitre,  Pringles,  Royal.  Banks:  Banco  de 
la  Xacion,  Banco  f^siianol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata;  Banco  Hipotecarlo 
Nacional. 

Santiago  del  Estero,  Province  of  .same  name;  population,  12,000; 
temperature  averages  70°  F. ;  on  Rio  Dulce;  6.'?0  miles  (l.<>14  km.) 
from  Buenos  Aires  and  229  miles  (370  km.)  from  Tucuman,  by 
Central  Railway.  Products:  Sugar,  tobacco,  timber,  cattle,  cereals, 
rice.  Average  rail  time  from  Buenos  Aires,  20  hours ;  fare.  53.45 
pesos.  Hotels :  El  Globo,  Argentina,  Victoria.  Paris,  Central. 
Banks:  Banco  de  !a  Nacion ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata; 
Banco  Hipotecario  Nacioual ;  Banco  Editicador  de  Santiago  del 
Estero. 

Tandil,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  altitude.  584  feet;  population, 
7.088;  on  Southern  Railway;  205  miles  (.331  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires,  205  ndles  (331  km.)  from  Temperley,  and  220 miles  (354  km.) 
from  Bahia  Blanca.  Carretera  to  Azul.  Cattle-breeding  district. 
Average  rail  time  from  Buenos  Aires.  8^  hours.  Principal  hotels: 
Frances.  Maritorena,  Roma,  P.uena  Sopa.  Banks:  Banco  Comerclal 
del  Tandil;  Banco  de  la  Nacion:  Banco  de  la  Provincia. 

Tlshuaia.  capital  of  Territory  of  Tierra  del  Fuego :  popidation, 
1,500;  1.010  miles  (2,.59S  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products;  Cat- 
tle and  timber.  Reachctl  by  steamers  of  Cia.  Argentina  de  Xavega- 
cion  and  Cin.  Importadora  y  Exportadora  de  la  Patagonia.  Hotel, 
M.  Freire.  This  town  is  canvassed  by  the  merchants  of  Punta 
Arenas  and  the  lan:er  towns  of  southern  Argentina.* 

Veinticinco  de  Mayo,  Province  of  Buenos  .\ires ;  population, 
.32,000:  on  Southern  Railway,  branch  to  Sa.avedra  and  I.rtibos;  128 
nnles  (205  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Products:  Corn,  wheat,  lin- 
seed, alfalfa,  and  cattle.  Industries:  Furniture  and  soap  factories. 
Center  of  cereal    belt.      .Vverage   rail    time    fron"i    Buenos    .Vires,   5 


436  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

hours;  fare,  12.75  pesos.  Banks:  Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina; 
Banco  Italiano ;  Banco  de  la  Provincia ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de 
la  Plata.  Hotels:  Espana,  Hispano-Argeutino,  Galileo,  Roma. 
Mail-coach  service  to  Bragado,  5  pesos. 

Viedma,  capital  of  the  Territory  of  Rio  Negro;  population,  3.500; 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  Negro;  577  miles  (929  km.)  from 
Buenos  Aires  and  18  miles  (30  km.)  from  Atlantic  Ocean.  Prod- 
ucts: Agricultural  and  pastoral.  Reached  from  Buenos  Aires  by 
steamers  of  Cla.  Sud  Atlantica ;  sailings  three  times  per  month. 
Hotels:  Greloni,  Malpeli  and  Casaday,  Manuel  Perez.  This  is  a 
small  town,  chiefly  dependent  upon  the  houses  of  Buenos  Aires. 

Villa  Maria,  Province  of  Cordoba;  population,  6,000;  on  Rio  Ter- 
cero;  343  miles  (554  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Central  Argentine 
or  Buenos  Aires  Pacific  Railway;  fare  31.40  i>esos;  average  time,  11 
hours.  Products :  Wheat,  linseed,  corn,  alfalfa,  timber,  etc.  Bank : 
Banco  de  la  Nacion  Argentina.  Hotels :  F.  Rodriguez,  P.  Iseru, 
Francisco  Rodriguez.     Important  railway  center. 

Viliegas,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  17,000;  285  miles 
(458  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires.  Reached  by  Western  Railway  and 
Compania  General  de  Navegacion ;  average  train  time,  10  hours ; 
fare,  25.25  pesos.  Mail-coach  service  to  Piedritas,  4  pesos.  Hotels: 
Las  Palmas,  Americano,  El  Progreso,  Umberto.  Cattle-breeding  and 
agricultural  district. 

Zarate,  Province  of  Buenos  Aires;  population,  17,000;  on  the 
Parana  River;  56  miles  (92  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  via  Central 
Argentine  Railroad;  average  train  time,  2i  hours;  fare,  5.05  pesos. 
Ferryboats  of  Entre  Rios  Railway  to  Entre  Rios  and  Corrientes. 
Hotels:  Betebeder,  Masoni,  El  Globo,  Italia,  San  Martin.  Indus- 
tries: Paper  mills,  refrigerated-ment  factories,  etc.  Banks:  Banco 
de  la  Nacion  Argentina ;  Banco  Popular  Espanol. 


URUGUAY. 

Maps   Nos.   :^r.   and   27. 

Location. — This  i.s  ono  of  the  siiiiillor  l)iit  "no  of  thi>  most  projn'os- 
slvc  South  American  itei)uhlics.  It  is  boun(l«'<l  on  the  nortli  by 
Brazil,  on  tlie  enst  l>y  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean  uiul  I'lata  Itiver.  aud  ou 
the  west  by  Arjientiiia. 

Topography. — The  most  notable  feature  of  Urufniay  is  its  extent 
of  rolling  plains.  The  land  slopes  gently  toward  the  west,  .south, 
and  east,  and  fc>rms  the  natural  watersheds  of  the  IMatJi  River,  tlu* 
Urufruay,  etc.  The  valleys  thus  formed  are  well  suitetl  for  raising 
sheep  and  cattle,  the  principal  industry  of  the  Republic. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  temperate  with  t:light  variation!*,  and  at 
all  times  healthful,  bracing,  and  plesising.  The  mean  t-nuperature 
for  the  summer  is  about  72°  F.,  and  for  the  winter  about  55'  F. 
The  maximum  in  the  sumiiUT  Ls  SG°,  the  minimum  in  the  winter,  ^'. 
The  aiuiual  rainfall  is  aliout  43  indies,  providing  a  fairly  abundimt 
water  supply.  In  February  fro.vts  ari.'  common  in  the  uijiund.s. 
Rain  falls  generally  throughout  tlie  year,  but  the  heaviest  rains 
are  in  May  and  October.  During  winter  there  are  "pamperos,"  or 
cold  storms,  which  blow  from  the  southwest. 

Seasons  are  approximately  as  follow.s :  Spring.  September.  Octo- 
ber, November ;  suunner.  December.  .Taniu\ry,  I'ebruary ;  autumn. 
March,  April.  May;  wintei-,  .Tune,  .Tuly,  August. 

Bivers  and  Lakes. — Uruguay  has  over  7(if)  miles  (1.127  km.)  of 
navigable  rivers,  the  principal  ones  being  the  Plate  and  Uruguay 
Rivers,  whieh  together  furnish  over  HfH)  miles  (SCH^  km.K  There  are 
10  ports  on  the  l^ruguay  River  which  are  open  to  Intoroceanlc  trade, 
namely:  Carmelo,  Nueva  Palmira.  Soriano,  Fray  Rentes,  Nuevo 
Berlin,  Casji  Blanca,  Paysandu,  Nuevo  Paysandu,  Salto,  and  Santa 
Rosa.  The  Urugiiay  River  is  navigable  by  ves.sels  of  14-foot  draft 
as  far  as  Paysandu.  and  al)ove  that  for  vessels  of  9-foot  draft.  The 
Rio  Negro  is  navigable  1»y  ocean-going  vessels  as  far  as  Mercedes, 
and  above  that  for  light-draft  vessels.  Other  rivers,  all  of  which 
are  navigable  by  ocean-going  vessels  for  short  distances,  and  for 
small  craft  into  the  interior,  are-  the  San  Salvador.  Cuareini,  Yi, 
Tacuarembo.  Queguay.  Arai)ey,  Celndlati,  Santa  I.ucia,  San  Jose, 
Yaguaron,  Olimar.  Tacnari.  Dayman,  and  San  Luis. 

The  only  lake  of  in]portance  is  Lake  !\Iirim.  on  the  border  of 
Brazil.  A  regular  line  of  steamers  maintains  communication  be- 
tween the  different  tovrns  along  its  shores. 

Inhabitants. — A  very  large  percentage  of  the  people  are  foreigners, 
the  Italians  and  Spanish  predominating;  French,  British,  Swi.ss, 
German,  and  other  nationalities  are  also  repi"csente<l.  A  consider- 
able proportion  of  the  remniuder  are  "criollos,"  or  descend.Tnts  of 
the  Spanish  and  other  foreign  immigrants. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  c^xceeds  that  of  New  Fngl.and. 
The  populiition  is  estimated  at  about  1,4.10.000,  or  approximately  20 
per   square   mile.     The    statistics   of   population   by    Departments, 

437 


438 


GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 


given  in  tiie  table  below — which  also  gives  the  areas  of  the  Depart- 
ments— are  for  December,  1916: 


Departments. 

Area. 

Popula- 
tion, 
1916. 

Population 

per  square 

mile. 

Artigas 

Square 

miles. 
4,394 
1, 834 
5,763 
2,193 
5,525 
1,744 
4,673 
1,587 
4,819 
256 
5,115 
3,269 
3,793 
4,280 
4,865 
2,688 
3,560 
8,112 
3,682 

37,350 
112,092 
56, 272 
80,275 
53,785 
22,630 
59,916 
38,955 
65,893 
373,964 
65,915 
35,714 
44,824 
45,369 
74,415 
59,533 
54,018 
58,708 
39, 180 

8.5 

Canelones 

CJ.l 

Cerro  Largo 

9.7 

Colonia 

36.6 

9.7 

Mores 

13.0 

Florida .      .          

12.8 

Maldonado 

24.5 

13.7 

1, 460. 8 

Paysandu 

12.9 

Rio  Ne?ro 

10.9 

Rivera 

11  8 

Rocha 

10.1 

Salto 

15.3 

San  Jo?e                                         .                ... 

22  2 

15.1 

Tacuarembo 

7.2 

Treinta  y  Tres 

10.6 

Total 

72, 152 

1,378,808 

19.1 

Industries. — Uruguay  is  not  primarily  a  manufacturing  country, 
most  of  the  industries  being  confined  to  the  preparation  of  meat  and 
meat  products.  There  are  also  flour  mills,  dairies,  creameries,  brew- 
eries, starch  factories,  and  numerous  small  plants  devoted  to  local 
needs,  such  as  shoes  and  other  goods. 

Mineral  Wealth. — There  is  a  considerable  amount  of  mineral 
wealth,  but  at  pre.sent  chiefly  stone  and  sand  are  being  exported. 
Gold,  copper,  manganese,  and  petroleum  have  been  found.  The  out- 
look for  mineral  development  is  promising. 

Agricultural  Wealth. — Live  stock  constitutes  the  most  important 
source  of  Uruguay's  national  income.  Cattle  raising  and  sheep 
herding  are  particularly  profitable.  Wool,  hides,  skins,  jerked  beef, 
refrigerated  beef,  beef  extract,  etc.,  are  exported.  The  chief  crops 
are  wheat,  corn,  flax,  oats,  and  barley.  Other  products  of  the  soil 
are  tobacco,  linseed,  sugar  cane,  alfalfa,  and  potatoes. 

Language. — Spanish. 

Currency. — Uruguay  has  a  gold  standard,  but  has  never  coined 
any  gold  pieces.  The  gold  coins  which  circulate  in  the  Republic 
come  from  foreign  nations.  These  have  a  value  established  by  law. 
The  unit  of  value  is  the  peso,  of  100  centesimos,  valued  in  United 
States  gold  at  $1,034.  The  silver  coins  are  1  peso,  50,  20,  and  10 
centesimos.     Minor  coins  are  the  5,  2,  and  1  centesimo  pieces. 

Weights  and  Measures.- — The  metric  system  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures is  the  official  one. 

Postage. — First-class  letter  postage  to  and  from  the  United  States 
is  5  cents  for  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or 
fractional  part  thereof. 


URUGTTAY.  439 

Telegraph  Rates.-  -nniinury  1('li«;>n-jiiiis  iii!i\  In-  si-ut  at  11m«  nif«>  of 
30  ci'iits  Ini-  ihc  liisl  lO  wiinls  ari.l  2  cfuts  for  t'licli  ai|illtion:il 
word:  urwiit  toU';jram.s  at  double  rates;  acldrosj;  jmhI  -ji'miri!  ..  -m,. 
not  taken  into  consideration. 

Cable  Bates, — To  New  York,  50  cent.s  per  word. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Lamport  &  Holt  Line. — British  steamers;  Pier  8.  Brooklyn.  Wall 
Street  Ferr>-.  Departures  for  Barbados;  Trinida(l;  Bahia,  Uio  de 
Janeiro,  and  Santos.  Brazil;  Montevideo.  Urufiuay ;  and  Biienos 
Aires.  Argentina,  Sailings  .seniiniontldy.  Average  time  to  Monte- 
video. '24  days;  fare.  '^'.IH).     l)ist;mce,  O.IOU  nautical   miles. 

Prince  Liue. — I'aul  F.  (Jeriiard  «Sc  Co.,  age?its,  10  Bridge  Street; 
British  stenmers.  L)eparture.s  from  I'ier  4,  Bu.sh  Terminal,  Forty- 
fifth  Street,  Brooklyn,  for  Montevideo  about  twice  a  month. 
Transshipment  at  Montevideo  for  other  ports.  Passenger  servico 
teuii)orarily  suspended. 

Norton  Line. — Norton.  Lilly  &  Co..  agents.  Produce  Exchange 
Building.  Sailings  from  Pier  67,  North  River  (West  Twenty- 
.seventh  Streqt),  about  once  a  month.  Fare  to  MonteviiKnt,  $22.>- 
$450. 

COAST  AND  RIVER  SERVICE. 

The  Crtrnpafiia  Argentina  de  Navegacion  (Mihanovich  Line)  main- 
tains service  as  follows: 

Uruguay  River  Line. — Departures  from  Montevideo  and  Buenos 
Aires  for  Nueva  Palmira.  Soriano,  Merce<U-s,  Oualeguaychu,  Fray 
Bentos.  Concepcion  del  I'ruguay.  Paysandu,  Colon,  Concordia,  and 
Salto.  and  return  :  transslupment  at  I'uenos  Aires.  Steamers  Wash- 
inptf/yi  and  Triton  y  Pari'^.  Departures  from  P.uenos  Aires  Sundays, 
Tue.sdays,  and  Thursdays  at  3  p,  m. ;  returning  from  Salto  Sundays. 
Wednesdays,  and  Fridays  at  8.30  a.  m.  I-'arc  from  Buenos  Aires  to 
Salto,  one  way.  2S  Argentine  i)esos:  round  trip.  50.40  i>esos. 

Buenos  Aires-Montevideo  Line. — Steamers  Ciudad  dc  Buenos  Aires 
and  Ciudad  dc  Montcrideo.  Departures  every  night  from  each  place 
at  10  o'clock.  Fare,  25  to  40  Argentine  pesos.  Distance.  120  nauti- 
cal miles. 

Buenos  Aires  to  Cannelo. — Leave  Buenos  Aires  Wednesda.vs  and 
Sundays  at  S  a.  m. ;  leave  Carmelo  Mondays  and  Thursdays  at  S 
a.  m.     Stops  :it  intermetliate  points. 

OTHER  UNES  VISITING  MONTEVIDEO. 

The  traveler  may  frequently  take  advantage  of  the  sailings  of 
various  European  lines  that  make  Montevideo  a  port  of  call.  In- 
formiition  concerning  these  lines  should  be  sought  locally.  Among 
the  line-:  that  have  inor«>  or  less  frequent  sailings  are  the  following: 

Italian  Lines. — La  Veloce,  Lloyd  Itallano,  Lloyd  Sahaudo.  Lloyd 
Brasileiro. 

British  Lines. — Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  White  Star  Line.  etc. 


440  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

French  Lines. — Chargeur  Reunis,  Compagnie  de  Navigacion  Sud 
Atlantique,  etc. 

.    Spanish  Lines. — Transatlantica  de  Barcelona  Pinillos,  Izquierdo  y 
Cia.,  etc. 

Dutch  Lines. — Royal  Holland  Lloyd. 

CANVASSING  URUGUAY. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  which  are  plainly  of  no  value, 
or  which  have  been  rendered  unsalable  throuRb  mutilation,  may 
enter  without  bond.  Samples  which  have  a  value  may  be  entered 
upon  giving  a  bond  providing  for  their  reexportation  within  90  days. 
If  samples  are  declared  as  such  upon  importation  and  duty  is  paid, 
the  sum  is  refunded  upon  reexportation,  with  a  deduction  of  10  or 
15  per  cent.  Reexportation  through  other  than  port  of  entry  is 
definitely  prohibited.  Practically  all  entries  and  departures  are 
made  through  the  port  of  Montevideo. 

Duty  on  Advertising  Matter. — A  reasonable  quantity  of  advertising 
matter  is  admitted  free.  The  duty  on  advertising  matter,  according 
to  the  tariff,  ranges  from  $0.96  to  $1.46  per  pound.  It  is  dependent 
uppn  the  number  of  colors  used  in  printing  and  whether  or  not 
calendars  are  included. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — Uruguay  generally  has  a  very  pleasant  cli- 
mate. The  sale  of  goods  depends  upon  the  seasons  and  conditions 
which  prevail  in  the  individual  lines  of  merchandise. 

TRAVELERS'  TAXES. — The  law  of  Uruguay  compels  traveling 
representatives,  before  beginning  business,  to  obtain  a  license.  This 
is  issued  by  the  Direccion  de  Impuestos  y  Derechos.  It  is  valid 
for  one  year  and  costs  200  pesos  ($206.80)  in  the  Department  of 
Montevideo  and  100  pesos  ($103.40)  in  the  other  Departments  of 
Uruguay.  If  taken  out  after  the  first  six  months  of  the  year,  only 
half  of  the  fee  is  collected. 

Avoiding  Payment. — It  is  often  possible  for  a  traveler  who  comes 
only  for  a  short  visit  to  avoid  this  license  by  associating  himself 
with  some  established  house  in  Montevideo  and  selling  under  its 
license.  For  this  a  fee  is  sometimes  paid,  and  the  traveler  is  specifi- 
cally entitled  to  desk  room,  typev/riter  service,  and  inteipreter. 
The  traveler  should  not  attempt  to  sell  goods  without  a  license  ar- 
rangement as  a  delinquent  may  be  imprisoned  in  addition  to  being 
fined.  If  a  traveler  desires  a  general  license  for  the  entire  country 
he  may  obtain  one  upon  payment  of  300  pesos  ($310.20). 

Treaty  Governing  Licenses. — A  treaty  recently  ratified  between  the 
United  Stntes  and  Uruguay  provides  that  commercial  travelers  may 
obtain  a  license  to  canvass  all  territory  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
Uruguay  by  paying  a  single  fee.  To  obtain  this  license  the  appli- 
cant must  present  a  certificate  from  an  authority  to  be  designated 
(probably  the  Secretary  of  Cemmerce)  attesting  his  character  as  a 
commercial  traveler,  which  certificate  must  be  visaed  by  a  Uru- 
guayan consul  in  the  United  States.  Regulations  putting  the  treaty 
into  effect  have  not  vet  been  formulated. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC— The  chief  city  of  Uruguay  is  the 
capital,  Montevideo,  which  is  generally  chosen  for  the  establishment 
of  an  agency.     Some  travelers  Avho  prefer  to  work  Uruguay  from 


URUGUAY.  4  1  1 

Buenos  Aires  make  the  trip  overnltrht  by,  fomfortahlf  RteanuTs. 
The  cities  of  PaysaiMiu  and  .SuUo  art'  soiiiotinu-s  iiicludcil  in  tli»' 
itinerary  of  travelers  wishinj;  to  do  busiiuss  with  certain  linuH 
Ificnted  in  tiiese  places  wlio  are  nccustoTiied  to  niakin;;  direct  im- 
portations. As  a  rule,  luiwever.  flie  diiei  distributin;,'  bouses  iu 
Mont(>video  may  be  depeiidid  upon  to  tliori>ii;,'ldy  canvass  the  smaller 
■places,  and  tlie  traveler  should  make  u  tliurougli  iuvestigatiou  be- 
fore undertakitii,'  trijis. 

Methods  of  Working. — When  distribution  is  done  tlirough  wliole- 
sale  dealers,  it  is  tlie  custom  to  sell  only  to  the  larjre  liouses  in 
Montevideo.  The  wholesale  importers  of  Montevideo  regularly 
visit  the  dealers  in  the  interior  tir  "camp"  (from  "  campo  "  meaii- 
U\'^  country).  It  is  impossible  to  sell  to  wliolesule  importers  and 
expect  to  do  business  with  their  customers. 

Numerous  liouses  of  Buenos  Aires  also  canvass  the  small  towns 
of  Uruj;\iay. 

Hotels. — In  TVIontevideo  the  better  hotels  charjce  from  ^3  to  $"> 
per  day  (American  plan)  ;  others  $2  to  $3  per  ilay.  In  the  smaller 
towns  the  rates  vary,  but  the  averacce  rate  is  from  $2  to  !?3  per  day. 
A§  in  all  Latin-Anurican  countries,  in  most  of  (lie  small  places  the 
accommodations  are  inferior.  In  Montevideo  European  plan  may 
be  obtained.     There  are  pood  restaurants. 

Railroads. — The  toral  mileage  in  Uruffimy  in  1917  approximated 
1.647  (at)ont  2.050  km.).  Tlie  startinj?  point  is  Mouievidtii,  and 
tlie  Central  Uruguay  Railway  has  numerous  branche.s,  covering  the 
entire  country  very  thoroughly.  A  study  of  the  map  will  show 
how  well  Urucruay  has  already  been  developed,  and  other  necessarj- 
lines  are  in  piosi^ect. 

Highways. — In  addition  to  the  railroad  development,  considerable 
attention  has  been  paid  to  the  ordinary  roads,  and  tho.st»  jilaces 
which  are  not  accessible  by  railroads  can  easily  be  re:iche<I  by 
vehicular  transportation.  Practically  all  of  the  towns  which  are  of 
interest  to  the  majority  of  the  salesmen  can  be  reacheil  by  raiL 
The  total  of  national  roa<ls  is  2.240  miles.  Of  departmental  roads 
3,100  miles,  200  being  macadamized.  There  is  also  a  very  extensive 
system  of  river  transportation. 

Railway  Guide. — The  Expreso  Villalonga,  having  its  main  office 
in  Buenos  .\ires  and  branch  oflices  in  Montevideo  and  Asuncion, 
can  render  the  trav<'Ier  much  assistance.  It  publishes  a  monthly 
railroad  guide  and  time-table. 

Baggage. — When  salesmen  become  members  of  an  association  en- 
titlinc  them  to  special  baggage  rates,  this  privilege  is  extendinl  to 
them!     The  fee  is  !?10. 

Compaiiia  Expreso  Internacional. — Travelers  will  find  ihe  service 
/>f  the  Ckuiipanfa  Expreso  Internacional  very  u«5eful.  This  company 
maintains  relations  with  all  the  railroads  and  the  best  hotels  in 
Argentina.  Brazil,  and  T'ruguay.  It  issues  hotel  coupons  and  travel 
orders  for  anything  fnmi  a  straight  journey  to  the  most  extended 
tour.  The  rat<'s  chargeil  are  not  more  than  the  ordinary  current 
rates  and  in  some  cases  they  are  lower.  The  company  has  ofhces 
in  Itio  de  .laneiro  (Avenida  Kio  Branco  184),  Buenos  Aires  (Pasaje 
Guemes),  and  Montevideo. 


442  GUIDE    TO   L.\TI]Sr   AMERICA. 

RAILROADS. 

Central  "Uruguay  Railroad. — Montevideo  to  the  Rio  Negro,  1G9 
miles  (273  km.)  ;  Say  ago  to  Manga,  S  miles  (13  km.)  ;  25  de  Agosto 
to  San  Jose,  20  miles  (.33  km).  Western  Extension:  San  Jose  to 
Mai  Abrigo,  22  miles  (36  km.)  ;  Mai  Abrigo  to  Mercedes,  104  miles 
(1G8  km.)  ;  Mai  Abrigo  to  Rosario,  29  miles  (48  km.)  ;  Rosario  to 
Colonia,  41  fliiles  (66  km.)  ;  Rosario  to  Sauce,  13  miles  (21  km.). 
Northern  Railroad:  Iiio  Negro  to  Rivera,  185  miles  (297  km.). 

Uruguay  East  Coast  Railroad. — Olmos  to  Maldonado,  70  miles 
(114  km.). 

Northern  Railway  of  Montevideo. — Montevideo  to  Barra  Santa 
Lucia,  14  miles    (23  km.). 

Midland  Uruguay  Railroad. — Rio  Negro  to  Paysandu  and  Salto, 
198  miles  (318  km.)  ;  Algorta  to  Fray  Bentos,  85  miles  (138  km.)  ; 
Tres  Arboles  to  Piedra  Sola,  31  miles   (51  km.). 

Northwestern  Uruguay  Railroad. — Salto  to  Santa  Rosa  and 
Cnareim,  112  miles   (181  km.). 

Uruguay  Northern  Railway, — Isla  de  Cabellos  to  San  Eugenio,  71 
miles   (114  km.). 

Distances. — From  Montevideo  to:  Canelones,  36  miles  (57  km.t; 
Cerro  Largo,  310  miles  (500  km.)  ;  Colonia  del  Sacramento,  153  miles 
(245  km.)  ;  Durazno,  127  miles  (203  km.)  ;  Florida,  64  miles  (103 
km.)  ;  Fray  Bentos,  244  miles  (392  km.)  ;  Maldonado,  109  miles 
(175  km.)  ;  Minas.  78  miles  (124  km.)  ;  Paysandu,  298  miles  (479 
km.)  ;  Rocha,  150  miles  (240  km.)  ;  Salto,  366  miles  (590  km.)  ;  San 
Eugenio,  508  miles  (812  km.)  ;  San  Fructuoso,  277  miles  (446  km.)  ; 
San  Jose  de  Mayo,  60  miles  (96  km.). 

From  Paysandu  to:  Fray  Bentos,  62  miles  (100  km.)  ;  Salto,  90 
miles   (144  km.). 

All-Rail  Route,  Montevideo  to  Rio  de  Janeiro. — Trains  leave 
Montevideo  on  Saturday  at  18.35  o'clock,  arrive  at  Sao  Paulo  on 
Thursday  at  7.30  and  Rio  de  Janeiro  same  day  at  18.32.  (Uruguay 
and  Brazil  use  the  24-hour  clock.) 

Fares :  Montevideo  to  Santa  Anna,  14.34  Uruguayan  pesos ;  Santa 
Anna  to  Marcellino  Ramos,  29.$200  (Brazilian  currency)  ;  Marcel- 
lino  Ramos  to  Unaio  do  Victoria,  10$300;  Unaio  do  Victoria  to 
Ponta  Grossa,  12.$800;  Ponta  Grossa  to  Harare,  19.$700;  Harare  to 
Sao  Paulo,  25$100 ;  Sao  Paulo  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  32.$100.  The  dis- 
tance from  Montevideo  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  1,993  miles  (3,215  km.). 

ITINERARIES. 

If  the  traveler  uses  Montevideo  as  a  base,  the  outline  suggested 
below  will  probably  be  the  most  satisfactory.  The  towns  can,  of 
course,  be  visited  in  a  different  order  than  the  one  given.  By  con- 
sulting the  time  tables  it  will  be  found  that  in  a  number  of  instances 
.some  towns,  such  as  Fray  Bentos,  Paysandu,  and  Salto,  can  also  be 
reached  by  river  steamers.  The  route  outlined  is  only  for  the 
purpose  of  suggestion. 

From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguay  Railway,  to  Canelones, 
Florida,  Durazno,  Rivera,  Minas,  Colonia,  Cerro  Largo. 

From  Durazno,  by  Midland  Railway,  to  Fray  Bentos,  Paysandu, 
and  Salto. 

From  Montevideo,  by  East  Coast  Railway,  to  Rocha  and  Mal- 
donado. 


URUGUAY.  443 

From  Montevideo  to  Ilio  dt?  .Tan«'iro  by  nillrojul,  via  Klo  Nopro, 
lilvoia,  Santa  Maria,  I'asso  Fundo.  Marcclliiic*  llanids',  I'ludo  «li- 
A'icloria,  I'oiito  (lio-ssa,  Harare,  and  Sao  i'uulo. 

Holidays. — The  State  religion  is  Koinaa  (Jatliolic.  ami  many  <>f  the 
feast  days  of  the  ciiiirch  an?  scrupulously  ohservetl.  The  fitiiowitip 
paragraph  gives  tlie  list  ol!  imliihiys  diruially  recogniz»'d.  on  which 
«lays,  also,  business  is  suspeudt-d,  except  in  the  sniailer  towns: 

January  1,  New  Year's  I'ay;  February  ."'.,  JJattlf  of  Monte 
Caserns;  February  28,  rroclamatioi)  of  Independen<'e ;  .May  18,  Hat- 
lie  of  Las  riedras;  M;iy  IT),  IiideiM  ndenee  of  Plate  Uiver  I'rovinces ; 
July  4,  American  Iude))enilen(e  l)ay:  July  14,  Fall  of  tlio  Hastlle: 
July  18,  Coustitutioii  l»ay;  August  'j;"3.  Independence  of  Uruguay; 
September  20,  Italian  Liberty  L>ay ;  October  12.  Columbus  I>ay ; 
December  2.">.  Christmas  Day.  In  addition  to  these.  April  18,  IJ). 
and  20  are  celebrated  every  four  years  (coincident  with  leap  year), 
in  memory  of  the  Landing  of  Uruguayan  Patriots. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

CANELONES  (OR  GUADALUPE),  capital  of  Department  of  Cnnf 
loues ;  population.  U>,tMX»;  .'JG  miles  (57  km.)  from  Montevideo. 
Principal  product,  cereals.  Industries:  Flour  mills  and  agricul- 
ture. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguayan  Railway. 

Banks. — Sucursal  (branch)  del  Panco  de  la  Republica  Oriental  del 
Uruguay;  IJanco  de  Seguros  del  Estado  (agency). 

Note. — Iiecau.se  of  its  clo.se  proximity  to  Montevi«leo.  the  mer- 
chants here  dei)end  largely  upon  the  importers  of  the  capital,  and 
tlie  town  is  worked  usually  only  by  those  who  canvass  closely. 

CERRO  LARGO  (MELO).  Department  of  Cerro  Largo;  i>opulatlon. 
15,000;  on  an  allluent  oi  tlie  Tacuary  River;  310  mile.s  (5(H)  km.) 
from  ilonlevideo.  Princii>al  products;  (Jrain,  wool,  hides,  coal, 
copper,  lead,  granite.     Industry,  cattle  raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo  or  Florida,  by  Central  Uru- 
guayan liailroad. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Seguros  del  Estado;  Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Hotels. — Elspafiol,  Frances,  Oriental.  (Jran  Hotel  Cheroiii. 

Note. — This  place  is  of  considerable  importanct^  owing  to  the  rich 
agricultural  district  wliich  surrounds  it.  The  volume  of  business  is 
fairly  large.  Its  chief  dependence  is  on  the  importers  of  Monte- 
video, and  it  is  usually  worked  only  by  those  wiio  canvass  small 
towns. 

COLONIA  DEL  SACRAMENTO,  capital  of  Department  of  Colonia  : 
situated  on  a  peninsula  on  Plata  River,  opposite  Buenos  Aires  (15 
miles  distant),  below  island  of  Martin  (iarcia;  1.5:^  miles  (245  km.) 
from  Monteviileo ;  population.  15,000.  Principal  products:  Leather, 
wool,  meat,  meat  extract,  live  stock.  Lloyd's  subagent,  A.  H. 
Coaker.     Customhou.se  brokers:  Manuel  Caballero;  Suarez  y  Cfa. 

How  Reached. — Fiom  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguay  Railway; 
also  by  coastal  stejimers. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Hotels. — Del  Ruso,  Esperanza,  Garden,  Brighton,  Casino. 


444  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Note. — This  place  is  located  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 
and  cattle  country ;  chiefly  depends  on  the  importers  of  Montevideo ; 
canvassed  usually  only  by  those  who  work  small  towns. 

BURAZNO,  capital  of  Dt^partmont  of  Dur.-izno;  population,  17,000; 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Yi  River;  127  miles  (203  km.)  from  Mon- 
tevideo. Products,  chiefly  agricultural.  Industries :  Soap  and  can- 
dle factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguay  Railway, 
5-hour  journey. 

Hotels. — Bula.  Ferrocarril,  De  la  Hermosa,  Iberico,  Oriental,  Na- 
ciones,  Continental,  Comercio. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Republica ;  Banco  de  Seguros  del  Estado  (G. 
R.  Nogueira,  agent). 

Note. — Durazno  is  canvassed  usually  by  those  who  work  the 
small  towns.  Considerable  volume  of  business  is  done  with  Monte- 
video. This  is  an  important  distributing  center  for  the  surround- 
ing country. 

FLOE.IDA,  capital  of  Department  of  Florida ;  population,  10,000 ; 
on  junction  of  Pintado  and  Santa  Lucia  Chico  Rivers;  64  miles  (103 
km.)  from  Montevideo.  Principal  product,  cereals.  Indxistry,  cat- 
tle raising. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguayan  Railway, 
3  hours ;  from  Durazno,  by  Central  Uruguayan  Railway,  2  hours. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Hotels. — Pastorizo,  Fernandez,  Anchustequi. 

Note. — P^'lorida  is  chiefly  dependent  on  the  grain  trade.  The 
wealth  of  the  surrounding  country  is  great.  Merchants  usually 
make  their  purchases  in  Montevideo,  wliicli  is  not  far  distant.  Can- 
va.s.sed  as  a  i-ule  only  by  those  who  worlc  very  closely. 

FRAY  BENTOS,  capital  of  Department  of  Rio  Negro ;  population, 
12,(K)0;  situated  on  east  bank  of  Uruguay  River,  about  .50  miles  (80 
km.)  above  its  mouth;  62  miles  (100  km.)  south  of  Paysandu  and 
244  miles  (392  km.)  from  Montevideo.  Principal  products:  Fruit, 
cereals,  lumber.  Industries :  Manufacture  of  meat  extracts  and 
meat  preserving.     Lloyd's  agent,  Mariano  Suarez. 

Hov/  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Uruguay  Railway ; 
from  Buenos  Aires,  by  Mihanovich  Line  steamers;  from  Mercedes, 
by  autobus. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Note. — Tills  place  is  famous  for  the  large  plant  of  Liebig's  Ex- 
tract of  Meat  Co.  It  is  easily  accessible  from  Montevideo.  Some 
direct  importing  is  done,  but  in  the  main  the  business  is  with 
Montevideo. 

MALDONADO,  capital  of  Department  of  Maldonado ;  population. 
4,000;  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Plate;  109  miles  (175 
km.)  east  of  Montevide<x  Principal  products:  Copper,  limestone, 
corn,  wheat,  wine,  hides,  meats,  leather,  butter,  and  cheese.  Lloyd's 
agent,  H.  W.  Burnett. 

How  Reached. — From  ^Montevideo,  by  Central  and  East  Coast 
railways;  5i-hour  journey;  fare,  $5.30;  also  by  steamers.  Auto 
service  to  near-by  towns. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Note. — This  is  the  port  for  the  mining  district  of  Minas ;  not 
important  from  a  commercial  standpoint ;  dependent  chiefly   upon 


URUGUAY.  446 

Montevl<leo ;  not  visitetl.  as  a  rulp.  l»y  forelpn  saleHin<'n,  except 
those  who  canvass  closely. 

MERCEDES,  DopartnuMil  of  Soriano;  population,  So.oOO;  on  Uio 
Ni'fiio  (south  bank  I,  ."JO  niih-s  (48  km.)  aiiove  its  iiintlueniv  with 
the  rniicnay  Klver;  IDS  miles  (320  km.)  from  Monlevitli-o.  I'rin- 
cipal  products:  Cattle  and  wool. 

How  Reached.— Krom  Montevid^M)  by  Central  Urufiuayan  Kailway, 
western  extension  ;  fare,  $S.80.  Auto  service  to  Dolores  ami  Fray 
Bentos. 

Hotels. — (.^omercio,  Fninco-Kspanol,  Paris,  Universal,  Navarro. 

Note. — This  plare  is  a  well-known  health  re.sort.  An  imi>ortaut 
trade  in  (  altle  and  wool  is  carried  on. 

MINAS,  ciipital  of  Department  of  Minas;  population.  l.'.iMK);  78 
miles  (124  Icni. )  fidin  Monlevideo.  I'rincipal  products:  Gold,  silver, 
lead,  antimony,  marble,  and  granite. 

How  Reached. — l'"rom  jMontevideo,  by  Central  Uruguayan  Rail- 
way. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Republica  ;  Banco  Nacional   ( agency). 

Hotels. — (Jaribaldi,  Oriental. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  a  very  rich  district,  which  pos8es.s(>8 
great  mineral  wealth,  but  very  little  exploite<l.  Business  is  u.sually 
done  with  Montevideo.  As  a  rule,  Minas  is  canvas.sed  only  by  thosi- 
who  work  closely. 

MONTEVIDEO,  capital  of  the  Iiepul)lic;  popularion,  about  4rH),tMH'); 
on  left  bank  of  Plata  River;  steamers  lie  alongside  wliarf;  clunate, 
temperate;  12.">  ndles  (2(K)  km.)  ea.«:t  of  Buentts  Aires,  Argentina; 
298  miles  (479  km.)  from  Paysandu.  Principal  products:  Live 
stock,  hides,  and  .skin.s.  IndusLrios:  Flour  mllU,  tanneries,  cigar, 
cigarette,  soap,  and  candle  factories.  American  minister,  consul, 
and  vice  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Edward  Cooper  &  Son.  Electric 
cars  to  all  parts  of  city.     (Jabs,  •"?!  per  hour;  mottn-s.  $4  per  hour. 

How  Reached. — From  Buenos  xVires,  Argentina,  by  Mihanovitch 
Line;  nightly  service.  From  Salto  and  Paysandu.  by  railroad  or 
steamers.  Through  train  service  between  Montevideo  and  Sao 
Paulo,  Brazil;  trains  leave  Montevideo  on  Saturdays  and  Sao  Paulo 
on  Wednesdays ;  fare,  $47,  plus  ^14  for  lower  berth. 

Hotels. — Gran  Hotel  Lanata.  Sarandi  32r»;  Colon,  corner  Rlncon 
and  B.  Mitre;  Alhambra ;  Oriental.  Solis  loSB;  Palacio,  Calle  Colon 
17;  Park;  Globo,  Colon  1579;  Pirimides.  Sarandi  548;  Florida. 
Florida  1440;  Morlnl,  Soriano  882;  Espanol,  Sarandi  399;  Cam- 
piotti;  Barcelona.  Ciudadela  1372;  Splendid,  Buenos  Aires  G9S ; 
Balcarce,  Sarandi  3G9;  Central,  25  de  Mayo  4S0;  Novo;  Comercio. 
Andes  1377;  De  Mayo,  25  de  Mayo  521;  Morettl,  25  de  Agosto  350; 
Grand.  Sarandi  504. 

tyubiirbon  Hohls. — Parque.  at  Parque  Urbano;  Urbano,  at  Tlaya 
Ilamiriz;  I'ocitos,  at  Pocitos. 

Customhouse  Brokers.— Pedro  E.  Cassariuo,  Misioues  1505: 
Rudolfo  Favaro,  Zabala  153G;  .Tusto  A.  Iglesias,  Pledras  597;  Juan 
M.  Merlo,  Mlslones  1577;  l*as.sano  Ilermanos,  Mislones  1G35;  Al- 
bertt)  M.  IMttaluga.  Pleilras  415. 

Banks. — Banco  Anglo  Suilamerlcano  (Ltd.).  Zabala  1480;  Banco 
Brltanico  de  la  America  del  Sur,  Zabala  1480;  Banco  Bresilienue 
Italo  Beige.  Zabala  1412;  Caja  Nacional  de  Ahorros  y  Descueutos, 
Colouia  751 ;  Banco  Comercial,  Cearitos  394 ;  Banco  Credito  Terri- 


446  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

torial  del  Uruguay,  Treinta  y  Tres  1426;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio 
de  la  Plata,  25  de  Mayo  401;  Banco  Frances  (Supernielle  y  Cia.), 
25  de  Mayo  427;  Banco  Hipotecario  del  Uruguay,  Cerrito  428; 
Banco  Londres  y  Brasil,  Zabala  1477;  Banco  Londres  y  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  Cerrito  4*18;  Banco  la  Caja  Obrera,  Treinta  y  Tres  1432; 
Banco  Mercantil  del  Rio  de  la  Plata,  Zabala  1432;  Banco  Popular 
del  Uruguay,  25  de  Mayo  402 ;  Banco  Seguros  del  Estado,  Misiones 
1371;  Banco  Territorial  del  Uruguay,  Zabala  1372;  National  City 
Bank  of  New  York,  Zabala  1451;  Banco  Itallano  de  Uruguay, 
Cerrito  428;  Banco  de  Credito,  Cerrito  425;  Banco  de  Cobranza 
Liquidaciones,  Sarandi  402;  Banco  de  Prestamos  Inmobiliarios,  25 
de  Mayo  411 ;  Royal  Bank  of  Canada. 

Notes.— This  is  the  chief  business  city  of  Uruguay;  generally 
visited  from  Buenos  Aires,  ^Yhich  is  easily  accessible.  Agency  may 
be  established  here  if  it  is  found  desirable  to  divide  the  territory 
of  Uruguav  and  the  Plata  River  district  of  Argentina.  There  are 
importers  of  practically  all  kinds  of  goods.  Salesmen  should  ar- 
range to  spend  some  time  here. 

A  line  of  steamers  operates  between  Montevideo  and  Puerto 
Suarez,  Bolivia,  via  the  Paraguay,  Parana,  and  Plata  Rivers;  dis- 
tance, 1.500  miles   (2,410  km.). 

PAYSANDU,  Department  of  Paysandu ;  population.  26,000 ;  situ- 
ated on  east  bank  of  Uruguay  River,  90  miles  (144  km.)  from 
Salto.  298  miles  (479  km.)  from  Montevideo  (by  rail).  Principal 
products:  Cattle,  maize,  wheat,  alfalfa.  Industries:  Preserved 
meats.     Llovd's  agent,  Majo  &  Bozzo. 

How  Reached.— From  Salto,  by  Midland  Railway,  3*  hours;  from 
Montevideo,  by  railroad,  fare  $15;  also  by  Mihanovitch  Line;  from 
Buenos  Aires,  Argentina,  by  Mihanovitch  Line. 

Hotels.— Concordia,  Splendid,  Paris.  Central,  Bayonne,  Del  Vapor. 

Banks. — Banco  de  la  Republica ;  Banco  Italiano  del  Uruguay ; 
Banco  de  Seguros  del  Estado  (.Julio  E.  Riero,  agent)  ;  Banco  de 
Londres  y  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

iq-Qte. — Tills  is  a  very  important  commercial  center,  worthy  of  a 
visit.  A  great  business  is  carried  on  in  agricultural  products. 
There  is  some  direct  importing,  but  the  majority  of  dealers  depend 
upon  the  houses  of  Montevideo. 

KOCHA,  capital  of  Department  of  Rocha;  population,  12,000;  9 
miles  (14  km.)  from  Lake  Rocha;  150  miles  (240  km.)  from  Monte- 
video, and  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  La  Paloma.  Principal  products: 
Agricultural  produce  and  cattle. 

How  Reached. — PYom  Montevideo,  by  East  Coast  Railway. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Hotels. — Uruguayo,  Roma. 

Note. — Rocha  is  not  generally  visited  by  foreign  salesmen.  Mer- 
chants here  are  mostly  supplied  by  importers  of  Montevideo. 

SALTO,  Department  of  Salto ;  population,  30,000 ;  a  port  on  east- 
ern bank  of  Uruguay  River,  12  miles  (19  km.)  below  rapids,  which 
mark  the  limit  for  steam  navigation;  366  miles  (590  km.)  from 
Montevideo  by  land,  90  miles  (144  km.)  from  Paysandu,  and  221 
miles  (356  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires  by  water.  Principal  products: 
Oranges,  agricultural  produce,  etc.  Industries :  Cattle  raising,  wine^ 
abattoirs.     Customhouse  brokers,  Fonca  &  Prere. 


TTRUGUAY.  447 

How  Reached. — Frou)  Afontovidpo.  by  Mirllarnl  Tlnil\v:iy  to  Tiisn  do 
los  Toros.  (li(Mi(«>  ('ciilr.il  ll;iil\V!iy  (17  hours)  ;  fare,  .^Ift.OO;  also  by 
water  via  MlIiMin»vit<'li  T.iue.  From  I'>iien«)S  Aires,  by  Miliniiovitrli 
Line.  From  r'aysan(iii,  l»y  Mihaiiovltcii  Line;  also  l>y  railroad. 
Auto  serviro  tr)  nearl)y  towti.s. 

Banks. — Banco  (\o  la  Republica  ;  Banco  do  Ixmdrfs  and  Uio  rln  la 
I'lata. 

Hotels. — (?on«rcio.  Uruguay,  Concordia.  Orifiital,  Amoricnno, 
Salto,  De  los  AmiPros. 

Note. — A  considerable  volume  of  trade  is  transacte<l  with  the  sur- 
roundinfr  country,  including;  Brazil.  There  is  some  direct  importinc, 
but  the  merchants  chiefly  depend  upon  the  dealers  of  Montevideo. 
Salto  has  intimate  relations  with  the  Argentine  city  of  Ooncordln, 
across  the  river;  it  is  well  worth  a  visit. 

SAN  EUGENIO,  capital  of  Department  of  Artitras;  poj^ulation, 
9.0(K):  situat«'d  on  west  l>aid<  of  Cuareim  Kiver;  :1(>8  nn'les  (S12  km.) 
from  Montovideo  ami  110  miles  (ITd  km.)  from  Salto.  Brincijial 
product,  airricultural  produce.  Customhouse  a{;ent.s:  Victor  Ma- 
drazo,  Donn'nso  (^rnetti. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Northern  Urujninyan  Hall- 
way. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Note. — This  is  one  of  the  smaliev  town.s,  but  a  busy  commercial 
place;  rather  a  larjre  trade  with  Brazil;  not  frenerally  canvassed  liy 
foreiini  salesmen  becaus(»  of  its  <listance  from  Montevideo;  mijrht 
pay  to  work  in  certain  lines. 

SAN  FRUCTUOSO,  capital  of  Department  of  T.icuarembo ;  in^pula- 
tion.  9,(HK) ;  situated  on  ri^'ht  batd<  of  Tacuarembo  River;  277  miles 
(446  km.)  from  Montevid«i>  and  7'J  miles  (ll.">  km.)  from  Bnizilian 
boundary.  I'rincipal  products:  Toba<'co,  lumber,  white  marble,  rook 
crystal.  Industry :  Cattle  raising.  Considerable  trading  in  wool, 
hides,  and  skins. 

How  Reached. — From  Montevideo,  by  Central  Railway  of  Uru- 
guay. 

Hotel. — r)omingo  Campa. 

Bank. — Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Note. — San  Franci.sco  does  a  fair  volume  of  business,  there  being 
considerable  wi'alth  in  the  surrounding  territory;  it  is  generally 
dependent  upon  the  importers  of  .Montevideo;  usually  canvassed 
only  by  those  who  "  make"  the  smaller  towns. 

SAN  JOSE  DE  MAYO,  capital  of  I»epartment  of  San  .Jose;  p<ipula- 
tion,  13.<KX);  on  San  .lose  River.  60  miles  (90  km.)  from  Monte- 
video,    rrincipal  product,  wool. 

How  Reached. — I'rom   Montevideo,  by  Central  Railway. 

Principal  Hotel. — Londres. 

Bank. — Banc-o  de  ki  Republica. 

Note. — This  is  an  imitorlant  and  growing  town  with  some  dire<-r 
importing,  but  merchants!  are  chiefly  supplied  by  the  dealers  of 
Montevideo ;  as  a  rule,  canvassed  only  by  those  who  visit  the 
smaller  places. 


448  GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE, 

Aguas  Bueiias,  Department  of  Diirazno ;  population,  5,000;  186 
miles  (300  km.)  from  Montevideo  and  62  miles  (100  km.)  from 
Diirazno.  Nearest  railway  station  is  Molles,  on  Central  Railway. 
Carreteras  to  Durazno,  Polanco,  Sarandi  del  Yi,  and  Carmen. 

Bellaco,  Department  of  Rio  Negro ;  population,  2,0<X> ;  310  miles 
(500  km.)  from  Montevideo  and  43  miles  (70  km.)  from  Fray  Ben- 
tos.  Railway  from  Algorta  to  Fray  Bentos.  Carreteras  to  Cu- 
chilla,  Haedo,  and  Paysandu.  Products :  Linseetl,  wheat,  corn,  and 
cattle. 

Carmelo  (Las  Vacas) ,  Department  of  Colonia ;  population,  9,350 ; 
on  east  bank  of  Uruguay  River;  56  miles  (90  km.)  from  Monte- 
video and  61  miles  (100  km.)  from  Colonia  del  Sacramento.  Prod- 
ucts :  Cereals,  vegetables,  and  cattle.  Industry,  stone  quarries. 
Readied  from  Montevideo  by  Mihanovich  Line.  Hotels :  Amorena, 
Rattaro. 

Dolores  (Salvador),  Department  of  Soriano;  population,  7,900; 
port  on  the  San  Salvador,  19  miles  (30  km.)  from  point  where  it 
empties  into  Uruguay  River;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Mercedes, 
245  miles  ('395  km.)  from  Montevideo,  and  3 J  miles  (6  km.)  from 
General  Fernandez  (nearest  railroad  station).  Products:  Cereals, 
gold,  silver,  copper,  coal,  mercury. 

Nueva  Palmira,  Department  of  Colonia ;  population,  6,000 ;  60 
miles  (99  km.)  from  Colonia  del  Sacramento  and  20  miles  (32  km.) 
above  mouth  of  Uruguay  River,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Parana. 
Products :  Cereals  and  cattle.  Reached  by  Mihanovich  Line  of 
steamers. 

Pando,  Department  of  Oanelones ;  population,  7,927 ;  on  La  Plata 
River,  34  miles  (55  km.)  from  Canelones  (Guadalupe),  and  22  miles 
(38  km.)  from  Montevideo;  on  Central  Uruguay  Railway. 

Piedras,  Department  of  Canelones;  population.  8,100;  15  miles  (25 
km.)  from,  Guadalupe  (Canelones)  and  12  miles  (20  km.)  from 
Montevideo ;  on  Central  Uruguay  Railway.  Ostrich  feathers  are 
produced  here. 

Rosarlo,  Department  of  Colonia;  population,  10,685;  31  miles  (50 
km.)  from  Colonia  del  Sacramento  and  112  miles  (180  km.)  from 
Montevideo ;  on  Central  Uruguay  Railway ;  branches  from  here  to 
Colonia  and  to  Sauce;  active  port  with  import  and  export  trade. 
Industries :  Paper  milks,  flour  mills,  distilleries.     Hotel,  Etcheverry. 

Eivera,  Department  of  Rivera ;  population,  10.000 ;  352  miles 
(567  km.)  from  Montevideo;  opposite  Santa  Ana.  on  the  frontier  of 
Brazil.  Products :  Tobacco  and  cattle.  Northern  terminus  of  the 
Central  Uruguay  Railway,     Hotels :  Brasil,  Central. 

San  Carlos,  Department  of  Maldonado;  population,  5,200;  9  miles 
(15  km.)  from  Maldonado  and  102  miles  (165  km.)  from  Monte- 
video. Bank,  Banco  <le  la  Republica.  Merchants  depend  chiefly 
upon  the  importers  of  Montevideo. 

San  Ramon,  Department  of  Canelones ;  population,  5,955 ;  on 
Santa  Lucia  River;  51  miles  (82  km.)  from  Montevideo  and  31 
miles  (50  km.)  from  Canelones  (Guadalupe)  ;  on  Central  Uruguay 
Railway. 


URUGUAY.  449 

Santa  Incia  (San  Juan  Bautista),  1  )oi):irtiuent  of  Carn-lones;  poi>- 
lilation,  4,0(K);  on  Stiiila  Lucia  KivtM-;  8  inilos  (IH  km.)  frnm  ('ane- 
lones  ((?U!i(lalui)e)  nnd  37  rnilw  (51)  km.)  from  .MnntovldL-o;  uii 
Central   llru;,'ua.v    Railway;   llotn*  inill.s;   a;,'ri<  iiliural  <listrict. 

Santa  Rosa,  Dcnarlnieiit  of  Arliua.s ;  iHJpnIalion,  4,!KK»;  on  ii-ft 
bank  of  b'ru:^Ma.v  Kivcr  ;  l.")  iiiiUs  {'St  km.)  from  San  i:u'.;i'nin  und 
52  miios  (S4  km.)  north  of  Salto.  I'loihiclx:  Oti'mIs,  VP)?»'tabU's, 
grapes,  oranircs.  On  Northwestern  Knilway  to  Salto  and  to  Uru- 
guayana  in  Uracil. 

Sauce,  Doiiartmont  of  (^anelonfs;  ]iopnlatif»n.  7,2(X);  on  north  bnnk 
of  Hivor  riate;  1".  miles  (25  km.)  from  Cnneloues  and  2;)  miles 
(37  km.)  from  Montevideo;  on  ('ontral  Cniiruay  lliiilwuy.  Pnxl- 
ucts:  (.'orn,  Avheat,  and  alfalfa,     Indtistry :  Flour  niilU. 

Taciiarembo,  Deparrmtnt  of  Tamareniho;  f»opnlntion.  0.215;  on 
bank  of  Armyo  de  Tacniiir<>mhn ;  270  milos  (440  km.)  from  Monte- 
video; on  (Jentral  Uruiruay  Hallway.  ProdufT*;:  Timber,  yt-rba 
mate,  t(bacro.     IIot»ls:  rentral,   Espnfiol,   Intirnarlonal. 

Treinta  y  Tres,  capital  or  Department  of  Treinta  y  Tn>s;  pojjnia- 
tion.  7,7t»0;  on  east  bank  of  Arroyo  del  Yfrt»al ;  102  mlb-s  (.•{00  km.) 
Irom  Montevideo;  on  Central  Uruiomy  Kailway.  rr«»duct.s:  tattle, 
cereals,  fruits. 

Trinidad.  Department  of  Flores;  popnlatlon,  10.000;  136  mlbs 
(220  km.)  from  Montevideo;  dilij^-nrias  to  Diirazn(»,  San  Jose.  Mer- 
cedes, and  Barra  del  liio  Xef,'ro.  rrodnrts:  Cattle  and  wrxA.  Ac- 
tive connnerce.  Bank,  IJanco  lie  la  iiepubli'- 1.  iJof.-N:  ('..nitT<io, 
Esperanza,  Frances,  Trinidad. 
144297' — 20 29 


PARAGUAY. 

Maps  Nos.  22  and  25. 

location. — Southwest  of  Brazil  and  northeast  of  Argentina. 
Bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Brazil,  on  the  southeast,  south, 
and  west  by  Argentina,  and  on  the  northwest  by  Bolivia. 

Area  and  Population. — Parag-uay  has  an  area  estimated  at  97,722 
square  miles.  The  population  is  probably  in  excess  of  800,000 
(about  8  per  square  mile).     The  estimate  in  1917  was  over  1,000,000. 

Inhabitants. — The  people  are  largely  of  Guarani  (Indian),  Euro- 
pean, and  Negro  blood.  The  Guarani  predominates  and  the  Euro- 
pean element  is  chiefly  Spanish. 

Physical  Pealures. — ParagTiay  is  one  of  the  two  inland  countries 
of  South  America.  It  consists  of  a  plain,  surmounted  by  low 
mountain  ranges  lying  to  the  eastward.  There  is  a  considerable 
amount  of  forest  area.  The  extensive  plain  of  the  Gran  Chaco  in 
the  western  section  affords  excellent  pasturage  for  cattle,  and  the 
mountain  slopes  are  covered  with  forests.  The  Paraguay  River  di- 
vides the  country  into  two  sections,  the  eastern  of  which  is  the 
more  important. 

Climate. — The  climate  is  hot^  but  in  the  main  healthful.  The 
lower  tvv'o-thirds  of  the  Republic  is  v>athin  the  Temperate  Zone,  and 
the  upper  one-third  within  the  Tropics.  Atmospheric  conditions  are 
modified  by  the  numerous  rivers  and  by  several  mountain  chains. 
There  are  refreshing  breezes  from  the  south.  The  mean  summer 
temperature  is  81°  F. ;  winter,  63°  F. 

Seasons. — There  is  no  special  rainy  season,  although  during  Au- 
gust, September,  and  October  the  rains  are  heaviest,  and  most 
frequent.  Roughly,  the  seasons  are  as  follows:  Summer,  October 
to  March ;  winter,  April  to  Septembei'. 

Rivers  and  lakes. — Paraguay  lies  between  the  Paraguay  and 
Parana  Rivers,  which  connect  at  Curupaiti,  in  the  extreme  southern 
end  of  the  Republic,  and  together  with  the  Uruguay  River  form  the 
great  estuary  of  the  Pfeta,  one  of  the  largest  bodies  of  water  in  the 
world.  The  Parana  River  has  a  total  length  of  2,043  miles  (3,288 
km.)  from  its  source  in  the  Goyaz  Mountains,  Brazil,  to  its  junction 
with  the  Paraguay.  It  is  navigable  as  far  as  the  city  of  Cor- 
rientes,  a  distance  of  676  miles  (1,090  km.),  by  vessels  of  12-foot 
draft.  From  that  point  to  the  Guayra  Falls,  about  676  miles  (1,090 
km.),  'it  is  navigable  for  small  vessels.  The  Paraguay  is  the  most 
important  river  of  the  Republic.  It  is  navigable  by  vessels  of 
12-foot  draft  as  far  as  the  cities  of  Asuncion  and  Villa  Concepcion, 
and  beyond  that  for  smaller  vessels  for  its  entire  length  of  1,800 
miles  (2,896  km.).  Corumba,  Brazil,  and  Puerto  Suarez,  Bolivia, 
are  reached  by  this  route.  Other  rivers,  navigable  for  short  dis- 
tances, are  the  Pilcomayo,  Jejuy,  and  Tebicuary,  all  affluents  of  the 
Paraguay  River. 

The  principal  lakes  are  Ipoa  and  Ipacaray.  The  former  is  over 
100  square  miles  (259'  sq.  km.)  in  area.  Both  are  navigable  for  small 
craft. 

450 


PARAGUAY.  45j1 

Pastoral  Products.— Tho  foftTitry  is  well  a<lnpto<l,  throijj,'li  its 
great  extent  <.f  urazitiK  laud,  t<.  the  raisin;,'  of  cattle.  M«>nt  packiiiK 
and  allied  indiistiies  have  developcil  ntnslderahly.  There  are  nill- 
lieiis  (if  cattle,  sIkm']),  horses,  mules,  etc. 

Agricultural  Wealth,— Tubiicco  prrowlnfj  i.s  becoiulng  more  Im- 
portant; oran>?e  j^'roves  are  also  a(hling  to  the  wealth.  CJoffee,  rice, 
cotton,  and  sii.irar  are  cultivated. 

Forest  Wealth. — Tlie  most  iiuiMjrtant  pro«liict  i.s  "  yerba  mate,"  or 
Parafruay  tea.  whicli  comes  from  tlie  vir^'iu  forests,  and  of  widoh 
many  million  [lounds  are  annually  produce«l.  Quebracho  woo<l 
and  other  timbers  are  shippetl. 

Manufacturing  Industries.— There  are  not  many  lar^c  factories  in 
TaraRuay,  but  numerous  i)hints  are  devoted  to  the  nijjnuracture  of 
.small  local  needs.     These  include  tanneries,  breweries,  etc. 

Mineral  Wealth.— This  has  but  slightly  developeil,  and  the  pro- 
duction is  as  yet  uniujportant. 

Language. — Spanish. 

Currency. — The  unit  <)f  value  i.s  the  gold  peso,  bn.setl  on  the  Argen- 
tine peso,  valued  at  $0,965  United  States  gold.  The  currency  is  de- 
preciated iiajK'r  whose  conversion  rate  fluctuates  widely.  In 
November,  1019,  the  Paraguayan  paper  pe.«!o  was  worth  al)oui  .$0.0.1 
United  States  currency.  Argentine  gold  ami  silver  coins  are 
recognized  as  legal  currency  in  Paraguay.  The  gold  unit  is  gener- 
ally so  stated  and  is  I'uiployeil  iri  rejtorts  of  financial  tran.sactlon.s, 
while  the  i)aper  peso  is  the  coniujercial  currency. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  prevails. 

Postage. — First  'lass  rate  from  the  United  States  is  5  cents  for 
the  first  ounce,  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fractional 
part  thereof. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

Paraguay  lias  no  ocean  port.  The  chief  means  of  communication 
are  the  Parana  and  Paraguay  Ilivers.  Asuncion,  the  capital,  is  now 
accessible  by  rail  from  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.  Following  are  the 
chief  routes. 

FROM  BUENOS  AIRES  BT  RAIL. 

Train  leaves  Lacroze  (F.  C.  C.  P..  A.)  on  Thursdays  and  Satur- 
days, arriving  at  Asuncion  Saturdays  and  Mondays;  returns  on 
Tuesdays  and  Thursdays,  reaching  Lacroze  station,  Buenos  Aires,  on 
Thursday.s  and  Saturdays?.  Time,  one  way,  uS  hours;  rail  dis- 
tance, 938  miles  (1.514  km.).  Fare,  71.25  Argentine  jiesos;  nnuid 
trii),  106.75  Argentine^  i)esos.  Sleeper  berth,  one  way,  14.25  Argen- 
tine pesos;  baggage  allowance,  110  pounds  (~>0  kilos).  [The  value 
of  the  Argentine  paiter  jieso  is  ai)proximaiely  $0.42.] 

FROM  BUENOS  AIRES  BY  STEAMER. 

Compafiia  Argentina  de  Navegacion  (Mihanovich  Line). — Steamers 
leave  Buenos  Aires  for  Asuncion  on  Sundays  and  Wednesdays  at 
10  a.  m.  and  on  Saturdays  at  11  a.  m. ;  leave  Asuncioi\  for  Buenos 
Aires  Sundays  at  7  a.  in.,  Wednesdays  at  S  a.  m.,  and  Fridays  11 
a.  m.  Fare,  to  Asuncion.  102.50  .Vrgentine  pesos;  to  Buenos  .\ir»>s 
from   Asuncion.  SO  Argentine  pesos :   round   trip.   164.25  .Vrgentine 


452  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

pesos.  Baggage  allowance,  50  kilo^  (110  pounds)  ;  excess  baggage 
rate,  24  Argentine  pesos  per  ton.  Stops  are  made  en  route  at 
Rosario,  Diamante,  Parana,  Santa  Elene,  La  Paz,  Esquina.  Mai 
Abrigo,  Goya,  Lavalle,  Bella  Vista,  Pracuacito,  Emperado,  Marrau- 
queras,  Corrientes,  Las  Palmas,  Humaita,  Bermejo,  Pilar,  Formosa, 
Villa  Oliva,  Golonia,  Dalmacia  Villeta  Colouia  Bouvier,  and  Piieo- 
mayo. 

Upper  Paraguay  River  Line. — Steamer  leaves  Buenos  Aires  on  the 
IStliof  each  month  for  Rosario,  Parana,  Santa  Elena,  La  Paz, 
Esquina,  Goya,  Bella  Vista,  Corrientes,  Formosa,  Humaita,  Pilar, 
Asuncion,  c'oncepcion,  Porto  Murtinho,  Forte  Coimbra,  Coruraba, 
and  Cuyaba. 

CoiTlentes-P^sadas  Line. — Leave  Corrientes  Sundays  and  Thurs- 
days at  7  a.  m.,  returning  from  Posadas  Sundays  and  Wednesdays 
at  7  a.  m. 

Alto  Parana  Line. — From  Buenos  Aires  to  Ita-Ibate,  Ituzaingo, 
Villa  Encarnacion,  and  Posadas.  Fare  from  Buenos  Aires  to  Posa- 
das, one  way,  87.50  Argentine  pesos ;  round  trip,  135  Argentine  pesos. 

Buenos  Aires  to  Corumba,  Brazil. — Departures  from  Buenos  Aires 
on  Sundays  and  Wednesdays,  with  transshipment  at  Asuncion  to 
steamers  Asuncion  and  Cornmha,  which  leave  Asuncion  every 
Thursday.  Stops  are  made  at  intermediate  ports,  including  Ooncep- 
cion,  Guarany,  etc. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC. 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES. — Samples  without  commercial  value  may 
be  brought  into  Paraguay  duty  free.  "  Without  commercial  value  " 
is  interpreted  to  mean  samples  which  can  not  be  sold  or  used ;  for 
instance,  a  single  sock  or  shoe,  a  hat  which  has  a  hole  punched  in 
it  or  is  in  some  other  way  rendered  useless  or  unsalable,  or  pieces 
of  cloth  too  small  to  be  salable. 

Bond. — Samples  which  have  value  may  be  imported  upon  payment 
of  the  duty  specified  in  the  customs  tariff  on  the  classification  rep- 
resented by  the  sample.  This  amount  of  duty  will  be  refunded 
upon  the  reexportation  of  the  samples.  Instead  of  making  cash 
payment,  bond  can  sometimes  be  arranged. 

Charges. — ^There  are  certain  charges  which  are  not  refunded. 
These  include  wharfage  and  lighterage  charges  (.$2.90  per  100  kilos 
or  $1.32  per  100  pounds),  statistical  charge  (one-twentieth  of  1  per 
cent  of  value  of  goods  imported),  and  a  small  sum  for  stamped 
paper  in  connection  with  the  clearance  of  the  goods  through  the  cus- 
tomhouse.    These  charges  are  levied  on  all  goods  entering  Paraguay. 

Reexportation.— The  time  limJt  for  reexportation  of  samples  is 
two  months.  A  reasonable  extension  may  be  obtained  if  the  traveler 
is  unavoidably  detained,  and  if  he  makes  the  request  for  extension 
several  days  before  the  expiration  of  the  two-month  period.  Appli- 
cation for'refund  in  case  of  reexportation  .should  be  made  several 
days  before  departure -is  contemplated. 

Refund  of  Duties. — If  the  traveler  finds  it  necessary  to  dispose  of 
a  part  of  his  samples,  he  may  obtain  a  refund  of  the  duties  paid  on 
that  portion  not  reexported.  However,  in  order  to  do  this,  the  re- 
exportation of  the  samp]e.s  must  be  made  through  the  port  of  entry. 
This  is  preferable  in  any  case,  because  the  procedure  necessary  to 


PAKAOI AV.  453 

obtain  iH'l'und  if  siiinples  are  n'exiM>rte<l  tlirouch  armtlifr  port  is 
very  tetiious. 

Time  Required  for  Clearance. — From  two  days  to  a  w«-ek  Is  ro- 
quirvd  for  cltsiraii'*'  of  samplt-s  thr(>u;rh  tho  cusfomhoiiHe.  A  kowI 
customs  ijrolvor  may  he  able  to  <lear  tlie  avpraj^e  lot  of  sampl«»s  j-nr- 
rieti  by  a  coiuiiiercial  traveler  in  two  or  tliree  days.  If  siuuples 
hav(>  no  value  there  is  no  delay. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — No  duty  is  collecte<l  in  Pamiruny 
ou  bona  lid«-  advertisiuK  matter,  sucli  us  printed  clrcularH,  carilK, 
paniplilets,  ctileudars,  catalogues,  when  carried  by  commercial  trav- 
elers. 

Best  Visiting  Time. — The  most  desirable  time  from  the  standpoint 
of  comfort  is  May  to  October.  Durinir  that  iteriod  tlie  heat  is  not 
as  intense  as  duriuj,'  the  rest  of  the  year.  Visits  to  rara;ruay.  how- 
ever, must  oonfcn-m  to  the  conditions  which  govern  eiicli  line  of 
busint'ss. 

Commercial  Travelers'  Tax. — There  is  no  national  licenw?,  but  a 
couunereial  traveler  who  represents  a  foreign  tirui  must  have  a 
municipal  license,  which  is  obtaiue<l  uixm  application  li»  the  iu- 
tendento  municipal  (mayor).  Application  must  be  made  on  a 
sheet  of  stamped  paper  with  a  value  of  2  pesos  (approximately 
$0.08,  Unite<l  States  currency),  and  must  be  accompaidetl  by  an- 
other sheet  of  stami>ed  paper  of  the  same  value.  Thes*-  licenses  are 
issuetl  for  a  term  of  six  months,  the  .s«'moster.s  beginning  .January 
1  and  July  1.  A  discount  is  allowed  for  the  months  win<;h  have 
already  pa.ssed,  when  a  liceii.se  is  se<-ured  in  the  miihlle  of  a 
.semester.  These  licenses  are  valid  only  in  the  nuinicipaiities  in 
which  they  are  issued.  A  special  licen.se  is  required  for  each 
municipality  i»  whicli  the  traveler  transacts  business. 

The  following  are  the  fees  i^er  semester  in  the  five  principal 
municipalities  of  Paraguay:  Asuncion,  1,2(X>  pesos;  Couce{xMon, 
1,200  pe.sos;  Villa  Encarnaciou,  300  p*.'Sos;  Pilar.  2<X>  pesos;  Villa 
liica,  800  pesos.  In  Asuncion,  in  addition  to  the  licensi',  a  munici- 
pal tax  of  3G0  pesos  per  annum  is  levied  on  all  commercial  travelers 
taking  out  license.s,  this  tax  being  assigned  to  public  lighting,  street 
cleaning,  etc.  In  the  municipality  of  Villa  Rica  a  license  may  be 
taken  out  for  as  short  a  time  as  one  month. 

Tliese  licenses  are  the  .same  for  all  lines  of  goods.  A  commercial 
tra.veler  may  represent  as  many  firms  as  he  desires  and  may  do 
business  with  any  firms  he  wishes,  provided  always  t!iat  they  are 
located  in  the  numicipality  from  wliich  he  has  a  license. 

Avoiding  License. — Very  few  commercial  ti'avelers  representing 
foreign  firms  obtain  licenses.  Most  frequently  the  traveler  ni;i'  '■< 
an  arrangement  with  any  firm  license*]  as  an  inii>orter  to  nci  ;  - 
agent  during  his  stay.  P^m*  this  he  pays  a  small  fee  or  a  p<^rcent.m.- 
of  the  sale.5.  If  the  traveler  represents  a  firm  which  already  lias 
a  local  agent  licensed  as  an  importer,  this  agent  cither  accompanies 
the  commercial  traveler  or  sends  an  employee  to  do  so.  the  local 
agent  making  the  sales. 

Special  Documents. — In  Paraguay,  as  in  other  Latin-Araerlcan 
countries,  if  the  salesman  is  required  to  collect  money,  a  pf»wer  of 
attorney  is  necessary;  and  this  is  also  requireil  for  any  other 
special  settlements  requiring  the  exercise  of  authority  from  the  firm 
represente<l.     In  Paraguay  the  power  of  attorney  y^liould  have  the 


454  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

signatui-es  legalized  by  a  consul  of  the  Republic  of  Paraguay  in  the 
United  States.  For  use  in  Paraguay  the  document  sliould  be  pre- 
sented to  the  Ministerio  de  Relacioues  Esteriores  (Minister  of  For- 
eign Affairs)   for  registration.     This  registration  costs  5  pesos. 

Business  Conditions. — Up  to  the  present  time  much  of  the  business 
of  Paraguay  has  been  done  through  the  importers  of  Buenos  Aires. 
However,  there  are  numerous  houses  in  Asuncion,  and  some  in  the 
smaller  towns,  who  are  well  able  to  import  direct.  Dealers  gener- 
ally expect  to  buy  on  credit  against  drafts  of  60  to  90  days'  sight. 
Business  hours  are  from  7  to  11  a.  m.  and  2  to  6  p.  m.  Banking 
hours  are  8  to  11  a.  m.  and  2  to  4.40  p.  m. 

Hailroad  Guide. — The  Espreso  Villalonga,  having  its  main 
oflice  in  Buenos  Aires  and  branch  offices  in  Montevideo  and  Asun- 
cion, can  render  the  traveler  nauch  assistance.  It  publishes  a 
monthly  railroad  guide  and  time-table. 

Hotels. — The  hotels  in  the  larger  places,  such  as  Asuncion,  Villa 
Encarnacion,  and  Villa  Rica,  charge  $3  to  $5  per  day  (American 
plan).  The  second-class  hotels  charge  somewhat  less.  In  the 
smaller  towns  the  cost  ranges  from  $2  to  $3  per  day,  and  the  accom- 
modations, necessarily,  are  inferior.  In  Asuncion  the  European 
plan  may  be  obtained  in  some  hotels.  There  are  a  number  of  exc*el- 
lent  restaurants. 

Agencies. — Tlie  most  important  city  of  Paraguay  is  Asuncion,  the 
capital,  with  90,000  inhabitants.  The  important  wholesale  houses 
are  all  located  here,  although  there  are  some  direct  importers  in 
Villa  Rica,  Concepcion,  and  Villa  Encarnacion.  If  a  special  agency 
for  Paraguay  is  desired,  it  should  be  established  in  Asuncion.  Cer- 
tain merchants  find  it  preferable  to  locate  their  agencies  in  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina,  and  canvass  Uruguay,  as  well  as  Paraguay,  from 
that  point.  As  a  general  rule,  this  can  not  be  recommended  for 
maximum  results. 

RAILWAYS. — The  chief  method  of  transportation  in  Paraguay  is 
by  steamer.  The  country  roads,  as  a  rule,  are  suitable  only  for  ox- 
carts, and  travel  over  them  is  very  difficult  and  costly.  There  Is 
one  Important  railway  line,  the  Paraguay  Central,  which  extends 
from  Asuncion  to  Villa  Encarnacion,  a  distance  of  some  230  miles. 
The  total  mileage  in  Paraguay  is  about  290.  A  train  ferry  operates 
between  ViUa  Encarnacion  and  the  Argentine  town  of  Posadas, 
from  which  point  trains  run  direct  to  Buenos  Aires. 

Baggage. — No  special  rates  are  allowed  for  baggage  of  foreign 
commercial  travelers.  If  the  traveler  arranges  to  represent  a 
Paraguayan  firm,  he  may  secure  a  reduction  of  50  per  cent  from  the 
usual  rates. 

ITINERARY.— The  nia.1ority  of  travelers  find  it  convenient  to  use 
Buenos  Aires  as  a  base.  The  trip  to  Asuncion  is  made  by  the 
Argentine  Northeast  Railway  and  Paraguay  Central  Railway,  or  by 
the  steamships  of  the  Compaiiia  Argentina  de  Navegacion  (Mihano- 
vich  Line).  The  traveler  may  come  by  rail  and  return  by  steamer, 
or  vice  versa. 

By  steamers  via  the  Parana  and  Paraguay  Rivers,  the  principal 
towns  in  the  order  of  departure  from  Buenos  Aires  are  as  follows: 
Rosario,  Parana,  and  Corrientes,  Argentina ;  Pilar,  Paraguay ;  For- 
mosa, Argentina;  Asuncion  and  Concepcion,  Paraguay. 


PARAGUAY.  455 

By  milroad  from  Biionos  Airt's  th<'  trnvHor  cnn  mnke  tho  follow- 
ing principal  towns:  fV)i)conlla  nn»l  I'f>sa(las,  Argentina;  Villa  Kn- 
carnacion,  Villa  Rica,  and  Asuiirlon,  Paraguay. 

Holidays. — Tin-  Slate  n-iigion  bfing  Uoiii.ni  Catholic,  many  of  the 
feast  days  of  thi-  Cluinli  are  scnipnloiisly  ohscrvefl.  (fOiifrnlly 
speaking,  l)iisines.s  is  suspciidcd  on  the  li<iliduys  otflclnlly  rtM-ngidz*"*!. 
The  following  legal  holidays  are  observed,  in  addition  to  the  chun  h 
feast  days : 

.Tainiary  1.  Ntnv  Year's  Day;  February  3,  San  Bins  Day:  May  14 
and  1.^),  Iridei»eii(ieiK-e  I>ays;  October  12,  Coliiiiibiis  Day;  November 
25,  Adoi)lion  of  Constitution;  December  1!.5,  Christmas  Day.  August 
15  Is  also  celebrated  at  Asuncion  as  the  date  of  the  founding  of  the 
city  in  153G. 

COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ASUNCION,  capital  of  the  Republic;  population,  90.000;  on  east 
bank  of  I'araguay  River.  l.*^2  miles  (212  km.)  from  Concep<lon.  93 
miles  (149  km.)  from  Villa  Rica,  9:^5  miles  (1,514  km.)  from  Buenos 
Aires,  Argentina  (by  railroad)  ;  and  1.2(H)  miles  (1.932  kni.)  from 
the  ocean.  Temperature  averages  72°  F.  Industries:  Sugar  refin- 
eries, cotton  and  woolen  mills,  tanneri<>s.  distilleries.  Ameriiran 
mini.ster  and  consul.  Lloyd's  agent,  Walter  K.  Haywood.  Custom- 
house brokers:  Delpino  y  Cla. ;  Ugarriza  &  Sernedei ;  Krcssura  & 
Compos. 

How  Reached. — From  Villa  Rica  or  Villa  Encarnacion,  by  Para- 
guay Central  Railway;  from  Buenos  Aires,  by  I'araguay  Central 
Railway  or  the  Mihanovich  Line  of  river  steamers. 

Banks. — Banco  A.irricola  del  I'araguay,  Villa  Rica  185-191;  Banco 
Constructor  del  Paraguay,  Alberdi  217;  Banco  dc  Espafia  y  Para- 
guay, Alberdi  and  Villa  Ri<'a :  Banco  :Mercantil  del  Paraguay. 
Estrella  101 ;  Banco  de  la  Republica,  Palma  249. 

Hotels. — Cosmos,  Ilisp.ino-Americano,  Italia,  Roma,  St  Pierre, 
Gran  Hotel  del  Paraguay.  Palermo. 

Uote. — Asuncion  is  easily  accessible  from  Buenos  Aires,  and 
.should  be  visited  more  frequently  by  foreign  salesmen  than  it  has 
been  in  the  past.  Numerous  important  wholesale  and  retail  firms 
are  located  here  who  can  make  direct  importation.  In  the  pa.st  it 
has  depended  largely  on  Buenos  Aires,  but  many  firms  seek  dire<-t 
connections.  This  is  the  logical  place  to  establish  an  agency  for 
Paraguay. 

CONCEPCION,  Department  of  Concepcion ;  population.  25.(^">0: 
situated  on  east  bank  of  Paraguay  River.  132  miles  (212  km.)  from 
Asuncion.  Principal  products:  .Vgricultural  pnxluce.  Industries: 
Cattle  raising  and  yerba  mate  growing.  Lloyd's  agent.  T.  Herrero. 
Custi>mhouse  brokers:   PelufEo  &  Otano ;   Amelia  Troche  y  Cfa. 

How  Reached. — From  Asuncion,  by  steamers ;  from  Villa  Rica,  by 
rail  to  Asuncion,  thence  by  steamer  to  Concepcion ;  from  Corumba, 
weeklv  steamer  service. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil  del  Paraguay;  Banco  Industrial. 

Hotels.— Central.  Frances,  San  Martin,  Victoria.  Aurora. 

Uote. — The  merchants  of  this  jtiace  are  largely  dependent  upon 
the  importers  of  Asuncion  and  Buenos  Aires.  Concepcion  is  easily 
accessible,  has  a  growing  trade,  and  there  are  several  important 
houses;  may  be  visited  to  advantage.    This  is  a  port  of  entry. 


456  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

PIIAE,  port  on  the  Paraguay  River,  opposite  mouth  of  Berniojo 
River;  population,  about  8,000:  165  miles  (267  km.)  from  Asuncion. 
Principal  products :  Hides,  timber,  tobacco,  oranges,  yerba  mate. 
Customliouse  broker,  Prosper©  Azzarini. 

How  Beached. — From  Asuncion  or  Buenos  Aires,  by  steamer  or 
Paraguay  Central  Railway. 

Hotel. — Paris. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola ;  Banco  Mercantil  del  Paraguay. 

Note. — Pilar  depends  chiefly  on  the  importers  of  Asuncion. 

VILLA  EITCARNACIOlf,  Department  of  Encarnacion ;  population, 
about  16,000;  on  Alto  Parana  River,  opposite  Argentine*  town  of 
Posadas;  136  miles  (220  km.)  from  Villa  Rica  and  230  miles  (.368 
km.)  from  Asuncion.  Principal  products:  Yerba  mat6,  timber,  to- 
bacco, hides.  Center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  grazing  district. 
Customhouse  brokers :  O.  Diwerti,  E.  Fernandez,  E.  Zavala. 

How  Reached. — From  Asuncion  or  Villa  Rioa,  by  Paraguay  Cen- 
tral Railway  ;  from  Buenos  Aires  via  Posadas  and  Argentine  North- 
eastern Railroad. 

Banks. — Banco  Mercantil ;  Banco  de  la  Republica. 

Hotels. — Engelsbourg,  Palmas,  Universal. 

Kote. — This  is  the  terminus  of  the  Paraguay  Central  Railway. 
A  ferry  connects  with  the  Argentine  Northeast  Railroad  at  Posadas, 
whence  railway  communication  with  Buenos  Aires  is  obtained.  This 
place  is  easily  reachetl.  The  dependence  of  its  merchants  heretofore 
has  been  on  the  importers  of  Buenos  Aires  and  Asuncion,  but  there 
are  some  firms  who  are  in  a  position  to  make  direct  importations. 

VILLA  RICA,  Department  of  Guaira  ;  population,  34,500;  93  miles 
(150  km.)  from  Asuncion  and  136  miles  (220  km.)  from  Villa  En- 
carnacion. Principal  products :  Yerba  mat6,  tobacco,  corn,  sugar 
cane,  timber,  hides,  essences.  Industries :  Brick  and  tile  work,  saw- 
mills, distilleries. 

How  Reached. — From  Asuncion  or  Villa  Encarnacion,  by  Para- 
guay Central  Railroad. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola ;  Banco  Mercantil  del  Paraguay. 

Hotels. — Central,  Espanol,  Franco  Sulzo. 

Note. — This  town  is  second  in  importance  to  Asuncion ;  a  consider- 
able volume  of  business  is  done,  both  of  a  wholesale  and  retail  na- 
ture.    It  is  on  the  main  railroad  line  from  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Acaliay,  Department  of  Quindi :  population.  1.3.000;  on  south  bank 
of  Canabe  River;  .51  miles  (81  km.)  from  Asuncion  and  45  miles 
(71  km.)  from  Villa  Rica.     Products:  Tobacco,  oranges,  sugar  cane. 

Ajos;  population,  14,000;  27  miles  (45  km.)  from  Villa  Rica  and 
93  miles  (1.50  km.)  from  Asuncion.  Industries:  Cattle  raising  and 
agriculture. 

Altos,  Department  of  Caraguatay;  population,  9,715;  23  miles  (38 
km.)  fi'om  Asuncion,  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  Aregua  (nearest  railway 
station),  and  70  miles  (112  km.)  from  Villa  Rica.  Products:  Cof- 
fee, sugar,  bananas,  and  grapes.  Best  reached  by  train  from  Ken- 
dall, thence  steamer  to  San  Bernardino,  thence  to  Altos  by  coach  or 
horseback. 

Aregua,  Department  of  Villeta;  population,  7,620;  18  miles  (28 
km.)    from   Asuncion   and   75   miles    (120   km.)    from   Villa    Rica. 


I'AnAoirAY.  467 

Products :  Tobacco,  suf^ar,  coflco.  Industrlos :  Woolon  rlof  Jk-s, 
liquors,  bricks,  and  tUc.  (\iiinf<-Lt««l  wllli  ^VHUiiclon  and  Villa  En- 
caruacioii  by  niiluay.     Hotel.  An-gua. 

Barrero  Grande,  Dfi»nrtint*ii(  of  ( 'ura;,'uatay ;  rnipHlatlon,  10,650; 
27  miles  (45  km.)  from  Ipacarai  (iiear»'si  railway  station).  Car- 
reteras  to  Toi)aty  and  to  lMrll>ebuy,  Valeuzuela,  and  Altos.  Agricul- 
tural jind  cattle  district. 

Bella  Vista,  l>epartni(»nt  of  Concei)Olon ;  jmpulatlon.  5.500;  on 
Ai>a  Uivcr.  I'roducts:  Corn,  rice,  beans,  tobacco,  oranges,  nittle, 
iron,  niausanese.  Carrctfra  to  ( '.t»ncci)cion.  On  Northern  Paraguay 
ituihvuy  IrcMu  CUincepoion  to  San,?uina. 

Caazapa,  r)eijiartiiient  of  Caazapa;  i)o[)ulation.  17.000;  VM  miles 
(211  kui.)  from  Asuncion  by  railroad.  Agricultural  and  cattle  di.>*- 
trict. 

Caacupe.  Deiwrtraent  of  Caraguatay ;  ix»pulation,  7.080 ;  31  rnllos 
(50  km.)  from  Asuncion.  Products:  Cereals,  fruits,  timber,  cattle. 
KeachiHl  by  titiin  to  Ipacarai  or  Pirayu ;  thence  by  road.  Hotel, 
Avenida.  14  de  Mayo. 

Caraguatay,  Dcftartment  of  Caraguatay;  population,  14.000;  (>S 
miles  (lUS  km.)  from  Asuncion  an<l  44  miles  (70  km.  (  from  Tacua- 
ral  (nearest  railroad  station).  Products:  (•range.-',  sugar  cane,  cot- 
ton, coffee,  tobacco,  ci>rn.  Bank,  I'.anco  Agricola.  Dealers  here 
generally  depend  on  the  imiMjrters  of  Asuncion. 

Horqueta,  Department  of  Concepcion ;  population,  8,5(X);  36  miles 
(57  km.  I  from  ConceT)cion.     Products:  Cattle  and  yerha  uiatG. 

Humaita,  Department  of  Pilar;  population,  C.820;  on  east  bank 
of  Paraguay  Kiver;  steamer  communication  with  Asuucinn,  Buenos 
Aires,  and  Moiitevidec*.  Carreteras  to  Pilar  and  Itapiru.  Pnj^lucts: 
Cattle,  sugar  cane,  coffee,  tobacco,  fruits,  woods.  Baiik,  Banco 
Hipotecario.     Custondiouse  brokers.  Acosta  &  Co. 

Ita,  Department  of  Villata  ;  population.  14,250;  31  miles  (50  km.) 
from  Asuncion,  55  miles  (88  km.)  northwest  of  Villa  Kica.  Prod- 
ucts: Alfalfa,  rice,  corn,  sugar,  vegetables,  cattle.  Industry:  Pot- 
tery maldng.     Hotel,  Progreso. 

Itagua,  population,  10,000;  2i  miles  (4  km.)  from  Po(.iuo-cue 
(railway  station).     Famiais  for  production  of  nanduti  lace. 

Paraguari,  capital  Department;  of  Puraguari;  population,  11,328; 
45  nales  (72  km.)  from  Asuncion  by  rail,  4S  miles  (70  km.)  from 
Villa  Pica  by  rail;  on  Central  I'aragiiay  Railway,  wl.ich  branches 
here  to  Carapegua.  Products:  Tobacco,  cotton,  cattle.  Industries: 
Potteries,  distilleries,  and  t;inneries.  Hotel,  Abarlie.  Important 
distributing  center ;  chiefly  depends  on  the  houses  located  in  Asun- 
cion. Banks :  Banco  Mercantil  del  Paraguay ;  Banco  Constructor 
del  Paraguay   (agency). 

Pirayu,  population,  10.000;  34  miles  (5."  km.)  from  A.suncion.  on 
the  Paraguay  Central  Railway.  Products,  agricultural.  Imlus- 
tries :  Nanduti  lace  and  hammock  making. 

Piribebuy,  Department  of  Caraguatay;  jiopulation,  12,000;  north- 
west of  Paraguari ;  44  miles  (72  km.)  from  Asuncion  and  21  miles 
(35  km.)  from  Caraguatay.  Products:  Rice,  tobacco,  beans,  corn, 
cattle.  Industry,  blanket  weaving.  Good  carreteras.  Hotels : 
Giui,  Spaini. 

Quyindy,  capital  of  Department  of  Quindi ;  population,  12,250;  77 
miles  (125  km.)  from  Asuncion.     Agricultural  products  and  cattle. 


458  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

San,  Bernardino,  located  on  Lake  Ipacarai ;  a  pleasure  resort,  easily 
reached  from  Asuncion  by  railroad,  2  hours'  journey. 

San  Jose,  Department  of  Caraguatay  ;  population,  9,120;  84  miles 
(137  km.)  from  Asuncion  and  22  miles  (37  km.)  from  Caballero 
(nearest  raili'oad  station).  Products:  Tobacco,  sugar,  corn,  cotton. 
On  carretera  to  Piribebuy  and  Valenzuela. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  Department  of  San  Ignacio ;  population,  8,500 ; 
82  miles  ( 134  km. )  from  Asuncion ;  on  carretera  from  Paraguari  to 
Ayolas.     Products :  Cattle,  gold,  and  silver, 

San  Estanislao,  Department  of  San  Pedro ;  population,  13,600 ;  193 
miles  (312  km.)  from  Asuncion  and  61  miles  (99  km.)  from  Rosario. 
Products:  Corn,  sugar,  coffee,  rice,  tobacco,  woods.  Carretera  to 
Villa  Rica,  via  Ihu,  and  to  San  Jose  and  Piribebuy,  via  La  Union 
and  Ajos. 

Santiago,  Department  of  San  Ignacio ;  population,  7,300 ;  190  miles 
(305  km.)  from  Asuncion,  97  miles  (155  km.)  from  Villa  Rica. 
Reached  from  Asuncion  by  railw^ay  to  Carapegua,  thence  carretera 
via  Caapucu  and  Villa  Florida.     Agricultural  and  cattle  district. 

Valenzuela,  Department  of  Caraguatay ;  population,  7,140 ;  66 
miles  (105  km.)  southeast  of  Asuncion  and  25  miles  (40  km.)  north- 
west of  Villa  Rica  ;  on  carretera  from  Piribebuy  to  San  Jose  and 
Ajos.     Agricultural  and  cattle  district. 

Villa  San  Pedro,  Department  of  San  Pedro ;  population,  15,000 ;  on 
Jejuy  River,  affluent  of  Paraguay  River;  reached  via  Puerto  Ante- 
quera.  Carreteras  to  Poroto,  Lima,  Rosario,  and  Concepcion. 
Products :  Tobacco,  rice,  yerba  mate,  sugar,  corn,  and  alfalfa. 


BRAZIL. 

Maps  Nob.  11,  12,  13,  14.  15.  10,  17,  18,  10.  20.  22,  23,  2S,  and  27. 

Location. — This  Rppublic  incUidr^s  the  rpntral  and  pasforn  portions 
of  South  America,  lyins  in  loiiKitiuli's  wlilch  corn'spniKl  to  tliose  <if 
the  mill-Atlantic.  TIk'  r.razilian  ports  are  as  near  to  lyotKlnfi 
as  to  New  York,  and  considerably  nearer  to  Spain,  France,  and 
Italy.  Ttiis  fact  has  an  important  hearing  on  Knropean  comp«'tl- 
tion.  I'razil  is  hounded  on  the  north  by  Colombia,  V«'nezut'la.  and 
the  Guianas;  on  tlie  northeast  and  east  by  tlie  Atlantic  ()c»nin;  on 
the  soutli  by  rruiruay.  Aitrcntina,  and  Paraguay;  and  on  the  we«t 
by   Bolivia,   rcrn.  and  Colombia. 

Inhabitants. — There  is  a  vei"y  fjreat  admixture  of  blood,  African 
and  Indian  perhaj'S  predominal  inir.  Many  of  th«'  jtcople.  howovf-r, 
are  whites  of  l^iinipean  nationalities,  the  I'ortUKuese,  Italians,  and 
Spaniards  bein.L'  most  Tniim>rf)us. 

Area  and  Population. — Brazil  is  the  largest  Republic  of  South 
America,  and  has  an  area  greater  than  that  of  the  T'nite<l  Stnti\s 
exclusive  of  Alaska.  Its  coast  line  is  over  4,«XX)  ndles  in  Icnirth. 
There  are  approximat»-ly  S  inhabitants  to  the  squart»  mil^*.  Th(» 
table  which  follows  gives  the  estimated  area  and  population  of  tho 
various  States,  and  also  the  population  of  the  respective  State 
capitals : 


state*!. 

Area. 

Population, 

Capital. 

Popii'at  ion. 

Alagoas 

So.  miles. 

22, 583 

732,439 

lti4,643 

40,247 

17,312 

2.'^,  5.36 

177, 561 

.532, 633 

221,951 

443,903 

28,854 

85,451 

49, 573 

116,523 

26, 634 

22,195 

91,333 

28,632 

112,307 

15,093 

5.38 

73  009 

7s.-,.  ono 
387,000 

3,000,000 
886,000 
297,000 
2.80,000 
562,000 
142,000 

4.  .500, 000 
568,000 
520,01)0 
40C,,  000 

2,000,000 
400,000 
90S,  000 
279,000 

1,400,000 
3.53,  ax) 

4,  .500, 000 
413,000 

1,500.000 
1.54  000 

1 
Mnreio "      •  •' 

Amazonas 

^fanaos 

Bahia 

Jiahia  (Sao  Salvador) 

Ceara 

lortaleza 

Victoria 

<iova7, 

Sao  Liiiz 

Matto  Grosso 

Cuvaba 

Bello  Horizontc 

Para.          

Para  (Belem) 

Parahyba 

Parah  vba 

CiiritiDa 

Pernambuco 

Pprnambuco  (Recife) "i 

Piauhv 

Therezina 

" 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Nicthcroir 

Rio  Grande  do  Norte... 

Rio  Grande  do  Sill 

Santa  Catharina 

Sao  Paulo ." 

Natal •" 

Porto  Aleprc I        •<> 

Florianopolis  (Desterro)...             :      lO 
Sao  Paulo 1         4'.M,0(X> 

A  raca  ju '         -3.'..  ono 

Federal  District 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Rio  Branco 

l,5nn.onn 
5,000 

Total 

3  292  000  i  24.300.000 

1 

Geographical    Divisions. — The    various    sections    of   Brazil    differ 
from  each  otJier  as  widely  as  New  England  and  southern  Californio 

4r>0 


460  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Amaxon  River  Section. — The  Amazon  is  a  tropical  valley  basin, 
over  twice  the  size  of  the  great  Middle  Western  section  of  the 
United  States.  Tiiis  valley  is  divided  into  the  huge  States  of  Ama- 
zonas,  Para,  Maranhao,  and  Piauhy,  the  two  first  named  being  two 
and  three  times  as  large,  respectively,  as  the  State  of  Texas.  In 
this  valley  are  over  30,000  miles  of  navigable  waterways.  I'ubber 
is  the  chief  commercial  product  of  this  section,  which  produces 
about  95  per  cent  of  the  rubber  exported  from  Brazil. 

Northeastern  Section.— This  includes  the  States  of  Oeara,  Rio 
Grande  do  Norte,  Parahyba,  Pemambuco,  Alagoas,  Sergipe,  and 
Bahia.  This  section  may  be  likened  to  the  States  which  comprise 
the  cotton  region  of  the  South.  It  may  also  be  compared  to  the 
West  Indian  and  Central  American  sugar  and  banana-raising  coun- 
tries. It  is  as  large  as  all  the  Atlantic  seaboard  States  with  Ohio 
added.  Cotton,  toliacco,  sugar,  cacao,  and  manioc  are  the  chief 
products.  About  96  per  cent  of  the  tobacco  exported  from  Brazil  is 
produced  in  this  region  and  practically  all  of  the  sugar. 

Rio  de  Janeiro  Section. — This  region  has  characteristics  similar 
to  those  of  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Virginia.  It  includes  the 
States  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Espirito  Santo,  Minas  Geraes,  Sao  Paulo, 
Parana,  Santa  Catharina,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  and  the  Federal  Dis- 
trict, and  is  as  large  as  all  our  Atlantic  States,  plus  Ohio  and 
Illinois.  The  chief  product  of  this  section  is  coffee,  over  60  per  cent 
of  the  world's  supply  being  produced  here.  Among  the  other  agri- 
cultural products  are  corn,  yerba  mate,  and  tropical  fruits.  Cattle 
raising  is  an  important  industry.  Nearly  all  of  the  paper  mills  of 
Brazil  are  located  in  this  section. 

Matto  Grosm  Section. — This  includes  Matto  Grosso  and  Goyaz. 
The  former  alone  is  twice  as  large  as  Texas.  This  great  hinterland 
of  Brazil  may  be  likened  to  the  cattle-raising  district  of  our  Middle 
West,  or  to  a.  similar  region  of  Australia. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Brazil  is  much  diversified,  due  to  the 
country's  vast  area  and  to  numerous  local  influences.  In  the  most 
heavily  populated  districts  of  the  south,  the  climate  is  very  agreeable. 
Although  Brazil  lies  almost  wholly  within  the  Torrid  Zone,  a  con- 
siderable area  is  modified  by  high  table-lands  and  mountains,  as 
well  as  by  the  country's  extensive  waterways. 

Seasons. — In  a  general  way  these  may  be  described  as  wet  and 
dry.  Winter,  as  in  all  Latin-American  countries,  is  the  wet  season 
and  summer  the  dry — that  is,  with  but  moderate  rainfall.  These 
seasons  are  just  the  reverse  of  those  in  the  United  States.  In  the 
far  northern  portion  the  rainy  season  lasts  throughout  the  winter 
months,  changing  greatly  as  one  proceeds  southward.  The  pre- 
cipitation is  very  heavy  along  the  coast,  but  bi^omes  lighter  and 
lighter  as  one  proceeds  westward.  In  the  upper  Amazon  region 
heavy  rains  occur  from  February  to  June,  light  rains  from  July  to 
October.  The  dry  season  extends  from  January  to  February.  The 
period  of  great  flood  is  from  March  to  June,  when  the  rise  is  45  feet. 
Another  period  of  flood  is,  November  to  December.  In  northern 
Brazil,  in  the  region  of  Para,  the  temperature  is  always  very  high, 
while  in  the  vicinity  of  Sao  Paulo  and  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  in  the 
extreme  southern  part  of  the  Republic  it  is  usually  pleasant.  Dur- 
ing the  height  of  the  summer  the  heat  is  great. 

iRivers. — The  length  of  the  Amazon  River  (3,850  miles)  is  three- 
fourths  that  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers  combined ;  and  it 


BRAZIL.  461 

is  nnvlffable  for  nlmost  its  ciiUk!  extcnl.  So  far  as  w}«ltli  is  pi»n- 
C'ometl  there  is  no  coinimrisoii  at  all.  one  Island  in  the  nioulii  of 
the  Amazon  bein>?  in  itself  us  lar«e  us  the  State  of  MiiMachuHeita. 
Tlie  Atlantic  Ocean  is  discolored  by  this  vast  Htreuui  for  over  'AM 
miles  out. 

The  section  dniined  l).v  the  I'aninn,  t'nitJUiiy,  and  rara«u«y 
Rivers,  which  all  cuinhine  1o  f<irni  the  i'lata,  covers  the  haw*'  antmint 
of  territory  as  is  draineil  by  Mie  Mississippi.  Mlsisouri,  and  Ohio 
Rivers  tofrethiT. 

Other  important  rivers  are  the  Ne^o,  Punis,  Madeira,  i'aruu- 
hyba,  .Tunia,  Tapajos,  Xinirii,  TtK-antins,  Yavarl.  I'ara,  and  Ara- 
fruay.  Many  are  navigable,  with  rejrular  s(.-anil>oat  service,  'ihe 
total  navlfrab'e  lensitii  of  rivers  exce<'ds  27.<)0<)  miles. 

Lakes. — The  most  important  lakes  are  tiie  Lagoa  dos  I'atog  and 
the  La;.'oa  Mirini.  Tiiese  two  lakes  forni  a  considi  raUle  biniy  of 
navigable  water.  The  foriiier  is  an  enlargement  of  the  Jaciihy 
lliver,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Atlantic.  It  ig  about  \-H)  niiies  long 
and  40  miles  wide.  At  its  northern  end  is  the  importiuit  ♦•ity  of 
l*orto  Ale£cre,  antl  at  the  southern  point  is  Uio  Grande  do  Sul. 
Lagoa  Mirim  forms  part  of  tlie  boundary  line  with  Ur>j>;uuy. 

Agricultural  Wealth. — The  chief  crop  of  Brazil  is  colTee.  Sei'.>nd 
in  importance  is  rnbl»er.  The  ^,Towing  of  coconuts  for  Ihelr  ed  bus 
increased.  Cacj^o  is  an  exci-edin^xly  important  pro«luct.  and  beans, 
cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  suirir,  and  numerous  other  pro<luct8  are  adding 
constantly  to  the  wealth  of  the  country. 

live-stock  Industry. — This  is  another  important  and  rapidly  de- 
veloping I't'sourcc.  Numerous  companies  have  bi'en  formed  for 
raising  cattle,  operating  packing  houses,  etc.  The  export  of  meats, 
both  refrigerated  and  preserved,  and  of  hides,  wool,  etc.,  is  con- 
stantly growing. 

Minerals. — Although  Brazil  is  highly  mLnexalized.  the  actual  de- 
velopment has  not  yet  been  large.  The  diamond  districts  of  L»ia- 
mantiue,  however,  have  become  very  famous.  (;t)ld.  manganese,  and 
copper  are  all  found.  Manganese  and  monazite  sand  within  the 
last  two  years  have  assumed  particular  importance.  There  are 
large  dejwsits  of  iron  ore. 

Manufacturing. — Brazil  Is  not  primarily  a  manufacturing  c«>un- 
try,  yet  a  great  deal  of  industrial  progre.ss  has  l>een  made.  This  is 
especially  true  of  the  textile  industrj-,  over  30<)  factories  now  being 
oijerated.  There  are  also  numerous  Hour  mills,  manufactories  of 
explosives,  brinveries,  etc.  The  supplying  of  local  ut  eils  is  an  im- 
portant function  of  numerous  small  factories,  of  which  there  are  in 
the  neighborhood  of  ll,r)lX>. 

Language. — Portuguese  is  the  official  language.  Brazilians  are 
proud  of  their  language  and  dislike  the  use  of  Spanish,  either  in 
conversation  or  printed  matter. 

Weights  and  Measures. — The  metric  system  is  official. 

Clock  Time,— Time  in  Brazil  is  measured  by  the  24-hour  clock 
instead  of  by  two  divisions  of  12  hours  each. 

Postage. — Tlie  rate  on  letters  from  the  United  States  is  5  cents 
for  the  first  ounce  and  3  cents  for  each  additional  ounce  or  fraction 
thereof;  on  leiiers  from  Brazil  to  the  Unired  States.  200  reis  p«.'r  15 
grams  (alM)ut  .">  cents  per  one-half  ounce).  The  domestic  postal 
service  has  grown  rapidly  and  is  dei>endable. 


462  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Currency. — The  milreis  (1$000)  is  the  unit  of  value.  The  gold 
milreis  (1,000  reis)  is  equivalent  to  $0,546  in  United  States  currency. 
While  gold  coins  of  1,  5,  10,  and  20  milreis  are  issued,  they  are 
seldom  seen  in  circulation.  Paper  milreis  is  the  ordinary  currency 
of  the  country,  having  a  nominal  value  of  $0.33,  which  fluctuates 
from  time  to  time,  the  exchange  rate  being  $0.28  to  the  milreis  on 
January  1,  1920.  Silver  milreis,  and  multiples  and  fractions  there- 
of, are  also  in  circulation.  Minor  coins  of  nickel  and  bronze  are 
minted,  the  values  of  which  correspond  to  the  reis  equivalent  in 
paper  currency.     A  conto  is  1,000  milreis  (written  1,000$000). 

To  exchange  American  funds  for  Brazilian  currency,  application 
should  be  made  to  banks,  express  companies,  etc.  It  is  advisable  to 
consult  several  banks  in  order  to  obtain  the  most  favorable  rate. 

V/ireless  Telegraph. — Wireless  stations  are  located  at  the  follow- 
ing points :  Abrolhos,  Amaralina,  Anhatomirim,  Babylonia,  Cruzeiro 
do  Sul,  Fernando  de  Noronha,  Ilha  das  Cobras,  Ilha  do  Governador, 
Ilha  Raza,  Junccao,  Ladario,  Lagoa,  Manaos,  Monte  Sen-at,  Olinda, 
Para.  Porto  Velho,  Rio  Branco,  Santarem,  Sao  Thome,  Senna 
Madureura,  Tarauaca.  The  rate  for  coastal  messages  not  exceeding 
10  words  is  $1.80 ;  each  additional  work,  12  cents ;  for  messages  to 
ships,  85  cents  for  10  words ;  each  additional  word.  6  cents.  For 
rates  from  ship  to  points  in  Brazil,  application  should  be  made  to 
wireless  operator. 

Cable. — The  rate  per  word  for  messages  from  the  United  States 
is  90  cents.     Urgent  messages,  triple  rate. 

TRAVEL  ROUTES. 

LINES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 

Lamport  &  Holt  Line. — OfRce,  42  Broadway  (British  steamers). 
Snilings  from  Pier  8,  Brooklyn  (Wall  Street  Ferry).  Departures 
for  Bahia,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santos  semimonthly.  For  other 
ports  at  irregular  intervals,  or  by  transshipment  at  most  convenient 
port.  Time  to  Bahia,  14  days ;  Rio  de  Janeiro,  18  days ;  Santos,  19 
days.     Fare  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  $325. 

Lloyd  Brasileiro  (Brazilian  Steamship  Line). — Office,  44  Whitehall 
Street.  Sailings  from  Pier  5,  Bush  Terminal,  Forty-third  Street, 
Brooklyn.  Departures  about  twice  a  month  for  Para,  Fortaleza, 
Pernambuco,  Bahia,  and  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Departures  for  Parahyba, 
Natal,  Cabedelo,  and  Maceio  occasionally.  Fare  to  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
$360;  distance,  4.805  nautical  miles.  Fare  to  Para,  $225;  Fortaleza, 
$300;  Pernambuco,  $335;  Bahia,  $350. 

Booth  Steamship  Co. — Messrs.  Booth  &  Co.  (Inc.),  17  Battery 
Place,  agents.  Sailings  from  Pier  6,  foot  of  Forty-third  Street, 
Brooklyn.     Regular   sailings  for  Para,   Manaos,   and   Pernambuco. 

Prince  Line. — Paul  Gerhard  &  Co.,  10  Bridge  Street,  agents.  Sail- 
ings from  Pier  4,  Bush  Terminal,  Brooklyn.  Before  the  war  this 
line  had  regular  sailings  for  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Srintos.  Pernambuco, 
Bahia,  and  other  Brazilian  ports.     Service  temporariy  suspended. 

COASTWISE  DISTANCES  AND  FARES.— From  Rio  de  Janeiro  to : 
Pernambuco,  1,120  nautical  miles,  $67 ;  Santos.  110  nautical  miles, 
$17  ;  Bahia,  738  nautical  miles,  $62.  These  fares  are  for  steamers  of 
Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  and  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co. 


BRAZIL,  463 

Fares  of  the  Lamport  &  Holt  Lliu'  from  Rio  do  Janeiro  nre:  To 
Santos,  $15;  to  liahia.  .$48.(50;  to  MnntevithMi,  I'rniaiay  (1,1(«J  nauti- 
cal miles),  $4S.G();  to  Buenos  Ain-s,  Argentina  (1.210  nautieal 
miles),  $48.60. 

LOCAL  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

Below  are  given  the  principal  steamship  lines  of  Brazil  an<l  an 
outline  of  the  service  they  render.  Much  mf  the  transportation  in 
tills  country  is  by  waterway,  holh  on  iiilcrir)r  streams  and  hy  coust- 
inp  ves.s(4s.  The  afcurncy  of  t!ie  statements  can  not  ho  j,'uarantee<l, 
liut  tiie  information  is  ri'a.soiuil)iy  corrct.  The  fares  arc  (jiioied  in 
paper  niilreis  (nominal  value,  .s;o..'^8),  and  are  subject  ti)  cliange. 

AMAZON  RIVER  STEAM  NAVIGATION  CO.— From  Tara:  West 
to  Maiiaos  (ItM).S),  callinu  at  Obidos  (T-j."?),  Itacaotiara  (94$).  etc.; 
southwest  to  Itaituba  (93$),  calling  at  Santarcm  (G3$),  Bolm 
(77$),  etc.;  west  to  Maues  (120$),  calling  at  Garupa  (38$),  Bar- 
reirinha  (108$),  etc.;  west  to  IJemate  dos  Males,  Tcru,  1.71.']  miles 
(243$),  calling  at  Manacapuni  (113$).  Coary  (141$),  Teffe  (1.17$), 
Caicara  (165$),  Foute  Boa  (181$),  Tabatinga  (230$),  etc.;  south- 
west to  Madeira  River,  1.617  miles,  calling  at  Silvcs  (0<l."<).  liorba 
(142$),  Vista  Alegre  (154$),  Manlcore  (181$),  Clntru  (222;?),  Boa 
Hora  (240$),  San  Antonio  (260$)  ;  .M)uthwest  to  Tcnis  River 
"Acre,"  1,934  miles,  calling  at  Manacapuru  (113$),  confluence  of 
Rurus  (125$),  Cuajaratuba  (163$),  Arima  (190$),  Jaburu  (218$), 
conlluence  of  Tapaua  (226$),  Coratia  (236$).  rjtnotama  (249$), 
Asiouia  (255$),  Labrea  (26a$),  etc.;  to  Oyapok  (230$),  north  Para 
coastal  line;  to  !S;io  Joao  de  Pirahas  (40^),  .'louth  coast  of  Para. 

From  Mauaos ;  To  Castello  ((55$).  on  Autazes  River;  northwest 
423  miles  (680  km.)  to  Santa  I.sabel  (146$),  on  Negro  River;  to 
Jatuarana,  on  I'ajura  River  (190$)  ;  to  Cruzeiro  do  Sul  (4.58$),  on 
Jurua  River,  1,0!K;)  miles  (1,7.55  km.),  calling  at  Fortaleza  (220$), 
Sao  Felipe  (276$),  and  Redempcao  (38.5$). 

LLOYD  BRASILEIRO. — All  service  originates  at  Rio  de  .Tanelrn. 
and  the  iigures  iu  parentheses  give  distances  in  miles  from  this 
point. 

North  Line. — Weekly  departures  on  Fridays  at  10  o'clock.  Stops : 
Victoria  (265).  Bahia  (740).  Macoio  (1.010),  Pemambuco  (1,130), 
Cabedelo  (1,202),  Natal  (1,282),  Fortaleza  (1,552),  Maranhao 
(1.962),  Para  (2,322),  Santarem  (2,839),  Obidos  (2,9(.>7),  Ita- 
coatiara  (3,139),  and  Manaos  (3.249). 

Fares  from  Rio  de  Janeiro:  Victoria.  59$900;  Bahia,  119$; 
Maceio,  141$;  Peruambuco,  148$;  Cabedelo,  167$;  Natal,  191$; 
Fortaleza,  236$;  Maranhao,  204$;  Para,  338$:  Santarem,  436$: 
Obidos,  436$ ;  Itacoatiara,  473$ :  Manaos,  47.3$. 

South  Line. — Weeklv  departures  on  Thursdays.  Stops:  Santos 
(210),  Paranagua  (380).  Antonina  (302).  Sao  Francisco  (469).  Ita- 
jahy  (.529).  Florianopolis  (.574),  Rio  (Irande  (934),  and  Monte- 
video (1,244).  These  steamers  take  on  cargoes  destined  t<»  ports  in 
the  State  of  Matto  (jrosso,  for  transshipment  to  ^Montevideo,  in  ac- 
cordance with  a  mutual  traillc  arrangement  existing  between  Lloyd 
Brasileiro  and  the  Companhia  Minas  &  Viacao  of  Matto  Gro.^so. 

Fares  from  Rio  de  Janeiro:  Santos,  33$300:  Paranagua,  8;^$900: 
Sao  Francisco.  9'.>$500;  Itajahy.  99$;  Floriaiioitolis,  99$;  Rio 
Grande,  181$ ;  Pelotas,  1S9$ ;  Porto  Alegre,  213$ ;  Monte^ideo,  225$ ; 
Buenos  Aires,  251$. 


464  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Line  of  Laguna. — Stops:  Dois  Rios  (65),  Santos  (216),  Cananea 
(340),  Igviape  (375),  Paranagua  (465),  Sao  Francisco  (580),  Ita- 
jahy  (590),  Florianopolis  (635),  ancl  Lagruna  (695). 

Line  of  Parana. — Stops:  Angra  dos  lleis  (70),  Paraty  (95),  Uba- 
tuha  (143),  Caraguatatuba  (178),  Villa  Bella  (1S3),  Sao  Sebastiao 
(187),  Santos  (252),  Cananea  (377),  Iguape  (412),  Paranagua 
(502),  and  Guaratuba  (552). 

Line  of  Sergipe. — Stops:  Victoria  (275),  Caravellas  (465),  Ponta 
d'Areia  (468),  Ilheos  (653),  Bahia  (768),  Aracaju  (933),  Villa 
Nova  (998),  and  Penedo  (1,001). 

Line  of  Caravellas. — Stops:  Cabo  Frio  (75),  Itapemirim  (225), 
Piuma  (233),  Benevente  (237),  Guarapary  (291),  Victoria,  Ponta 
d'Areia   (478),  and  Caravellas  (48i). 

Line  of  Amarracao. — Stops :  Victoria,  Bahia,  Maceio,  Pernambuco, 
Cabedello,  Natal,  Macao,  Mossoro,  Aracaty,  Fortaleza,  Oamocim, 
and  Amarracao. 

American  Line. — Stops  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  north"\^'ard :  Bahia, 
Pernanibvico,  Para,  Barbados,  and  New  York.  Stops  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro  southward :  Santos,  Montevideo,  and  Buenos  Aires. 

Eetura  Trip  and  Baggage. — Return-trip  tickets  are  allowed  a 
discount  of  10  per  cent.  All  first-class  passengers  are  allowed  a 
baggage  space  of  300  cubic  decimeters  (10.6  cubic  feet)  free. 

OTHEPv  LOCAL  SERVICE. — Companiiia  de  Wavegacao  de  Maran- 
hao. — North,  Maranhao  to  Para,  calling  at  intermediate  ports  (70$)  ; 
Central,  Maranhao  to  Sao  Bento  (lO-i)  ;  south,  Maranhao  to  Per- 
nambuco (130$),  calling  at  Camocin  (50$),  Fortaleza  (70$),  Natal 
(110$),  Cabedello  (120$). 

Companhia  Kacional  de  Naveg-acao  Costeira. — Departures  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro:  Saturday,  to  the  south,  calling  at  Santos  (Sunday), 
Pai'anagua  ( Monday ) ,  Floria nopoUs  (Tuesday ) ,  Rio  Grande  ( Wednes- 
day), Pelotas  (Thursday),  Porto  Alegre  (Friday)  ;  Wednesday, 
to  the  south,  arriving  at  Porto  Alegre  Saturday,  calling  at  Antonina, 
Sao  Francisco,  etc. ;  Thursday,  to  the  north,  for  Pernambuco,  calling 
at  Victoria  (Friday),  Bahia  (Sunday),  Maceio  (Monday),  arriving 
at  Pernambuco  on  Tuesday ;  also,  departures  three  times  per  month 
to  the  north  for  Ilheos  (3  days),  Bahia  (4  days),  Aracaju  (5  days). 

Fares  from  Rio  de  Janeiro:  Santos,  30$900;  Paranagua,  80$; 
Sao  Francisco,  92$;  Florianopolis,  92$;  Rio  Grande,  170$;  Pelotas, 
176$  :  Porto  Alegre,  200$  ;  Victoria,  55$600 ;  Ilheos,  86$ ;  Bahia.  110$  ; 
Maceio,  130$ ;  Pernambuco,  137$ ;  Cabedelo,  164$ ;  Natal,  177$. 

Companhia  Pernambucana  de  Navegacao. — From  Perijambuco : 
North  to  Maranhao  (90$),  calling  at  Natal  (19$),  Fortaleza  (28$), 
and  other  ports  en  route;  south  to  Bahia  (33$),  calling  at  Maceio 
(9$),  Penedo  (20$),  and  other  ports  en  route;  east  to  Rocca  (35$), 
calling  at  Fernando  Noronha    (20$). 

Companiiia  Commercio  e  Kavegacao. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro  to 
Manaos,  via  Victoria,  Bahia,  etc. 

Empresa  Brasileira  de  Navegacao.— From  Rio  de  Janeiro  northerly 
to  Itapemirim,  Beuevento,  Victoria,  Ponta  d'  Areia,  Caravellas, 
Ilheos,  etc. 

Companhia  de  Navegacao  S.  Joao  da  Barra  e  Campos. — Miguel  A. 
Luz,  agent,  Sigma  284-240,  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Service  on  Parahyba 
River,  calling  at  ports  in  the  States  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Espirito 
Santo. 


BRAZIL.  405 

Compaiiia  Argentina  de  Navegaci6n  (Mihanovlch  Line). — T^nrnos 
Aires  to  (Joruiiitm  :  IH-partun-s,  Sundays  and  Wt'diipsdays  from 
Buenos  Aires;  transsfiipment  at  Asuncion  to  steamer  Anuncitm  or 
Corumba,  which  leaves  every  We<h)esday  and  returns  from 
Coruniha  every  Thursday.  The  stay  In  Asuncion  is  for  the  expen.se 
of  the  traveler  until  the  day  of  departure  of  contlnulni:  steamer. 
Stops  are  made  at  Villa  Concepcion,  Guarany,  and  other  points  en 
route. 

Companhla  Navegacao  Bahiana. — From  Bahla  north  to  Serglpe, 
Alagoas,  an<l   I'crnanibuco. 

Empresa  Esperanca  Maritima. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro  north  to 
Aracaju. 

Companhia  Maranhense. — From  Maranhao  northwe.st  to  Para, 
calling  at  intermediate  ports. 

EUROPEAN  STEAMSHIP  SERVICE. 

The  steamers  of  the  lines  spocilu'd  l)elo\v  may  be  found  of  some 
convenience  to  travelers.  Inquiries  re^ardinp  arrivals  and  depar- 
tures should  be  made  at  the  various  ports  of  call. 

Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co. — Ajrent,  V..  L.  Harrison,  llio  Branco 
53,  Hio  de  .laneiro.  L'roin  IZngland  to  Peruambuco,  Bahia,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,   Santos,   Montevideo,  etc. 

Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co. — Agent,  E.  L.  Harrison,  Rio  Branco 
53,  Hio  de  J.uieiro.  From  England  to  Pernambuco.  Bahla,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Santos,  Montevideo,  etc. 

Harrison  Line. — l''rom  I>nf:land  to  llio  de  Janeiro,  etc. 

Compagnie  Generale  Transatlantique. — From  France  to  Rio  de 
Janeiro  and  otlior  ports. 

Transportes  Maritimes. — From  France  to  Santos,  etc. 

Compagnie  Sud  Atlantique. — Agent,  D.  Orey  &  Co.,  Rio  Branco  14 
and  16,  Rio  de  Janeiro.  From  France  to  Rio  de  Janeiro;  from 
Spain  to  Bahia  (or  Pernambuco),  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santos. 

Lloyd  Italian  Line;  La  Veloce;  Navigazione  Generale  Italiana. — 
Agents,  Swicdnde  Anonynia  Martinelli.  1  ib'  Marco  '2^^^  Rio  de 
Janeiro.     Sailiiifrs  from  Italy  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Santos,  etc. 

Pinillos,  Izquierdo  &  Co. — Ajrents,  Zenba,  Ramos  &  Co.,  1  de  Marco 
73,  Rio  de  Janeiro.     Froiu  Siiain  to  Santos,  etc. 

Compaiiia  Trasatlantica  Espaiiola. — Agents,  Zenha,  Ramos  &  Co.. 
1  de  ;\[arco  78.  Kio  de  Janeiro.     From  Spain  to  Santos,  etc. 

Lloyd  Sabaiido. — Agents,  Carlo  Pareto  &  Co.,  1  de  Marco  35,  Rio 
de  Janeiro.     Frr>m  Italy  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  etc. 

Transatlantica  Italiana. — Agents  Carlo  Pareto  &  Co.,  1  de  Marco 
35,  liio  de  .laneiro.     I*^iMni  Italy  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  etc. 

White  Star  Line.— A-ents.  Wilson  &  Co.  (Ltd.).  Alfandega  32.  Rio 
de  Janeiro.     From  England  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  etc. 

Royal  Holland  Lloyd. — Sailings  direct  from  Holland  to  TVrnain- 
buco,  Bahia,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santos. 

PORT  FORMALITIES. 

Quarantine  Regulations. — There  are  the  usual  quarantine  regula- 
tions.    Passengers  who  are  suspiciously  ill  are  subject  to  detention. 
Cost  while  in  quarantine  is  for  the  account  of  the  traveler. 
144297°— 20 30 


466  GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Passengers'  Baggage. — Getting  one's  luggage  through  the  customs 
in  Brazil  requires  more  patience  than  is  required  in  any  of  tlie 
other  Latin-American  countries.  Many  travelers  have  found  it  ad- 
vantageous, in  order  to  obtain  an  expeditious  clearance,  to  give 
personal  attention  to  this  matter. 

Travelers  who  carry  in  their  baggage  commercial  merchandise 
should  give  consideration  to  an  official  order  promulgated  August 
30,  1917.  This  contains  certain  rules  regarding  the  clearance  of 
passengers'  baggage  through  the  Brazilian  customs,  which  should 
be  observed  by  persons  visiting  the  country.  Packages  containing 
commercial  merchandise  are  not  subject  to  clearance  as  "  baggage," 
regardless  of  the  nature  of  the  container,  but  must  be  deposited  in 
regular  customs  warehouses  and  cleared  in  the  same  manner  as  or- 
dinary commercial  shipments.  Furthermore,  for  such  articles  a 
consular  invoice  will  be  required,  and  unless  it  is  presented  a 
*'  termo  de  responsibilidade "  must  be  given  to  guarantee  its  pro- 
duction witiiin  three  months.  The  exemption  from  import  duties 
for  personal  effects  is  held  not  to  extend  to  unused  clothing  and 
utensils,  even  if  for  the  personal  use  of  the  passenger. 

Duties  on  Advertising  Matter. — The  Brazilian  customs  duties  are 
payable  55  per  cent  gold  and  45  per  cent  paper  at  the  current  rate 
of  exchange.  Surtaxes  must  also  be  taken  into  consideration. 
The  actual  duty  on  printed  matter  in  one  color  is  6$T64  per  kilo 
($1.67  per  pound)  ;  in  two  or  more  colors,  ll.$837  per  kilo  ($2.88 
per  pound).  The  law,  however,  provides  special  tariffs  for 
catalogues,  circulars,  and  other  advertising  matter,  and  the  budget 
law  of  1916  grantee!  a  50  per  cent  reduction  from  the  scheduled 
rates  for  such  matter.  The  actual  tariff,  as  given  below,  is  com- 
puted on  the  basis  of  this  reduction  and  with  the  addition  of  sur- 
taxes : 

Prints,  drawings,  and  photogi-aphs  for  posters,  advertis-ements, 
etc.,  including  illustrated  catalogues;  actual  tariff  in  gold,  1$500 
per  kilo  ($0.37  per  pound). 

Printed  books,  stitched,  bound  with  cardboard,  covered  with 
paper  or  cloth,  including  prospectuses,  catalogues,  posters,  and 
similar  articles  exclusively  intended  to  advertise  industrial  prod- 
ucts and  imported  for  free  distribution,  whatever  be  the  color  in 
which  printed;  actual  tariff  in  gold,  0$578  per  kilo  ($0,143  per 
pound ) . 

SALESMEN'S  SAMPLES.— Declarations  as  to  the  contents  of  bag- 
gage are  usually  required  aboard  the  steamers  which  enter  Rio  de 
Janeiro  and  other  ports.  Salesmen  who  carry  samples  are  cautioned 
not  to  strive  to  make  concealments,  as  iimcli  delay  and  perhaps  a 
heavy  customhouse  fine  may  result  if  they  have  not  been  frank  in 
their  statements. 

Consular  Invoice. — The  Brazilian  customs  laws  require  a  Brazilian 
consular  invoice  on  all  goods  entering,  if  they  are  valued  at  more 
than  £10  sterling  ($48.65).  In  the  absence  of  a  consular  invoice, 
shipments  valued  at  more  than  this  amount  can  not  be  cleared. 
American  travelers  who  go  to  Brazil  are  urgently  advised  to  provide 
themselves  with  a  duly  legalized  consular  invoice  from  the  Brazilian 
consular  agent  at  New  York,  regardless  of  the  value  of  their  samples 
and  even  though  this  be  less  than  the  minimum  stated. 


BRAZIL^  467 

Metric  System. — All  (lociiments  slinuUl  h:iv«>  (1linf>nslous,  wtiplitM, 
vto.,  carcriilly  convfTtt^l  t«>  the  niotrlc  system. 

Bond. — Siitiiplcs  hnviii;;  no  vnlnc  are  pcrtiiitti'd  to  oiitor  without 
hotul.  Those  of  value  may  li<>  entered  untler  bonrl.  However,  to 
obtain  advanlatre  of  this  i)rovislon,  the  sjiinples  must  he  ne<'oni- 
panled  hy  consular  invoiee  and  a  memorandum  in  nddltion  ther««to, 
statin?  in  detail  the  articles  eiintaine<l  in  the  various  pnrkn;?e}<. 
Samples  are  subject  to  the  payment  of  the  "  cxih  <llent.' "  tax  <<t 
T)  p(>r  cent  of  their  ofTicial  valuation,  and  other  suiiplementary 
rharfres.  such  as  .storage  tax,  handiiiiLT  fees,  etc.  The  amount  of 
bond  retpiired  is  fixed  hy  the  customs  ofTlcials. 

Bond  is  {renerally  given  hy  arranginfj  with  nn  atrent  or  customer 
of  the  firm  represented.  Where  such  .*i  connection  Is  impossible,  the 
firm  represented  should  authorize  the  salesman  to  dejiosit  the 
amount  of  the  bond  with  some  reliable  customs  broker.  The  Ameri- 
can consul  will  gladly  lend  his  assistance  in  the  seh>ctioti  of  such  a 
broker. 

Reexportation  of  Samples. — Sanijiles  need  not  be  exported  through 
the  original  port  of  entry.  All  llrar.ilian  customhouse's  are  prepare*! 
to  recognize  the  bond  given  \ipon  thf  reexportati<in  of  t?ir  good.s 
and  to  issue  a  certificate  affirming  the  reexportation  of  tlie  samples. 
Upon  presi'ntation  of  this  certificate  at  the  port  of  original  entry, 
the  amount  (lei»osited  will  be  innnedlately  refundefl. 

The  perlof]  Avithin  which  samples  may  be  reexported  atid  the 
bond  canceled  is  determined  hy  the  customs  ollicials.  It  may  he 
extended  for  a  reasonable  time  if  the  customs  authorities  find  It 
desirable  to  do  so.  If  the  traveling  representative  is  supplied  with 
the  proper  consular  certificate  and  list  of  samples,  fumlshiug  of 
bond  is  the  OBly  point  of  difticulty. 

CANVASSING  THE  REPUBLIC. 

Licenses  and  Taxes. — No  licenses  for  commercial  travelers  are 
exacted  by  the  Federal  Government.  Taxes  are  levied,  however, 
by  some  of  the  States,  and  by  the  principal  cities  of  Brazil,  with 
the  exception  of  Rio  de  .Taneiro.  unless  one  is  ropre.sente<l  In  those 
cities  by  fixed  agents  who  pay  annual  taxes.  In  the  States  of  Minas 
Oeraes.  Ceara,  and  Sao  Paulo  no  fees  are  chargeil.  The  charge  for 
license  varies  in  diffejent  cities  and  the  rates  are  changed  from  time 
to  time.  This  tax  may  be  avoided  by  the  means  suggested  for 
Argi'utina,  on  page  411.  Difficulties  resulting  are  not  fre<|Ueut.  The 
ftdlowing  rates  current  in  some  of  the  cities  and  Stiites  are  payable 
in  paper  railreis  unless  otherwi.se  specified  : 

States:  Goyaz,  200$;  Matto  Grosso,  OtK).'?  to  1.000$.  according  td 
the  nun^.her  of  houses  represented;  Para,  300$  gold;  Amazonas,  16$; 
Bahia.  100$. 

Cities:  Corumha,  1.^0$;  Manaos,  500$;  Maranhao,  150$;  Nictheroy, 
100.$;  Nova  Friburgo.  100$  to  300$;  Para,  345.$;  Petropolis,  3<X)$; 
Victoria,  500$. 

T>icenses  are  issued  for  the  current  year,  payable  in  full,  regard- 
less of  the  date  of  issue. 

Resident  agents  pay  a  uniform  tax,  varying  accordint:  to  the  class 
of  business  transacted,  and  amounting  to  200$  to  1.0<X)$  annmilly, 
pai">er  currency. 


468  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

The  Time  Element. — It  should  be  particularly  noted  that  the  time 
required  to  travel  from  one  section  of  Brazil  to  another  is  very- 
great.  The  journey  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  to  Para  by  certain  steam- 
ers is  as  long  as  from  Rio  to  London.  From  Manaos  to  Rio  Grande 
do  Sul  sometimes  requires  as  much  as  three  weeks.  Only  in  the 
southern  part  are  there  adequate  transportation  facilities.  The 
railroads  by  no  means  connect  all  tlie  important  points  in  Brazil. 

AGENCIES. — The  matter  of  appointing  agents  is  one  of  particular 
importance.  Most  sections  of  South  America,  and  particularly  the 
different  regions  of  Brazil,  are  isolated  in  peculiar  fashion  one 
from  the  other.  They  are  separated  by  natural  obstacles,  such  as 
mountains,  plains,  and  rivers,  by  vast  distances,  and,  most  of  all, 
by  the  lack  of  railroads.  Even  where  railroads  exist,  trains  may 
run  only  once  or  twice  a  week,  making  some  towns  difficult  to 
"  work."  Such  a  lack  of  communication  has  a  tremendous  bearing 
on  agencies  and  should  be  carefully  studied  both  by  the  exporter  in 
the  United  States  and  the  commercial  traveler  who  visits  Brazil. 
American  firms  often  place  their  representation  in  the  hands  of  an 
agent  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  expect  results  from  Pernambuco,  Para, 
or  Manaos.  The  futility  of  this  course  is  evidenced  by  the  fact 
that  Manaos  is  about  three  weeks'  distant  from  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
If  it  is  desired  to  place  local  agencies,  it  is  suggested  that  the  terri- 
tory be  divided  somewhat  as  follows : 

Rio  de  Janeiro  and  tlie  surrounding  districts  of  Espirito  Santo, 
Minas  Geraes,  and  Sao  Paulo.  Some  firms  find  it  satisfactory  to 
work  the  entire  southern  part  of  Brazil  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  in- 
cluding the  States  of  Parana,  Santa  Catharina,  and  -Rio  Grande  do 
Sul.  In  some  cases  it  is  advisable  to  grant  an  agency  only  for  Rio 
Janeiro  and  make  separate  appointments  for  Sao  Paulo  and  Porto 
Alegre.  This  is  essential  unless  the  agent  in  Rio  has  an  adequate 
organization  to  cover  the  other  places. 

In  the  north,  Pernambuco,  with  the  surrounding  territory  to  the 
south,  including  Alagoas,  Sergipe,  and  Bahia ;  al§o  Rio  Grande  do 
Norte,  Parahyba,  and  Ceara.  The  extreme  north :  Para,  including 
the  State  of  Maranhao.  Certain  firms  choose  Bahia  as  headquar- 
ters in  preference  to  Pernambuco,  if  they  have  a  traveling  repre- 
sentative who  makes  periodical  stops. 

For  Amazonas,  the  great  interior  of  Brazil,  Manaos  is  the  logical 
point.     This  region  also  is  often  left  to  the  agent  at  Pernambuco. 

KOTJTES  TO  FOLLOW. — The  route  to  be  followed  in  canvassing 
Brazil  depends  entirely  upon  the  time  at  the  traveler's  disposal  and 
whether  he  comes  from  the  north  or  the  south.  If  coming  from  the 
north,  it  will  pay  him  to  stop  off  at  some  points  and  take  succeeding 
steamers,  which  in  ordinary,  times  ply  at  sufficiently  short  intervals 
not  to  make  necessary  a  stay  in  any  one  place  for  too  long  a  period. 
The  first  point  visited  will  be  Para,  the  second  perhaps  Fortaleza; 
Pernambuco  is  also  decidedly  important  and  should  invariably  be  in- 
cluded. Bahia  is  the  next  place  of  importance  before  reaching  Rio 
de  Janeiro.  From  this  point  the  traveler  can  easily  make  side 
trips  to  the  near-by  places  of  Ouro  Preto,  Bello  Horizonte,  and  Sao 
Paulo.  From  Sao  Paulo  he  can  go  to  Santos,  thence  by  rail  to 
Curitiba,  or  by  steamer  from  Santos  to  Itapacoroy,  with  short  trips 
to  Blumenau,  Florianopolis,  Porto  Alegre,  and  Rio  Grande. 


BRAZIL.  469 

The  routes  tnken  will  vury  as  cinMiiiistnnccs  reqniro.  Towns 
whicli  smiio  travi'lcrs  may  well  Ikiuu**'  should  be  liK'lu(l«'<l  by  others. 
For  these  reasons  a  detaih-il  itinerary  is  not  atteini>teU,  but  the 
larger  centers  are  jjrouiM'tl  below  by  sections  so  that  their  relative 
iwsitions  and  iinportain-e  may  be  studied  by  the  helii  of  the  descrip- 
tions j,iven  on  later  pages: 

Northeastern  Group. — I'ara,  Maranhao,  I'arnahyba,  Therezina, 
Fortale/.a  (Ceani),  Natal,  I'araliyba,  I'ernambuco  (RtM-ife),  Maceio. 
Manaos,  in  the  Ania/.oiias  retrion.  may  also  be  visit«tl  in  conn  ♦.ft  ion 
with  t'ara. 

East  Central  Group. — Aracaju,  Baliia  (Sao  Sah-ador),  Victoria, 
Caravel  las. 

Southeastern  Group. — Uio  de  Janeiro,  Parahyba  do  Sul,  Campos, 
Santos,  Sao  I'aido,  Campinas.  Curitlba,  I'aranaRua,  P''lorianof)oli.s. 
Blumenau.  Joinville,  Porto  Alegre,  Kio  tirande  do  Sul,  I'elotas, 
Uruguayaim. 

Central  Group. — Bello  Horizonte,  Pi.imantina.  Ouro  Preto. 

RAILROADS.— In  October,  1018,  Brazil  liad  only  2(3.640  kilometers 
of  railroad  in  operation,  1.134  kilonieter.s  under  con.st ruction,  and 
7,509  kilometers  projected.  A  little  over  half  of  this  miU'age  Ih 
Government  owne<l,  but  less  than  one-ttfth  is  operated  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. 

Short  lines  extend  inland  from  various  ports  north  of  Uio  de 
Janeiro;  longer  lines  radiate  from  Uio  de  Janeiro  and  Sao  Paulo; 
the  most  important  .soutlu'rn  ports  are  eoiineeted  with  the  m.iin  line 
from  Sao  Paulo  into  Uruguay;  and  railways  in  the  interior  eonm>ct 
isolated  centers  with  river  ports.  The  following  are  the  principal 
lines : 

Brazilian  Railway  Co.  (Farquhar  Interests). — Main  line  from  Sno 
Paulo  to  Urugiiayana  and  Santa  Anna  do  Livramento;  bran«lies  to 
the  ports  of  Parunagna,  Sao  Francisco,  I'orto  Alegre,  and  Bio 
Grande  do  Sul.  Sao  Francisco  line  is  being  extended  to  connect 
with  line  to  Asuncion,  Paraguay.  This  company  also  operates  the 
Parana  Railway,  extending  across  the  Serra  do  Mar  from  Paranagua 
and  Antoiuna  to  Curitiba ;  the  Thereza-Christiana  Uaihvay  (Slate 
of  Santa  Catharina)  ;  and  the  system  known  as  the  Compagnie 
Auxiliare  de  Choinins  de  P'er  au  Brazil,  which  includes  most  of  the 
lines  operating  in  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Sao  Paulo  Railway  Co. — Main  line  runs  from  Santos  to  Sao  Paulo 
and  on  to  Jundiahy  (double  tracked).  This  is  one  of  the  best- 
equipped  lines  in  I'.razil. 

Paulista  Co.  of  Brazil. — Lines  from  Jundiahy  to  Campinas;  and 
from  Campinas  north  into  the  coffee  country. 

Mogyana  Railway. — Runs  along  eastern  frontier  of  Sao  Paulo, 
from  Campinas  to  Araguary,  in  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes. 

Araraquara  Railway. — From  Araraquara,  on  Paulista  Co.'s  system, 
to  Sao  Jose  do  Rio  Preto,  with  extension  projected  to  Cuyaba. 

Leopoldina  Railway  Co. — Lines  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro  to  Petropolls 
and  on  into  Minas  Geraes;  from  Nictheroy  northeast  to  Cami>os  and 
Victoria;  and  from  Nictheroy  to  Nova  Friburgo.  Numerou.s  suiull 
branches. 

Central  Railway  of  Brazil. — ^Nlain  line  runs  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro 
to  Barra  de  I'irahyl,  with  branches  from  this  point  south  to  Sao 


470  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Paulo  and  north  into  the  manganese  region  of  Minas  Geraes.  These 
lines  are  operated  by  the  Government. 

South  Minas  Railway. — Line  runs  north  and  west  from  Santa 
Anna  and  Cruzeiio,  connecting  with  tlie  Mogj'ana  Railway  at  Mogy 
Mirim  and  Muzambinho. 

V/estern  of  Minas. — Main  line  runs  from  Citio,  on  the  Central 
Railway  of  Brazil,  to  Paraopeba,  on  the  Paraopeba  River ;  branch 
from  Angra  dos  Reys  to  Formiga.  Operated  by  Federal  Govern- 
ment. 

Victoria  &  Minas  Railway. — From  the  port  of  Victoria  to  Cacho- 
eira  Escura,  in  the  State  of  Minas  Geraes.  An  extension  is  pro- 
jected, which  will  connect  with  tlie  Central  Railway  of  Brazil. 

State  of  Bahia  Railway  System. — Lines  from  Bahia  to  Joazeiro, 
on  the  Sao  Francisco  River ;  from  Sao  Felix  inland  to  Bandeira  de 
Melol  and  Machado  Portella ;  from  Nazareth  to  Jeequie ;  and  from 
Caravellas  to  Aymores. 

State  of  Bahia  Southwestern  Railway  Co. — From  the  port  of  Ilheos 
to  Conquista ;  23  miles  completed,  the  remainder  under  construction. 

Santo  Amaro. — Runs  north  from  Santo  Amaro  for  over  330  miles, 
tapping  a  rich  sugar  section.     Owned  by  the  State  of  Bahia. 

Great  Western  of  Brazil.— Lines  from  Pernambuco  to  Pilar, 
Lambeiro,  Natal,  and  Maceio;  also  a  number  of  branches.  The 
total  mileage  operated  by  tliis  company  is  over  1,000. 

Ceara  Railway  System. — Lines  in  the  State  of  Ceara,  from  the 
port  of  Camocin  to  Cratheus,  and  from  Fortaleza  southward  through 
Igatu  nearly  to  the  boundary  of  Pernambuco. 

Madeira-Mamore  Railway. — From  Puerto  Velho,  on  the  Madeira 
River,  to  Guajara  Mirim,  on  the  Mamore  River,  passing  through 
Villa  Bella,  Bolivia,  and  around  the  rapids  of  the  Madeira. 

Northwestern  Railway  of  Brazil. — From  Bauru  westward  across 
the  State  of  Matto  Grosso  to  the  Paraguay  River ;  partially  under 
construction. 

Brazil  Great  Southern. — Line  from  Quarahim,  on  the  Uruguayan 
border,  to  Itaqui,  on  the  Argentine  border.  An  extension  from 
Itaqui  to  Sao  Borja  is  operated  by  the  Brazil  Great  Southern  Rail- 
way Extensions   (Ltd.). 

Santa  Catharina  Railway. — This  road  runs  for  44  miles  along  the 
right  bank  of  the  Itehajy  River. 

Caxias  and  Tcrezina  Railway. — Connects  Caxias,  on  Itapicuru 
River,  which  is  navigable  from  the  ocean  to  this  point,  with  Caja- 
zeiras,  on  the  Parahyba  River. 

Braganca  Railway. — Main  line  runs  from  Para  to  Braganca,  and 
has  several  brandies;  owned  and  operated  by  the  State  of  Para. 

RAILROAD  GUIDES. — There  are  several  excellent  monthly  publi- 
cations which  contain  the  time-tables  of  Brazil.  These  differ  some- 
what from  each  other  in  trentment.  Among  the  more  important  are 
the  Horario  Official,  published  by  G.  Castaglione.  Sao  Paulo,  and 
Guia  Levi,  published  at  Rua  S.  Bento  27,  Sao  Paulo. 

Directories. — The  traveler  v^ill  usually  find  it  advantageous  be- 
fore canvassing  a  city  to  look  over  the  list  of  merchants  and  dealers 
in  his  particular  li]ie  of  trade.  By  doing  this  he  may  discover  some 
important  house  whose  name  does  not  appear  on  the  list  supplied 
him  by  his  home  office.  Nearly  all  the  large  cities  of  Brazil 
have  their  own  directories,  but  there  is  an  excellent  compendium, 


DRA'-41L.  471 

called  Lnemmort'.9  Almanak  ilo  iirazil.  in  throp  volnmps.  which 
may  l)e  loiitHi  \t>ry  useful.  Tlils  uliuaimc  U  |iiil»li.sln>«|  J»y  Muinjel 
Jose  (la  Silva  liiiuitaila.  Avenitla  lUo  I5raiin>  K^l.  Uii»  ile  .lanein.. 

Distances. — T!n'  ilislances  Iteinw  an-  u'iven  in  rnilc.-!  wiili  kii>»iii.-i<T 
equivalents  in  jiaicn  theses.  I'loin  IIIimIc  .lini<ir<)  to  :  Haiiia.  I'.iH  (1.1^7 
Icui.)  ;  Bello  Hoiizonle.  37G  (tjur>  |<ni.)  ;  ("aravellu.s,  447  (7liO  km.  l  ; 
Curitiba,  849  (l,oC7  km.)  ;  Diaiuaiitina,  .mU  (9«^»  km.)  ;  Mucflo.  l.tl!<J 
(1,7(K)  km.)  ;  Manaos,  :i,li04  ('),\'>S  km.)  ;  Tara.  :i,142  (3.44U  km.); 
Paiaua^am,  806  (4t)2  km.)  ;  Pelotas,  Sl-I)  (1,334  km.)  :  reruambucM. 
IJiJX)  (2,07G  km.);  P«.rio  Ale^rie,  bSH  ( l.olo  km.);  Kin  (jranile  «!.. 
Sul,  730  (l,17.j  km.)  :  Santo.s,  2U0  (322  km.)  ;  Sau  I'aulo.  3o.j  (4i>0 
km.)  ;  Victoria.  398  ((340  km.). 

From  I'ernambucu  tu  Bidiia,  400  (044  km.)  ;  to  Maccio,  120 
(192  km.). 

From  Santos  to  Florianopolis,  255  (410  km.)  ;  to  llio  Grande  do 
Sul.  GOO  (900  km.)  ;  to  Sao  I'aulu.  50  (So  km.). 

From  I'orto  Ale;,'re  to  Florianoitoli.s.  240  (.SS4  km.)  ;  to  Pelotu.s. 
106  (170  km.)  ;  to  llio  Grande  do  Sul.  135  (217  km.). 

From  Fortaleza  to  Natal,  260  (417  km.)  ;  to  aiaruuLao,  348  (5G0 
km.). 

From  Para  to  Manaos.  982  (1,580  km.)  ;  from  Thereeina  to  Parna- 
hyba.  26S  (482  km.). 

HOTEL  RATES. — In  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  the  rates  at  the 
best  hotels  tire  about  on  a  par  with  those  for  acc«jmm«>dati<in.s  of 
the  same  cla.s.s  in  the  United  Slates.  They  ran;;e  from  -SI  to  .'is 
I>er  day  for  American  plan  and  somewhat  les.s  for  European  plan. 
In  the  second-cla.ss  hotels  the  rates  are  from  .S2.5<.»  to  $4  pi-r  day  for 
European  plan.  In  Santos,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Pernambucti  the  pricvs 
charged  depeud  upon  the  character  <»f  the  accomnuniation.s.  In 
the  best  hotels  in  these  places  the  rates  rantre  from  .S3  to  .S.S  j>er 
day  on  the  American  iilan  and  somewhat  less  for  the  KuroiMMu 
plan.  Tho.se  of  the  second  class  run  from  $2.50  to  $3.50.  In  the 
smaller  towns  the  rates  are  lower — from  $2  to  $4  per  day — 
and.  generally  speaking,  in  accordance  with  tlie  accommodations  to 
be  had. 

Not  only  in  Brazil,  but  in  all  countries  of  Latin  America,  the 
American  plan,  almost  without  exception,  is  the  best.  At  hotels  which 
make  a  separate  charge  for  rooms  and  meals  usually  the  traveler 
pays  about  50  per  cent  more  for  these  items  separately  than  he 
would  if  he  took  the  straight  American  plan,  includin.g  meal.s. 

Power  of  Attorney. — Tn  order  to  do  business  properly  in  Brazil, 
the  traveler  should  bo  provide<l  with  a  power  of  attorney,  as  i»nt- 
liued  on  page  KJ.  Fur  Brazil  this  should  be  translated  into  Portu- 
guese, and  visaed  by  the  Brazilian  consular  representative  in  New 
York  or  other  American  city.  This  document  is  not  legally  rifpiireil 
for  the  clearance  of  samples,  but  its  possession  enables  the  snb>s- 
man  to  proceed  more  easily.  The  power  of  attorney  should  be  a 
general  statement  announcing  the  appointment  of  the  salegman,  his 
authority  to  carry  samples,  obthin  ordei's.  etc. 

Compaiiia  Expreso  Internacional. — Travelers  will  find  the  service 
of  the  Compania  Expreso  Intern:icional  very  useful.  This  company 
maintains  relations  with  all  the  railroads  and  the  best  hotels  in 
Argentina.  Brazil,  and  Uruguay.  It  issues  hotel  coupons  and  travel 
orders  for  anything  from  a  straight  journey  to  the  most  extended 


472  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

tour.  The  rates  ctiai'getl  are  not  more  than  the  ordinary  current 
rates,  and  in  some  cases  they  are  lower.  This  company  has  offices 
at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Avenida  Rio  Branco  184;  and  at  Buenos  Aires, 
Argentina,  Pasaje  Guemes. 

Companhia  Expresso  Federal. — ^This  company  is  the  Brazilian 
agent  for  the  Amei-ican  Express  Co.  and  also  has  local  delivery  serv- 
ice. The  company's  office  is  located  at  Rua  da  Alfandega  48,  Rio 
de  Janeiro. 

Holidays. — ^The  national  holidays  for  all  Brazil  are  as  follows: 
January  1,  New  Year's  Day ;  February  24,  promulgation  of  Constitu- 
tion ;  April  21,  Tiradentes  Day ;  May  3,  discovery  of  Brazil ;  May 
13,  abolition  of  slavery ;  July  14,  Liberty  Day ;  September  7,  Inde- 
pendence Day ;  October  12,  discovery  of  America ;  November  2, 
Memorial  Day  ;  November  15,  proclamation  of  the  Republic ;  Novem- 
ber 19,  Flag  Day.  Since  a  large  proportion  of  the  population  is 
Roman  Catholic,  the  chief  holidays  of  the  church  are  also  generally 
celebated  throughout  the  Republic. 

Local  holidays  commemorating  notable  events  in  State  or  munici- 
pal history  are  observed  on  the  following  dates:  City  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  January  20,  September  20;  State  of  Alagoas,  June  11, 
September  16;  State  of  Amazonas,  June  10,  July  1,  August  17, 
September  5,  November  21 ;  State  of  Bahia,  July  2,  November  7 ; 
State  of  Ceara,  March  25,  July  12,  November  16,  November  24; 
State  of  Espirito  Santo,  May  2,  May  23,  June  12,  August  25-,  Sep- 
tember 2,  December  26 ;  State  of  Goyaz,  June  1,  December  16 ;  State 
of  Maranhao.  July  28.  November  18 ;  State  of  Matto  Grosso,  January 
22,  June  13,  August  15,  December  9;  State  of  Minas  Geraes,  June 
15;  State  of  Para,  June  22,  August  15 ;  State  of  Parahyba,  July  20, 
August  5 ;  State  of  Parana,  April  7,  December  19 ;  State  of  Pernam- 
buco,  January  27,  INIarch  6,  June  17,  July  24,  November  10;  State 
of  Piauhy,  January  24,  June  13,  November  16 ;  State  of  Rio  Grande 
de  Norte,  March  19,  April  17,  June  12 ;  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul, 
September  20;  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  April  9,  September  18; 
State  of  Santa  Catharina,  .Tune  11,  November  17;  State  of  Sao 
Paulo,  January  25,  July  8,  December  15 ;  State  of  Sergipe,  May  18, 
October  11,  October  24. 

CHIEF  COMMERCIAL  CENTERS. 

ARACAJTT,  capital  of  the  State  of  Sergipe ;  altitude,  15  feet ;  popu- 
lation, 35,000 ;  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Sergipe  River,  near  Atlantic 
coast ;  maximum  temperature,  88°  ;  minimum,  67° ;  average  annual 
rainfall,  40  inches;  268  miles  (431  km.)  from  Bahia  and  904  miles 
(1,455  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  cotton, 
hides,  cacao,  and  salt.  Industries:  Cotton  mills,  tanneries;  sugar, 
soap,  and  cigar  factories.     Lloyd's  agent,  L.  P.  Monteiro. 

Kow  Reached. — From  Maceio,  by  steamer ;  from  Bahia,  by  steamer 
or  by  Bahia,  Alagoinhas  &  Aracajn  Railway,  fare  20$900;  from 
Penedo,  by  railway. 

Hotels. — Brazil,  Internacional,  Grande. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Sergipe;  Banco  au  Provincia  Rio  Grande  do 
Sul ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York ;  Banco  de  Recife ;  British 
Bank  of  South  America  (agency)  ;  London  &  Brazilian  Bank  (Ltd.). 

jfote. — This  is  an  excellent  port  in  eastern  Brazil,  between  Bahia 


BRAZIL  473 

and  Maceio.  Larjro  imports  of  many  kinds.  Tho  hnslnoMS  i\nuo  is 
prindpiilly  witli  Kio  dc  .laiiciro  iumI  the  iinportiii^r  Jiduscs  of  liahia. 
although  a  number  of  concerns  here  arc  in  a  |H>sition  to  iiuiMjrt 
direct. 

BAHIA,  capital  of  State  f>f  Hahia  ;  altilndc.  l."»<>  feet ;  i»opulatloii. 
;}50,000;  situated  on  eastern  sliore  of  Haliia  Todos  <is  Sanicjs;  IuikI 
ins,  steamer  to  wluirf ;  4(X)  nules  («)44  km.)  from  rernaiiil»uc'«».  :i.">.S 
miles  (57G  km.)  from  .loazoiro.  7S.S  miles  (1,1S7  kia. )  from  Kin  de 
.Taneiro,  and  2t)7  mii»'S  (431  km.)  from  Aracaju ;  tenifwruture  aver- 
a{j(*s  78°;  rainfall,  52  inches.  I'rincipal  i)riidu(ts:  <'ocou,  tobacco, 
coffee,  supir,  hides,  monazite,  india  rnhhcr.  Industries:  Diamond 
I'Uttins;  shoe,  furniture,  Si)ap,  and  candle  factories.  American  con- 
.sul  and  vice  consul.     I.loyd's  aireiit,  K.  !'.  W.  Duder. 

How  Reached. — From  New  York,  by  (iire<-t  steamers  of  lyjiniiMirt 
<&  Holt  and  Trince  I^ines ;  from  I'crn.imbuco.  by  steamer,  .'{<)-hour 
trip;  from  Joazeiro,  by  rail.  3.'i-liour  trip;  fare,  2r)$,'iUU ;  from  Kio  de 
.Taneiro,  by  rail,  2-day  trip. 

Coastwise  Steamship  Service. — Two  round  trips  per  month  between 
Bahia  and  rernambuco,  with  stops  at  Estancia,  Araeaju,  Villa  Nova, 
Fenetlo,  and  Maceio;  one  round  trip  per  month  between  I'.abla  and 
Belmonte,  stoppin^r  at  Maranlni,  Flheos,  and  ('annavi««ir:i>^ :  two 
round  trips  per  month  between  Bahia  and  Mucury.  stopping  at 
IMieos,  Cannavieir.is,  I'orto  Seirnro,  and  other  small  ports. 

Hotels. — Sul  Americano,  Moridonial,  IIarlM»ard,  Klopr»enbur>:. 
Avenida,  Brazil,  Schlejer,  I'.ellevue,  Ferreira,  I'aris. 

Banks. — National  <'ity  Bank  of  New  York;  P.anco  «la  Bahia; 
Banco  do  Brazil;  British  Bank  of  South  America;  London  \-  Brazil- 
ian Bank;  London  &  Kiver  Plate  Bank. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — A.  da  Silva  Lope<; :  Mendos,  dllmpio  de 
Castro;  Oliveira.  Adelino  Ribeiro  de;  also.  Despachante  Atllbo  and 
Despachante  Cabral.  The  despachantes'  rate  is  .?2.r)0  for  each  piece 
of  basgase. 

Note. — This  is  the  distributing  center  for  the  State  of  Bahia,  one 
of  the  most  important  ports  of  eastern  Brazil.  A  larpe  traile  is  done 
with  the  interior  as  well  as  the  ports  to  the  north  and  south.  A 
frood  place  to  establish  an  agency  for  the  central-eastern  part  of 
the  Republic.  There  are  numerous  railways  and  steamship  lines, 
both  foreign  and  local. 

BELEM.— See  Para. 

BELLO  HORIZONTE,  capital  of  State  of  Minns  fJeraes;  altltnde. 
3.(KX)  feet;  population.  50,000;  on  tlm  Arnulas  River;  370  nnles 
(605  kra.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  12  miles  (19  km.)  from  (iencral 
Carneiro  Station,  and  97  miles  (15G  km.)  from  Divinopolis.  l*rin- 
cipal  products ;  Gold,  manganese,  iron,  diamonds,  coffee.  Indus- 
try:  Cotton  textile  mills. 

How  Beached. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  do  Brasil  Rail- 
way, 15  ht)urs'  journey,  fare  43$.S00 ;   from   IMvinopolis,  by   railway 
(Bello  Horizonte-Para"  branch),  fare  ll!?3W,  (ij  hours'  trip. 

Railroads. — Bello  Horizonto  branch  of  Oeste  de  Minas  Railway; 
Central  do  Brasil  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Credito  Real  de  Minas  Geraes;  Banco  Hj^pothe- 
cario  e  Agricola  do  Kstado  de  Slinas. 

Hotels. — Avenida,  Litcrnacional,  Globo,  Grande.  Unlao,  Central, 
Democrata,  Norte,  Oeste. 


474  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Note. — ^A  very  picturesque  place;  great  agricultural  wealth,  espe- 
cially cotton.  Mining  is  carried  on  very  extensively.  Coffee  is  also 
raised  on  a  large  scale.  Many  of  tlie  merchants  depend  upon  the 
importers  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  but  some  good  connections  may  be 
established. 

BLTJMENAU,  State  of  Santa  Catharina ;  altitude,  92  feet ;  popula- 
tion, 10,000;  on  the  Itajahy  llivei',  43  miles  (70  km.)  from  Hansa. 
and  equidistant  from  Florianopolis  and  Joinville.  Maximum  tem- 
perature, 95°  F. ;  minimum,  38°  F. ;  average  annual  rainfall,  65 
inches.  Products :  Cereals,  maize,  sugar,  fruit,  vegetables,  tobacco, 
etc.     Industries :  Foundries  and  weaving  mills. 

How  Reached. — From  Hansa,  by  Santa  Catharina  Railway  (Hansa 
branch),  3i  hours'  Journey,  fare  7$200;  from  Joinville,  by  Santa 
Catharina  Railway ;  also  by  steamers  of  Companhia  Fluvial  and 
Richard  Paul. 

Uote. — This  is  a  center  of  fair  importance,  dependent  chiefly  upon 
the  agricultural  resources  of  the  surrounding  district.  It  is  usually 
canvassed  by  those  who  make  the  smaller  towns. 

CAMPINAS,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  altitude,  2,220  feet;  population, 
50,000;  65  miles  (105  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo  and  90  miles  (144  km.) 
from  Santos ;  maximum  temperature,  98°  F. ;  minimum,  32°  F. ;  av- 
erage annual  rainfall,  56  inches.  Products :  Coffee,  sugar,  and  tropi- 
cal fruits.     Industries:  Foundries,  sugar  refineries,  and  soap  works. 

How  Reached. — From  Sao  Paulo,  by  Paulista  Railway ;  fare, 
9$400;  2 J  hours'  journey. 

Banks. — Banco  Brasilienne  Italo-Belge;  Banco  Compauiero  de 
Joao  Jorge  Figueiredo  &  Co. ;  Banco  do  Commercio  e  Industria ; 
Banco  Luzitano. 

Hotels. — De  Europa,  Paulista,  Pinheiro,  Villela,  Victoria,  Do 
Theatro,  Vignoli,  Brasil,  d'Oeste,  Suissa. 

Note.— Several  branch  railroad  lines  run  to  various  coffee  planta- 
tions. A  very  considerable  volume  of  business  is  transacted  here, 
due  to  the  importance  of  the  coft'ee  industry.  There  are  a  number 
of  svigar  mills,  foundries,  etc.,  which  give  the  place  industrial 
p]-ominence. 

CAMPOS,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  population,  40,000 ;  on  the  Para- 
hyba  River,  37  miles  (59  km.)  from  its  mouth;  108  miles  (275  km.) 
from  Nictheroy  (fare,  23$S00)-,  150  miles  (242  km.)  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  104  miles  (168  km.)  from  San  Antonio.  Industries: 
Sugar  refining,  fruit  preserving,  foundries,  and  ice  plants.  Prod- 
ucts :  Tobacco,  coffee,  cacao,  fruits,  silver,  gold,  iron,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Nictheroy,  by  Leopoldina  Railway,  fare 
23$800,  7  hours'  trip ;  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Leopoldina  Railway 
(Littoral  branch)  ;  from  San  Antonio  via  Carangola  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  do  Brasil  (agency)  ;  Banco  Commercial  Hypothe- 
cario  de  Campos ;  Banco  Commercial  do  Porto  ( Sampaio  Ferreira  & 
Cia.,  agents). 

Hotels. — Central,  Amazonas,  Gasper,  Marco,  Flavio,  Perazzo. 

Note. — This  is  the  center  of  the  sugar-refining  and  fruit-preserving 
industries.  A  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  done.  From  an  in- 
dustrial standpoint  the  sugar  mills  and  distilleries  are  quite  im- 
portant. Campos  is  usually  canvassed  by  those  who  visit  the  small 
towns. 

CARAVELIAS,  situated  in  southeastern  part  of  State  of  Bahia, 
on   the  north  bank   of  Caravel  las   River,   about  4   miles  from   its 


BRAZIL.  475 

mouth;  population,  S.OOO;  distant  447  mllos  (720  km.)  fr<»m  Ill<»  «le 
JaiuMn)  (i)y  stKinur)  uiul  U,'C»  miles  (378  i<m.)  fmin  Tlufophllo  «)t- 
toiii.  I'rincipal  protlucts:  i'olTee,  tish,  wlmle  i>il.  fariiiu.  iukI  lum- 
b.'r.     Iii(liistr.\  :   Fisliinic.     Lloyd's  a^'f-iit,  (J.  Cosia  iV  (%>. 

How  Reached. — From  Baliia.  by  regnlar  steuuier  aurvice;  from  Ulo 
(k«  .laiu'iro,  by  steaiut-r ;  from  Tiieopiiilu  <JLtuiii,  by  brunch  of  the 
Baliia  ^:  Minas  Railway. 

Hotels. — Ar^^entina  and  Mrt/.l»(»r. 

Note. — CaraviUas  is  dciK-ndt-nt  cliiclly  uixni  the  raorc-hants  of 
Balda.     It  is  the  ct-ntt^r  uf  tlio  Brazilian  wbalo-fishln;?  Industry. 

CORUMBA,  State  of  Matlo  Gros.so;  populaiiou  of  city,  1<).U<XJ;  of 
district,  1G,0(X);  .situated  at  coutlueuce  of  Bugat-a  and  Corumba 
Rivers,  .W  miles  (SI  km.)  from  J'arauaguu.  I'roducts:  Coffe«\ 
sugar,  etc. 

How  Reached. — Via  IMilianovicli  Line  steamers  from  Buenos  Aln^. 
A.sunciuu,  etc.     (See  p.  452.) 

Note. — This  i.s  an  important  distributing  point  for  a  large  nrtii. 
It  is  canvassed  in  connection  with  I'uerto  Suar^z,  lioUvia,  from 
whicli  it  is  only  two  hours  distaiit  by  sb-am  huinch. 

CURITIBA,  capital  of  State  of  Parana;  altitude,  3,010  feot:  popu- 
lation. 7(),(KX);  near  the  Cubatao  River;  SO  miles  (12S  km.)  from 
Paranagua,  SIO  miles  (1.3G7  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro.  113  ndles 
(1S3  km.)  from  Ponta  Cros^;il.  and  2G  miles  (4:>  km.)  to  Rju  P.ranc<». 
Temperature  averages  G5°  F. ;  average  rainfall,  58  Inches.  Princi- 
pal products:  CofTee,  sugur  cane,  bananas,  and  yerha  mat6.  Indus- 
tries: "Woolen  mills,  sugar  relineries,  tobacco  factories,  breweries, 
distilleries,  and  dairying. 

How  Reached. — From  Paranagua.  by  Parana  Railway;  fare, 
10.?100:  time,  4  hours;  from  Sao  Paulo,  by  railway;  from  Ponta 
Giossa.  by  Parana  Railway  (Curitiba-Ponta  Gro.ssa  branch)  ;  fare. 
l.".S."O0;  6  hours'  trip;  from  Rio  Branco,  by  Parana  Railway;  fare. 
4.>;>00;  2A  hours'  journey. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Turitiba:  London  k^  Brazilian  Bank:  I>ondon 
&  River  Plate  Bauk ;  Baniiue  Franeaise  et  Italienue  pour  I'Amerique 
du  Sud ;  Banco  de  Brazil. 

Hotels. — Sturubo,  Branco.  Estrada,  Grande,  ConiraeJclo,  Parana, 
Pavario's,  Roma,  Bella  Vista.  Moderno,  (Juarany,  ParLs. 

jjote. — This  is  the  principal  center  for  the  preparation  of  yerba 
mate  (Paraguay  tea),  there  being  over  75  mills  in  this  vicinity, 
IXie  to  the  importance  of  this  imlustry,  a  large  volume  of  business  Is 
transacted.  C^iritiba  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit.  It  is  eusily  reached 
from  Sao  Paulo. 

CTIYABA,  capital  of  State  of  Matto  Grosso ;  altitude.  771  feet: 
on  Cuyaba  River;  population  of  city,  20.0<V);  of  district.  .^2.000. 
Maxinium  temperature,  10G°  F. ;  minimum.  ^0°  F. :  average  annual 
rainfall,  G3  inches;  distant  .324  miles  (522  km.)  from  Matto  Gro.sso. 
Products:  Cattle,  gold,  and  diamonds.  Reached  via  Gentral  do 
Brazil  Railway. 

Note. — This  is  an  important  distributing  center  and  rapidly  de- 
veloping; vi.sited  by  those  who  usi^  the  Jlihanovich  Line  service; 
often  canvassiMl  in  'connection  with  Corumba.  The  Mogj-ann  Rail- 
road proposes  to  extend  its  lines  to  this  point. 

DIAMANTINA,  State  of  -Miuas  Geraes  ;  altitude.  2.'.V»0  fwt :  popula- 
tion of  district,  .^»8,Ono ;  of  city  alone,  15,00«>:  5..0  miles  irXKl  km.) 
from   Rio  de  Janeiro,   and  91   miles    (148   km.)    from  Currallnho. 


476  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Maximum  temperature,  77° ;  minimum,  48° ;  avei-age  annual  rain- 
fall, 65  inches.  Industries:  Center  of  the  diamond  industry  of 
Brazil;  also  cotton  weaving,  tanning;  boot,  shoe,  and  cheese  fac- 
tories. 

How  Reached. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  Railway  via 
Curralinho ;  from  Ouro  Pi-eto,  by  railway ;  from  Rio  das  Velhas,  by 
mule  train ;  from  Curralinho,  by  branch  of  Victoria-Minas  Railway ; 
fare,  18$400;  7  hours'  journey. 

Note. — This  is  a  place  of  growing  importance  a  short  distance 
north  of  Bello  Horizonte.  Because  of  the  important  diamond  indus- 
try and  cotton  weaving,  its  commercial  prospects  have  been  rapidly 
developed.  The  chief  dependence  for  imports  is  on  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Canvassed  bv  those  who  work  very  closely. 

FLORIANOPOLIS  (DESTERRO),  capital  of  State  of  Santa  Catha- 
rina ;  population,  40.000 ;  temperature  averages  65°  F. ;  situated 
on  the  west  coast  of  Santa  Catharina  Island,  facing  the  mainland, 
on  Caraha  River;  255  miles  (410  km.)  from  Santos;  347  miles  (558 
km.)  from  Rio  Grande;  453  miles  (730  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro; 
240  miles  (384  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre;  102  miles  (165  km.)  from 
Sao  Francisco;  and  200  miles  (323  km.)  from  Sitio.  Principal 
products :  Coffee,  manioc,  tobacco,  corn,  beans,  pork,  lard.  Custom- 
house brokers:  Joao  Oliveira,  Joa  Vieira  de  Freitas,  Julio  Voigt. 
Lloyd's  agent,  W.  B.  Chaplin. 

How  Reached. — From  Santos,  Porto  Alegre,  and  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by 
steamer;  from  Sitio,  by  Oesta  de  Minas  Railway;  fare,  23$600; 
7A  hours'  journey. 

Banks. — Andre  Wendhausen  &  Co. ;  Banco  de  Commercio  de  Porto 
Alegre;  Carl  Hoepeke  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Macedo,  Metropol,  Taranto,  Paraiso,  Matto  Grosso, 
Grande  Hotel  do  Commercio  Italo-Brazileiro,  Sud  Auiierica,  Brazil, 
Universal. 

Note. — This  is  the  principal  port  of  the  State  of  Santa  Catharina. 
A  considerable  volume  of  trade  is  transacted  at  this  place. 

FORTALEZA  (CEARA),  capital  of  State  of  Ceara ;  a  seaport; 
landing,  by  shore  boat,  2$000  to  4.$000  round  trip ;  sometimes  direct 
to  wharf,'  with  small  fee  for  porters ;  population,  75,000 ;  distant 
360  miles  (578  km.)  from  Maranhao,  1,542  miles  (2,480  km.)  from 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  260  miles  (417  km.)  from  Natal,  257  miles  (414  km.) 
from  Iguatu,  and  63  miles  (101  km.)  from  Baturite.  Temperature 
averages  80° ;  average  annual  rainfall,  39  inches.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Cotton,  rubber,  drugs,  coifee,  sugar,  wax,  mallow,  hides,  and 
skins.  Industries:  Cotton  mills,  sugar  refineries,  soap  factories. 
American  consular  agent.  Lloyd's  agent,  Salgado,  Rogers  &  Co. 
Two  chambers  of  commerce. 

How  Reached. — From  Parnahyba  and  Natal,  by  steamer;  from 
Iguatu  and  Baturite,  by  Brazil  Northeastern  Railway. 

Banks. — Banco  de  Ceara;  London  &  Brazilian  Bank  (Ltd.); 
Salgado,  Rogers  &  Co. ;  Valente  &  Costa. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Jose  Nogueira,  Jose  Oriano  Menescal, 
Antonio  Jlachado. 

Hotels. — De  France,  Avenida,  Central,  Internacional,  Do  Norte, 
Bitu,  Familiar,  Rendal. 

Note. — Fortaleza  is  usually  worked  by  those  who  canvass  closely. 
There  is  considerable  direct  importation ;  there  is  also  a  large  trade 


BRAZIL.  477 

with  Pernambuco.  Occnslonally.  n«(Mirio.s  for  this  part  of  Hrazll  ar« 
establisht'd  liore.  Heavy  oxports  of  cuttoii.  ruhtxT,  drills,  coffee, 
ami  siiuiir  to  Europe  and  tlie  I'nitcd  States. 

JOINVILIE.  Stilt."  of  Santa  Cathaiina;  population,  8.000:  on  mar- 
gin of  CacliiM'ira  liivor;  U',  miles  {]~Ki  km.)  northwest  of  FlorlanojH 
olis.  25  miles  (41  km.)  from  Sai>  Francisco,  and  Km;  mili-s  (ITli  km.) 
from  ilio  Negro:  climate,  subtropical;  temperature  averages  <;."•'  F. 
Principal  products:  Yerba  luntC',  sugar,  arrowrofit,  tapi«K-a,  maize, 
butter,  and  tobacco.  Industries:  Breweries  and  <listilleries.  furni- 
ture factories,  and  shipliuilding. 

How  Reached. — From  Sao  Franci.sco,  by  Sao  Paulo-Rio  Grande 
Railway:  fare,  3.$70O;  H  hours'  journey  from  Florlauopolis,  by 
steamer. 

Bank. — Banco  do  Coniercio  de  Porto  Alegre. 

Hotels. — Beckmann,  Commercial,  Adriano  Sehoondermark,  Muller, 
Medinos. 

Note. — This  place  is  easily  reacheil  from  Florianopolla  Consider- 
able volume  of  business  is  transacted.  Trade  is  chiefly  in  the  hands 
of  German.s. 

MACEIO,  capital  of  State  of  Alagoas ;  a  port ;  landing,  boat  to 
shore,  S-I^OOO  round  trip;  population,  70,0(X) ;  tempt-rature  averages 
80°  F. :  120  miles  (192  km.)  from  Pt>rnambuco.  S2  miU-s  (1.3,3  km.) 
from  Glycerio,  1,093  miles  (1,700  km.)  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro,  and  270 
miles  (435  km.)  from  Baliia.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  cotton, 
maize,  beans,  rubber,  ca.stor  beans,  hides,  and  .skins.  Industries: 
Foundries;  cigar,  paper,  soap,  and  candle  factories;  cotton  mills 
and  sugar  refineries.     Lloyd's  agent,  Kenneth  C.  Macray. 

How  Reached. — From  Pernambuco  and  Natal,  by  Great  We.<;tern 
Railway  of  Brazil  (fare,  22$20<1),  or  by  steamer;  from  Bahla,  by 
steamer;  from  Jaragiia,  by  Great  Western  Railway  (Glycerlo- 
Jaragua  branch)  ;  from  Uuaio  and  Vicosa,  by  Central  Railway  of 
Alagoas;  from  Glycerio,  by  Great  Western  Railway  (Glycerlo- 
Jaragua  branch). 

Banks. — Banco  de  Alagoas;  Banque  Francalse  et  Italienne  pour 
I'Amerlque  du  Slid. 

Hotels. — Petropolis,  Nova  Cintra,  Universal.  Pimenta.  Commercial. 

Note. — A  large  trade  is  transacted,  both  export  and  Import:  heavy 
export  of  sugar,  rubber,  castor  seeds  and  beans,  cotton,  maize,  etc. 
A  number  of  large  cotton  mills  are  establi.shed  at  this  place.  There 
is  considerable  direct  importing. 

MANAOS,  capital  of  State  of  Amazonas ;  population.  82,000;  sltu- 
ateil  on  northern  bank  of  Rio  Negro,  about  7  miles  (12  km.)  from 
confluence  with  the  Amazon;  4,150  miles  from  New  York.  3,204 
miles  (5,158  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  925  miles  (l.-oSO  km.) 
from  Para.  Rainy  season,  April  to  .Tune,  inclusive;  temperature 
averages  79°  F.  Principal  products:  India  rubber,  cacao,  aromatic 
and  medicinal  fniits  and  plants,  sarsaparilla,  and  yerba  mat^.  In- 
dustry :  Rubber  gathering.  •  American  consular  agent.  Lloyd's 
agent,  Booth  &  Co.     Chamber  of  commerce. 

How  Reached.— From  Para,  by  steamer  (4  days'  journey  up- 
stream) :  from  Obidos,  by  steamer;  from  New  York,  by  Booth 
Steamship  Line  via  Para. 

Banks. — Banco  do  Amazonas ;  Banco  do  Brasil ;  London  &  Brasll- 
ian  Bank;  London  &  River  Plate  Bank  (Ltd.)  :  Zarges.  Ohllger  & 


478  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Co.;  Dusenschon,  Zarges  &  Co.;  Tancredo,  Porto  &  Co.;  Ventilari, 
Canavarro  &  Co. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Benj.  Farias,  Manoel  Frazar,  Joao  Bap- 
tista.  Cordeiro  de  Mello. 

Hotels.^ — Grande,  Internacioual,  Casino,  Palace,  Pension  Moderno. 
Excelsior. 

Note. — This  is  the  most  important  inland  port  on  the  Amazon; 
worthy  of  a  visit,  but  this  requires  considerable  time  because  of  its 
distance  in  the  interior.  Iquitos,  Peru,  can  easily  be  made  from 
this  place. 

MARANHAO,  capital  of  the  State  of  Maranhao;  population, 
60,000;  a  port;  landing,  by  shore  boat,  2^000  to  4.'>000  round  trip; 
360  miles  (578  km.)  from  Fortaleza  and  2.50  miles  (404  km.)  from 
Para.  Principal  products :  Cotton,  sugar,  balsam,  rubber,  hides 
and  skins,  grain.s.  Industries :  Cotton  spinning  and  weaving,  ham- 
mock making-,  sugar  i-efineries,  distilleries,  and  fruit  preserving. 
American  consular  agent.     Lloyd's  agent,  Oliveira  &  Go. 

How  Reached. — From  Fortaleza,  by  steamer ;  from  Para  and 
Pernambuco  by  steamers  of  Cia.  Navegacao  a  Vapor  do  Maranhao; 
also,  Companhia  Fluvial  llaranhense,  and  Lloyd  Brasileiro. 

Banks. — Banco  Commercial ;  Banco  do  Maranhao ;  Banco  Hypo- 
tecario  e  Commercial  do  Maranhao. 

Hotels. — Central,  Champoudry. 

Note. — ^This  is  an  excellent  port  with  a  large  trade,  and  Is  well 
connected  by  railways  with  towns  in  the  interior.  There  are 
numerous  importers. 

NATAL,  capital  of  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte;  population, 
30,000;  situated  on  south  side  of  Rio  Grande  River,  about  1  mile 
from  the  coast;  78  miles  (125  km.)  from  Cabedello  (Parahyba),  260 
miles  (418  km.)  from  Fortaleza,  and  74  miles  (120  km.)  from  Pedra 
Preta ;  climate,  temperate.  Principal  products :  Sugar,  cotton,  cat- 
tle, rubber,  salt,  carnauba  wax,  and  hides.  Industries:  Cotton 
spinning  and  weaving;  cattle  raising;  salt  refineries.  Lloyd's  agent, 
O.  de  Garcia. 

How  Reached. — From  Pernambuco,  by  rail  or  steamer ;  from 
Fortaleza,  by  steamer ;  from  Parahyba,  by  Cabedello-Natal  Railway 
(fare,  16$700;  time,  7i  hours)  ;  from  Maceio,  by  railroad  or  steamer; 
fi'om  Pedra  Preta,  by  Central  do  Rio  Grande  do  Noi'te  Railway 
(fare,  10$200;  average  tiiue  of  trip,  5  hours). 

Banks.— Banco  do  Natal;  Julius  von  Sohsten;  London  Bank. 

Hotels. — Internacional,  Avenida,  Tyrol,  Commercial,  Continental. 

Note. — Natal  is  a  flourishing  city  in  northeastern  Brazil,  having 
an  excellent  poi't  with  modern  improvements.  A  large  import  and 
export  business  is  carried  on. 

NICTHEROY,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population,  88,000;  on  the 
Bay  of  Rio,  opposite  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  147  miles  (237  km.) 
from  Portella  and  272  miles  (438  km.)  from  Itapemirim.  Products: 
Rice,  sugar,  bananas.     Industry :  Powder  manufacturing. 

How  Reached. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  ferry,  service  every  half 
hour ;  from  Portella,  by  rail ;  average  time,  104  hours ;  fare,  21$700 ; 
from  Itapemirim,  by  rail;  average  time,  13  hours;  fare,  37$700; 
from  Petropolis,  by  Leopoldina  Railway. 

Banks.— Agenda  do  Banco  do  Brasil ;  Arpou  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Alemedia,  Bento,  Central,  Paris,  Rio  Branco,  Soares. 


BRAZIL.  47# 

Note. — Tills  Is  n  snl>nrh  of  Hio.  nnd  may  l>o  oonKldoro*!  in  oonnrr- 
tldii  with  the  rai>ltal.     Fine  lioarhos  jiro  accossiblc  via  <>|prtrlc  ran. 

OURO  PRETO,  State-  of  Miiuis  (Jcrai-s;  altifiulf,  3.1K10  fo<>t ;  popn- 
latlt'ii,  15.(KM);  situated  on  the  Fuiiil  River  and  on  <>uri»  Tn-to 
branch  of  Central  do  Brazil  Hallway:  IVi't  miles  (."hIO  km.)  from  Rio 
de  Janeiro  and  3<)0  miles  (lOS  l^m.)  from  lliirrder.  I'rliioii)al  prod- 
ucts: Ctold.  iron,  fruits,  and  nianpaneso.  Industries:  Textile  mills 
and  shoo  r.H'tnrics. 

How  Reached. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  do  Brnzil  Rail- 
wny  to  Runiicr.  thence  Ouro  I'reto  hninch ;  from  Santos,  by  rail. 

Hotels. — (Jrande,  Internacional. 

Note. — This  town  is  visited  by  those  who  eanvas«  closely.  Its 
chief  dependence  for  importations  is  on  J{io  de  Janeiro,  from  whioh 
place  it  Is  not  far  distant.  There  is  consldendile  aprl'-ultural 
wealth  in  this  vieiinty. 

PAEA  (or  Belem),  capital  of  I>ei>artment  of  Para:  population, 
2S0,(M)<):  sii\iat(Ml  on  (Jna.iara  Ray  (Para  River),  at  (he  nioufh  of 
the  Amazon  River;  landinfr,  steamer  to  wharf,  and  sometimes  by 
shore  boat;  (!•_'  miles  i  loo  l<!n.»  frotii  the  ocean,  2,112  miles  (:',A4U 
km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  !tSl  miles  tl..^)S()  km.)  from  Manaos. 
Most  apreeable  season,  June  1  to  (K?tober  15.  Principal  products: 
Rubber,  coconuts,  rice,  sui:ar,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  fnilts.  Indus- 
tries: Sawmills,  machine  shop.s,  shipyards;  brick,  tile.  bi.s<'uit,  soap, 
and  candle  factories.  American  consul  and  vice  con.sul.'*.  Lloyd's 
a.wnt,   P.ootli   i^  t'o.    (Ltd.). 

How  Reached. — From  Pernambueo,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Manaox, 
by  steamer.  Railroad  to  seacoast  town  of  Brapinca,  186  ndles 
(300  km.). 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Carlos  Pinto  de  Ijemoa,  Joao  Nopueira. 

Banks. — liaiico  do  Brazil;  Banco  Oonnuercial  do  Para:  Banco  do 
Credito  Popular;  Banco  do  Para;  London  iSc  Brazilian  Batik  (Ltd.)  : 
London  &  River  Plate  Bank:  Casa  Bancarla  Santos  Sobrinho:  Casa 
Bancaria  de  Lasoti'Ilerie  &  Co.;  Casa  Baiicaria  Zartres  Berrincer  Ac 
Co.;  Casa  Bancaria  A.  F.  de  Souza  &  Co.;  Casa  Adelbert  H.  Alden 
(Ltd.)  ;  Ca.sa  Manoal  dos  Santos  Moreira  *:  Co.;  National  City  Bank 
of  New  York;  American  ^!erc•antile  liank  of  Brazil;  Cortez.  Coelho, 
&  Co. ;  Moreira,  (romes  &  (3o. ;  Pires  Teixeira  &  Co. 

Hotels. — Paz.  Central.  America.  Grand.  Santa  Ami,  Alfredo,  Do 
Commercio,  Coelho,  Univi'i"sal,  Dos  Estranwiros. 

Note. — This  is  the  gateway  to  the  Amazon  Valley.  The  States  of 
Amazonas,  Para,  and  Matto  Gro.sso  are  chielly  dependent  uiK>n  It. 
Excellent  communieatiuu  is  enjoyed  with  many  ports  of  the  world. 
Numerous  important  concerns  established  here  do  a  iar^re  imix>rt  as 
well  as  export  trade.  Should  be  visited  by  every  salesman  who 
"  makes  "  Brazil.  An  a^'ency  may  advantatreously  be  e.stablislied  at 
this  point  for  northern  lirazil. 

PARAHYBA,  capital  of  Slate  of  Parahyba;  i^ipulation,  So.tNK);  »»n 
Parahyba  River.  12  miles  (20  km.)  fmm  its  month  (sea)  ;  landinir. 
by  shore  boat.  2$(KH^»  to  4.S000  round  trip;  11  miles  (IS  km. »  from 
Cabedello  (i»ort),  133  miles  (215  knn.)  from  Pernambueo,  and  7S 
miles  (125  km.)  from  Natal.  Products:  Tobacco,  sugar,  cotton, 
and  fruits. 

How  Reached. — From  Cabedello  and  Pernambueo,  by  Great  West- 
ern Railway   ( Recife-Cabedello  branch). 


480  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Steamship  Service. — Companhia  Commercio  e  Navegacao  Rio  de 
Janeiro ;  Companhia  Pernambucana  de  Navegacao  Costeira  a  Vapor ; 
Lloyd  Brasileiro. 

Bank. — American  Mercantile  Bank  of  Brazil. 

Hotels.— Central,  d'Europa,  Do  Norte,  Pensao  Allema. 

Note. — A  very  fair  volume  of  business  is  transacted.  The  mer- 
chants, liowever,  are  chiefly  dependent  on  the  importers  of  Pernam- 
buco. 

PARAHYBA  DO  SUL,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  altitude,  950  feet ; 
population,  30,000;  on  the  Parahyba  do  Sul  River;  117  miles  (188 
km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  102  miles  (165  km.)  from  Alfredo 
Mala.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  cereals.  Lloyd's  agent,  George  H. 
Wilcox. 

How  Reached. — From  Nictheroy,  by  railroad,  4-hour  trip;  from 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  of  Brazil  Railway  (L.  do  Centro)  ;  fare, 
15$600;  time,  2i  hours;  from  Alfredo  Mala,  by  Central  of  Brazil 
(Linha  Auxiliar)  ;  fare.  10$900;  time,  10  hours. 

Note. — This  place  is  usually  canvassed  from  Nictheroy  or  Rio  de 
Janeiro ;  visited  by  those  who  canvass  very  closely. 

PARANAGUA,  State  of  Parana;  population,  22,000;  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Itubere  River  (Bay  of  Paranagua),  on  Parana- 
Paranagua-Curitiba  branch  of  Brazil  Railway,  66  miles  (110  km.) 
from  Curitiba,  305  miles  (492  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Principal 
products:  Sugar,  rice,  corn,  beans,  yerba  mat§.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Euripides  Branco. 

How  Reached.T-From  Curitiba,  by  Sao  Paulo-Rio  Grande  Rail- 
way ;  fare,  10$100 ;  time,  4  hours ;  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  railroad 
or  steamer. 

Hotels.— Brasil,  Tristao.  Zanchetta. 

Bank. — Guimaraes  &  Co. 

^ote. — This  is  an  important  seaport  in  the  State  of  Parana,  hav- 
ing a  very  fair  volume  of  imports  and  exports ;  canvassed  by  those 
who  work  closely.  .„^„^       .^     ^   -, 

PARNAHYBA,  vState  of  Piauhy ;  population,  10,000;  situated  on 
the  Parnahyba  River,  about  9  miles  (15  km.)  from  the  ocean;  270 
miles  (432' km.)  from  Therezina,  and  9  miles  (15  km.)  from 
Amarracao  (port).  Principal  products:  Coffee,  sugar,  cotton. 
Lloyd's  agent,  J.  F.  Clark. 

How  Reached.— From  Fortaleza,  Para,  Natal,  Pernambuco,  and 
Maranhao,  by  steamer.  Lines  of  the  Companhia  Pernambucano, 
Companhia  de  Navegacao  Bahiana,  Companhia  Marahense  de  Nave- 
gagao,  Lloyd  Brasileiro,  and  Booth  Steamship  Co.  make  this  a  port 
of  call. 

Hotel. — Internacional. 

Note— This  is  a  fairly  important  commercial  port,  with  a  very 
bright  future ;  easily  reached  from  Maranhao  and  Fortaleza ;  some 
direct  importing ;  canvassed  by  those  who  work  closely. 

PELOTAS,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul;  population,  30,000;  on 
left  bank  of  San  Gonzalo  River,  about  .33  miles  (53  km.)  from  coast; 
29  miles  (46  km.)  from  Rio  Grande,  106  miles  (170  km.)  from 
Porto  Alegre,  829  miles  (1,334  km.)  from  Rio  de  ^Janeiro,  142  miles 
(228  km.)  from  Bage;  temperature  averages  72* °.  Principal  prod- 
ucts: Tobacco,  maize,  cereals.    Industries:  Tanneries,  dried  meats. 


BRAZIL.  481 

flonr  mills ;  shoe,  furniture,  soap,  and  candle  factories.  Chamber  of 
coiiimcrcp. 

How  Reached. — From  lUo  CJrande  <lo  Sul  and  liago,  by  lUo 
Gr:iiiil('-r.:i;,'i'  Railway;  from  Porto  Alegre,  by  .sti'am»*r. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — I'cdm  Kspollot,  I'rlcino  Martuo  Gania. 

Banks. ^Haiiio  Coiiiniercial  Franco  iJra.sileiro ;  Banco  do  < 'om- 
mercio  de  I'urto  AU't;re-rt'lot"nse;  Banco  da  l*rovlncia  do  Hlo 
Grande  do  Sul  i\o  Nu«'va  York;  London  <Sc  llivcr  Plate  Bank  (Ltd.)  ; 
British  Bank  of  South  America  (Ltd.)  ;  F.  Nuncs  de  Souza. 

Hotels. — Allianca,   Deltrrande,  Brazil,   Griiuller. 

Note. — Thi.s  is  the  center  of  the  dried-nieat  industry  of  P>razll. 
A  considernble  volume  of  trade  is  transacted  here.  Some  houses 
are  in  a  position  to  make  direct  importations;  generally  dependent 
on  the  liouses  of  Rio  (Jrande  do  Sul,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

PERNAMBUCO  (RECIFE),  capital  of  Stale  of  Pernambuco;  ix.pu- 
lation,  2.")(),<MA»;  a  port;  lan<lin.ir.  by  motor  launch  or  alonirside 
wharf;  on  the  Great  Western  itailway  of  Brazil;  I.IJO  n:iuti<;il 
miles  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  120  nautical  miles  from  Maceio,  ;i.vj 
nautical  miles  from  Bahia,  Sfi  miles  (143  km.)  from  Itabayana. 
and  144  miles  (2:^.3  km.)  from  Cai>e«lello.  Temperature  averape.s 
82°.  Principal  products:  Sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  coal,  jerke<l  iM-ef. 
Industries:  <'otton  ctoikIs.  ma«'hinery,  sajrar  retiuins,  brewinp,  dis- 
tilling, and  tannimr.  Lloyd's  agent.  J.  A.  Thorn.  American  con.sul 
and  vice  consul. 

How  Reached.— From  Natal,  by  rnihvay  or  steamer;  fmra  Bahia, 
by  steamer  f:ihout  2S  hours  I  ;  from  M:i(eio,  by  railway  or  steamer; 
from  Oabedello,  by  Great  Western  Railway  (fare,  ICSUOO;  time,  10 
hours). 

Customhouse  Brokers. — A.  Ommundsen ;  Grlfhth,  Williams  &  John- 
son   (Ltd.). 

Hotels. — Americano,  Commercial,  Bunn,  Recife,  Franceza,  Parqne, 
Continental,  Pension  von  Landy,  Hotel  de  France,  Brazil,  Europe, 
Dos  Estrangeiros,  Universa. 

Banks. — I5anco  do  P.rasii :  Banco  dos  Classes;  Banco  do  Cnxllto 
Real  de  Pernambuco;  Banco  de  Emisor  de  Pernambuco;  I.^in(lon  & 
Brazilian  P.ank  (Ltd.);  Ix)ndon  &  River  Plate  Bank  ( Ltil.  t  : 
Banco  de  Pernambuco;  P.aiK-o  do  Recife:  American  Mercantile  Bank 
of  Brazil;  Natioual  City  Bank  of  New  York;  British  Bank  of  South 
America. 

Uote. — This  is  the  most  easterly  port  of  South  Amerii^.  and  the 
terminus  of  four  railway  lines;  it  is  a  city  of  remarkable  wealth 
and  a  strategic  center,  being  the  distributing  point  for  the  St.-ite  of 
Pernambuco.  Within  the  immediate  vicinity  are  over  0<»  sugar  cen- 
trals. This  city  should  be  visited  by  all  salesmen.  .Vg-ncies  are 
frequently  estaiilishe<l  here.  The  cost  of  living  in  Pernambuco  is 
verv  high. 

PETROPOLIS.  State  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro;  altitude.  2.4.30  feet;  popu- 
lation, SO.OfK);  8  miles  (13  km.)  fi-om  Entroncamento  and  38  miles 
(62  km.)  from  Praia  Formoza.  Industries:  Shoe.  hat.  ct»ttou.  silk, 
and  tobacco  factories. 

How  Reached. — From  Entroncamento  and  Praia  Forraoza,  by  Leo- 
poldiiia  Railway;  fare  from  Praia  Formoza,  3.^500;  time,  2  hours. 

Bank. — Constructor  do  Brasil. 

144297°— 20 31 


482  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Hotels. — ^Braganca,  Do  Europa,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Commercio,  Ma- 
jestic, Moflerno,  Palace. 

Note. — Tlii.s  is  a  suburb,  cliiefly  residential,  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
The  homes  of  many  diplomats  and  wealthy  citizens  are  located  here. 
The  climate  is  more  pleasant  than  in  the  capital.  There  is  con- 
siderable manufacturing. 

POUTO  ALEGRE,  capital  of  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  popula- 
tion, IGO.OOO;  situated  at  the  head  of  Lagoa  dos  Patos;  93-5  miles 
(1,510  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  (by  water),  73  miles  (118  km.) 
from  Caxias,  240  miles  (384  km.)  from  Florianopolis,  1.3.5  mi'es  (217 
km.)  from  Rio  Grande  de  Sul,  and  243  miles  (3S9  km.)  from  Santa 
Zvlaria ;  climate  temperate ;  temperature  averages  65°  F.  Principal 
products:  Manioc,  maize,  hide.s,  lard,  and  tobacco.  Industries: 
Sawmills,  foundries,  breweries,  and  woolen  mills'.  Lloyd's  agent, 
Thomas  Cantrell  Dillon,  M.  D. 

How  Reached. — From  Rio  Grande,  by  railway  or  steamer;  from 
Caxias,  by  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  Railway  (fare  18$700,  time  9  hours)  ; 
from  Florianopolis,  by  steamer ;  from  Uruguayana,  by  railroad ; 
from  Santa  Maria,  by  branch  of  Brazil  Railway  (time  12 J  hours). 

Steamer  Service. — Steamers  ascend  the  river  to  Triumpho  and 
Santo  Amaro  and  cross  the  lake  to  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Hotels. — Central,  Loudres,  Moderno,  Paris,  Sud  America,  Grande, 
Grande  Hotel  Schmidt,  Baromo,  Becker,  Colombo,  Familiar,  Jung, 
Lagache,  Portugal,  Savoia. 

Banks. — Banco  Commercial  Franco  Brasileiro ;  Banco  do  Com- 
mercio de  Porto  Alegre  Pelotense;  Banco  do  Brasil  (agency)  ; 
Banco  da  Provincia  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  London  &  Brazilian  Bank 
(Ltd.)  ;  National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 

Note. — This  is  one  of  the  most  important  ports  in  southern  Brazil ; 
extremely  prosperous  because  of  the  great  agricultural  wealth.  A 
considerable  volume  of  business  is  done  in  direct  importing.  It 
should  be  canvassed  by  all  travelers.  Many  firms  find  it  advisable 
to  establish  a  local  agency  here.  Porto  Alegre  will  become  in- 
creasingly important  as  a  distributing  center. 

PORTO  VELHO,  State  of  Matto  Grosso;  population,  1,500;  on  Ma- 
deira River,  205  miles  (330  km.)  from  Guajara  Mirim.  Products: 
Tropical,  chiefly  rubber. 

How  Reached. — From  Para,  by  steamer  (seven'  sailings  per 
month),  via  Amazfin  and  Madeira  Rivers;  from  Guajara  Mirim,  by 
Madeira-Mamore  Railway. 

Note. — Porto  Velho  is  the  terminus  of  the  Maderia-Mamore  Rail- 
way. 

RIO  BE  JANEIRO. — State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population, 
1,500,000;  on  west  shore  of  Bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  landing,  by 
motor  launch  (fare,  $1  gold),  or  from  steamer  to  wharf;  distant 
4,805  nautical  miles  from  New  York;  304  miles  (490  km.)  from 
Sao  Paulo,  738  miles  (1,187  km.)  from  Bahia,  and  1,297  miles 
(2,088  km.)  from  Buenos  Aires,  Argentina.  Dry  season  lasts  from 
May  to  November ;  wet  season,  December  to  April,  inclusive.  Indus- 
tries: Textile,  jute,  and  flour  mills;  sugar  refineries;  furniture, 
boot,  and  shoe  factories;  and  shipbuilding  yards.  American  am- 
bassador, consul  general,  and  vice  consul.  American  commercial 
attache.  Lloyd's  agent,  Ernest  Laurence  Harrison.  Chambers  of 
commerce :    Centro  Industrial   do   Brazil ;    American   Chamber   of 


BRAZIL.  483 

Comraerce;  Camnra  tip  f'rmimercio  Intortinrional  «1«»  Rrfizll.  Mt-r- 
cnntilo  iiu'onc.v.  K.  <J.  I)mi  vS:  Co.,  Kio  linimo  ilii. 

How  Reached.--Fi<)iii  Sao  Paulo,  b.v  ('••iitral  <lo  HruHll  Hallway; 
12  iKMirs;  liiio,  H'JSliK);  Irorii  Hiiliia,  by  stejniKM-;  from  TherczofKills, 
by  TlRMvzoi)olis  Railway;  3  hours;  fare,  Ji.ftKX). 

Railway  Counections. —  Kio  <lf  .lauciro  has  four  railways;  Central 
do  IJrasil,  Leopoliliiia,  Kiu  dc  Oruro,  Corcovadu,  whlrh  operate  to 
different  i>oint.s  in  tlie  Stairs  of  Alinas  (ieraes,  Sao  I'nulo,  Ulo  de 
Janeiro,  and  Distrito  FiKleral. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Conii)anhIa  Kxpresso  F'otleral,  Kua  da 
Alfan(h"j,';i  4S;  U;iul  .M;icedo,  Kua  Cieneral  Cauiara  1. 

Hotels. — I'aUice  Hotel,  Avenida  Kio  Kraiuo;  Avenida,  Av.  Illo 
liranco  ir»2-lC)li :  Metropole.  Saiaii;:<'inis  nit);  Central,  I'raea  do 
Flamenpo  202-2aS ;  Rio  Palace,  Rua  Andrados  10;  Bellpvue, 
Marinlio  1;  Estranjreiros,  Praia  .lose  d«'  Alennir  .5;  Internal  jonal. 
Rua  do  Aqueducto  97(5;  Fluminense,  Praca  da  Rejiublica  207-2IJ9; 
Henry's  Hotel,  Rua  Catteta  196;  Brl.«?tol,  Av.  Rio  Branco  247; 
Grande  Hotel,  Maroan;rua|ie  1;  Vista  Alci,'re,  Rtia  A<|ue<lu<ti>  '.iS2- 
324;  America,  Rua  Catteta  234;  Corcovado,  Nas  Pelmelras;  Santa 
Theresa,  Rua  Aqueducto  108;  En^dlsh  Hotel,  Rua  Catteta  17t}. 

Banks. — A.cencia  Financial  de  Portutral,  Rua  General  Catnnra ; 
Banco  Brasil  e  Korte  America,  1  de  Marco  43;  Banco  Coniin«>r<'lal 
d(»  Porto,  Viscondc  de  Inhaunia  38;  P.anfo  Alilanca  do  Porto,  Ros^irio 
14G;  Banco  do  Coniniercio,  (Jeneral  Caniara  8;  Banco  do  Cre<nto 
Real  de  Minas  Geraes  1  de  Marco  127:  Banco  do  Cn^lito  Rural  e 
Intemacional,  Alfandesra  7;  Banco  do  Estado  do  Rio  de  .lanelro. 
General  Caniara  33;  Banco  dos  Funcionarlos  I'ubllcos,  Const ituif.'ao 
61;  Banco  Hypothecario  do  Brasil,  1  de  Marco  51  ;  Banco  dl  Najnili, 
1  de  Marco  Sn ;  Banco  do  Brasil,  Alfandepa  17;  Banco  do  Com- 
mercial do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  1  de  ;Marco  81  ;  Banco  da  Provincta  do 
Rio  Grande  do  Sid.  Alfande?a  10;  Banco  Francai.se  et  Itallenne  pour 
I'Amerique  du  Sud,  Quitanda  117;  Banco  Italo-Belsre,  Buenos  .\ir<>s 
51;  Banco  da  T-avoura  e  do  Conimcrcio  do  I'.rasil,  1  {]<•  Marc<i  85; 
Banco  Mcrcaiitil  ilo  Kio  (W  Janeiro,  1  do  Man-o  »i7  ;  Biiuo  do  Minho, 
Rua  da  Quitanda  151;  British  Bank  of  South  America  (Ltd.).  1 
de  Marco  45;  Calxa  Economlca  e  Monte  de  Socorro,  D.  Man«H'l  25; 
Carlos  Pareto  &  Co.,  1  de  Marco  35;  Banco  Nacional  Brasileiro, 
Alfande.cra  28;  Banco  Nacional  I^ltramarino,  Alfandesa  and  (,.hdn- 
tada  ;  Borpres  e  Trnino,  Alfandeca  24;  Casa  Bancnria  Peixoto  &  Co., 
Alfande^'a  12;  Credito  Fonder  dn  Bresil  et  ile  IWmerique  dn  Sud, 
Rio  Branco  44;  London  &  Rrazilia-i  Bank  (Ltd.).  Alfantleca  10; 
Casa  Forte,  1  de  Marco  (10;  Custodio  d"-  Alnieiila  Macalhaos  &  Co., 
General  Caniara  44;  London  &  River  Plato  Baidv  (Ltd.),  .Mfandepa 
29-31;  National  City  Baidc  of  New  York.  (>uintada  141;  Sodj'dade 
Anonima  MartinelH,  1  de  Marco  114;  Zenha.  Rnniov;  &  Co..  1  de 
Marco  73;  American  Forei.im  Banking  Corporation;  Banfo  FTspafiol 
del  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  da  Lnvoura  e  do  Commercio  «lo  Brazil, 
1  de  Marco  85;  Soci^'te  Financiero  du  Bresil.  Rua  S.  Pe«lro  ;^0; 
Banco  di  Roma,  Avenida  Rio  Branco ;  Banco  PortntniPJ?  do  Brasil. 
Kua  da  Alfandeira  10;  W.  R.  Grace  &  Co.:  Ro.val  Bank  of  Canada. 

Note. — Rio  de  Janeiro  is  an  important  illstributins  point  for  the 
States  of  Kio  de  Janeiro  and  Minas  Geraes.  ns  well  as  the  other 
States  in  southern  Brazil.  Atrencies  sliould  be  establishtil  at  this 
place.     An  i-nortnons  vol'Mno  of  husine'^s  is  transacted  in  practically 


484  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA, 

all  lines.  The  city  should  be  canvassed  thoroughly  and  sufficient 
time  should  be  ^ven  to  obtain  the  best  results. 

mo  GRANDE  DO  SDL,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population, 
50,000 ;  a  port,  situated  5  miles  inland,  on  Lagoa  dos  Patos ;  landing, 
by  shore  boat  (l^^OUO,  plus  small  charge  for  hand  luggage)  ;  730 
miles  (1,175  km.)  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro  (by  water),  174  miles  (280 
km.)  from  Bage,  135  miles  (217  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  85  miles 
(137  km.)  from  Nictheroy,  600  miles  (966  km.)  from  Santos,  and 
29  miles  (46  km.)  from  Pelotas.  Temperature  averages  65°  F. 
Principal  products :  Cattle,  wool,  tobacco,  and  yerba  mat6.  Indus- 
tries :  Tobacco  factories,  dried  meats,  woolen,  jute,  and  cotton  mills. 
Lloyd's  agent,  E.  J.  Wiggs  &■  Son.  American  consular  agent. 
Chamber  of  commerce. 

How  Heaclied. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  rail  or  steamer;  from 
Porto  Alegre,  by  steamer ;  from  Bage,  by  Rio  Grande-Bage  Rail- 
way (time  9i  hours)  ;  from  Pelotas,  Sao  Paulo,  and  Uruguayana,  by 
Rio  Grande-Baga  Railv.ay ;  from  Nictheroy,  by  Leopoldina  Railway 
(fare  13$.500,  44  hours). 

Hotels.— Brazil,  Paris,  Porto  Alegi-e,  Schmidt,  De  Europa,  Cosmo, 
Viajantes,  Internacional,  Central. 

Banks. — Banco  do  Commercio  de  Porto  Alegre;  Banco  da  Provin- 
cia  do  Rio  Grande  do  Sul;  London  &  Brazilian  Bank  (Ltd.)  ;  Thom- 
sen  &  Co. ;  Banco  Pelotense ;  Lawson,  Son  &  Co. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Agenda  Marti,  Silva  &  Irmao. 

Note.— This  is  a  most  important  port  of  southern  Brazil.  If 
agencies  need  to  be  established  at  tlie  smaller  places,  this  is  one 
that  may  well  be  utilized. 

SANTOS,  State  of  Sao  Paulo ;  population,  112,000 ;  situated  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  separated  from  the  mainland  l)y  a  narrow 
channel;  landing,  steamer  to  wharf;  .50  miles  (SO  km.)  from  Sao 
Paulo  (by  rail)  and  200  miles  (322  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Climate,  subtropical;  temperature  averages  72°  F.  Principal  prod- 
ucts, coffee.  Lloyd's  agent,  J.  G.  Cramer.  American  consul  and 
vice  consul. 

How  Reached. — From  Sao  Paulo,  by  Sao  Paulo  Railway  (fare 
6$500,  time  2i  hours)  ;  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  rail  (14  hours'  jour- 
ney )  or  by  sea ;  from  Montevideo,  Uruguay,  by  rail  or  steamer. 

Railroads. — Tronco  branch  of  Sao  Paulo  Railway ;  Santos  brancli 
to  Guaruja  branch  of  Guaruja  Railway ;  Santos  to  Juquia  branch  of 
Southern  Sao  Paulo  Railway. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — J.  G.  Cramer,  Carraresi  &  Co.,  F.  Mac- 
chioslate  &  Co. 

Banks. — Banco  Agricola  de  Sao  Paulo ;  Banco  Allianca  do  Porto ; 
Banco  do  Brazil;  Banco  Campineiro;  Banco  Commercial  do  Estado 
de  Sao  Paulo;  Banco  Commercial  do  Porto;  Banco  do  Connuercio  e 
Industria  de  Sao  Paulo ;  Banco  do  Crwlito  Hypothecario  de  Estado 
de  Sao  Paulo ;  Banco  Espanol  del  Rio  de  la  Plata  ;  Banco  do  Minho ; 
Banco  de  Sao  Paulo ;  Banco  Francaise  pour  le  Bresil ;  Banco  Fran- 
caise  et  Italienne  pour  I'Amerique  du  Sud ;  British  Bank  of  South 
America  (Ltd.)  ;  London  &  Brazilian  Bank  (Ltd.)  ;  London  &  River 
Plate  Bank  (Ltd.);  National  City  Bank  of  New  York;  Banco 
Bresilienne  Italo-Belge. 

Hotels.— Grand  ;  America,  Rua  15  de  Novembro  179 ;  Sportsman, 
Rua  15  de  Novembro  138 ;  Bristol,  Rua  Jose  Ricardo  49 ;  Washing- 


URAZIL.  485 

ton,  Rua  15  de  Novenihro  207;  PaJnco,  Prnln  .Tos<>  Meninn  124:  In- 
terniK'ional,  Uu;i  15  de  Novenibro  On ;  I'lirqiie  IJalrifflrio.  Avenidu 
Anna  Costa;  Do  Kiimpa.  Ktni  .Ins«'  IMonrdn  lil  ;  <;riiride  H<»lel  Hs- 
pafia,  I'raca  lU'imhlicu  77. 

Note. — TlimuLrh  tliis  iiorf  nil  nierfhandlse  for  tho  State  of  San 
Paulo  is  handled.  Millions  of  hajjs  of  colTfM'  are  export*'*!  annually. 
A  Kroat  volume  of  direct  iinportin;!  is  done.  Santos  may  be  ean- 
vassod  with  profit  by  many  salesmen. 

SAO  PAULO,  eapital  of  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  altitude,  2,r»«H)  feet; 
populatinii.  ItMMXX);  on  Sao  Paulo  Kailway;  .'i<>4  ndles  (41MI  km.) 
from  Kio  de  .Janeiro,  37  miles  (00  km.)  from  .Tundlahy,  50  mllp.s  (80 
km.)  from  Santos,  144  miles  {'SSd  km.)  from  ('a<-hoeira,  and  270 
miles  (434  km.)  from  Harare.  Ciimare.  subtropical.  Principal 
products:  ColTee  and  irold.  Indiistrie>;:  <^'otton  spinniiii.'  and  Avmiv- 
injr.  foundries,  furiuture,  shoe,  an<l  match  factories,  .\merlcan  con- 
sul and  vice  consul.  Chamber  (<f  conunorce.  Rua  15  de  Novenibro  20. 
Also  American  Chamber  of  Connuerce. 

How  Reached. — Prom  Rio  <le  Janeiro,  by  Central  do  Bra.sil  Rail- 
way (10  hours'  trip,  fare  32.$lf>0»  ;  from  Santos,  by  Sao  Paulo  Kali- 
way  (2  hours'  trijt.  fan-  r>.S.^KM  ;  from  .Iun<liahy,  by  Sao  Paulo  Kail- 
way  (fare  3.$0<K).  1  ho\n-'s  trip)  ;  from  Itnrare,  by  Sorocid)ana  Rail- 
way (fare  23$1(HJ,  4J  lamrs'  trip). 

Railroads. — In  addition  to  the  line  to  Rio  de  .Tnneiro,  there  Is 
railway  service  to  the  interior  of  Miuas  deraes  by  way  of  Ubemba. 
Araguarj  ;  also  to  Bello  Horizonte.  Southward  a  .series  t»f  lines 
extend  throujrh  the  States  of  Parana,  Santa  Catharina,  and  Rio 
Grande,  C(mne<-tinff  at  the  border  town  of  Santa  .\nna  with  a  line 
runninp;  south  to  Montevide<i. 

Hotels. — Sportsman,  Rua  Sao  P.eiito  10;  Suisso.  Larpo  Paysandu 
88;  Paz;  D'Oeste.  Boa  Vista  72:  Majestic.  Rtia  Sao  P.ento:  Bella 
Vista,  Rua  Sao  Bento  34;  Brisrol,  (lusmoes  29:  (Irande.  Rua  Sao 
Bento  49;  Commercio,  Man6  113;  Continental,  Rua  General  Conto 
do  Masohoes  88.  .  ' 

Banks. — A^encia  Finan<ial  Paidista;  Banco  Acrrlcola  de  Sao 
Paulo;  Banco  Commerci.il  do  Estado  de  Sao  Paulo;  Banoc*  Com- 
mercio e  Industria  <le  Sao  Paulo;  Banco  de  Construccoes  e  Re- 
servas;  Banco  Constructor  e  Apricola  :  Banco  dc  Credito  Hypothe- 
cario;  Banco  Espauol  del  Rio  de  In  Plata  ;  Banco  de  Minho;  Banco  dl 
Napoli  ;  Banco  de  Sao  I'aiilo;  P.am-o  Pnaio  de  Sao  Paulo;  Banco 
Italo-Belpe;  Banco  Bor;:es  e  Irmao;  Banque  Francaise  jxair  le 
Brgsil;  Credit  Poncitn-  du  P.resil  et  de  r.\.merif|Ue  du  Sud  :  P.ritlsh 
Bank  of  South  .'America  (Ltd.)  :  (iiordano  &  Co.:  London  iVc  Brazilian 
Bank;  National  City  I'.aiik  of  New  York;  Sociedade  Anouyma  ('oni- 
mercial  e  Banc-aria  Leonidas  Moreira  ;  Banco  Allianca  do  Porto 
(Zerrener  &  C<\.  ajients)  ;  Banco  Connnercial  do  Porto;  London  & 
River  Plate  Bank. 

Customhouse  Brokers. — Benjamin  Machado  &  Co..  Kim  15  de  No- 
Vi-mbro  34;  Pesii-na  &  Co..  Rua  Jose  Boidfacio  .35;  Belli  &  Co.,  Rua 
Boa  Vista  15;  J.  A.  de  Filho  Caldas.  Rua  Jose  Bonifacio  41. 

Uote. — This  is  the  second  city  of  imjtortance  in  Brazil,  and  the 
coffee  mart  of  the  Republic.  An  enormous  voIuuh'  of  trade  Is  tran- 
sacted here.  There  are  numerous  direct  importers.  The  conuneree 
between  Sao  Paulo  aiul  Rio  de  Janeiro  is  large.  Sao  Puulo  should 
be  included  in  the  itinerary  of  all  siUesmeu. 


486  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

THEREZINA,  capital  of  State  of  Piaiihy;  population,  45,500;  situ- 
ated on  the  Parnahyba  River;  270  nv^f^s  (432  km.)  from  Parnahyba 
and  223  miles  (360  km.)  from  Amarvncao  (port).  Temperature  av- 
erages 80°  F.  Principal  products:  Cotton,  sugar,  rice,  rubber,  and 
cattle.  Industries :  Cattle  raising,  cotton  mills,  soap  making,  sugar 
refining,  and  distilling. 

How  Readied. — From  Parnahyba,  by  river  steamer  to  Caxias ; 
thence  railway  via  Senado  Furtoda  (across  Parnahyba  River). 

Steamship  Lines. — Cia.  de  Vapores  do  Rio  Parnahyba ;  Empresa 
Fluvial  Parnahyba. 

Hotels. — Hotel  15  de  Novembro,  Moura,  Rua  Grande,  Dias,  Vel- 
lezo. 

Note. — A  flourishing  city  easily  reached  from  its  port,  Parnahyba ; 
in  a  rich  agi'icultural  district,  of  which  cotton  is  the  chief  product. 
There  are  several  cotton  mills  at  this  place.  Visited  by  those  who 
canvass  closely,  and  worthy  of  general  attention. 

URTJGIIAYANA,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  14,000 ; 
on  Uruguay  River,  (j2  miles  (100  km.)  from  Itaqui,  232  miles  (374 
km.)  from  Santa  Maria,  and  483  miles  (778  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre. 
Products:  Jerked  beef,  soap,  candles,  etc. 

How  Reached. — From  Itaqui,  by  Itaqui  &  Uruguayana  Railway ; 
fare,  11$000;  4  hours'  journey  from  Porto  Alegre,  via  Uruguayana 
Railway ;  fare,  55.$700 ;  and  from  Santa  Maria,  via  Uruguayana 
Railway;  fare,  26$600;  12  hours'  journey. 

Banks. — Banco  Pelotense;  Banco  da  Provincia. 

Hotels. — Masgrau,  Allianca,  Progresso,  Familiar,  Pellegrini, 
Moderno. 

Note. — Uruguayana  is  a  flourishing  city  with  a  brisk  trade. 

VICTORIA,  capital  of  State  of  Espirito  Santo ;  population,  21,000 ; 
on  the  southwest  shore  of  island  on  Espirito  Santo  Bay ;  680  miles 
(1,095  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  398  miles  (640  km.)  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  and  77  miles  (124  km.)  from  Itapemirim.  Principal  prod- 
ucts :  Coffee,  cacao,  tobacco,  timbei'.  Industries :  Sugar  refining, 
cotton  weaving,  boot  and  shoe  making.  Lloyd's  agent,  Brian  Barry. 
American  consular  agent. 

How  Reached. — From  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Leopoldina  Railway,  or 
steamer.  From  Sao  Paulo,  by  Central  Railway  to  Rio ;  steamer  to 
Kictherov ;  Leopoldina  Railway  to  Victoria ;  average  time  of  trip, 
36  hour.s;  fare,  48,$900. 

Banks. — London  &  River  Plate  Bank  (agency)  ;  Banco  Hypo- 
thecario  e  Agricola. 

Hotels. — Palace,  d'Europa,  Internacional,  Commercio,  Luzo- 
Brasileiro,  Porto  Rico. 

Note. — This  is  a  port  in  southeastern  Brazil ;  dependent  chiefly 
upon  Rio  de  Janeiro  for  its  imports ;  canvassed  by  those  who  work 
their  territory  very  closely.  A  considei-able  distributing  business  is 
carried  on  with  the  surrounding  country. 

TOWNS  OF  LESS  IMPORTANCE. 

Alagoas,  captal  of  the  State  of  Alagoas ;  on  Utinga  River,  6  miles 
(10  km.)  from  its  mouth  (Lago  Manguabo)  ;  population  of  district, 
18,000.  Products:  Cotton,  sugar,  cereals.  Daily  communication 
with  Pilar  by  Companhia  de  Navegacao  dos  Lagos. 


BRAZIL.  487 

Alcantara,  StntG  of  Mjirnnlmo;  pmmlntlon  of  distrlrt.  lO.OOC);  i)ort 
on  I5:iy  of  Sao  Marcos;  on  Dcs  Ktats  I'nis  ilii  ]',r('s\\  Uallway; 
oxjtrn-ts  catfh'.  hides,  riilihcr,  and  truin  ;  distant  12  miles  CJO  km. » 
from  Maranliao;  8  tnilos  (12  km.)  from  N«>ve*t ;  fare,  1.1!2<)«J;  time, 
24  ruinutps;  0  miles  (11  km.)  from  Nlcthorf>y;  faro,  1$2<X> :  2  hours 
journey  hy  t'aufrallo  P.raneh. 

Alegrete,  State  of  Ilio  drande  do  Std ;  popuiation,  S.ftOf);  on 
Ihlrapnytan  River.  S"*)  miles  (M^)  km.)  from  rnipmiyana.  144  miles 
(232  km.)  from  Santa  Maria,  and  .'?7<)  miles  (f.JM  km.)  from  I'orto 
Aletjre.  Product.s:  Maize,  wheat,  sufrnr,  riee.  Rallrond.s:  Aux- 
iliaire  L.  T'rntiuayana  (hraneh  of  Rrnzil  Railway).  Hotol.^: 
Amonca.  Eurojia,  r.rasil,  T'entral,  .Mepretense.  Ranks:  Filial  do 
Banco  da  Provincla  do  Ulo  Grande  do  Sul ;  Filial  do  Hnncu  Felo- 
tense. 

Amarante,  State  of  Piauhy ;  population  of  district.  lO.fXM);  port  on 
Parnaliyba  River;  reached  by  steamers  of  Companlda  de  Navepar.io 
do  Rio  Parnahyha.  Pro<lucts :  Su.irar.  cotton,  cereals,  hides, 
ajainrdlente,  silver,  copper,  iron. 

Amargoza,  State  of  P,ahia  ;  population  of  district.  2.'i.000;  nltitude, 
1,225  feet;  on  Jequerica-Mirim  River,  fil  ndles  (00  km.)  from 
Nazareth.  Reached  hy  Ani.-irgosa  branch  of  Nazareth  Railway  ;  fare, 
5$70O;  time  of  trip,  r^l  hours.     Prodncls;  Cotton,  cereals,  cattle. 

Amparo.  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district,  ."t«>.00<l;  alti- 
tude, 2,1.50  fe<>t ;  on  Canianducaia  River.  10r»  miles  (IfiO  km.)  from 
Sao  Paulo.  Reached  by  ^lojrA-ana  Railway  (.Xinparo.  Serra  Neirra  Ac 
Secorrio  branch)  ;  fare,  l-'ilJOOO;  avemjre  time  of  trip.  5  hours. 
Hotels:  Oraude  Hotel  Zucchi  and  Grande  Hotel  Berardo.  Coffee- 
growinc:  section. 

Angara  dos  Reis,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population  of  district. 
20.000;  seacoast  town,  on  Central  Ttailway  to  Rio  de  .lanelro.  Pro<l- 
ucts :  Aiaiardiente,  coffee,  cereals,  and  fruits.     Hotel,  Da  Silva. 

Antonina,  State  of  Paniiia  ;  population  of  district.  I2.0f»0:  cood 
port  on  west  .shore  of  Cachoeira  Bay.  on  Parana  R.nlway.  Antonina 
branch,  11  miles  (17  km.)  from  Morretes  (fare.  oSSOO;  time,  1  hour). 
Product.s:  Rice,  sutrar.  iron,  timber,  mamraiu»se.  Carretera  to  (Jra- 
ciof?a,  52  miles  (86  km.)  di.stant.     Bank.  Marcallo  &  Cn. 

Aracaty.  State  of  Ceara  ;  population  of  city.  12,.'i00:  of  district. 
33,000;  near  mouth  of  .Tainiaribp  River;  steamshii)  conuuunication 
with  Uniao  and  Russtis.  Products:  Cotton,  wax,  supar.  hides.  In- 
dustries; Fiber  and  straw  weavinir.  Hotel,  Brazil.  Port  of  call  for 
Lloyd  Brasihiro  steamers  from  Parnaliyba  and  Fortaleza.  Distant 
178  miles  (287  km.)  from  Praia  Formo?;!!.  wliich  is  reached  by  Liidia 
do  Centro  (Rede  Mineira)  ;  fare.  2.^S;r)(K);  time,  10  hours. 

Araguary,  State  of  Minas  Oeraes ;  population.  li.OOO;  on  Arapviary 
branch  of  Tronco  Railway  and  Tronco  branch  of  Moiryana  Railway; 
climate,  temperate.  Products:  Cereals,  rice,  cattle,  horses.  Distant 
555  miles  (804  km.)  from  Sao  Palo,  via  Baldecao  and  Moypana 
Railway  (fare,  4.5.S000;  time,  11*  hours)  ;  07  miles  (l.")(!  km.)  from 
Ipamery.  via  Ooyaz  Railway  (fare,  14.i>7(.)0:  time.  8  hours).  Hotels: 
Brazil   and   I'lavio. 

Araraquara,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  12.()0(^  (district, 
40,000)  ;  on  D'Ouro  River.  Products:  Coffee,  su.par,  cereals,  nittle. 
Reached  from  Sao  Paulo,  2(X>  miles  (322  km.),  by  I'aulistu  &  Arara- 


488  GUIDE  TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

quara  Railway   (Rio  Claro  branch);  fare,  20$500.     Hotels:  Mozza 
and  Oeste. 

Araras,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  8,(X)0;  on  Paulista  Rail- 
way (Jundiahy  to  Descalvado  line).  120  miles  (195  km.)  from  Sao 
Paulo  ;  fare,  16$100 ;  time  of  trip,  4  hours.  Products  :  Coffee,  sugar, 
cereals.     Industry,  meat  packing.     Hotels:  Central  and  Mantoraua. 

Araxa,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population,  13.000;  32  miles  (52 
km.)  from  Sacramento,  on  Mogyana  Railway.  Products:  Rice, 
cereals,  sheep. 

Areias,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  6.000;  on  Vermeilho River, 
8  miles  (12  km.)  from  Queluz,  which  is  on  Central  Railroad.  Good 
carretera  to  Queluz.     Products :  Coffee,  aguardiente,  cereals. 

Assu,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  left 
bank  of  Piranhas  River,  186  miles  (300  km.)  from  the  capital. 
Products:  Salt,  coal,  iron,  lead,  cotton,  cereals,  hides.     Hotel,  Assu. 

Atalaia,  State  of  Alagoas ;  population  of  city,  8,000 ;  of  district, 
50,000;  on  Parahyba  River,  and  on  railway  from  Vicosa  to  Maceio 
(branch  of  Great  Western  of  Brazil  Railway),  25  miles  (40  km.) 
from  Maceio.     Sugar  is  an  important  product. 

Avare,  State  of  Sao  Paulo ;  population,  6,000 ;  altitude.  2,450  feet. 
Products:  Cereals,  sugar,  cotton.  On  Sorocabana-Tibagy  branch  of 
Brazil  Railway;  241  miles  (387  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo  (fare,  23.$700 ; 
time.  Hi  hours).     Hotel,  Guarany  Bella  Vista. 

Bag'e,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population  of  city,  18,000 ;  of 
district,  38,000 ;  on  Quebracho  River.  Mines :  Lead,  gold,  copper. 
Products :  Wheat,  maize,  alfalfa,  potatoes,  wine,  cattle.  Distant 
198  miles  (320  km.)  from  Santa  Maria  on  Santa  Maria-Bage  branch 
(fare,  23$100;  time,  114  hours);  174  miles  (280  km.)  from  Rio 
Grande,  reached  by  Rio  Grande-Bage  Railway.  Hotels :  Brazil, 
Commercio,  Paris,  Estacio,  Tres  Nacoes.     Bank,  Banco  Pelotense. 

Bananeiras,  State  of  Parahyba;  population  of  district,  27,000;  on 
Great  Western  Railway  ;  216  miles  (347  km.)  from  Porto  Velho,  via 
Madeira-Mammore  Railway  (time,  31  hours)  ;  4  miles  (6  km.)  from 
Borboreme  (railway  station)  ;  262  miles  (421  km.)  from  Nictheroy 
(fare,  36$300;  time,  12  hours).  Products:  Coffee,  cotton,  cereals, 
fruits,  sugar,  tobacco,  granite,  chalk.  Hotels :  Anisio  do  Silva 
Barbosa ;  Luiz  Barreto  de  Almeida ;  D.  Maria  Veronica. 

Barbacena,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population,  10,000;  altitude, 
3.2.50  feet;  112  miles  (181  km.)  from  Ouro  Preto,  200  miles  (320 
km.)  from  Bello  Horizonte,  and  235  miles  (378  km.)  from  Rio  de 
.Janeiro  via  Central  Railway  (fare,  29.$300;  8i  hours).  Industries: 
Tanning,  cotton  mills,  boot  making,  dheese  factories.  Hotels: 
Alliancfl,  Martinelli,  Central. 

Barra  do  Pirahy,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  population,  10,000. 
Industries :  Distilleries,  dairies,  agricultural  machinery.  Products : 
Tobacco  and  agricultural  products.  Distant  242  miles  (390  km.) 
from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Central  Railway  (25$600  fare.  10  hours'  jour- 
ney) ;  68  miles  (109  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  Railway 
(fare,  9$600;  time,  3  hours).     Hotels:  Universal,  Central. 

Barra  do  Rio  Grande,  State  of  Bahia ;  at  confluence  of  Sao  Fran- 
cisco and  Grande  Rivers.  Products :  Wine,  etc.  Center  of  river 
trade  for  States  of  Minas,  Goyaz,  and  Piauhy. 

Barra  Mansa,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  population  of  district, 
26,000;  on  right  bank  of  Parahyba  River;  33  miles  (52  km.)  from 


BRAZIL.  489 

Oedro;  fare,  4.?r)00:  time.  2i  hours;  9.')  miles  (1:').?  km.)  from  Rio 
de  Janoiro.  nii<l  1:14  miles  C^ir*  km.)  fmm  Sao  I'auln,  on  Sao  I'anlo- 
Rio  branch  of  Cfntral  Railway  (avt'raj,'*'  finx'  from  Sao  Paulo.  8J 
hours;  fare  22.it7(H»).  Rnxlui-ts :  ('offtH',  rereals.  su^ar,  otml,  iron, 
manganese.  Hotels:  Santos,  Ferreira.  This  town  is  alw)  on  Cur- 
-rancas-Anpra  dos  Reis  branch  of  Ocstc  de  Minas  Railway. 

Barreiras,  State  of  IJahia  ;  population,  .").()<H»;  port  for  larpe  and 
small  steamers  on  the  Rio  (Jrande.  Products:  rattle,  ruht)er, 
timber. 

Baturite,  State  of  Ceara ;  population  of  city.  ,30,000;  of  district, 
45.000.  Distant  63  miles  (101  km.)  from  Fortalezn,  via  Rrazll 
Northeastern  Railway;  fare,  7$L'00;  time  of  trip,  4 J  hours.  Prod- 
ucts :  Sugar,  rubber,  mauit»c,  colTee.  Hotel :  Franci.sco  il.  da  Sil- 
veira. 

Bauru,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  6,500;  altitude,  1,700  feet; 
268  miles  (432  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo  (fare,  2r.$200;  time,  12* 
hours)  ;  on  Sorocabana  trunk  line  of  the  Brazil  Railway  Co.  Prod- 
ucts: Coffee,  cereals,  su^'ar.  fruits,  cotton,  timber,  cattle. 

Belmonte,  State  of  Bahia  ;  popui.ition.  G.<h>0;  on  rij^ht  hank  of 
•Tequitinhonha  River,  20  miles  (42  km.)  from  ("aunavielnis,  via 
motor  boat  across  the  Canal  de  Peso.  Products:  Cacao,  timber, 
coffee,  sugar,  cattle. 

Bomfim,  State  of  Bahia;  population.  10.000;  .59  miles  (95  km.) 
from  Rio,  via  Central  Railway  (fare,  6$300;  time,  4i  hours)  ;  277 
miles  (446  km.)  from  Bahia,  via  Bahia-Sao  Francisco-.Toazeiro 
Railway  (fare.  21ii!800:  time.  33  hours).  Products:  C<ifFee.  tobacco, 
cigars,  rice,  cotton,  copjier.  iron.  On  Itailway  do  Bahia  do  Rio  Sao 
Francisco.     Hotel,   Lobo. 

Bomfim,  State  of  Cxoyaz :  population,  2..50O;  altitude.  2,740  feet;  3 
miles  (5  km.)  from  Goyaz  Railroad,  1.50  miles  (240  km.)  from 
Cioyaz ;  climate,  excellent.  Products:  Minerals,  cattle,  sugar, 
tobacco. 

Bom  Successo,  State  of  JTinas  Geraes;  population  of  city,  7.(^)0;  of 
district,  2S,000.  Prmlucts :  Agricultural  produce,  starch,  gold, 
platinum,  iron.  Reached  from  Rio  de  .Janeiro  by  West  Minas  Rail- 
way. Distant  134  miles  (216  km.)  from  Sltio  via  West  Minas  Rail- 
way;  fare,  16ip500;  time.  8*  hours.     Hotel,  Dos  Vinjantes. 

Botacatu,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population.  10,000;  altitude,  2,4.50 
feet;  192  miles  (300  km.)  from  Sao  P.-iulo  (fare.  21.'?1(>():  time,  OJ 
hours),  on  Sorocabana  trunk  line  of  the  Brazil  Itailway  Co.  Prod- 
ucts :  Coffee,  sugar,  cereals,  tobacco,  cattle,  hides.  Hotel,  Rabello 
Areiros. 

Braganca,  State  of  Para;  population,  18.000;  144  miles  (2,33  km.) 
from  Para,  via  I'ara-Braganca  branch  of  Braganca  Railway.  Prod- 
ucts: Cotton,  sugar,  maize,  rite,  tobacco.  Hotels:  Bianchi,  Bra- 
ganca, Central,  Sportsman.  Carvalho. 

Brasque,  State  of  Santa  Catharina  ;  population.  1,20<'>;  on  Itajahy- 
merim  River;  chiefly  dependent  on  steamship  service;  distant  63 
miles  (102  km.)  from  Florianopolis,  from  which  it  is  reacheil  by 
carretera.  Products :  Maize,  rice,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  lime. 
Hotel,  .Toao  Schaefer. 

Cabo.  State  of  Pernambuco;  population  of  district,  26,000;  on 
Pirapaima  River.  Products:  Rice,  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  maize, 
beans.    Reached  from  Nazareth  (State  of  Pernambuco)  or  Pemam- 


490  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

buco,  Via  Great  Western  Railway  of  Brazil;  20  miles  (32  km.)  from 
Cinco  Pontas  (Pernambueo)  via  Great  Western  Railway  (fare, 
2$000;  time  of  trip,  44  minutes).     Hotels:  Benecio,  Brasil. 

Cabo  Frio,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population  of  district,  8,000; 
on  Araruama  Lake.     Products:  Sugar,  fruits,  coffee,  salt. 

Cacapava,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population  of  district, 
18,000;  37  miles  (60  km.)  from  Porto  Alegi-e.  Products:  Wheat, 
maize,  tobacco,  copper,  gold,  iron.  Hotels:  Viajantes,  Tasso  de 
Bern,  Alves  &  Co.,  Pedro  dos  Santos,  Oliviera. 

Cachoeira,  State  of  Bahia,  population  of  city,  9,000,  of  district, 
30,000;  .situated  on  Paraguas.su  River,  40  miles  (64  km.)  from  its 
mouth,  144  miles  (233  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo  bv  Central  Railway 
fare,  15$600,  51  hours;  and  48  miles  (78  km.)  from  Bahia,  via  Cen- 
tral Railway  of  Bahia.  Products :  Rice  and  cereals  ;  meat-preserv- 
ing factory  near  by.  On  Feira  de  Santa  Ana  branch  of  Federeaux 
de  I'Est  Brazilian  Railway.     Hotels :  Juvenal.  Nacoss. 

Cachoeiro  de  Itapemirim,  State  of  Espirito  Santo;  population, 
6.000;  on  Itapemirim  River,  26  miles  (42  km.)  from  its  mouth;  and 
100  miles  (160  km.)  from  Victoria  (3  hours'  journev),  on  Leo- 
poldina  Railway  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.  Hotels :  Macado,  Serpa.  Prod- 
ucts: Coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  cereals. 

Caetite,  State  of  Bahia;  altitude,  2,550  feet;  climate,  cold  from 
May  to  August,  temperate  rest  of  year;  distant  388  miles  (625  km  ) 
from  Bahia. 

Caldas,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population,  7,000;  altitude,  3,725 
feet;  on  Capipary  River;  8  miles  (14  km.)  from  Santa  Rita  das 
Caldas,  192  miles  (310  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Mogyana  Railway 
Caldas  branch;  fare,  27.'*;300;  time  of  trip,  9J  hours;  26  miles  (42 
km.)  from  Campestre,  and  362  miles  (582  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro. 
Hotels:  Globo,  Sul,     Products:  Wines  and  coffee. 

Cameta,  State  of  Para;  population  of  city,  20,000;  of  district, 
32,000 ;  on  Tocantins  River ;  steamship  service  by  Linha  Fluvial  do 
Tocantins,  3  trips  monthly;  93  miles  (150  km.)  southwest  of  Para. 
Products :  Cocoa,  tobacco,  woods,  manioc.  Reached  from  Abaete  by 
Norte  do  Brasil  Railway ;  fare,  38$100. 

Campos  Kovos,  State  of  Sao  Paulo ;  population  of  district,  15,500 ; 
altitude,  1,375  feet ;  on  Sorocabana  Railway  to  Sao  Paulo  and  San- 
tos.    Products:  Sugar,  alcohol,  coffee,  rice,  tobacco. 

Cannavieiras,  State  of  Bahia;  population  of  district,  20,000;  at 
mouth  of  Pardo  River ;  reached  from  Bahia  by  steamers  of  Cia.  de 
Navegacao  Bahiana.  Products:  Cacao,  coffee,  gold,  diamonds,  iron, 
mica.     Port  of  call  for  coasting  vessels. 

Cantagallo,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population,  3,000;  altitude, 
1,200  feet;  103  miles  (167  km.)  from  Nictheroy ;  fare,  16$600,  time 
7  hours;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Novo  Friburgo ;  on  Cantagallo 
branch  of  Leopoldina  Railway.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  salted 
meat,  etc. 

Caruaru,  State  of  Pernambueo;  population,  9,000;  altitude,  1,040 
feet;  on  the  Ipojuca  River;  87  miles  (140  km.)  from  Pernambueo, 
via  Pernambueo  branch  of  Great  Western  Railway;  fare,  10$100, 
time,  7  hours.    Products:  Sugar  cane,  cotton,  coffee. 

Casa  Branca,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district.  17,000; 
on  trunk  line  of  Mogyana  Railway;  171  miles  (277  km.)  northwest 
of  Sao  Paulo ;  fare,  24$700 ;  time,  7^  hours.  Products :  Sugar,  rice, 
manioc.     Hotel,  Commercio. 


BRAZTU  491 

Catalao,  Rtato  of  Onyaz ;  popiiiminii,  8.1XM);  on  Arntruiiry  si-.ii«in 
of  (ioyaz  iiailvvay;  72  iiiiU?s  (IK!  km.)  from  Araguary ;  faro,  10$1><X>, 
tinii'  or  trip.  ">  hours.  rroMiu-ls:  On'als.  rice,  caltie,  siijjur,  coflie, 
diamoiuls.     Hotels:  Rarbosa,  .lorKe  Ellas. 

Caxias,  Slate  of  Maranliao;  population  of  district,  42.(XM);  on 
risht  l)atik  of  Itajticuru  Itiver.  LM)S  iiiil(«s  (480  km.)  from  Maranliuo. 
Hotel,  P«'llizarri.  i'roducts:  Su^ar,  cotton,  tobacco,  wax,  ccr«'als, 
rubber.  Industries:  Textile  mills,  pottery  works,  su^ar  retiiieries. 
Terminus  of  river  iiavi^Mtion  and  lte).dnnintr  of  railway  to  I-'lnres. 
liailroads:  Caxias  Cajaseiras   I{ailway;   SaJi  Luis-C'axias   Hallway. 

Ceara-Mirim,  .State  of  lUo  (irande  do  N'orte;  impulalinn.  (;,(XM>;  7>'2 
miles  (8G  km.)  from  I'edra  Preta  and  22  miles  (3G  km.)  from  Natal 
(its  port),  via  Central  do  Uio  CJrando  .\orie  Railway  ;  fare,  .T^.'ifX); 
time,  li  hours.  On  Rio  Grande  do  Norte  Railway,  Pedra  Preta 
hrancli.  Products:  Sugar,  cotton,  cereals,  brandy.  Hotel,  Jouo 
Matthias. 

Conceicao  do  Arroio,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population  of 
district,  14.(HK);  SI  miles  (1.32  km.)  from  Porto  Alcgre.  PnMhicts: 
Sugar,  wlieat,  rice,  hides,  alcohol.  The  Uruguayana  Itailway  jiru- 
poses  to  extend  its  line  to  this  point.  Hotels:  Daniel  Duca,  Pill- 
grini.  Germano  Correa  da  Silva. 

Coruripe.  State  of  Alagoas;  population,  13,000;  on  left  bank  of 
Coruripe  River.     Products:  Sugar,  rice,  corn. 

Cruz  Alta,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul :  population,  7,000;  railroad, 
Auxiliaire  L.  Riv.  I'ruguay  (Rrazilian  Railway  <^o.  subsidiary). 
308  miles  (400  km.)  from  Porto  Alegi-e :  230  miles  (.373  km.)  from 
Marcellino  Ramos  station  via  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  Railway;  fare, 
27$400;  tinn'.  13J  li-.urs.  Products:  Cattle,  cereals.  Hotels:  EsihjI- 
let,  Dos  Via.jantes.  Deutsche.  Italiano. 

Curvello,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population.  8,000;  on  Riacho 
River;  climate,  dry  and  healthful;  496  miles  (798  km.)  from  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  by  Central  Railway;  fare,  .")4$1(K).  Products:  Copper,  |>ot- 
ter's  clay,  nee,  sugar,  tobacco,  coffee,  cattle,  and  hides.  Active 
commerce. 

Curralinho,  State  of  Goyaz;  population.  2,000;  altitude,  2,675  feet; 
on  right  bank  of  Pedras  River,  near  Goyaz  Railway:  21  ndles  (33 
km.)  from  Goyaz,  .54  mih's  (80  km.)  from  ('.iinpinas.  Products: 
Timber,  rubber.     On  Central  Railway.     Cattle-breeding  district. 

Descalvado.  State  of  Sao  Pau-lo ;  population  <-f  district.  22.<hh1;  on 
.Tundiahy-i:>escalvado  branch  of  Paullsta  Railway.  177  miles  (285 
km.)  from  Sao  Pauto;  fare,  21$000;  time  of  trip.  9*  hours.  PhkI- 
ucts:  Coffee,  sugar,  tobacco.     Hotels:  Central,  Porini,  Madalon. 

Encruzilhada,  State  of  Rio  Grande  di»  Sul;  population  of  district, 
20.000;  on  Pequary  River.  Products:  Cereals  and  tobacco.  Hotels: 
Bacruzilhadense.  Kstevao  Gastinsky. 

Entre  Rios,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  iwpulation,  12,000;  123  miles 
(198  km.)  from  Rio  de  .laneiro,  which  is  reached  by  Central  and 
Leopoldina  Railways;  fare,  IG-i^StX);  time,  .1*  hours.  Protlucts: 
Cereals,  cattle,  juangaue.se.  Hotels:  Franklin.  Franci.sco  Ribeiro 
Penna. 

Estancia,  State  of  Sergipe;  population.  13.000;  on  Piauhy  River; 
climate,  healthful.  Products:  Sugar,  coconuts,  coffee,  aguardiente. 
Industries:  Soap  and  oil  factories,  tile  works.  River  communication. 
Hotel :  ^lanoel  Ribeiro. 


492  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

Faxina,  State  of  Sao  Paulo ;  altitude,  1.950  feet :  population,  7,000 ; 
232  miles  (365  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo;  fare.  22$900;  time,  11  liours ; 
on  Sorocabana-R.  de  Itarare  branch  of  Brazil  Raihyay ;  climate, 
temperate.  Products :  Coffee,  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  cereals,  cattle, 
diamonds,  gold,  lead.  Carreteras  to  Rio  Grande,  Bom  Successo, 
Apiauhy.  Iporanga,  Sao  Paulo. 

Feira  de  Santa  Anna,  State  of  Bahia ;  population,  32,000 ;  28  miles 
(45  km.)  from  Caehoeira  via  Central  Railway  of  Bahia;  fare, 
3$400;  time  of  trip,  2^  hours.  Products:  Cereals,  tobacco,  vege- 
tables, fruits,  diamonds,  gold,  iron,  silver,  copper,  marble.  Industry, 
cigar  making.     This  town  is  famous  for  cattle  fairs. 

Goyana,  State  of  Pernambuco;  population,  5.000;  on  the  Goyana 
River,  48  miles  (80  km.)  from  Pernambuco,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  regular  steam  launch  service.  Reached  from  Praia  For- 
mosa by  Juiz  de  Fora  branch ;  fare,  2o$100 ;  9^  hours'  journey. 
Products :  Sugar  cane,  tobacco,  cotton.     Hotel :  Papagaio. 

Goyaz,  capital  of  State  of  Goyaz ;  population,  16,000 ;  altitude, 
1,500  feet;  on  Yermelho  River,  21  miles  (33  km.)  from  Curralinho. 
Products :  Coffee,  sugar  cane,  vanilla,  copper,  gold,  diamonds,  cattle. 
Hotel :  Cinco  de  Novembro. 

Granja,  State  of  Ceara ;  population  of  district,  18,000 ;  on  Co- 
reahu  River;  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  Camocim  (fare  1$800)  and 
134  miles  (127  km.)  from  Ipu,  via  Northeastern  Railway.  Indus- 
tries :  Salt  and  tile  works.  Products :  Cotton,  maize,  wax,  hides, 
and  tobacco. 

Guarapuava,  State  of  Parana ;  altitude,  3,560  feet ;  on  Lageado 
River ;  population  of  district,  30,000.  Products :  Cereals,  timber, 
cattle,  yerba  mat4.  Reached  from  Curitiba  by  Sao  Paulo-Rio 
Grande  Railway.     Hotel,  Manoel  Horacio  dos  Santos. 

Guarapary,  State  of  Esplrito  Santo;  population,  8,0(X);  on  Sao 
Paulo  Railway  to  Curitiba.    Products :  Coffee,  cereals,  and  sugar. 

Ilheos,  State  of  Bahia ;  population,  16,000 ;  near  mouth  of  Ca- 
ehoeira River ;  port  of  call  for  coasting  steamers  of  Bahia  Co. ;  on 
Bahia  Southwestern  Railway  to  Conquista.  Products :  Coffee, 
cocoa,  sugar,  tobacco,  coal,  petroleum,  naphtha,  gold.  Hotels : 
Lopes,  Coelho,  Grande  Hotel  Ilheos. 

Ipu,  State  of  Ceara ;  on  Ipicaba  River ;  Sobral  Railway  to  Sobral, 
Granja,  and  Camocin  (port)  ;  47  miles  (77  km.)  from  Cratheus,  6J 
hours'  trip;  18  miles  (28  km.)  to  Ipueiras. 

Irara,  State  of  Bahia;  population.  3,000;  1  mile  (1|  km.)  from 
railway  station  of  Entroncamento,  which  is  on  Bahia-Sao  Francisco 
branch  of  Federeaux  de  I'Est  Brasilien  Railway;  27  miles  from 
Alagoinhas. 

Itabira  de  Matto  Dentro,  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population  of 
district  38,000;  37  miles  (60  km.)  from  Caethe  by  road.  (Caethe 
is  on  the  Central  Railway  to  Rio  de  Janeiro.)  Distant  325  miles 
(524  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  via  Central  Railway;  fare  39$300; 
12^  hours'  journey.  Industries:  Textile  mills  and  straw-hat  fac- 
tories. Products :  Sugar,  coffee,  cereals,  gold.  iron.  Hotels :  An- 
tonio Napoles,  .Toao  Christiano  Nunes,  Rosa  &  Balthazar. 

Itacoatiara  (Serpa),  State  of  Amazonas;  population,  5,000;  on 
Amazon  River,  71  miles  (114  km.)  from  Manaos ;  reached  by  river 
steamers.    Products:  Cacao,  rubber,  tobacco,  brazil  nuts,  fish. 


BRAZIL.  493 

Itajahy,  State  of  Santa  (Jatliarina ;  ixtpulation,  S,0«)<);  situnto<l  at 
mouth  of  Itajahy  River;  llio  niih's  (  1'J2  km.)  SfHilli  of  rcrnawi- 
buco.  I'roiluft.s :  Ciilar  uuod,  ro.sowoinl,  iiiiih<i;;aii.v,  suj^ar,  rice,  cof- 
fee, luan^aiu^si',  iron,  morciiry.  Itwuiicd  fr(»iji  IN niamhueo  by  rail- 
way. Tlii.s  towu  i.s  lilt'  port  for  liluiufimu,  lirusqu*',  uml  Luis 
Alves.     H(>tels:  Central,  Brazil. 

Itaquy,  State  of  llio  (jranile  do  Sul ;  population,  7.000;  on  Upp^r 
Uruguay  River;  54.o  luiles  (S77  km.)  from  Porto  Ale^re,  G2  miles 
(100  km.)  from  UruKiiayaiia  (niched  by  Great  Scaitlurn  Railway; 
fare,  11$(X)0;  average  time,  4  hoars),  and  400  miles  (G44  km.)  from 
Rio  Grande ;  on  Itaquy-Quaraliy  i,lail\vay  and  Itaquy-San  IJorja 
branch  of  Brazil  Great  Soutliern  Railway.  Products :  Sugar,  ce- 
reals, cattle,  flour,  cotton.     Hotel,  Commercio. 

Itu,  State  of  Sao  Paulu;  population,  11,000;  on  south  bank  of 
Tiete  River;  82  miles  (131  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Sorocabana 
Railway  (Ituana  section)  ;  fare,  S$700;  time,  3 J  hours,  Pro<lucts: 
Coffee,  cotton,  sugar.     Industry,  cotton-textile  mills. 

Jaboticabal,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district,  25,000; 
259  miles  (418  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo.  Reached  by  steamei-s  of 
Companhia  Paulista  de  Vias  Ferreas  &  Fluviales;  also  by  Paulista 
Railway;  average  rail  time  from  Sao  Paulo,  10*  hours;  fare, 
2.'}$4(>0.  Products  :  Coffee,  sugar,  cereals,  manioc.  Hotels :  Central, 
Migliori. 

Jacobina,  State  of  Bahia ;  population  of  district.  .3(;.<XK) ;  on  Rio 
do  (.)uro  and  on  extension  of  the  Central  Railway  from  Bomlim  to 
Morro  do  Chapeu.  Products :  Cotton,  sugar,  rice,  tobacco,  maize, 
gold,  timber.     Industry,  fruit  preserving, 

Jaguaro,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population  of  district, 
18.000;  9  miles  (15  km.)  above  mouth  of  .Taguaro  River;  on  Lago 
Mirim,  opposite  Artigas,  Uruguay;  18  miles  (30  km.)  from  Pelotas 
and  235  miles  (380  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre ;  wiue  and  fruit-growing 
district.     Hotels:  Biot.  Frances. 

Jahu,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district.  2G.(XK):  on  Jalui 
branch  of  the  Paulista  Railway.  Products:  Coffee,  cattle.  Cli- 
mate, dry,  tempei-ate.  Distant  245  miles  (394  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo; 
fare,  2o.$900;  time  of  trip,  lOi  hours.  Hotels:  Toscauo,  Grande 
Hotel  Ovidio.  Cappone,  Ferrari. 

Januaria,  Stale  of  Minas  Geraes;  population,  12,0(X);  climate 
temperate;  on  Sao  FraTicisco  River;  reaclu-d  by  small  ves.<ols  from 
Joazeiro  and  Pirapora.  terminals  of  the  Bahia  and  Central  Railways. 
Products:  Gold,  rice,  sugar. 

Jardim  do  Serido.  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte;  population  of 
district,  ir\0(X);  on  Serido  River,  an  aflluent  of  the  Piranhas,  34  miles 
(54  km.)  from  Caicos,  205  miles  (330  km.)  from  Natal,  and  19  miles 
(30  km.)  from  Acary ;  terminal  of  the  Great  Western  Riiilway. 
On  Natal-Pedra  Preta  branch  of  the  Central  do  Rio  Grande  do 
Norte  Railway;  average  rail  time  from  Natal,  4*  hours;  fare, 
8$000.  Products:  Cattle,  hides,  rice,  sugar.  Carreteras  to  Caico 
and  Acary. 

Joazeiro,  State  of  Bahia;  population,  14.(X><);  altitude.  l.l.'iO  feet; 
on  Sao  Francisco  River,  opposite  Petrolina.  On  Sao  FrancLsco 
Railway  (Federeaux  de  I'Est  Brazil)  to  Bahia  and  .\lagoinhas,  280 
miles   (452  km.)   from  Alagoinhas.  and  358  miles   (576  km.)   from 


494  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

Bahia  (fare,  25.$300;  time,  9i  hours).     Products:  Salt,  soda,  sugar, 
cotton,  manioc,  wax,  rubber,  cocoa.     Hotel,  Paris. 

Juiz  de  Fora,  State  of  Minns  Geraes;  population,  30,000;  altitude, 
2,170  feet:  on  the  Parnahyba  River,  228  miles  (367  km.)  from  Bello 
Horizonte,  172  miles  (276  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  via  Central 
Railway.  Fare  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  22$000;  time  of  trip,  8  hours. 
Products:  Cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  cereals,  cattle.  Hotels: 
Grande,  Central,  Renaissance.  Bank:  Banco  Credito  Real  de  Minas 
Gei-aes  (agency).  Railroads:  Central  Brazil;  Juiz  de  Fora  branch 
of  Leopoklina. 

Jundiahy,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  16,000;  37  miles  (60 
km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  by  Sao  Paulo  Railway  (fare,  5$100;  time, 
li  hours)  ;  also  on  Sorocabana-R.  de  Jundiahy  branch  of  Brazil 
Railway.    Hotels :  Stadt,  Hamburgo,  Petrom. 

labrea,  State  of  Amazonas ;  on  Puru,s  River,  778  miles  (1,252  km.) 
from  Manaos.  Products:  Coal,  iron.  Reached  fi'om  Manaos  by 
steamers  of  Companhia  do  Amazonas,  5  days'  journey;  to  Manaos, 
3  days'  journey.  Hotels:  Abraham  Litaife,  Galdino  de  Moura 
Brasil,  Joao  Jose  de  Lima. 

Lage,  State  of  Santa  Catharina;  population  of  district,  26,000; 
altitude,  2,4.50  feet.  Products:  Wheat,  fruits,  cereals,  cattle.  Dis- 
tant 42  miles  (68  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  via  Central  Railway; 
fare,  1$300;  time  of  trip,  2^  hours.  Hotels:  Josapha  Lenzi,  Jose 
Sonto  Negro. 

Lagoa  Vermelha,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  16,000; 
197  miles  (316  km.)  from  Capital,  by  carretera.  Products:  Alfalfa, 
rice,  sugar,  cereals,  fruits,  vegetables. 

Lagutia,  State  of  Santa  Catharina;  population  of  district,  33,800; 
on  Theresa-Christina  branch  of  the  Brazil  Raihvay  Co. ;  reached 
from  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  coasting  steamers.  Products :  IMaize,  sugar, 
alcohol,  rice.  Distant  21  miles  (34  km.)  from  Imbitumba,  via 
Imbitumba  branch;  fare,  2.$600;  time,  If  hours.  Hotels:  Augusto 
Westphcl,  Egydio  Taranto.  Ernesto  Wilke,  Monteclaro. 

lavras.  State  of  Minas  Geraes;  population,  8,000;  altitude,  2,950 
feet;  222  miles  (3.57  km.)  from  Bello  Horizonte,  6  miles  (10  km.) 
frorn  Ribeirao  Vermelho.  Railroad:  Oeste  de  Minas,  Bom  Jardim 
branch.  Products:  Gold,  coal,  iron,  woods,  cattle,  pigs,  cheese. 
Hotels :  Central,  Moreira.  Bank :  Agencia  do  Banco  de  Credito  Real 
de  Minas  Geraes. 

Leopoldina,  State  of  Minns  Geraes;  population,  3,000;  reached 
from  Rio  de  Janeiro  by  Leopoldina  Railway;  183  miles  (295  km.) 
from  Praia  Formoza,  via  Leopoldina  Railway ;  fare,  26$200.  Prod- 
ucts: Sugar,  tobacco,  coffee,  cereals. 

Limeira,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  10,000;  altitude,  1,620 
feet;  on  railroad  (Paulista)  from  Campinas  to  Sao  Joao  do  Rio 
Claro.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  cereals.  Hotels:  Dos  Viajantes, 
Grande  Hotel  Central. 

Livramento,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  9,000 ;  on 
Ibicuhy  do  Armado  River;  94  miles  (152  km.)  from  Barra  do 
Pirahy,  via  Central  Railway  (fare,  16$200 ;  7  hours'  journey); 
372  miles  (600  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  by  branch  of  Uruguayana 
Railway;  216  miles  (350  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  via  Piranga 
branch  of  Central  (fare,  23$000).  Sheep  and  cattle  raising  district. 
Hotels:  Pinto,   Correa,   Antonio   Joaquim   Gomes,  Alfredo  Antonio 


imAziL.  495 

Alves,  Ernesto  Labarthe,  IVdro  Ciannetti.     Ranks:  Filial  do  r.anco 
do  Provincia  do  Kin  Grande  do  Snl  ;  Filial  do  lianro  IVIoU-hmc. 

Hacau,  State  uf  liU,  (Jraiide  do  Norte;  pojiulatlon,  7.000;  at  mouth 
of  IMiiiiihas  Fiiver,  l.'.o  nillfs  ^24^  km.)  fi(.iii  Natal;  cliniatc,  t»Mii- 
perate,  licallhlui.  Products:  Salt,  cotton,  cereals,  Hsii.  Reached 
by  sea  and  by  river,  tlotel.s :  Eiiropa.  Pensao  Macjiii.  Port  of 
call  for  Conipanhia  (.'oniniercio  e  Nuvejeracao,  Couipanhiu  Maran- 
hense,  and  Lloyd  Brasileiro. 

Macahe,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population,  8,000;  seaport; 
reached  by  Conipanhia  de  Navesracao  de  Sao  Joao  do  Harra  e  Cam- 
pos; 112  miles  (181  liui. )  from  Nietheroy  via  Leopoldina  Railway; 
fare,  17.'?4(K);  time,  4J  hour.s;  climate,  healthful.  Products:  Coflfee, 
alcohol,  supir.  textiles. 

Macapa,  State  of  Para;  population,  9,000;  on  Amazon  River; 
reached  by  steamers.     Products :  Rubber  and  gold. 

Mage,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population  of  district,  26,300;  on 
Theros(jp()lis  &  Leopoldina  Railway;  reached  from  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
lime,  li  hours ;  climate,  variable. 

Mamanguape,  State  of  Parahyba;  population,  7,000;  on  Parahyba 
River  (steamship  service).  I'roducts:  Sugar,  cereals,  rubber,  man- 
ioc. 

Manicore,  State  of  Amazonas;  population  of  district,  17,000;  on 
right  bank  of  Madeira  River,  short  distance  from  mouth  of  Manicore 
River;  river  conununication  with  Humaita  and  Itacoaliara;  290 
miles  (469  km.)  from  Manaos.  Products:  Rubber,  tobacco,  hbles, 
manioc,  cocoa,  skins,  tisli.  oil.     Port  of  mil  for  river  steamer.''. 

Maragogipe,  State  of  Bahia  ;  population,  7,0<X>;  district.  2o.000; 
35  miles  (56  km.)  from  Babia  ;  on  Maragogipe  River,  where  it  en- 
ters Lake  Paraguasso;  reacbe«l  from  Cachoeira  by  steamers.  Proii- 
ucts :  Tobacco,  cocoa,  cereals^,  rice,  susar,  luaixe,  arrownK»t.  In- 
dustries: Cigar  and  soap  making;  ilistillories.  Hotels:  Uniao  Pen- 
sao Rocha. 

Maranguape,  State  of  Coara :  poinibition.  iS.iXX):  16  miles  (27 
km.)  from  Fortaleza,  via  Baturite  lUiilway :  fare,  2^100;  time,  35 
minutes.     Products:  Cotton,  bananas,   rubber. 

Harianna,  State  of  Minas  Geraes ;  population,  5,000;  8  miles  (12 
km.);  northeast  of  Ouro  Pretti ;  7  miles  (11  km.)  from  (^!d  High- 
way. Products:  Cereals,  sugar,  cattle,  gold.  Railroad:  Ouro 
Preta  branch  of  Ontral  do  Brazil  Railway.  Guro  Preta  Gold  Mine 
Co.  operates  here. 

Maroim,  State  of  Sergipe;  population.  9.000;  on  Ganbamoniba 
River,  25  miles  (42  km.)  north  of  Aracaju ;  on  Alagoinhas-Proprla 
Railway.  Products:  Sugar,  cotton,  alcohol,  cereal.s.  Banks:  Cruz 
&  Irmao;  Sabin<»  Ribeiro  &  Co. 

Matto  Grosso,  State  of  Matto  Gros.so ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  right 
bank  of  Guapore  River,  342  miles  (552  km.)  from  Cuyalm ;  47 
miles  (76  km.)  from  Bento  Quirino  by  Sao  Paulo  e  Minas  Railway, 
fare,  7$600;  4i  hours'  journey.  Products:  Rubber,  medicinal 
plants,   minerals.     Government   military    sbition. 

Mococa,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district.  lO.tXtO;  212 
miles  (342  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo  (fare,  2S.$r>00)  and  26  miles  (42 
km.)  from  Caconde.  Products:  Coffee,  cereals,  cattle.  Railroad: 
Mococa  branch  of  Mogjana  Railway:  fare  from  Sao  Pauli>,  23^900; 
time  of  trii),  \)i  hours.    Hotels:  Dos  Viajautes,  Central,  Terraco. 


496  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

Mogy  Mirim,  State  of  Siao  Paulo ;  population,  10,000 ;  112  miles 
(181  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo;  fare,  16$900;  time,  4|  hours.  Products: 
Sugar,  fruits,  aguardiente.  On  trunk  line  of  Mogyana  Railway. 
Hotel,  Brasi. 

Morretes,  State  of  Parana ;  population,  8,000 ;  on  Parana-Para- 
nagua-Curitiba  branch  of  Brazil  Railway;  42  miles  (69  km.)  from 
Curitiba ;  fare,  6$400 ;  time,  3  hours.  Products,  tropical  fruits.  A 
fishing  center. 

Mossoro,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte ;  population  of  district, 
13,000;  on  left  bank  of  Mossoro  River,  175  miles  (281  km.)  from 
Natal ;  climate,  dry.  Products :  Alabaster,  iron,  salt,  wax,  cattle, 
rubber.     Hotels :  Todo,  Dos  Viajantes. 

Nazareth,  State  of  Bahia;  population,  10,000 ;  on  Jaguaripe  River ; 
steamer  communication  with  Bahia  every  other  day  ;  5-liour  trip ; 
99  miles  (159  km.)  from  Conquista,  by  railroad;  61  miles  (99  km.) 
from  Amargosa,  by  Nazareth  Railway  (fare,  5$700;  5*  hours'  jour- 
ney). Products:  Tobacco,  coffee,  sugar,  manioc,  timber,  man- 
ganese. Industries :  Sugar  refineries,  distilleries.  Hotels :  Her- 
milo  Antonio  de  Moura,  Jose  Severiano  da  Trindade. 

Nazareth,  State  of  Pernambuco ;  population  of  district,  70,000 ;  on 
left  bank  of  Tracunliaem  River;  45  miles  (73  km.)  from  Pernam- 
buco, by  Recife-Cabedello  Railway;  fare,  5$300;  3  hours'  journey; 
102  miles  (164  km.)  from  Sitio,  by  Oeste  de  Minas  Railway;  fare, 
13.$000 ;  6J  hours'  journey.  Products :  Sugar,  cotton,  coffee,  cereals. 
On  Great  Western  Railway.  Tram  road  to  Conquista,  100  miles 
(162  km.)  distant.     This  place  is  noted  for  its  fairs. 

Nova  Cruz,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Norte;  population,  8,000. 
Products :  Brazilwood,  coffee,  rice,  hides.  Distant  75  miles  (120 
km.)  from  Natal,  via  Natal-Pernambuco  branch  of  Great  Western 
Railway;  fare  7$700;  time  of  trip,  6^  hours.  Also  reached  from 
Pernambuco,  187  miles  (301  km.)  distant,  by  Natal-Pernambuco 
branch  of  Great  Western  Railway;  fare,  20.$100.  Carreteras  to 
Campestre  and  Sao  Bento.     Hotel,  Eneas  Rocha. 

Nova  Frihurgo,  State  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro;  population,  20,000;  alti- 
tude, 2,875  feet;  31  miles  (50  km.)  from  Cantagallo;  reached  from 
Campos  by  Leopoldina  Railway.     Hotel,  Grand. 

Obldos,  State  of  Para ;  population  of  district,  30,000 ;  on  Amazon 
River,  595  miles  (959  km.)  fi-om  Para;  port  of  call  for  river  steam- 
ers. Products:  Cacao,  rubber,  brazil  nuts.  Industries:  Chocolate 
making,  fruit  preserving. 

Oeiras,  State  of  Piauhy ;  population  of  district,  35,000.  Products  : 
Cattle,  hides,  butter,  rubber,  cheese,  wax.  Important  trading 
center. 

Olinda,  State  of  Pernambuco;  population,  10,000;  27  miles  (45 
km.)  from  Pernambuco,  by  Great  Western  Railway;  fare,  3.$400; 
time  of  trip,  IJ  hours.  Industries:  Sugar  refineries,  tobacco  and 
cotton  factories.     Products:  Sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  cotton. 

Ouro  Pino,  State  of  Minas  Geraes ;  population,  8,000;  altitude, 
2,550  feet;  reached  from  Sao  Paulo  or  Cruzeiro  (314  miles)  by 
Sapucahy  branch  of  Federaes  Brasileiras  Railway.  Products: 
Coffee,  cereals,  sugar,  woods,  wines.  Hotels :  Paiva,  SS^,  Silva, 
Grande  Hotel  Pinheira.  Bank,  Agenda  do  Banco  de  C.  Real  de 
Minas. 


BRAZIL.  407 

Palmyra,  State  •>f  MInas  Genios ;  population  of  fllstrlot,  11.000; 
1200  miles  (8L'4  km.)  from  Rio  dc  .Inneiro.  via  (V-ntral  Uu II way  ;  fur**, 
25.$4()0;  time.  7i  hours.  I'roduct.s:  Cattle,  cereals,  cheese.  Hotels: 
15arbosa,  CVnlral,  Mindro,  rnlmyra. 

Penedo,  Slate  of  .\la::o:is ;  population  of  district.  'JO.tKH*;  of  rlty, 
1G,(MK):  on  Sao  Fraiicisio  Kiver,  .'54  miles  {r>~)  km.)  from  Its  mouth 
Products:  Sui,mi'.  colton,  cereals,  pottery.  Ucaciie<l  from  I'.ahla  by 
rcKUlar  steamsliii)  .service.     Hotels.  Alapoaiio,  Viceiicia,  l£io  Rraneo. 

Pcsqueira,  Slate  of  Perunmhueo;  population  of  district,  1»5,<X)0; 
on  Panema  River;  142  miles  (280  Urn.)  fi-om  Pi'rnamhuco,  via  <«reat 
Western  Railway;  fare,  1.").'>7IM»;  tinu',  11  hours.  Products:  Cotton, 
cereals,  hides,  ;aiava  jolly.  Hotels:  Clotario  Duque  fl'»  Silva,  Per- 
nambuco. 

Plcos,  State  of  Piauhy:  population  of  district.  20.(K»(»;  on  (Juari- 
bas  liiver  (navijrable)  ;  2!>1  miles  (4T()  kui.  >  from  Tlierezlna.  Prwl- 
ucts :  Cattle,   hides,  skins,   etc. 

Pindamonhangaba,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population  of  district. 
14.000;  (III  Parahyba  River;  105  miles  (171  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo, 
via  CJentral  Railway;  fare,  ll.i;700;  time,  4i  hours.  Products:  Cof- 
fee, sufrar,  maize.     ManufacturinR  town.     Hotel,  Central. 

Piracicaba,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  16,000;  on  Plraclcabo 
River;  122  miles  ( lf)6  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Sorocaliana  RjiII- 
way ;  fare.  IH.'^OOO ;  time,  6i  hours.  Products:  Cotton,  suirar,  coffee, 
tobacco,  manioc.  Industries:  Cotton  mills,  .sucar  refineries.  Near 
by  is  Rio  Claro,  reached  by  electric  railway.  Hotels:  (Jlardlniera. 
Central. 

Piracuruca,  State  of  Piauhy;  population  of  district,  lS,tK)0;  on 
Guaribas  River  (navigable).  Products:  Cattle,  cotton,  hides,  skins. 
wax. 

Pirahy,  State  of  Parana;  population.  7.(XW):  97  miles  (157  km.) 
from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Sao  Paulo-Rio  Grande  Railway;  fare.  13$7(X); 
time  of  trip,  5^  hours.     Products:  Cattle,  su;sir.  coiTee,  iron. 

Pirahy,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population.  2..")(h»;  on  ripht  bank 
of  Pirahy  Kiver.  Pivwlucts:  Coffei\  cereals,  suirar,  cattle.  Rail- 
road: Barra  do  Pirahy  branch  of  Fe<leraes  P)rasileiras  Railway. 
IMstant  11  miles  (18  km.)  from  Barra  do  Pirahy;  fare.  2$.")00; 
time,  li  hours. 

Pirapora,  State  of  Minas  Geraes ;  population.  7.000 ;  on  Sao  Fran- 
cisco River;  terminus  of  Central  Railway,  connecting  it  with  Hello 
Horizonte  and  Rio  de  .Janeiro;  625  ndles  (1.0(^>  km.)  from  Rio  de 
.Janeiro;  fare,  65$400.     Agricultural  district;  also  cotton  mills. 

Ponta  Grossa,  State  of  Parana;  i>oiuilation,  1.3.(XX»:  altitmlc,  2,985 
feet;  on  Tibagy  River;  its  port  is  Paranagua.  Pistant  113  miles 
(183  km.)  from  Curitiba,  via  Sao  I'aulo-Rio  (Irande  Railway;  fare. 
15$500 ;  time  of  trip,  6  hours.  Products :  Timber,  sugar,  tobacco, 
cattle,  jerked  beef.  This  is  a  railroad  junction;  several  ronds  con- 
verge here.     Hotels :  Bindo,  Palermo,  Santos. 

Porto  da  Folha,  State  of  Sergipe;  population  of  district.  12,000; 
2i  miles  (4  km.)  from  Sao  Franci.sco  River;  climate,  tropical,  ex- 
cept June  to  August,  which  period  is  very  cold.  Products:  Cattle, 
cereals,  cotton,  rice. 

Pyrenopolis,  State  of  Goyaz ;  population,  4,000;  altitude,  2.210 
feet;  on  Rio  das  Almas,  94  miles  (152  km.)  from  Goyaz.  Prod- 
144297° — 20 "^2 


498  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

ucts;  Cattle,  hides,  tobacco,  sugar,  cotton,  timber,  rubber,  precious 
stones,  gold,  silver. 

ftuarahy,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  8,000 ;  on 
Quai-ahy  River;  324  miles  (522  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  by  Great 
Southern  and  Uruguayana  Railways.  Products :  Jerked  beef, 
hides,  horns,  wool,  cattle.     Hotels :  Central,  Commercio. 

Guixada,  State  of  Ceara;  population,  6,000;  near  Titia  River;  115 
miles  (187  km.)  from  Foi'taleza,  via  Baturite  Railway;  7|  hours' 
journey;  fare,  11$400;  fare  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  10.$.500.  Hotels: 
Gervasio  Franco,  Jose  Rosendo  Silveira.  Sugar  is  an  important 
product. 

Quixeramobim,  State  of  Ceara ;  population,  10.000 ;  on  Quixera- 
mobim  River;  146  miles  (236  km.)  from  Fortaleza,  via  Baturite 
Railway,  9f  hours'  journey ;  fare  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  12$30O. 
Products:  Cotton;  cereals,  cattle.    Health  resort. 

Redempcao,  State  of  Ceara ;  population  of  district,  26,000 ;  40 
miles  (66  km.)  from  Fortaleza,  via  Baturite  Railway,  Fortaleza- 
Ica  branch.     Products :  Cotton,  coffee,  sugar. 

Kezende,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  population,  14,000 ;  on  Para- 
hvba  Rive)' ;  118  miles  ( 190  km. )  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  bv  Sao 
Paulo-Rio  Branch  of  Central  Railway;  fare,  15$800:  191  miles  (808 
km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  via  Central  Railway;  fare,  20$600;  tinae,  7^ 
hours.    Products :  Coffee,  cattle,  sugar,  butter,  cheese. 

Riachuelo,  State  of  Sergipe;  population,  9,(KX);  on  Sergipe  River; 
reached  by  steamer  or  rail  from  Aracaju,  18  miles  distant;  on 
Alagoinhas-Propria  Railway.  Products  :  Sugar,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice, 
manoc. 

Ribeirao  Preto,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  28,000;  altitude, 
1,837  feet;  on  trunk  line  of  Mogyana  Railway,  262  miles  (423  km.) 
from  Sao  Paulo;  fare,  31$500;  time,  11  hours.  Center  of  coffee- 
growing  district.     Hotels  :  Fonseca,  Simaes. 

Rio  rormoso,  State  of  Pernambuco;  population  of  district,  39,000; 
on  Formoso  River.     Products :  Sugar,  cotton,  coffee,  maize,  manioc. 

Rio  Negro,  State  of  Parana ;  population  of  district,  17,000 ;  on 
J:iio  Negro ;  port  is  Sao  Francisco ;  reached  from  Parana  and  Curi- 
tiba  by  Parana  Railway ;  steamer  service  to  Uniao  de  Victoria. 
Products:  Yerba  mate,  maize,  beans,  timber.  Distant  132  miles 
(213  km.)  from  Sao  Francisco,  by  Sao  Paulo-Rio  Grande  Railway; 
fare,  17$100;  time  of  trip,  8i  hours;  15  miles  (25  km.)  from  Bage, 
by  Rio  do  Sul  Railway;  fare,  2$000;  1  hour's  journey;  55  miles  (89 
km.)  from  Serrinha,  by  Parana  Railway;  fare,  7$500;  4  hours' 
journey. 

Santa  Cruz,  State  of  Espirito  Santo ;  population  of  district,  12,000 ; 
on  Piraguassu  River.  Products :  Iron,  copper,  sugar,  woods.  Dis- 
tant 30  miles  (48  km.)  from  Victoria,  and  34  miles  (55  km.)  from 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  Railway ;  fare,  0$900 ;  time,  1^  hours. 

Santa  Maria,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  12,000 ;  on 
Vaccacahv-Mirim  River,  331  miles  (535  km.)  from  Marcelino  Ramos, 
by  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  Railway ;  fare,  36$800 ;  time,  20  hours ;  199 
miles  (320  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  by  Uruguayana  Railway;  63 
miles  (102  km.)  from  Porto  Sapucahy,  via  Rede-Sul-Mineira  (Linha 
Fluvial).  Also  reached  from  Bage  and  Rio  Grande.  Products: 
Rice,  wine,  timber,  coal,  fruit.     Hotels:  Hamburg,  AUianca,  Cen- 


KRAZIL.  499 

tral,   Muller,   Pftri«?,    Vinjanics-.     liiiiiks:    Banco  do   Omin<»rHo  do 
Porto  Ak'Kit' ;  Rnnco  (l;i  I'mviiicia  du  \Un  Craiide. 

Santa  Maria  Magdalena,  Stat*'  of  lUo  d<'  Jiiiifiro;  itopulutlon, 
l.oOO;  109  inilos  (.TJl  Uiii. )  fn.m  Nlctlicroy,  by  Santa  Mahii  Mapla- 
lena  branch  of  Leoi»oldiiia  Railway;  fare.  2r)$9<HJ;  time,  llj  botirs. 
Products:  Co(Te«',  aiciianliontc,  cattle,  poidlry,  e«Ks.  Hotels;  Dar- 
cilio  Lima.  Joao  A.  da  Rocha. 

Santarem,  Statf  of  Tara ;  i)oi)ulation.  O.OUO;  on  rlj?ht  hank  of 
Tapajos  River,  at  contluctico  wilh  Amazon;  ellmab*.  <lry.  Products : 
Cacao,  caoutcliouc.  siipar,  catth".  riiblxM-,  vaidlla,  tish.  Port  of  i-all 
for  Lloyd  Brasileiro.  Conipauhia  d«>  ('ouiinrrclo  a  NavrKucnn,  an<l 
tiie  Amazon  River  Co.  Distant  310  ndles  (r>(K)  kni.)  from  Para,  by 
river.  Important  commercial  center.  Hotels:  O.  Castello,  V.  iia.'^- 
tos  &  Co.,   Pen.sao,  p-aniiliar. 

Santo  Amaro.  State  of  IJahia  ;  population  of  district,  2.S,0<«>.  Pnnl- 
uct.s :  SuKar,  si)irits.  Industries:  Susar  rettneries,  distilleries,  soap 
factories,  foundries.     Reached  from  .lacu  by  Sanio  .Viiiar..  Railway. 

Sao  Carlos  de  Pinhal.  State  of  Sao  Patilo;  p«»ptdatloii,  l."(.()()(>;  alti. 
tude,  2,702  fe«'t ;  on  Moiiiroliidio  River,  HVJ  ndles  (272  km.)  from 
Sao  Paulo.  Reached  by  Rio  Claro  se<tion  of  Sao  I'aulo  Railway; 
fare,  20$200;  time  of  trip,  Qi  hours.  Products:  Coffee,  sugrar, 
tobacco,  cere.ils,  cattle. 

Sao  Cristovao,  State  of  Serjcipe;  inipulation  of  district,  14,(XX);  on 
Alapoinhas-Propria  Railway,  12  miles  (20  km. )  from  Aracuju. 
Products:  Supar,  fruits,  cereals,  salt,  coconut  oil.  Situated  on 
Parampopona   River. 

Sao  Felix,  State  of  Bahia  ;  population,  8,000;  seaport  on  Para- 
fruassu  River,  opposite  CoclKHMra  ;  on  Centriil  Railway,  KW  miles 
(257  km.)  from  Machada  I'ortella ;  fare,  18.$r^X».  Pn^luctt.:  To- 
bacco, supar,  coffee,  cereals.  Industry,  ciffar  making.  Hotel,  Fred- 
erico  Dantas.     P)aiik,  Plinio  Moscoso  «&  Co. 

Sao  Fldelis,  State  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro;  ])opulatlon.  4.500;  on  Para- 
hyba  River ;  bridf^e  to  Lucca,  station  on  I.eoix)ldiiia  Railway.  Prod- 
ucts: Mica,  timber,  cattle,  sucar.  IHstaiit  31  miles  (.">0  km.1  from 
Campos  and  202  miles  (32.")  km.)  from  Nictheroy,  on  the  Campos 
Miracema  branch  of  Leopoldlna  Railway;  fare,  27$(KK);  time,  10 
hours.     Hotel,  I'.iaiidao.  w». 

Sao  Francisco.  State  of  Santa  Catbarinn;  poiadntion,  1(J.0<X);  n 
port  on  Sao  Francisco  Islan<l.  20.S  miles  (327  km.)  from  Canoinbas, 
via  Sao  Paulo-Rio  Grande  Railway;  time,  14  hour.s.  Products: 
Rice,  yerba  mat«^.  manioc.  Hour,  a^aiardiente.  I'ort  of  call  for 
Navegacao  Costeira ;  Lloyd  Brasileiro;  Companhla  de  Xavipacao. 

Sao  Gabriel,  State  of  Rio  tJraiule  do  Sul :  population,  8.0<10;  on 
Vacocoliy  River;  117  miles  flOO  km.)  from  Santa  Maria,  via  Santa 
Maria-Frnguaynna  Railway,  7  hours'  ioiirney  :  2.sO  ndl«s  <  4.">2  km.) 
from  Porto  Aletrre,  and  80  miles  (13(>  km.)  from  P.ijn' :  on  Anxiliares 
Linho  Rio  Urupuay  (Uruguay  River  branch)  of  Brazil  Railway. 
Hotels:  Pr.ido,  Grande.  Banks:  Filial  do  Banco  Pelotense;  Banco 
Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

Sao  Joao  da  Barra,  State  of  Rio  de  .Janeiro;  population.  C,,(tCtO;  on 
Parahyba  River,  2A  miles  (4  km.)  from  its  month;  2!^  ndles  (40 
km.)  from  Campos,  and  10r>  miles  (31"»  km.)  from  Nicther«»y,  via 
Campista  branch  of  I^opoldina  Riiilway:  fare,  2()."?20<J.  Port  of  call 
for  (Tompanhia  de  Navegacao  Sao  Joao  da  Barra.     Products:  Supar, 


500  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

coffee,  rice,  coal,  manioc.  Hotels :  Julia  Franco,  Ludomiro  Diaz. 
T'edro  Henrique  Garcia. 

Sao  Joao  d'el  Rey,  State  of  Minas  Geraes ;  population,  20,000 ; 
altitude.  2,800  feet;  on  left  bank  of  Mortes  River,  161  miles  (260 
km.)  from  Bello  Horizonte  (10-hour  trip),  287  miles  (4G3  km.)  from 
Rio  de  Janeiro  (12-liour  trip),  and  02  miles  (100  km.)  from  Sitio 
(3i-hour  trip,  fare  7$900).  On  Oeste  de  Minas  Railway,  Central 
branch.  Products :  Coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  cereals,  cattle.  Indus- 
tries: Tanning,  textile  and  other  factories.  Bank,  Custodio  Almeida 
Magalhaes  &  Co.     Hotels :  Oeste  de  Minas,  Brasil,  Das  Familias. 

Sao  Jose  de  Mipibu,  Rio  Grande  do  Norte;  population,  3,000;  on 
left  bank  of  Trahiry  River.  Products  :  Sugar,  cotton,  cattle,  cereals. 
Distant  23  miles  (38  km.)  from  Natal,  via  Independencia  branch  of 
Great  Western  Railway,  2J  hours'  journey;  237  miles  (381  km.) 
from  Parahyba,  by  Cabedello  &  Natal  Railway;  fare,  14$500;  5^ 
hours'  journey,  Carretera  to  Caida. 

Sao  Jose  do  Rio  Pardo,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  6,000;  on 
Pardo  River.  Products :  Coffee,  rice,  wheat,  sugar,  cotton.  On 
Mococa  branch  of  Mogyana  Railway  to  Santos  and  Sao  Paulo,  193 
miles  (312  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo;  fare,  27$100;  time,  8J  hours. 
Bank :  Banco  Francesca  e  Italiana  per  1' America  del  Sud.  Hotels : 
Brasil,   Paulista. 

Sao  Leopoldo,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  population,  7,500;  21 
miles  (33  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  via  Brazil  Railway  Co.,  fare. 
4.$100;  time,  li  hours;  220  miles  (356  km.)  from  Santa  Maria,  by 
Santa  Maria-Porto  Alegre  Railway.  Products:  Coal,  ja.sper,  chal- 
cedony.    Hotel,  Kock. 

Sao  Luis  de  Caceres,  State  of  Matto  Grosso ;  population,  5,000 ;  on 
Paraguay  River;  150  miles  (241  km.)  from  Cuyaba,  reached  by 
steamers.  I'roducts :  Rubber,  medicinal  plants,  cattle,  hides.  Hotel, 
l^lite.     Bank.  Jose  Dulce  &  Co. 

Sao  Matheus,  State  of  Espirito  Santo;  population  of  district, 
12,000;  on  Sao  Matheus  River;  river  steamer  service.  Products: 
Coffee,  sugar,  cocoa,  maize,  rice,  timber,  gold,  pi-ecious  stones. 

Sao  Miguel,  State  of  Alagoas ;  population,  5,000 ;  on  right  bank  of 
San  Miguel  River ;  port  for  small  vessels.  Products :  Sugar  and 
cotton.     Center  of  an  agricultural  district  near  the  coast. 

Sao  Vicente,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  6,090;  5  miles  (8 
km.)  from  Santos  and  51  miles  (82  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  via 
Soxithern  Sao  Paulo  Railway. 

SaDucaia,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population  of  district,  12,000; 
IG  miles  (26  km.)  from  Porto  Alegre,  via  Central  Railway;  fare, 
o$400;  time  1  hour.  Products:  Coffee,  aguardiente,  cereals,  cnttlv. 
coal. 

Serpa,  See  Itacoatiara. 

Serra,  State  of  Espirito  Santo;  population,  6,000;  altitude,  220 
feet;  47  miles  (76  km.)  from  Rio  de  Janeiro,  by  Central  Railway; 
fare.  6$800;  1*  hours'  journey;  6  miles  (10  km.)  from  Jacarahype; 
262  miles  (423  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  ))y  Sa<i  Paulo  Railway;  fare, 
27.$600;  11  hours'  journey.  Products:  Coffee,  silver,  graphite, 
copper. 

Sertaozinho,  State  of  Sao  Paulo;  population,  7,000;  altitude,  1,750 
feet.      Products:   Sugar,   cotton,  tobacco,   rice.      Distant  276  miles 


BRAZII,.  501 

(445  km.)   fniiu  Sao  I'auin,  on  Spit:i«tsiuhn  branrli  <.f  Monyjiuu  Uall- 
vvay  ;  fare,  33$;i(Ki;  time.  14  hours. 

Sete  Lagoas.  Siatc  ol  .Minas  (Urat's;  iMnmlatloii.  (UXM>:  ..n  Kio  ♦Ins 
Vellias:  ntJ  miles  (VK»  liui.  (  fi-Dm  Hello  llorizom*. ;  424  mill's  (GH4 
km.)  from  Rio  do  Janeiro,  via  Central  liailway  ;  fare,  48$400.  I'nxl- 
lUts:  (loffee.  supu-.  iron.  koUI.     Hotels:  I  Mummomj.  (Jiiiiii<|ulin.  (}||, 

Sobral,  State  of  tV-ara  ;  pninilalion  of  dlstriet,  «U'i.<HH»;  on  Arneuhu 
River;  '^i  miles  (87  km.)  fn»m  Ipii  and  7'.)  miU-s  (  12S  km.  i  from 
Camocim,  by  Sobral  Railway;  fare,  8$700;  time,  6  hours.  I»ro<l- 
ticts:  Cattle,  cotton,  maiiiuc,  tohacio,  iiud»er.  Hotels:  1".  Hante, 
Sinhasiiiha,  Saboya.  Fraiuisi-o  Rutiuo. 

Sorocaba,  State  of  Sao  I'aulo;  |i..pulati«>n,  20,0<X);  altitudi-,  1.770 
feet;  on  left  bank  of  Soroeaba  River:  ds  ndles  (llo  km.  i  from  Sa<» 
Paulo,  via  Sorocabana  Railway;  fare.  10$800;  time  of  trip.  3J  hours. 
Products:  Cott<ni,  minerals,  limber,  sucir,  cereals,  nolii,  coffee. 
Industries:  Weavinj:  and  kinitim:  of  cotton  cloth.  ImiM>rtaut  <-uttle 
market.     Cattle  fairs  are  held. 

Souza,  State  of  Parahyba  :  ix)pulation,  2.000;  on  rljrht  bank  of 
I'fixe  River;  climate,  dry  and  healthful.  Pro<lucts :  Cotton,  sugar, 
<*'reals,  wax. 

Taquary,  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul ;  iK»pulation.  2.0<X1;  steamboat 
service  to  .Tacuhy,  Tacnhy.  and  Porto  Alegre.  Pro<lucts :  Sugar, 
bacon,  yerba  mat#,  tobacco,  cereals. 

Taubate,  State  of  Sao  I'aulo;  population,  18,00<1;  m  mil.-s  (ir>4 
km.)  from  Sao  Paulo,  by  Central  Railway;  fare.  li».vr»«10;  time  of 
trip,  3i  houiM.  Products:  CoftiM>.  cottnn,  supir,  coal.  etc.  Hotels: 
Pereira.   Central.   Lino,   Torino. 

Therezopolis,  State  of  I{ii>  dc  .l:incin»:  p.ipnl.iti'in.  .".«¥)»);  reacheil 
from  Rio  by  Therezoi>olis-  Railway;  fare.  0$0<H);  time.  .1  hours. 
Pritducts:  Wines  and  fruits.  Hotels:  Anthero  Bessa,  Hygino.  Julio 
Magouron. 

Uberaba,  State  (f  Jlinas  (Jeraes;  population,  l.'..("»0<>;  altitude. 
2,300  feet;  on  Rio  do  Prato ;  444  miles  (71.")  km.)  from  Sao  Paulo, 
via  M(jjr,vana  Railway;  fare.  4«!$;^(i0.  Products:  Cattle,  piys.  cvreaN, 
diamonds.  Bank:  Banco  de  Cre<1ito  Real  de  Mina.  Hotels: 
Carvalho,  Jose  David  &  Co.,  Rosa  de  Moraes.  do  Commerclo. 

Valenca.  State  of  P.aliia  ;  population  of  di^triri.  ;{(I.(mk»;  at  mouth 
of  I'na  River;  reached  from  Babia  by  .steamer.  Prinlucts;  Rice, 
cacao,  coffee,  tobacco,  suirar,  spirits,  Hour.  Industries:  Shipbulhl- 
ing,  textile  mills,  suirar  retiiieries,  iron  works. 
.  Valenca.  State  of  Hio  de  Janeiro;  pojiulation.  4.000;  altitude.  67."i 
feet;  98  miles  (ir»7  km.)  from  Rio  de  .laneiro.  by  Central  Railway; 
fare.  ]3.$400;  time  of  trip.  4i  hours.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar, 
cereals,   cattle.     Hotels:   Centnil,   Italia.   Brasil. 

Vassouras,  State  of  Rio  de  Janeiro;  population.  12.0<^);  near  Para- 
hyba River,  3  miles  (5  km.)  from  railway  station  (Central  Rail- 
road) ;  93  miles  (1.50  km.)  from  llio  de  Janein*.  by  Central  Rail- 
road; fare,  lO-^lOO:  time,  7i  hours.  Products:  Coffee,  sugar,  hemp. 
Hotels:  A.  I.eite  de  Souza,  A,  de  Oliveira  Rocha,  .\rtliur  Pereira 
da  Silva,  D.  Corina  Costa. 

Vicosa,  State  of  Ceai-a  :  i)opiihition  of  di.strict.  47.<X)0:  altitude, 
2.600  feet;  60  miles  (97  km.)  from  Maceio.  via  Centr.il  Railway  of 
Alagoas;  240  miles  (386  km.)   from  Praia  Formoza.  by  Leopoldlna 


502  GUIDE   TO   LATIN    AMERICA. 

Railway ;  fare,  34$700 ;  time,  6^  hours.     Exports  through  Camocim, 
on  Parahyba  River.    Products :  Cotton,  hides,  rice,  coffee. 

Victoria,  State  of  Pernambuco;  population  of  district,  12,000;  ou 
Tapacora  River;  32  miles  (51  km.)  from  Pernambuco,  by  Pernam- 
buco branch  of  Great  Western  Railway ;  fare,  3$800 ;  time,  2^  hours. 
Products :  Cereals,  flour,  vegetables.  Hotels :  M.  Furtado  da  Silva, 
P.  Jose  Alvarez,  P.  Goncalvez. 


Appendix  1.— TRADE  STATISTICS. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

GUATEMALA. 

Imports  into  Guatemala  by  Countbies  of  Origin,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


1912 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Uniteil  States 

United  Kingdom. 

Franco 

Mexico 

Spain 

China  and  Japan. 

Netherlands 

Sweden 

Italy 

Central  America.. 

Cuba 

Germany 

Jamaica 

Belgium 

South  America. . . 
Other  coimtries. . . 


$4, 532, 361 
1,739,589 
436, 882 
135, 971 
115,934 
307,937 
401 


$5,053,060 
1,650,387 
402,025 
113,578 
111,475 
305, 151 
1,713 


$4,879,200 
1,389,645 
317, 631 
104,207 
131,234 
221,463 
26,328 


96,496 

44,075 

3,728 

2,250,862 

847 

146,431 

2,061 

8,887 


125,316 

29,768 

2,094 

2,043,329 

75 

121,543 

98,599 

4,215 


123,005 

35,176 

2,525 

1, 842, 738 

955 

171,508 

28, 525 

56,975 


$3,751,761 

577,206 

124,492 

107,349 

77,528 

78,786 

87,825 

32, 170 

55,964 

2,931 

5,318 

146,053 

1,114 

10, 57S 

4,119 

9,282 


$6,535,407 
1,320,994 

186.893 

162, 673 

94,206 

47,953 

47,410 

45,611 

42,763 

13,309 

12,086 

6,211 

5,941 

1,235 

olOO 

16,502 


Total . 


9,822,462 


10,062,328 


9,331,115 


5, 072, 476 


68,5.39,294 


o  Kcuador  only. 

6  The  customs  valuations  of  imports  for  1916  amounted  to  only  $6,72.'),f>0l,  to  which  in 
the  tabic  above  has  been  added  25  per  cent  ($l,G81,4i31),  an  estimate  of  the  Dire^i-tor  Ceuerol 
of  Statistics,  Dr.  Ubico,  to  cover  ocean  freiidits,  insurance,  commissions,  and  other  like 
clmrees.  On  over  80  per  cent  of  imports  from  Mexico  ($132,292  out  of  $162,673),  received 
by  the  overland  routes,  the  25  per  cent  has  not  been  added. 

Exports  from  GuATEitALA  by  Countries  of  Destination,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

Netherlands 

Sweden 

British  Honduras. 
Central  America.. 

Germnny 

trnitc<l  Kingdom. 

Italy 

South  America. . . 

Mexico 

Spain 

Denmark 


1912 


$3,863,829 
54,779 


251,. 553 

53,282 

6, 975, 006 

1, 458, 498 

11,310 

173,  782 

47,311 

8,247 


1913 


$3, 923, 3.>1 
47,632 


257,077 

71,234 

7, 653,  557 

1,600,029 

506 

264,056 

77, 970 

4,734 


1914 


$4,874,379 

172,417 

19,999 

230,800 

149,608 

5, 412, 580 

1,245,906 

6,678 

98,114 

137, 252 

6,799 


1913 


$6,8.81,411 

1,771,241 

550,903 

272,334 

132,835 

60,237 

1,049,937 

45. 848 

3.57. 901 

145.667 

23.012 

204,043 


1916 


$8, 668. 574 
947,042 
24.5. 183 
147.647 
lOS.ilO 
91,6,58 

8<>,  a><7 

74,933 
74.473 
72.169 
47,569 
.35, 837 

503 


504 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

GUATEMALA— Continued. 


'OxpoRTS   FROM    Guatemala   by   Countries    of    Destination,    1912- 
1916— Continued. 


Countries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

Norway 

$61,390 

18 

212 

o2, 250 

5,897 

149 

1,138 

$11  003 

Cuba 

8977 
909 

$5 
34, 185 

6  619 

$21, 208 
71 

8.37 
ao 

China  and  Japan 

Switzerland 

Austria-Hungary 

215, 104 
2,295 
18, 585 

20, 950 

514, 213 
2,593 
1,332 

10, 300 

306, 165 
2,123 

45,  718 

11,359 

Canada 

Belgium 

Exports  through  the  fron- 
tiers   of    Salvador    and 
Honduras 

10,151 

19  710 

Total 

13, 156,  537 

14,449,926 

12, 754, 027 

11,566,586 

10,637,886 

a  Japan  only. 


Imports  into  Guatemala  by  Prikcipal  Articles,  1914-1916. 


Articles. 


Cotton  textiles  and  manufactures: 

Drill 

Yarn- 
Bleached   or  unbleached . , 

Red 

Other 

Spool  thread 

Knit  goods 

Muslin — 

Unbleached 

Bleached 

Dyed 

Prints 

Tissues,  figured  or  t\villed 

Tissues,  plain 

Cotton,  raw 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures: 

Iron  tubing  and  accessories . . . 

Ornamental  iron  work 

Galvanized  iron  for  roofing 

Household  utensils 

Sewing  macliines. . .  / 

Typewriters 

Fence  wire 

Nails 

Electrical  apparatus 

Machinery  and  accessories 

Tools  for  arts  and  trades 

Preserved  foods 

Rice 

Barley 

Confectionery 

Lard.., 

Indian  com 


19!4 

1915 

1916 

$217,623 

$98, 918 

8215,029 

96,433 

61,935 

135,792 

43,987 

12,133 

53,042 

30,427 

16,145 

57,780 

65,289 

47,335 

76,571 

83,182 

33,566 

49, 178 

101,785 

194,096 

291,006 

79,025 

49,328 

103,203 

81,963 

23,265 

68,392 

145,911 

51,817 

304, 168 

57,717 

17,190 

44,211 

89,841 

31,266 

87,907 

12,928 

100,451 

,53,158 

18,557 

9,879 

48,507 

40,970 

26,502 

34,235 

101,147 

26,382 

44,910 

71,594 

11,079 

30,000 

48,672 

11,182 

14,236 

19,368 

17,156 

31,814 

27, 014 

11,. 569 

35,550 

16,357 

4,401 

23,094 

67, 891 

33,590 

53,364 

281, 185 

83,732 

140,689 

106,996 

21,816 

44,712 

107,955 

46,638 

55,960 

28,839 

34,128 

15,213 

8,160 

27,370 

31,199 

23,798 

9,397 

18,036 

13,828 

67,327 

65,893 

117,004 

187,411 

12,939 

TRADE   STATISTICS. 

GUATEMALA— Continued. 


505 


Imports  into  Guatkmala  hy  I'uinoipai.  Abticler, 
C<»!i  tinned. 


1 014-1 01  r>- 


Articlcs. 


Wirip^  and  liquors: 

Spirits  and  liquors 

\vincs: — 
Re<l. 

White  and  full  bodied . 
Sparklinj; 

Beer 

Xews-print  paper 

Skins,  tanned  and  dressed 

Automobiles  and  accessories 

Oils,  lubricating 

Cement 

Bags,  empty,  o(  jute,  pita,  or  henequen. 

Perfumery. 

Paraffin  linmauuiactured 

Matches 

Stearine 

Odd  in  dust,  ingots,  or  coined 


1914 

1915 

1910 

$«7,09K 

$.W,712 

$106,071 

33,2o7 

IS,  324 

27,9.5.5 

54,227 

27, 2(»9 

46,792 

28,102 

2,934 

23,00tl 

73,141 

IS.S'JO 

43,H78 

2.1,711 

16,22! 

34,074 

71,829 

54,  lO/i 

122,2.Vi 

54,421 

17,690 

55,413 

16,386 

6,593 

\7,irA 

33,995 

ll,Tf.O 

23,532 

183,173 

239,306 

269,129 

38,619 

15,22.5 

34,  .560 

7,730 

IK, 213 

3:i,024 

46,2.56 

60. 4.r2 

49,34.5 

52,872 

31. 1«? 

39.0^S 

556,650 

209,100 

1S>5,000 

Imports  by  ports,  in  1916,  were  as  follows:    Puerto  Barrios,  $5,136,079;  Champcrico, 
$795,132;  San  Jose,  $540,898;  Liviugston,  $239,509;  Ocos,  $13,9S3. 

ImPOUT.S      into     GUATEXMALA     by     f 'lasses     of     (IoOUS     and      I^KINCIl'U. 

Countries,  1914-1916. 


Classes  of  articles  and  countries. 


Cotton  textiles  and  manufactures 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Germany 

Italy 

France 

Spain 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Food  products 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Central  America 

Germany 

South  .Vmerica-. 

Railway  material 

Umted  States 

Belgium 

Wheat  flour 

United  States 


,089,105 

596,813 

311,111 

286,073 

36,729 

23,865 

20,685 

515,517 

284,569 

149,482 

65,909 

545,087 

234,777 

43,9.57 

24,2.53 

85,041 

18,676 

423,226 

390,096 

32, 182 

509, 2sO 

507,713 


$7.58,570 

241,848 

4.55,540 

25,8.84 

21,437 

1,%0 

1,672 

121,198 

86,796 

10,040 

11,458 

53S,236 

488,350 

17,787 

1,528 

2, 145 


$1.67t>,030 

701,449 

952, 0*6 

1,500 

10,a53 

2,061 

6,400 

348,327 

323, 149 


22,9N> 

488,073 

397, 163 

39,  .521 

12,06.8 

776 


612,809 
612,809 


506  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

BRITISH  HONDURAS. 

Imports  from  the  United  States  by  Articles,  1916. 


Articles. 


Value. 


Articles. 


Value. 


Aerated  water 

Agricultural  implements . 

Ammunition 

Bacon  and  hams 

Beef,  salted 

Books,  printed 

Boots  and  shoes 

Building  materials: 

Doors,  sashes,  blinds. 

Lime  and  cement 

Roofing,  iron 

Butter  and  substitutes. . . 

Candies 

Cheese 

Chiuch  supplies 

Cigarettes 

Coal  and  coke 


Confectionery 

Com  (maize) 

Dnigs  and  chemicals 

Earthen  and  glass  ware. . . 

Fertilizers 

Firearms 

Fish,  sal  ted 

Flour 

Foodstuffs,  miscellaneous . 
Fruit  and  vegetables: 

Canned 

Fresh 

Fumitvire 

Haberdashery 

Hardware  and  cutlery 

Harness  and  saddlery 

Hats  and  caps 

Hay 

Jewelry  and  plate 

Lard  and  compounds 

Leather 

Lumber: 

Dressed 

Rough 


$2,064 
1,722 
7,323 
24,705 
11,323 
3,230 
119,895 

3,988 
2,849 

14, 759 

27,282 
3,694 

15,958 
3,572 
4,022 
7,438 

16,062 
8,210 
9,248 

38,032 
9,799 
1,102 
2,410 
7,699 
162,343 

51,970 

54,272 
19,088 

8, 8.59 
13,847 
46, 237 

2, 157 
15, 823 

2,952 

3,764 
56,  .596 

2,039 

19,217 
14, 737 


Machinery $25, 144 

-        -  6,981 

21,564 

6,101 

48,125 

4,200 

7.156 


Matches. 

Meats,  canned 

Military  goods 

Milk  condensed 

Musical  instruments 

Oats  and  feedstuffs 

Oils: 

Mineral- 
Fuel 

Gasoline 

High-test 

Vegetable,  etc 

Paints  and  varnishes 

Perfumery 

Piece  goods,  cotton  and  silk . 

Pork 

Poultry 

Railway  materials 

Rice 

Rope  and  twine 

Salt 

Sewing  machines 

Ship  chandlery 


Spirits  and  beverages: 

Beer,  porter,  cider 

Whisky 

Other 

Stationery,  etc 

Sugar 

Tanks  and  vats 

Telephone  supplies 

Tobacco,  leaf 

Toys 

Tnicks,  lumbering 

AVearing  apparel 

Wooden  and  wicker  ware. 

Woolen  goods 

All  other  articles 


Total 1,583,650 


22,065 

29,258 

25,956 

7,920 

10,496 

13,302 

107,707 

102,249 

1,288 

16,669 

16,245 

13,934 

2,227 

2,471 

5,557 

16,553 

5,764 
9,373 
7,057 
6,675 
5,636 
4,124 
2,161 

14,274 
2,108 
4,094 

69, 134 

1,610 

2,928 

116,928 


j^OTE  —In  addition  to  the  above,  goods  were  imported  from  Great  Britain  to  the  value 
of  $430  345-  British  colonies,  $30,359;  and  other  countries  (chiefly  goods  in  transit),  $645,952. 
Totalimports  in  1916  were  valued  at  $2,690,306,  a  gain  of  $561 ,303  over  the  previous  year. 


TRADK  STATISTICS. 

HONDURAS. 


507 


Imports   into   HoMitiiAs   in    ('oi'ntkiks   ok   Obioin,    I'iscai     Ykaks 

1911-1})15. 


Countries. 


United  States 

Unitetl  Kingdom. 
Central  America. . 

Germany 

France 

Spain 

Italy 

Belk^ium 

Mexico 

Japan 

Other  countries... 


1910-11 


$2,524,133 

500,029 

52,310 

300,685 

97,771 

26,987 

16,704 

12,661 

13,054 

8,098 

8,507 


1911-12 


$2,891,838 

585,008 

69, 426 

487,969 

190,  .382 

30,343 

21,614 

22,566 

6,422 

7,071 

5,675 


1912-13 


$3,46;j,r>62 

751,652 

97,960 

558,327 

148,280 

45,857 

32,842 

12,418 

5,639 

11,800 

4,242 


Total '    3,560,939  '    4,317,314       5,132,679       6,624,930 


1913-14 


$.■;,  262,013 

496,205 

94,701 

521,837 

141,698 

33,901 

42,942 

9,381 

1,750 

17,249 

3,323 


1914-15 


$5,177,000 

327,000 

113,000 

96,000 

55,000 

31,000 

25,000 

(«) 

(») 

6,000 

44,000 


5,874,000 


a  Included  in  "Other  countries." 

Note.— Gold  premium  averaged  :w  follows:  1910-11,  100;  1911-12,  1912-13,  and  1913-14, 
150;  1914-15,  175. 

Exports   from   Honduras   by   CorNTRiE.s   of   Destination,   Frsc.\L 
Years  1911-1915. 


Countries. 

1910-11 

1911-12 

1912-13 

1913-14 

1914-15 

United  States 

Pesos  silver. 

6,732,567 

430,  742 

108,796 

Pesos  silver. 

6,805,023 

331,482 

177,568 

Pesos  silver. 

6,913,706 

416,619 

141,395 

329 

424,367 

28,990 

12,519 

10,265 

4,2:}1 

Pesos  silver. 

7,435,240 

553,  .358 

133,380 

300 

■111,467 

Pesos  silrrr. 
8,362  750 

146,999 

United  Kingdom 

38,500 

Italy ' 

11,000 

268,991 

321,890 

50,060 

4,542 

3,420 

6,460 

1  9.^^ 

Peru...." 

5, 790            (a^ 

France 

7,220 
1,.500 
12,000 

9,6.32 
4,160 

^"^750 

Mexico 

Other  coiinrrift"! 

Total 

7,561,816 

7,700,445 

7,952,421 

8,553,327 

8,640,932 

Value  in   United   States 
jtold 

83,024,726 

$3,080,178 

$3,180,968 

$3,421,331 

$3, 142, 157 

a  Included  in  "Other  countries. 


508 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

HONDURAS— Continued. 


Imports  into  Hondubas  by  Ahticles  and  I'uincipal  C'ottntbies  of 
Okigin,  1914-15. 


Articles  and  countrip; 
origin. 


Animals 

United  States 

Arms  and  ammunition 

United  States 

Automobiles 

United  States 

Breadstufls: 

Com 

United  States 

Rice 

United  States 

Germany 

Flour 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

All  other  breadstuffs 

United  States 

Buttons 

Germany 

United  States 

Candles 

United  States 

Germany 

United  ICingdom 

Cement 

United  States 

Chemicals,    drugs,    dyes,    and 

medicines ." 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Clocks,  watches,  and  parts 

United  States 

Coal: 

United  States 

Copper 

United  States 

Cotton,  and  manufactures  of: 

Cloth 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Germany 

Fiance 

Clothing 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Thread 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Germany 

All  other  cotton,  and  man- 
ufactures of 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Dairy  products 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 


58,387 
25,213 
19,140 


Articles  and  countries  of 
origin. 


Earthen  and  china  wai-e  and 

porcelain 

United  States 

Germany 

Electrical  goods 

United  States , 

Germany 

Explosives , 

United  States 

Fibers,  manufactures  of 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Fish,  cured  or  preserved 

United  States 

Germany 

Fruits,  canned  or  preserved 

United  States 

Glass  and  glassware 

Uiuted  States 

Germany , 

Hats  and  caps 

United  States 

Germany 

Hay  and  forage , 

"United  States 

Instruments,  scientific 

United  States 

Germany 

Iron  and  sleel,   and  manufac- 
tiu-es  of: 
Bars,  rods,  plates,  castings, 

structural,  etc 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Cutlery 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Domestic    ware,  including 

enamel 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Machinery 

United  States 

Germany 

United  Kingdom 

Rails 

United  States 

Tools  and  implements 

United  States 

Germany 

United  iCingdom 

Wire 

United  States 

.'V 11  other  manufactures 

United  States 


Value. 


Germany 

United  Kingdom. 


$14, 179 
10,949 

1,735 
27,656 
26,693 
963 
75,078 
75,069 
29,952 
25,872 

3,358 
24,600 
20,3.54 

1,340 
29,383 
25,960 
37,370 
31,925 

3,704 
29,914 
21,688 

1,326 
25,937 
25,937 

7,614 

.5,536 

1,867 


278,129 

268,201 

1,652 

8,251 

25,349 

19,180 

2,762 

3,027 

30,818 

24,90^ 

3,894 

1,856 

281,992 

272,627 

1,703 

5,639 

61,492 

61,492 

66,731 

63,892 

532 

2,008 

61,651 

61, 479 

124, 156 

118, 739 

1,234 

3,409 


TIL\I)K   STATISTICS. 

HONDURAS— Cont  iinuMl. 


509 


iMrOKTS    INTO    HONUURAS    BY    ARIUKES    AND    I'KlNMirAl.    < 'orNTItlKS    l)K 

Obioin,  1914-15— Continued. 


Articles  and  pountries  of 
urigin. 


Jewelry 

United  Kingdom 

Oermanv 

United  States 

Mexico 

Leather,  and  manufactures  of: 

Boots  and  shoes 

I'niied  States 

I.c-.it  her  and  tamied  sluns. . . 

Initcd  States 

(icrnmnv 

I'nited  Kingdom 

.Ml  other 

I  nited  States 

I'nited  Kingdom 

Germany 

Matches " 

United  States 

Germany 

Meat  products 

United  States 

Musical  iiistriinionts 

Unitcil  St.ites 

Germany 

Oib: 

Animal 

United  States 

Mineral 

United  States 

Vegetable 

United  States 

Paints  and  varnishes 

United  States 

Germany 

Papter ,  and  riiauu  fact  I  ires  of : 
Books  and  printed  matter. . 

I'niied  States 

Writijig,  glazed,  .inl  blank 

books 

United  States 

(icrmany 

NewspaperaTid  all  other 

I'nited  Slates 

Germany 

Perfumery  and  toilet  prepara- 
tions . . ." 

United  States 

Germany 

France 

Railroad  cars 

United  States 

■Rubber  and  manufactures  of 

United  States 

Silk,  manufai  tures  of: 

Cloth 

United  States 

,    Clothing 

United  States 

Germany 

All  other  manufactures 

United  States 


Articles  and  countries  of 
origin. 


Value. 


Soar 


13,999 

13,  S38 
70,070 
T4,5S3 
24,444 
20,018 
27,944 
27,284 
5 

13.790 
10,855 

2S933 
20,117 

3,  .S48 
35,922 
27,380 

4,539 

10,380 
13,376 
866 
1,713 
99,034 
98, 378 
12,280 
11,714 

4,G53 
1,705 
19,383 
IS,  731 
374 
12,598 
12,133 


United  States 

Sugar,  chocolate,  and  confection- 
ery  

United  States 

Central  A meriea 

United  Kingdom 

Salt 

United  States , 

Spices 

United  States 

Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of 

United  States , 

Toys 

United  States 

Germany 

Vegetables,  preserved  and  nat- 
ural state 

United  States 

V^ehicles,  bicycles,  etc 

United  States 

Wines,  liquors,    and    bottled 
waters: 

Beer 

United  States 

Germany 

Mineral  waters 

United  States 

Germany 

Spirits 

United  States 

Germany 

France 

Wines 

United  States 

Germany 

France 

Wood ,  and  manuJactures  of : . . . 

Furniture 

United  States 

Germany 

Lumber 

United  States 

All  other  manufactures 

United  States 

Gerinany 

Wool,  manufactiires  of: 

Cloth 

United  Kingdoin. 

Germanv 

I'nited  States...... — 

aothing 

United  States. . .... . .., 

Miscellaneous 

United  States 

Germanv 

United  Kingdom 

.\11  other  countries 


S35,218 
34,271 

125,741 

35,598 

87,23>> 

2,65s 

8,071 

7,797 

10,36U 

8,9«W 

20,520 

13,436 

4,746 

4,041 

506 

87,3.52 
82,844 
:U,928 
24,907 


49,196 

42,188 

2,730 

6,119 

3,711 

540 

65,062 

35,566 

2,419 

13,095 

48,370 

19,340 

8,538 

5,G09 

24,464 

23,013 

941 

035,030 

634,778 

2>..  436 

■■.T97 

;;i4 

10,856 

9,7S2 

-479 

7,713 

3.200 

2,526 

113.793 

133,453 

5,676 

1.789 

12. S75 


510  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

SALVADOR. 

Imports  into  Salvador   by  Countries,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States . . . 
United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Japan 

Sweden 

Netherlands 

China 

Denmark 

Mexico 

Switzerland 

Germany 

Belgimn , 

Austria-Hungary 
Other  countries.. 

Total 


1912 


$2, 627, 700 

1,904,. 546 

397,  252 

288,400 

87,  631 

55, 839 

12,626 

74,718 

81,  279 

5,724 

239, 931 

7,184 

664, 674 

224, 275 

23,298 

79, 782 


6,774,859 


1913 


$2,491,146 

1,603,846 

418,111 

224, 827 

110, 258 

87, 615 

18, 751 

92, 680 

56, 889 

4,076 

58,009 

8,948 

713, 855 

204, 195 

24, 943 

55, 395 


6,173,544 


1914 


$2, 027, 732 

1, 283, 636 

298,285 

234, 263 

106, 581 

97,  413 

22, 378 

79, 901 

48, 194 

6,536 

29,788 

14, 293 

484,796 

138, 384 

18, 095 

68,349 


4,958,624 


1915 


$2, 474, 281 

966, 939 

131, 983 

113, 973 

69, 169 

56, 038 

21, 317 

58,545 

24, 217 

16,989 

9,744 

5,114 

40,038 

10, 239 

2,213 

21,368 


4,022,167 


1916 


$3, 586, 508 

1,338,700 

316, 136 

166, 423 

148, 185 

113, 685 

41,834 

36, 496 

26,547 

11,281 

4,956 

3,660 

935 

227 

22 

28,025 


5,823,619 


Note. — Comparisons,  one  year  with  another,  when  the  exchange  medium  is  silver  con- 
verted into  gold  values  are  at  the  best  always  unsatisfactory.  The  statistician  is  more  or 
less  forced  to  make  the  conversions  on  the  basis  of  yearly  average  price  of  silver.  The  result 
reached  thereby  is  fairly  accurate  from  an  international  viewpomt,  but  is  often,  as  above, 
misleading  from  the  domestic  viewpoint. 

Exports  from  Salvador   by  Countries,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

France 

Norway 

Sweden 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Chile 

Panama 

Spain 

United  Kingdom. 

Germany 

Peru 

Honduras 

Costa  Rica 

Ecuador 

Nicaragua 

Austria-Hungary . 

Belgium 

Russia 

Other  countries... 


1912 


,  955, 794 
,  510, 492 
243, 593 
295, 874 
941, 137 


38, 544 
36, 719 

103, 615 
68, 058 

445, 456 
,  294. 500 
19;  068 
14, 453 
30, 150 
36,710 
58, 277 

770, 447 
11,108 
20, 426 
47, 763 


Total 9,942,184   9,928,723 


$2, 823, 851 

2, 030, 346 

262, 090 

283, 373 

1,208,377 

93, 519 

17, 891 

77, 155 

58, 498 

47, 825 

705, 608 

1,699,694 

4,767 

22,936 

42, 759 

4,684 

8,246 

505, 974 

894 

12, 106 

18, 130 


1914 


$2,662,168 

1,559,639 

421, 784 

368, 307 

1,087,511 

332, 217 

32, 789 

32, 329 

43, 232 

115,  369 

595, 528 

2,614,350 

16,739 

7,234 

27, 910 

21,620 

6,045 

809,015 

7,015 

28,444 

7, 250 


10, 796, 495 


1915 


$3, 715, 551 

1,098,312 

1, 542, 787 

854,630 

927, 921 

1, 127,  043 

609, 162 

44,764 

67, 189 

51,882 

415, 747 

11,934 

600 

7,289 

20,688 

3,080 

1,860 

4,575 


46, 770 
12, 087 


10,563,871 


1916 


$4, 102, 410 

2,779,179 

1,420,184 

1,217,951 

1, 175, 421 

210, 312 

162, 660 

123, 158 

103, 220 

90, 428 

67, 2.53 

38, 520 

43, 452 

27, 268 

18, 478 

10,500 

9,211 


5,146 


11,604,751 


TRADE  STATIHTICS. 

SALVADOR— Continued. 


511 


Imports  into  Salvador  uy  I'iiincipal  Articles  and  Countriks,  1914 

AND  1916. 


Articles  and  countries. 


Fertilizers 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Fenc-o  wire 

United  Stales 

Cotton  yarn 

United  Kingdom 

Spain 

United  States 

Cotton  thread 

United  Kingdom 

Japan 

United  States 

Cotton  piece  goods,  white 

United  Kingdom 

United  Suites 

Cotton  printer; 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

France 

Italy 

Cement 

United  States 

Germany 

Boots,  shoes,  and  findings 

United  States 

Italy 

Leather  and  leather  goods 

United  States 

( ;  ennany 

Drugs  and  medicines 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Germany 

Iron  tubing 

United  States 

Iron  in  bars  and  plates 

United  States 

Iron  for  roofing 

United  States 

Machinery,  agiicultural 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Machinery,  industrial 

United  States 

tJennany 

Wheat  flour 

United  States 

Woolen  piece  goods  and  other  manufac- 
tures   , 

United  Kingdom 

United  States , 

Italy 

Germany 

Liquors,  distilled. , 

France 

United  Kingdom , 


Kilos. 


Value. 


$64 

32; 

15 

45 

44 

8 

6, 

1 

152, 
141 


246,934 

218,404 

1,656 

556,131 

418,894 

67,516 

50,210 

16,  KW 

3,34S,oLXJ 

1,193,461 

1,067,899 


6,954,029 
6,954,029 


1 

172; 

159, 

2 

611 

397 

57 

28; 

23 

30: 

11 

9: 

47 

20; 

7 

245 

178 

56 

203 

88^ 

1 

^i 
42, 
41 
27; 
11 

30: 
27 
144 

so: 
60: 

78, 

4o: 

20 

319: 

319: 

53 
22 

11 

9 


1916 


KUos. 


693 
723 
981 
109 
555 
315 
716 
206 
3S4 
20.5 
651 
037 
279 
027 
994 
377 
024 
461 
687 
601 
479 
975 
682 
659 
844 
404 
470 
315 
693 
582 
394 

on 

049 
322 
729 
051 
051 

801 
296 
971 
0% 
368 
V.io 
948 
533 


190,636 
154,891 

25,573 
527,487 
269,754 
179,982 

60,105 

i(i,5yo 

4,617,s:6 
4,61ti,97tj 


6,fr}2,a'i3 
6,642,053 


Value. 


»4R 

32 

15 

27 

27 

42 

21 

12 

9 

328 

238, 

35 

33 

172: 

143 

20; 

627 

351 

195 

49 

29 

49 

49 


2N0 
141 
94 
41 


3 

32 

44 

42 

79 

62 

17 

41 

35: 

'375 
375, 

42 

22 

13 

1 

'  5(1, 
31 
9 


137 
318 
SI!) 
894 
231) 
oil) 
021 
442 
053 
XVl 
165 
026 
930 
230 
290 
555 
352 
818 
•531 
215 
225 
612 
0(JO 


602 
816 
051 
376 
834 


012 
021 
700 
204 


609 
690 
98,5 
122 
157 
049 
508 
481 
027 
636 
814 

085 
085 

414 
716 
031 
476 

305 
197 
802 


512 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

SALVADOR— Continued. 


Imports  into  Salvador  by  Peincipal  Articles  and  Countries,  1914 
AND  1916 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries. 


Liquors,  distilled— Continued. 

Spain 

United  States 

Wines 

France - 

United  States 

Spain 

Soap  and  candle  grease 

United  States 

Belgium 

Paper,  news  print 

United  States 

Petroleum  and  fuel  oil 

United  States 

Oil,  edible 

United  States 

Bags  for  coffee  and  sugar 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Silk  fabrics  and  manufactures  of. 

Japan 

Automobiles 

United  States 

Lard. 


Kilos. 


597, 221 
118,  630 
411, 228 


United  States. 


811,317 
616, 016 
94, 155 


Value. 


S4,360 
6,726 
94,080 
35,064 
10,723 
23,785 

102,016 
15,423 
78, 369 
14,090 
8,728 
29,939 
29,156 
18, 466 
11, 477 

154, 452 

124, 087 
16,  695 

148, 632 

90,991 

34,011 

15,696 

15 

15 


Kilos. 


967, 762 
871, 503 


886,427 
630, 734 
195, 144 


Value. 


85,686 
5,376 
67,044 
17, 226 
15,223 
15,002 
205,049 
182, 218 


29,337 
28,760 
50,995 
56,995 
33, 570 
2.3, 204 
222,493 
15.3,847 
55,046 
68, 182 
48,940 
87,622 
87,622 
66,397 
66,397 


NICARAGUA. 

Impokt.s  into  Nicaragua  by  Countries  or  Origin,   1912-1910. 


Countries. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Salvador 

Honduras 

Costa  Rica 

West  Indies 

Guatemala 

British  Honduras 

Germany 

Japan 

China 

Countries  of  Africa 

Other  countries  of  America . 
Other  countries  of  Europe . . 


Total.... 4,966,820 


,549,026 

939,290 

258, 255 

121,610 

58, 656 

77,340 

3,490 

2,659 


$3,244,008 

1, 150, 611 

400, 776 

144,361 

55,883 

13,203 

141 

3,234 


16,785 


604,034 
15, 569 

130,292 
129 

102,914 
88, 767 


619,213 
5,227 
67,932 


28,470 
36, 149 


5,770,006 


,566,368 
718,264 
264, 108 

115; 312 

53,969 
3,779 
1,206 
3,299 


S2, 592, 799 

302,294 

138,218 

4.3,963 

20,247 

3,059 

2,106 

4,030 


1,553 


914 


391,411 

1 

665. 


36,960 
136 
196 


7,061 
17, 327 


9,102 
5,196 


4,134,323 


3,159,220 


, 855, 900 

610,522 

202,205 

34,246 

29,399 

9,288 

8,516 

4,196 

4,055 

1,381 

951 

321 

146 

39 


8,586 
7,846 


4,777,597 


TRADE  STATISTICS.  613 

NICARAGUA— Continued. 
Exports  kkom  Nicaragua  by  Countbiks  ok  Dk.stination,  1912-1910. 


Coontrlea. 


United  States 

France 

Italv 

I'niteil  Kingdom 

Canada 

Spain 

Sal  vador 

Guatemala 

Ilondiiras 

British  Honduras 

Costa  Rica 

China 

Germany ,      702, 256 

Other  countries  of  Europe ,      108, 959 

Other  coimtries  of  America 28, 019 


1912 


»l,7«fi,54S 
ti26,O.S3 

4H, 437 
515,3X1 


$2,7Z2,3R5 

l,7r>3,lS7 

9H, 109 

90'*,  564 


1,779 

•23,009 

7'.n 

31,147 


9,177 


Total 3,861,516 


1913 


■J,  759 
24,049 
17,3S6 
45, 436 


1914 


t2.428,3S3 

1,156,498 

203, 4S5 

367,066 


$3,079,810  ,$3,730,952 
600,684    925,744 


5,3H8 
27,915 

6,886 
15,695 


7, 542 

1,245 

1,887,698 

118,451 

25,176 


1,439 


560,756 
145, 428 
36,111 


7,712,047  I  4,955,050 


1915 


1016 


274,312 
43H,500 


35,217 
10, 134 
3,623 
17,438 


6,571 
12,766 


64,318 
23,828 


253,512 

37,955 

35,900 

27,137 

23,137 

14,549 

8,169 

3,767 

3.497 


139,366 
81,178 


4,567,201  5,284,863 


Imports  into  Nicabagita  by  Articles  and  Principal  Countries  of 

Origin,  1917. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin.       Value. 


Animals 

United  Slates 

C<xsta  Rica 

Other  American  countries 

.\nimal  products,  n.  e.  s 

United  States 

France 

All  other  countries 

Asbestos 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Bre:idstiifls: 

Com 

United  States 

Rice 

United  States 

Salvador 

All  other  countries 

Whe;^t  flour 

I'nited  States 

All  other  (including  macaroni 

and  verniicclli) 

United  States 

En-ftland I 

.Ml  other  countries i 

Cacao  and  chocolate i 

Unitod  State.s I 

All  other  countries i 

Candles 

United  Statts I 

All  oiher  countries j 

Cars  and  carriace.s:  | 

Bicycles  and  parts ' 

United  States 


$2,799 

2,765 

22 

12 

30, 810 

27, 179 

2,863 

768 

5,172 

4,935 

237 

18, 178 

18,178 

180,807 

154,100 

9,S08 

16,899 

400,322 

400,322 

37, 624 

33. -12*) 

2,  sii5 

1,333 

1,943 

1,785 

158 

37,0,5.8 

36,330 

728 

1,360 
1,360 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Value. 


Cars  and  carriages— Continued 

Carriapes  and  parts 

United  States 

Wagons  and  parts 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Cement 

United  States 

All  other  coimtries ! 

Chemicals,  drugs,  dyes,  and med-  ; 
icines ' 

United  States 

England 

France 

Salvador 

All  other  countries 

Clocks  and  watches 

United  States 

AH  other  countries 

Coal 

United  States 

France 

Coffee 

United  States 

Honduras 

.Ml  other  countries 

Confectionery 

United  States 

.Ml  other  countries 

Copper,  and  manufactures  of.. 

United  States 

England 

France 

Italy 

All  other  countrie< . 


$5,982 

5,982 

9,6S3 

8,495 

1,188 

20,621 

20,586 

35 

501,561 

398,727 

55,344 

29,283 

10,034 

8,173 

5,575 

5,417 

158 

12,770 

12,760 

10 

17,239 

15,349 

1,3S4 

6 

13,040 

12, 103 

037 

eo,i9i 

55,204 
2,283 
2,844 
2.442 

418 


144297°— 20- 


-33 


514 


GUIDE    TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

NICARAGUA— Continued. 


Imposts  into  Nicaragua  by  Articles  and  Principal  Countries  of 
Origin,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Cork,  and  manufactures  of 

United  States 

Spain 

Italy 

Cotton,  manufactures  of: 

Cloth 

United  States 

England 

France 

All  other  countries 

Clothing  and  wearing  apparel 

United  States 

England 

France 

Spain 

Italy 

All  otlier  countries 

Thread 

United  States 

England 

France 

All  other  countries 

All  other 

United  States 

England 

France 

All  other  countries , 

Earthen ,  stone,  and  china  ware . . 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Explosives: 

Dynamite 

United  States 

Gunpowder  and  other 

United  States 

Costa  Rica 

Feathers,  and  manufactures  of... 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Fibers,  vegetable,  and  manufac- 
tures of: 
Bags  and  bagging  of  j  ute 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Linen  cloth,  and  manufac- 
tures of 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

All  other 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Firearms 

United  States 

England 

Costa  Rica 

Fish,  cured  or  preserved 

United  States 

Spain 

All  other  countries 


$1,795 

1,178 

611 

6 

1,412,263 

891,654 

417, 133 

95, 169 

S,307 

220, 5S5 

212, 594 

742 

636 

4, 624 

1,267 

722 

86, 786 

8,887 

63, 415 

14,411 

73 

155, 575 

96,926 

42, 130 

11,080 

5,439 

15,447 

11,554 

2,994 


70, 673 

70, 673 

32,004 

32,002 

2 

396 

374 

22 


92,210 

16,388 

75, 624 

198 

20,082 

3,094 

16, 514 

474 

55,805 

43,729 

5,030 

7,046 

7,439 

5,313 

2,116 

10 

31,128 

30,120 

531 

477 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Fruits  and  nuts 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Glass  and  glassware 

United  States 

All  other  coim tries 

Glue 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Gold  and  silver,  manufactures  of. 

United  States 

All  other  countries 


Hair,  and  manufactures  of 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Hats  and  caps,  and  materials  for . 

United  States 

Italy 

All  other  countries 

Instruments,  scientific 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manufactures 
of: 
Bar,  rods,  ingots,  etc 

United  States 

Salvador 

Cutlery 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Domestic    ware,    including 
enamel  ware 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Machinery 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Rails 

United  States 

Sheet  and  plate 

United  States 

England 

Tools  and  implements 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Wire 

United  States 

France 

All  other  countries 

All  other,  including  nails 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Jewelry 

United  States 

All  other  countries 


Value. 


$31,552 

24,75*; 

5,59(1 

1,200 

32,096 

31,613 

483 

807 

800 

7 

05,405 

65,027 

378 

313 

279 

34 

40,763 

25,602 

10, 743 

4,418 

18,150 

15,589 

2,242 

319 


25,076 
24,833 

243 
12,131 
11,830 

230 
71 

40,982 

38,7.59 

2,194 

29 

457,910 

447,070 

5,290 

5,, 550 

27,067 

27,067 

35,812 

35,796 

16 

82, 818 

70,202 

10,902 

1,714 

44,493 

43,173 

1,160 

160 

140,188 

135,324 

3,300 

1,564 

14,756 

13,329 

1,427 


TRADK   STAT  r  ST  I  ("S. 

NICARAGUA    -CuniimuHl. 


515 


Imposts  into  Nicaragua  by  Aktm  i.ks  and  ruiNtiFAL  (.'ountries  ok 
Obioin,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Value. 


Lead,  nnd  maniinicturcs  of 

U nite<l  States 

leather  and  mivnufacturos  of: 
I,cathcr  and  tivnnod  skins  — 

Unitpil  Stall's 

France 

nocts  and  shoes 

Unitoil  States 

.MlotliPf  countries 

All  other  manufactures 

I'nited  Slates 

All  other  countries 

Matches 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Meat  and  dairy  products: 

Me;it  produc  ts 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Butter,  cheese,  and  substi- 
tutes  

United  Ststos 

.Ml  other  countries 

Milk  and  substitutes 

'  United  State.-^ 

A 11  other  countries 

Metal,  metal  compasitioiis,  and 

manufacturers,  of  n.e.  s 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Musical  instnuncntsand  parts... 

United  Si  ates 

All  other  coiui tries 

Oil  cloth  and  linoleum 

United  Stales 

Oils: 

Benzine,  Rasoline,  and  naph- 
tha  

United  States 

.Ml  other  countries 

I'etroleuni.  refined 

I'uitod  States 

Other  mineral  oils 

United  State-s 

.Ml  other  countries 

A 11  other 

United  States 

.Ml  other  cotmtries 

Paints,  piKmeiits,  and  colors 

I'  nil  ed  St  at  cs 

.Ml  other  countries 

Paper,  and  manufacl  urcs  of: 
liook  and  other  printed  mat- 
ter  

United  States 

France 

Spain 

.Ml  other  countries 

Surface  -  coated    paper    and 

blank  books 

I'nited  States 

France 

.\11  other  countries 


$.=■.71 
571 

102,414 

101,  S(4 

5S0 

113.02:$ 

112,:>H.3 

410 
14,271 

I2,7ri 
i,o:$7 

28,194 

28,192 

2 

42,792 

42,407 

385 

23,240 
2:i,036 
204 
13,712 
13,677 
35 

20.879 

20,495 

384 

13.633 

12,722 

911 

4,672 

4,672 


123,963 

123,819 

146 

101,495 

101,495 

72.114 

71,501 

613 

106.025 

100,831 

5,194 

25,086 

24.9.35 

151 


1H,44S 

11.224 

3,837 

1,276 

2,111 

40. 186 

34.694 

3,185 

2,307 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Paper,  and   manufactures    of — 
Continued. 

Another 

United  States 

Spain 

.Ml  other  countries 

Perfiunery,  cosmetics,  and  toilet 
prenara'lions. 


Lniti-d  States 

France 

All  other  countries. 


Rubber,  gutta-percha,  celluloid, 
and  manufactures  of. 


Value. 


United  State--; 

.Ml  other  countries 

Salt 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Seeds 

United  States 

.Ml  other  countries 

S'lk  and  manufactiues  of: 
Cloth 

Uniiod  .States 

Unsland 

Frani'c 

.Ml  otlicr  countries 
Clothineaiid  wearingapparel. 

United  Stales 

Frame 

A 11  other  countries 

Alio!  her 

United  States 

T"  ranee 

.\11  other  countries 

Soap 

United  States 

En5,'land 

.\.ll  other  countries 

Spices 

UnitP»i  States 

All  other  coimtries 

Spirits,  wines,  malt  liquors, etc. 
Malt  liipiors 

United  States 

England 

All  other  coimlries 

Spirit  s,  distilled 

United  Statt^s 

England 

France 

Spain 

Wines 

United  States 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

All  other  coiuitrie.s 

Other,  including  mineral  water 
I  United  States 

England 

I  .another  coimtries 


$50,730 

39, 713 

6,782 

5,244 

54,314 

23,292 

28,4:n 

2,591 

37,2.tO 

35,634 

•     1,616 

6,16.5 

6,080 

8.5 

1,676 

1,659 

17 

24,237 

20,096 

2,129 

1,513 

499 

42,  ,591 

31,611 

9,232 

1,748 

22,652 

15,707 

4.924 

2,012 

7.5,93.8 

47,714 

27,632 

592 

14,210 

13,795 

415 

46,448 

42,722 

1,83«* 

1,888 

43, 130 

22,339 

ll.ft52 

8,983 

7.'i6 

47,179 

27. 101 

5,6.36 

l(i,3.-.l 

2,060 

2,031 

16,a^9 

6,690 

7,  ,305 

2,0C4 


516 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

NICARAGUA— Continuecl. 


Imports  into  Nicaragua  by  Articles  and  Principal  Countries  of 
Origin,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Stone,  and  manufactures  of 

United  States 

Costa  Rica 

Allotliercountries 

Sugar  and  molasses 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Tea 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of. . 

United  States 

West  Indies 

All  other  countries 

Toys 

United  States 

France 

All  other  countries 

Vegetables: 

In  natural  state 

United  States 

Costa  Rica 

Prepared  orpreserved 

United  States 

England 

All  other  countries 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of: 
Furniture  and  eabinetware. 

United  States 

All  other  countries 


Value. 


$12, 725 

9,374 

1,345 

2,006 

10, 597 

10,213 

379 

3,702 

3,346 

353 

3 

31,308 

26, 285 

3,342 

1,681 

6,103 

5,869 

183 

51 

105, 804 

104,919 

885 

18, 556 

16, 732 

1,303 

521 

11,0.59 

10, 736 

323 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Wood,  and    manufactures   of — 
Continued . 
Unmanufactured  and  lumber 

United  States 

All  other  countries , 

All  other 

United  States , 

All  other  countries 

Wool,  and  manufactures  of: 

Cloths 

United  States 

England 

France 

All  other  countries 

Clotliing  and  wearing  apparel 

United  States 

England 

France 

All  other  countries 

All  other 

United  States 

All  other  countries 

Zinc,  and  manufactures  of 

United  States 

All  other  articles 

United  States 

France 

All  other  countries 


Value. 


$13,542 

13,472 

70 

18,889 

17,692 

1,197 

34,787 
15,535 
15,805 

3,298 

149 

36,427 

17,941 

15,056 

1,768 

1,662 

2,814 

1,927 

887 

10, 789 

10,789 

93,376 

80,380 

5,536 

7,460 


COSTA  RICA. 

Imports  into  Costa  Rica  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1913-1917. 


Countries. 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

United  States 

.54, 467, 829 

1, 289,  324 

303, 683 

349,  717 

387,  514 

158,974 

170,  598 

1,340,998 

46, 958 

169, 513 

$4,022,147 

1,088,576 

330,  262 

270, 942 

300,  771 

136, 689 

177,  293 

1,065,468 

34,903 

124,  628 

83,031,907 

.548,810 

2.54,  856 

131,  584 

84, 1.32 

117,849 

1,37, 615 

42, 969 

933 

128,027 

$4,677,407 
790, 851 
310, 866 
223,820 
180,  228 
162,578 
124,923 
1,340 

$3, 887, 603 

706, 257 

355, 027 

?16, 809 

137,973 

Spain 

112,785 

Italy 

83,527 

559 

1.31,912 

94,700 

Total 

8, 685, 108 

7,551,679 

4,478,782 

6,603,925 

5,595,240 

TRADK   STATISTICS.  517 

COSTA  RICA— Continued. 
Exports  from  Costa  JItca  by  T'ountriks  of  Destination.  191^1917. 


Countries. 

1013 

1914 

1915 

1918 

1917 

United  States 

$5,240,793 

4,318,006 
.59, 721 
.3S,618 
95,t).3ti 
504,381 
64,413 

S4,893,.'5fl6 
5, 192,  253 
72,  ,5:?9 
40,264 
123, 697 
471,907 
67,  r>2'2 

$4,«fl4,R(e 

4,4.38,233 

275, 022 

90,217 

02,975 

13.225 

227, 107 

$'.,S30,977 

3,  r^]S.  4<« 

324,616 

131,0.52 

9,3,418 

$.<».  119,296 

2,  496, 191 

United  Kinpdom 

Spanish  America 

628,188 
79  158 

Franca 

31,886 

Oppmany 

Other  countries.  .. 

72. 101 

27.447 

Total 

10,321,568 

10,861,748 

9,971,582 

11,121,172 

11,382,166 

Imports   into   Costa   Rica    by    Leading   Articles    and    I'rincipai 
Countries,  191.^1916. 


Articles  and  countries. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Automobiles 

United  States 

Cattle 

Nicarafrua 

Coffee  sacks 

United  Kingdom. 

United  States.... 
Cotton  goods 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. 

Germany 

France 

Italy 

Drups  and  chemicals . 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. 

France 

Germany 

Electrical  materials . . 

United  States 

Flour 

United  States 

Lard 

United  States 

Railway  material 

United  States.... 
Rice 

United  States 

Germany 

Wheat 

Umted  States 

Coal 

United  States 


$69,606 

65, 678 

323,067 

323,067 

88,958 

69, 424 

11,161 

828, 948 

243,802 

355,042 

124, 699 

39,009 

51,463 

150,142 

76, 173 

23, 37S 

24,039 

29,690 

1.50, 339 

121,416 

258,407 

257, 457 

200,362 

194,968 

296,772 

272, 242 

143,393 

31,621 

82,083 

219, 487 

219, 487 

261, 975 

258,329 


$29,860 

26,740 

221,885 

221,885 

77, 389 

65,710 

8,104 

800,291 

285,041 

302, 333 

112, 613 

34. 247 

37,997 

162, 898 

90,547 

23,847 

19, 924 

23,063 

174,341 

159,4.32 

189,329 

183,542 

204,927 

202,485 

241, 1.39 

140, 981 

160,311 

59,383 

76,405 

366.641 

366,624 

250,226 

228,224 


$23,282 

18,164 

95,964 

95,9r>t 

98,531 

83,919 

13,220 

466,699 

266,333 

129,848 

4,401 

10,907 

.30, 749 

115,903 

8.5, 194 

11,196 

4.977 

4,065 

95, 176 

86,  773 

224,480 

209,662 

144,  ISl 

142,  270 

62, 387 

59,725 

108,640 

93,283 


323.567 

323,  567 

106,  9.53 

92,039 


$68,218 

68,218 

184,235 

171,457 

131,  lis 

90,614 

38,153 

6.57, 447 

416,758 

155,014 

109 

28,128 

25,302 

73,485 

.51,901 

10, 238 

3.482 


112,746 
101,716 
488,660 
470, 670 
174,304 
172,610 
29,914 
5,737 
142,859 
122,076 


i") 


262 
262 


a  Not  aNTiilable. 


518 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

PANAMA. 


Imports  into  Panama  by  Principal  CountriEvS  of  Origin,  1912- 

1916. 


Countries. 


1912 


1915 


1916 


United  States 

United  Kingdom. 
China  and  Japan.. 

France 

Spanish  America. 

Italy 

Spain 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Germany 

Belgium 

Austria-Hungary . 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Other  countries... 


Total. 


413, 305 
421,637 
142, 197 
280, 784 
225, 184 
117, 781 
140,371 


33,539 

957, 806 

117, 875 

11,361 

3,450 

6,317 


$6,378,702 

2,465,432 

2.56, 773 

3.36, 816 

238, 694 

168, 882 

162, 574 

5,946 

79,950 

1,078,168 

208, 540 

5,476 

8,945 

2,102 


86,344,873 

1,755,026 

243, 119 

211,545 

177,367 

127, 566 

105,099 

42, 731 

57, 735 

461,960 

301,036 

3,575 


$6,822,236 

983, 404 

209,449 

170, 555 

190, 558 

90, 322 

142,349 

104, 550 

40,791 

35,025 


230 


65,920 


247, 731 


9,871,617 


11,397,000 


9, 891, 553 


9,037,200 


$6,674,990 

1,267,149 

565,948 

143,393 

(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

(o) 
(o) 
(a) 

(«) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
545,974 


9,197,454 


a  Included  in  "Other  countries." 

Exports  from  Panama  by  Principal  Countries  of  Destination, 

1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom. 

Italy 

Spain 

France 

Germany 

Spanish  America. 

Canal  Zone 

Other  countries. . . 


Total. 


$1,779,660 
72,714 


7,863 
202, 152 


2,259 


2,064,648 


1913 


$4,801, 
65, 


15, 
216, 

281, 

(a) 

2, 


5,383,028 


1914 


$3,269,696 

109, 869 

2,778 

1,543 

1,646 

125, 899 

197, 692 

48, 269 

240,818 


3, 800, 517 


1915 


$3,118,754 

42,064 

1,120 

8,804 

2,400 


74,494 
175,119 


3,422,755 


1916 


85,360,788 

55,687 

27,787 

336 


62, 127 


5,506,725 


a  Included  in  United  States. 


TRADK  STATISTICS.  519 

PANAMA— Con  tlnuetl. 
Impobts  into  Panama  by  Major  Ci.assificationb,  1912-1916. 


Articles. 


1913 


1913 


1914 


19IS 


me 


Animal  products 

Vccotabte  products 

Minoral  products 

Textiles  and  manufactures 

Chemical    and    pharmaceutical 

products 

Liquors  and  minoral  waters 

I>aper  and  manufactures 

Machinery  and  apparatus 

Vehicles 

Arms  and  explosives 

Dry  Roods  a , 

Food  products  a , 

Uuildtng  material  o 

Jewelry  and  like  valuable  arti- 

cleso : 

Miscellaneous , 


$1,661,268 
2, 92),  9:14 
1,000,248 
1,6<»,355 

419,800 
473,447 
129,464 
200,920 
44,&S2 
70,899 


$867,123 

1,379,290 

634, 2:!9 

83S,219 


$l,549,3a3  !$l,4.'>9,Sa5 
2, 80S,  918  2,.Vi6,011 
1,43.%  150  !  1,028,102 
1,66<),245     1,2.SJ,935 


560, 

574, 
74, 
,tS8, 
36, 
86, 
3,051, 
1,421, 
58:5, 


657,403 
432,011 
133,460 
293,618 
129,069 
62,261 


1,280,400 


51.. WS 
647,590 


722,055 


598,172 
351,944 
138,083 
199,235 
108,858 
35,553 


$1,473,251 

2,549,619 

970,  W9 

1,694,509 

775,785 
288,969 
168,742 
170,868 
237,801 
63,723 


1,265,602 


803,348 


Total 9,871,617    11,397,000  I  9,891,55:}     9,037,200 


9, 197, 454 


o  Included  under  other  classification  in  years  for  which  no  figures  are  shown. 

WEST  INDIES. 

CUBA. 

Imports  into  Cuba  by  Countries  of  Origin,  Fiscal  Years  1913- 

1917. 


Coim  tries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom . 

Spain 

France 

British  India 

Li^ruguay 

Porto  Rico 

Canada 

Mexico , 

China 

Italy 

Argentina 

Japan 

Netherlands 

Switzerland , 

ChUc 

Denmark 

Norway 

Germany 

Other  countries.. 


1912-13 


$71, 
17. 
10. 
8, 
2, 
2, 
3, 
1, 


753,872 
411,522 
(02,302 
237.276 
3iK),438- 
2?4,43tl 
403, 716 
498,904 
938,180 
130,943 
C24,5t:0 
657, 796 
170,8.i4 
768, 316 
385,386 


1913-14 


234,478 
859,400 
515, 104 
033,047 


$71,420,042 

15,618,673 

10,884,0.'),S 

8,257,297 

2,896,92"J 

1,714,298 

2,987,510 

l,tl«'>4,902 

1,353,899 

118,423 

770,019 

1,457,633 

141, 789 

992,353 

4,80,082 

1,938 

204,802 

1,419,925 

8, 275,  !><(■> 

3,347,800 


1914-15 


$78,971,636 

15,003,714 

10,459,426 

4,240,171 

3,023,206 

1,588,847 

2, 427, 750 

1,309,457 

l,710,7(i3 

151,616 

717, 161 

888,244 

97,238 

1,779,861 

143,844 

123, 018 

253,516 

2, 186, 724 

2, 218, 5.Tti 

837, 342 


$149, 590, 768 

16,714,838 

12,399,319 

5,358,342 

3,410.18.5 

2,ti».l,.57S 

2, 427,. 344 

1,316,667 

1,297,097 

426, 662 

735,  783 

7W.610 

2.;9, 426 

8»>2, 866 

222,991 

16,412 

2.T<;,  791 

l,29»v031 

64,3f.7 

929,  .593 


Total 135,810,590  i  134,008,138  i  128,132,090  I  201,023,670 


1916-17 


$194,822,851 

19,3.52,765 

10,151,692 

6, 227, 217 

4,578,116 

4,239,010 

3,lti8,664 

3,(130,870 

2,  .573, 712 

1, 232, 787 

738,061 

694,553 

647,067 

526, 191 

461,063 

394,600 

aSO,  .525 

356,631 

3,170 

197,689 


261,377,234 


520 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

CUBA— Continued. 


Exports  from  Cuba  by  Countries  of  Destination,  Fiscal  Teaks 

1913-1917. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Spain 

France 

British  West  Indies. . 

Argentina 

Canada 

Italy 

Port;ugal 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Uruguay 

Australia 

Denmark 

Germany 

Other  countries 

Total 


1912-13 


$132, 
15, 


581, 459 

663,022 

878, 236 

825, 766 

28,775 

518, 857 

919,664 

36,087 

33,809 

61,065 

594, 140 

415, 836 

338,885 

249 

497,665 

814,750 


165, 208, 265 


1913-14 


$136,936,029 

18, 245, 309 

l,32(i,109 

2,651,792 

36,069 

971  820 

2,065,715 

91,273 

16, 250 

30,511 

374, 585 

342, 797 

412,643 

1,306 

4,436,040 

2, 858, 603 


1914-15 


$185,995,364 

24,218,061 

3, 156, 967 

854,035 

9,131 

582,969 

1,415,946 

49, 899 

58, 403 

61,733 

807, 547 

239, 695 

230,810 

107, 229 

644, 582 

1,014,951 


170,796,858     219,447,322 


1915-16 


$247, 197, 416 

52,378,661 

20,339,325 

8,366,324 

2,989 

1,058,718 

770,341 

2, 380, 642 

34,045 

111,927 

1,830,252 

348, 847 

228,315 

406,942 

7 

1,346,627 


336,801,378 


1916-17 


$255,  728, 562 

53, 4.57, 223 

29,807,450 

9,031,096 

1,686,639 

1,501,976 

1,022,164 

764,551 

743,084 

639, 198 

341,724 

302, 464 

240,351 

185, 427 


1,587,874 


357,039,783 


Imports  into  Cuba  by  Classes  of  Auticles,  Fiscal  Years  1913- 

1917. 


Earths,  stones,  and  manu- 
factures of: 

Stones  and  earths 

Mineral  oils,  bitimien,  etc. 

Glass  and  crystal  ware 

Earthenware  and  porce- 
lain  

Metals, and manufoctuies  of: 
Gold,  silver,   and   plati- 
num   

Iron  and  steel 

Copper  and  alloys 

AH  other  metals 

Chemicals,    drugs,    paints, 
and  perfumeries: 

Primary  products 

Paints,    etc.,    varnishes, 

and  inks 

Chemical  products 

Oils,  soap,  etc 

Fibers,  and  manufactures 
of: 

Cotton 

Other  vegetable  fibers 

Wool,  hair,  etc 

Silk 

Paper,  and  manufactures  of: 

Paper  and  cardboard 

Books  and  prints 


1912-13 


$1,616,725 
1,346,830 
1,796,902 

939, 163 


237,890 
6,814,244 
1,102,349 

376,618 


632, 113 

874,359 
4,246,634 
2,334,144 


12,647,332 

4,739,402 

1,220,257 

524, 291 

1,764,799 
449,945 


1913-14 


$1,801,636 
1,521,616 
1,577,972 

1,099,527 


351,867 
7,460,425 
1,108,818 

394, 450 


496, 440 

868, 261 
4,159,059 
2, 302. 883 


10, 478, 932 

5,382,098 

1,216,528 

595,314 

1,949,875 
485, 192 


1914-15 


$1,384,209 
1,447,779 
1,021,971 

765,079 


209, 581 

5,346,326 

734,498 

244,529 


532, 481 

764, 173 
5,119,590 
2, 506, 789 


9,71.5,869 

6,263,707 

822, 476 

544,923 

1,601,458 
316,589 


1915-16 


$2,008,162 
2, 380, 552 
1,644,871 

902, 967 


377, 763 

8, 488, 552 

952, 404 

349,651 


576,817 

1,056,377 
6,834,837 
3,264,819 


12,819,237 
6,377,227 
1,399,093 

876, 548 

2,573,381 
275,308 


1916-17 


$2, 034, 159 
3, 109, 421 
2,064,183 

1,258,902 


576, 999 

15,233,541 

1, 742, 475 

424,960 


730, 180 

1,340,802 
8,667,812 
4,347,095 


17,821,931 

9, 126, 791 

2, 270, 238 

936, 173 

3,929,005 
329,386 


TRADK   STATISTICS. 

CUBA— Contlnned. 


521 


Imports  into  Cuba  hy  Classks  of  Artkjleh,  Fiscal  Years  1913- 
1917— eoiitinued. 


Wood  and  other  vegetable 
substances: 
Wood,  and  manufactures 

of 

All  other 

Animals  and  animal  prod- 
ucts: 

Animals 

Uides,  skins,  and  feathers. 

Manufactures  of  leather. . . 

Instnmients,      machinery, 

and  apparatus: 

Musical  mstruments, 

watches,  and  clocks 

Machinery 

Apparatus 

Foc«s  and  drinks: 

Meats 

Fish 

Breadstufls 

Fruits 

Vegetables 

Beverages  and  oils 

Dairv  products 

All  other 

Miscellaneous 

Articles  free  of  duty 


1912-13 


$3, 674,. 558 
289,224 


416,2fil 

703,  an 

5,80(5,433 


321,926 
11,436,444 
3,587,930 

12,629,886 
1,833,800 

10,440,564 
768,201 
5,512,701 
3,459,419 
2,908,422 
5, 765, 486 
3,581,979 

13,009,332 


1913-14 


Total 135, 801, 590    134, 008, 138 


1914-15 


$3,344,998 
227,750 


379,258 

816,904 

5, 109, 520 


371,653 
11,061,6<>7 
3,980,82(3 

12,636,230 
2, 289, 553 

16,175,070 
800,205 
5,170,203 
3,997,202 
3,313,834 
5,231,975 
4,88(;,3C)1 

10,951,949 


$3,025,151 
217,99ti 


282,156 

750,818 

5,532,295 


227,382 
8,538,012 
3,295,803 


1915-16 


904 
331 
19«i 
580 
034 
695 
295 
075 
855 
419 


$5,037,296 
377,355 


404,445 
1,113,848 
7,072,899 


338,23.'> 
19,543,575 
0, 779, 407 

13,975,932 
3.119,831 

21.999,940 
1.20O,3<12 

8, 773,  rm 

.■).()90.082 
3,710,9^3 
■1,S99.72.T 
5,  21.'),  982 
39,199,033 


128,132,090  201,023,070 


1916-17 


$5, 107, 768 
668,587 


693,888 
1,267,958 
8,250,171 


430,004 
29,974,076 
11,960,479 

20, 823, 774 
3,283,455 

2i,.S4.i,427 
1,451,324 

11,460,918 
0,410,084 
4,060.992 
6,293,348 
7,419,071 

40,124,6.57 


201,377,234 


JAMAICA. 

Imports   and  Exports  by  Countries,  1914  and  1915. 


(Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom.. 

British  colonies 

Norway 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Italy 

France 

All  other  countries 

Total 


Imports  from. 


1914 


$5,942,725 

4,799,431 

1,276,2;J4 

30,614 

41,584 

35,296 

7,560 

18,752 

334,369 


12,486,565 


191.- 


$6,055, 

3,758, 

1,181, 

86, 

50, 

43, 

16, 

9, 

124, 


E.xports  to. 


1914 


611,077 

.578,290 
248, 414 

1,720 
241,844 

8,380 
60.649 
588,434 
796, 103 


1915 


113,236 

132,6.37 

032,290 

70 


23,962 

17,, 599 

289,800 

236,202 


11,326,578  I  14,134,911  '     10,845,796 


522 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

JAMAICA— Continued. 


Imports  into  Jamaica  fbom  United  States  and  United  Kingdom, 
BY  Pkincipal  Abticles,  1915. 


Articles. 


Ale  and  beer 

Apparel 

Bags  and  sacks 

Boots  and  shoes 

Butter 

Cement 

Coal 

Com 

Cotton  manufactures . . 

Fish 

Floiu- 

Haberdashery    and 

millinery 

Hardware 

Machinery 

Meal 

Medicine  (drugs) 

Milk,  condensed 

Motor  cars 


From 
United 

States. 


374,628 
136, 109 

24,549 
290,583 

46,873 

76,585 
298,566 
171,515 
897,575 

78,352 
1,33.5,444 

25,278 
78,916 
114,927 
171,885 
95,211 
60, 543 
197, 158 


From     I 

United    i 

Kingdom. 


$131,6.58 

123,597 

117,388 

84,106 

37,072 

10,437 

457 


814,869 
27,496 


121,583 
73,031 
145,638 


57,000 
89, 741 
8, 859 


Articles. 


Oils: 

Gasoline 

Petrolemn 

Vegetable 

All  other 

Paper 

Pork 

Roofing,  iron 

Rice 

Silk  manufactures — 

Soap 

Spirits 

Wood: 

Pinelumber 

Shooks 

Other  and  manu- 
factures   

Woolen  manufactures 
Al  1  other  articles 

Total 


From 
United 

States. 


$66, 382 

249,549 

97,437 

22,778 

89,274 

96,365 

16, 819 

86 

4,870 

19, 889 

246 

122,817 
174, 899 

37,006 

1,842 

880, 228 


6,055,175 


From 

United 

ICingdom. 


$604 

9,763 

21,914 

64,749 


26,445 
502,355 

23, 274 
286,942 

43,621 


29, 871 

6,127 
61,832 
838, 551 


3,758,980 


HAITI. 

Imports  into  Haiti  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1911-1915. 


Countries. 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

United  States 

$5, 790, 203 
886,517 
3.31,849 
439,732 
499,816 

$7,302,484 

761,206 

1,050,416 

484,915 

277,534 

$5, 908, 956 
595,319 
817,335 
535,543 
242,972 

$6,381,688 
409,811 
345, 190 
338,004 
138,099 

$3,806,673 
296,228 
167,779 

Germany 

20,509 

53,574 

Total 

7, 948, 117 

9,876,555 

8,100,125 

7,612,792 

4, 344, 763 

Exports  from  Haiti  by  Countries  of  Destin.\tion,  1911-1915. 


Countries. 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

United  States 

$1,000,000 
7,500,000 
1,200,000 
5,400,000 

$1,100,000 
8,  500, 000 
1,. 300, 000 
6,100,000 

$1,000,000 

5,000,000 

800, 000 

4,200,000 

$1,171,649 
3,500,000 
1,000,000 
3,000,000 

$1,494  927 

France 

5,000,000 
1  000  000 

United  Kingdom . . 

Germany 

100, 000 

TR.\1>K  STATISTICS. 

HAITI    Continued. 

Impobtk   into   Haiti    kko-m    ihk    L'.mtku   St.vteh,    1917, 


52;i 


Vrtlclos. 


I  Quantity. 


BiuHinp  materials: 

lirick-;  and  tiles. .  .numV)or..  8,S25 

Cemont hags. .  35,922 

LiimlKT feit..  3,061,352 

Carriapos,  etc.: 

UngKips number..  37 

Carriages,  children's .  .do —  23 

Carriage  matiTials cases . .  261 

Carts..- numlier..  25 

WTiips dozen..  213 

Chemicals,  drugs,  etc.: 

Acids cases. .  622 

Aniseed poimds . .  14, 922 

CarU)Ieum gallons..  529 

Cmnamon pounds..  23,088 

Cloven do. . . .  12, 747 

Disinfectants gallons..  120 

Extract,  kola do. ...  j  182 

Face  powder poimds.. |  7,624 

Indigo do....  I  2,000 

Insect  powder do 5,538 

Nutmegs do....]  868 

Vaseline do. . . .;  115,000 

Drv  goods: 

"  Hatiste yards..!  38,632 

Bedspreads nuinl3er..|  2,584 

Checks yards..,  213,042 

Cotton     cloth,     unbleach- 
ed    %-ards..  4,570,891 

Cotton  prints do 766, 489 

Denims do ... .  920, 169 

Drill pieces..  1,390,126 

Duck do. . . .  30, 881 

Olngham do....  658,436 

Handerchlels doien . .  2, 340 

Lace yards..  43,665 

Linen do....  114.656 

MusUn do 67,  700 

NanMnet do....  1,862,040  ; 

Napkins dozen..  1,960 

RlblKins vards..!  51,680 

Serge do. . . .  46, 470 

^Voolcns do. . . .  32, 069 

Zephyrs do 33, 935 

Furniture,  etc.:  I 

Bedsteads numl)er..  259 

Bureaus do —  .  54 

Chairs do 0,644 

Hat  racks do....  130 

Ice  chests do '  16 

Sideboards do 20 

Sofa  beds do 354 

Tables do....  162 

Wardrobes do 40 

W'ashstands do ■  43 

Glass  and  tableware: 

Bottles do 1  2,005 

Crockery c-ases..  181 

Decanters nimil)er..|  252 

Lamps dozen..  509 

Lanterns do — '  256 

Tumblers do  — !  10, 700 


.Vrticles. 


Quantity. 


Hard  ware,  cutlery,  etc.: 

Anchors pounAi. 

Buckets number. 

Castings pounds. 

Copper,  sheet do. . . 

Chains do... 

Lead  r(x»fing do. . . 

Locks dozen. 

Iron  manufactures: 

Bars pounds. 

Bolts do... 

D[X)rs do. . . 

Nails do... 

Screws gross . 

Spoons number. 

Rope pounds. 

Scissors number. 

Solder pounds . 

Tin,  sheet do... 

Table  cutlery dozen. 

Water  pipes feet. 

Wlr(-— 

Barbed do... 

Bottling pounds. 

Fencing feet. 

Jewelry,  etc.: 

Eyegla.sses dozen. 

Jewelry,  fine sets. 

Watches niunt)er. 

Machines,  etc.: 

Cotton  machinery do... 

Motors,  gasoline do. . . 

Sugar-cane  mills do. . . 

Notions: 

Buttons gross. 

Combs dozen. 

Dress  fasteners . .  .packages. 

Elastic  braid yards. 

Hooks  and  eyes dozen . 

Oils,  paints,  etc.: 

Blacking pounds. 

Glue do... 

Oakum do... 

Ocher do. . . 

Oils- 
Cottonseed  gallons . 

Kerosene do... 

Other do... 

Paints do... 

Shellac,  gum iwunds . 

Tallow do. . . 

Tar barrels . 

Turpentine gallons. 

A'araish do... 

AMiitening pounds. 

Provisions,  etc.: 

Bacon barrels. 

Biscuits pounds. 

Butter do... 

Candles do. . . 

Candies do. . . 

Cheese do. . . 


4,769 

9,021 

32, 7^', 

16,896 

35,811 

527, 4.V) 

3,717 

211,066 

24,087 

4,3S5 

317,166 

1,.515 

12,938 

35,811 

3,171 

1,494 

12,8.80 

41,901 

186,082 

14,750 

115,000 

4,385 

174 

427 

1,084 

22 

16 

2,888 
3,94S 
3.6t0 
fi,  l;)l 
963,264 

5,020 

5,409 

32,758 

48,072 

21.rV!R 

797,014 

22, 015 

341,  .524 

2,  lis 

24,256 

4,347 

4,227 

1,728 

1,011 

2,284 

21,650 

375, 702 

1,000 

43,154 

1,144,748 


524  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

HAITI— Continued. 
Imports  into  Haiti  from  the  United  States,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 


Provisions,  etc. — Continued . 

Cocoa pounds . 

Codfish do... 

Fruits,  dried do . . . 

Hams do. . . 

Herrings- 
Smoked  boxes. 

Pickled barrels . . 

Lard pounds . 

Macaroni do. . . 

Matches gross. 

Olives pounds. 

Pork .barrels. 

Rice pounds. 

Salt,  table do. . . 

Sausages do. . . 

Soap do. . . 

Starch do. . . 

Sugar do. . . 

Tea do... 

Vinegar gallons. 

Stationery  and  supplies: 

Blank  books number. 

Billheads do... 

Envelopes dozen. 

Labels number. 

Paper- 
Blotting sheets . 

Letter reams . 

Tissue sheets . 

Typewriter reams. 

Wrapping do. . . 


Quantity, 


12,853 

1,736,133 

30,815 

74,873 

82,393 

17,004 

2, 236, 237 

79, 071 

25,738 

2,384 

2,410 

915, 780 

6,606 

19, 581 

6,529,998 

3,402 

259, 988 

743, 743 

2,081 

3,099 

7,900 

291, 233 

133,000 

1,623 

821 

63,000 

5,886 

623 


Articles. 


Stationery  and  supplies — Con. 

Pencils — 

Lead gross. 

Slate number. 

Pens gross. 

Sealing  wax pounds. 

Slates,  school dozen. 

Wearing  apparel: 

Cravats do 

Corsets do 

Dresses number. 

Hats dozen . 

Shirts do 

Rubber  coats number. 

Miscellaneous: 

Asphalt poimds. 

Automobiles,  and  parts  of 
cases.. 

Cigarettes num  ber. 

Coal tons . 

Fishing  lines pounds. 

Motorcycles number. . 

Molding feet. 

Oats bags. 

Oilcloth yards. 

Thread, saihnaters'pounds. , 

Tin  plates dozen.. 

Tobacco pounds. . 

Twine do 

Valises number. . 

Velocipedes do 


Quantity. 


881 
15, 288 

204 
18,886 

140 


301 

1,282 

562 

249 

17,12.5 

231 

789,970 

233 

13,870 

10 

14,750 

65,644 

41,940 

12,402 

1,857 

i,ias,io9 

18,931 

528 

70 


DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 

Imports  into  the  Dominican  Republic  by  Countries  of  Origin, 

1912-1916. 


Coim  tries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom . 

Port  Rico 

France 

Spain 

Cuba 

Italy 

Germany 

Other  countries. . . 


$5,100,001 

720,242 

41,901 

224,912 

149, 734 

6,578 

131, 356 

1,628,286 

214, 883 


Total 8,217,898 


1913 


1914 


$5,769,061 

730, 191 

62, 900 

274,318 

210, 781 

7, 352 

173, 105 

1,677,833 

366, 737 


9, 272, 278 


34,452,347 
567, 037 
134, 487 
161,376 
97,696 
12,438 
185,0-!3 
927, 842 
190, 741 


$7,361,259 
630,923 
376,231 
93,200 
144, 6S8 
74,619 
92, 869 
95,317 
249, 408 


6,729,007   9,118,514 


1916 


$10,162,698 
481,305 
378,219 
152, 358 
151,451 
136, 587 
63,450 


138,362 


11,664,430 


TRADE    STATISTICS. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC— Continued. 


525 


EXPOBT.S    FROM    TITK    DOMINICAN    KKIM'ni.IC    HY    CoiJNTRIKH    OK    I>E8TINA- 

noN.  1012-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

Porto  Rico 

France 

United  Kingdom 

Cuba 

Italy 

Germany 

Other  Countries. . 

Total 


$7,274, 

48, 

933, 

1,242, 

lo, 

26, 

1,774, 

1,009, 


$5,600,768 

2.H,  <.i<i4 

S.H7,',)07 

241, Kin 

27,  .536 

20,4:il) 

2,nf.s,.'}K4 

1,594,118 


10,469.947 


1914 


88,572,562 
91,190 
2.'«,210 
1S6,.593 
7, 029 
2:5,405 
.><ls,717 
601,081 


1916 


1010 


$2,044,271 

248, 921 
189,448 
84,366 
22,871  I 
21,813 
5,644 
2,591,727 


10,588,787  I  15,209,061 


$17,412,088 

42.1, 483 

287,799 

106,017 

19,447 

2,496 


3,275,543 


21,527,873 


Imports  into  the  Dominicax  Republic  by  Articles  and  Countries 
OF  Origin,  1917. 


Articles . 

United 
States. 

United 
King- 
dom. 

France. 

Spain. 

Porto 
Rico. 

Other 
coun- 
tries. 

$109, 1.52 
3,652 
14,287 

105,831 
177,627 
50,495 
186,552 

$6,200 

$497 

$429 

$1,396' 
2,380 

14,862 

156 

5,3t)6 

2,. 537 

1,398 

$429 

700 

Rooks  and  other  printed  matter 

Cars,  carriages,  other  vehicles,  and 
parts  of: 

325 

3,956 

2,975 

815 
1,291 

Railway  and  tram  cars 

Another 

'"'"966" 

2 

41 

49.1 

Chemical  and  pharmaceutical  prod- 
ucts, etc.: 
Simple  dnigs,  oils,  fats,  etc 

34,264 
8,755 

784 
6,050 
12,407 

Caustic  soda 

] 

1       io 

220 1        2 

25 

Vegetable  juices,  oils,  and  extracts. 
Resins 

74 

17 

100 

33,814 
316, 177 

11,464 

167,365 

201 

140,3.58 
8,587 

.%  168 
41, 199 

314,531 
372,957 

1 

2,397 

9,376 

ft40 

7,650 

28 

4,590 
224 

115 

All  other 

3,235  i  38,185 
44  j        611 

2,277 
8 

7,475 
2,968 

Coal 

Coke,  briijuets,  and  other  fuels 

^ 

Copper  and  alloys,  and  manufao- 

825            22 

3 

495 

62 

Cork,  and  niaiuifactures  of 

Cotton,  and  manufactures  of: 

594 

1 

152 

Blankets  and  blanket  cloth 

2,693 

7  2fi5 

Cloths- 
Plain  woven— 

Hleacheti  or  unbleached 

Pved  or  jirinled 

45,708 
77.  .570 

176 
61 

6 

377 
6 

438 
1,355 

650  1  63,794 
123,699 

2,390  121.5,858 

.599     60,745 
93    106,647 

2,259     55,514 
857     28,379 

622 
59 

Embos.-;,i<l    or    miuiufactured 

with  dyed  yarns 

Twilled  or  figure<l  in  the  loom— 

Pleached  or  unbleached 

Dyed  or  printed 

796,555  j  19,822 

107,9.83     19,244 
215,922     38,925 

260,346     17,341 
111,257            30 

1,089 

75 
10 

Embossed    or    numufactured 

708 

Clothing  (e.\cppt"knit  goods) 

1,129 

526 


GTHDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC— Continued. 


Imports  into  the  Dominican  Republic  by  Abtici.es  and  Countries 
OF  Origin,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles . 


Cotton,  and  manufactures  of — Con. 

Duck 

Knit  goods 

Pique 

Yams,  and  manufactures  of 

All  other 

Earthenwaie,  porcelain,  clay,  and 

pottery 

Explosives: 

Cartridges 

All  other 

Feathers,  intestines,  and  manufac- 

tiu-es  of 

Fibers,    vegetable,    and    manufac- 
tures of: 

Jute  bags 

Yams,  threads,  twines,  and  cords. . 

All  other 

Foodstuffs  and  beverages: 
Meats— 
Beef,  mutton,  and  pork,  fresh. . . 

B  eef ,  j  erked 

Lara 

Baited  or  pickled 

Sausages 

Smoked 

All  other  (except  canned) 

Fish- 
Pickled 

Salted  or  dry 

Smok  ed 

All  other  (except  canned) 

Grains,    fniits,    vegetables,    and 
preparations  of — 
Beans,  peas,  and  pulse  (dried)... 

Bread,  biscuit,  and  crackers 

Onions  and  garlic 

Potatoes,  fresh 

Rice 

Sugar,  refined 

Wheat  flour 

Vermicelli,  macaroni,  and  pastes 

for  soup 

All  other 

Liquors  and  beverages- 
Malt  liquors 

Spirits,  distilled 

Wines 

All  other 

Oils  for  table  use 

Spices 

Miscellaneous — 

Butter 

Canned  or  preserved  goods — 

Fish 

Fruits 

Meats 

Vegetables 

Cheese 

Condensed  milk 

Confectionery 


Ignited 

States. 


$17,  740 

107, 283 

4,083 

27,333 

204, 428 

144,443 

41 
10,395 

1,160 


351,272 
54,495 
26,184 


United 
King- 
dom. 


$35 

1,454 

141,061 

123,626 

21,821 


93 


10,836 

631 

11,588 


278, 573 
35, 199 
73, 194 
67,614 
10,124 

10,340 

211,648 

103, 570 

172 


11,598 
96, 997 
16,004 
26,532 
1,160,565 
96,460 
818, 857 

47, 457 
76,849 

179, 129 

7,783 

6,122 

12,878 

230, 708 

36,091 

30,655 

73, 935 
9,9.30 

18, 522 
6,999 

45, 388 

45,231 
100, 123 


13,354 


183 
6,509 
730 
866 
4 
103 


673 
96 
44 
4^10 
150 
57 
2,039 


France. 


1,725 


6,601 
13,534 


Spain. 


$9,304 


237 


564 
364 


46 


11,449 

366 

17,124 

17,022 

926 

1,124 

2 


437 
241 
352 
496 
110 
792 
1,227 


179 
6,315 

296 

2 


185 


1,069 
1,844 


342 


128 
45 


281 

76 

5,949 


2,740 

1,027 
11,636 
.54, 928 
10, 646 
14,809 

2,388 

1,075 

4,742 

1,143 

353 


Porto 
Rico. 


$330 

59, 226 

3,366 

1,442 

74,887 

10,2.52 


2,467 
9,276 
5,014 


16 

540 

2,169 

844 

626 

1,900 

18 

265 
7,341 
3,728 


5,  .564 

585 

26,376 

1,654 

131,858 

1,196 

11,662 

7,968 
3,240 

41,878 

438 

3,491 

2,678 

21,767 
1,459 

362 

2,148 
562 
322 

1,812 
174 

1,017 

1,5.34 


Other 
coun- 
tries. 


$75 

726 

2 

593 

12,722 

3,438 


2,505 
240 


37 


331 
"2 


171 

381 

1,000 


11,335 
'  "2,636 


10,953 

1,112 

8,157 

18,213 

1,033 

46 

1 

69,909 

36 


1 

174 
546 


3,  ice 


lUADI"   STATIHTICS. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC -Com lnuu<l. 


527 


Imports  into  the  Dominican  Rkpubmc  »y  Artici-eh  and  ('otNTRiK.s 
OF  Origin,  1917 — Contluued. 


Articles. 


Unltpd 
SUtes. 


Foodstuffs  and  beverages— Contd. 
Miscellftiieous-  Coiitinued. 
Canned  or  preserved  goods — Con 
Oloomarj-'arine  aiufbiitter  sul>- 

stitutes 

Olives 

Pickles  and  sauces 

All  other 

Stock  food 

<  jlass  and  glassware 

Gold, silver, platinum, and  manufac- 
tures of 

Hats  and  caps 

Hides  and  sKins,  and  manufactures 
of: 
Tanned  hides  and  skins,  curried, 

dyc<l,  or  dressed 

Boots,  shoe.s,  and  slippers 

All  other 

Iron  and  steel,  and  manufacturer  of: 
Cast  iron — 

Bars,  beams,  plates,  etc 

I'ipi'sand  fittings 

Another 

Wrought  iron,  steel  and  malleable 
iron^ 

Galvanized  sheets 

Another 

Cutlerj' 

Firearms 

Nails  and  tacks 

Pipes  and  fittings,  n.  c.  s 

Rails 

Railway   track   material  (except 

rails* 

Stnict  ural  material 

Tools  and  implements 

Wire — 

Barbed,  with  staples  therefor 

Plain,  galvanized,  or  not 

Another 

Machinery  and  apparatus: 

Klectrical 

Engines,  steam — 

Locomotives  and  tenders 

All  other 

Power  punins 

Sewing  machines 

Sugar  machinery 

Tvpe«Titers. . . ." 

All  other 

Metal  wastes  and  scoriie 

Musical  i nstruments,  and  parts  of . . . 
Oils,  mineral: 

Crude 

Gasoline 

Illuminating . 

Lubricating 

Another 


United 
King- 
dom. 


$16,040 

9,<J<>1 

4,K48 

10,908 

l,.v21 

63,s67 

29,390 
62,652 


172,698 

316,  .■)22 

71,472 


4">,.S62 
20,902 


14S,S34 
139,563 

34,963 
293 

64,457 
1S9, 559 
183,769 

46,602 
275, 227 
45,204 

69, 238 

20,121 

407,437 

82,897 


104, 
42, 
2S, 

371. 

375, 
26, 


$214 

813 

2 


314 


France.  Spain.     \°^ 


9,090 


2,485 

291 

9 


193 


45, 164 
ll.-.,4.T« 
214,4.^3 
6S,S77 
68,387  I 


5,434 


$9 

8 

1,991 


230 


1,4.30 
1,645 


238 
76 
193 


S900 

469 

3,. "134 


$72 
592 
286 

1,706 
123 

6,595 


3,111 
250     23,811 


1,86.% 
2,461 
3,764 


101 


51 
392 


Other 
coun- 
tries. 


21,693 

117,017 

4,769 


242 
1,177 
2,804 


33,115 

24,671 

1,417 

202 

7,057 

8,011 


229 


2,112 
.     122 


9  US 
22 


1,391 
2,909 


278 

4 

V>2 


$5.12 


16 
106 


692 

10,783 
42,674 


203 

5» 


282 
91 
31 
12 


10 


1,033 

15 

17,7.55 

1,087 

2a5 

2.>,790 

2,891 

3,6.52 

7 

3,470 

iO.6.35 

384 

6?4 

328 

123,831 

2,6.54 

10 

31,262 

977 

15 

5S2 

15 

160 

1,994 

3,368 

4«2 

177 

528 


GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 
DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC— Continued. 


Imports  into  the  Dominican  Republic  by  Articles  and  Countries 
OF  Origin,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 


United 
States. 


United 
King- 
dom. 


France. 


Spain. 


Porto 
Rico. 


Other 
coun- 
tries. 


Paints,  pigments,  varnishes,  etc.: 

Paints  and  pigments 

All  other 

Paper,  and  manufactures  of 

Pearls,  precious  stones,  and  Imita- 

ttons  of,  imset 

Perfumery,   cosmetics,   and    other 

toilet  preparations 

Plated  ware,  gold  and  silver , 

Rattan, bamboo,  etc.,  and  manufac- 
tures of 

Rubber,  and  manufactures  of 

Silk,  and  manufactures  of 

Soap 

Stones  and  earths,and  manufactures 

of 

Tin,lead,  zinc,  and  other  metals,  and 

manufactures  of 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of: 

Boards,  planks,  and  beams 

Furniture 

All  other 

"Wool,  and  manufactures  of 

All  other  dutiable  articles 

All  other  free  articles 

Legal  currency 


$87,448 
46,534 
202,448 


31,273 
27,292 

23,949 

76,479 

79,112 

240,915 

31,553 

14,833 

234,090 
103, 822 
109,345 
67,834 
137,800 
191,398 
130,000 


$3,495 

1,472 

57 


448 


58 
215 
695 

14 

28 


1 

25 
5,237 
2,371 

278 


S2 

24 

1,349 


$15,533 


39,085 
26 

290 

112 

9,723 

854 

9 

487 


.    129 

193 

1,451 

6,616 

618 


1,074 
1 

2 

449 

447 

1,229 

11 

354 


56 

1,688 

373 

2,392 


SI,  431 

443 

11,965 


3,855 
1,401 

896 

6,949 

25,136 

5,291 

2,609 

566 

21,555 
6,. 569 
7,124 
11,041 
13,. 536 
18,872 
51,750 


%2 

1 

17,029 


1,615 
30 

269 

62 

3,478 

599 

204 


408 

5,141 

794 

14,973 

2,221 


PORTO  RICO. 

Imports  by  Articles,  Fiscal  Year  1916. 


Articles. 


Domestic  merchan- 
dise from 
United  States. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Merchandise  im- 
ported from 
foreign  countries. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Agricultural  implements 

Animals 

Breadstuffs: 

Bread  and  biscuits pounds. 

Com  meal barrels . 

Oats bushels. 

Wheat  flour barrels. 

Rice pounds . 

All  other 

Candles pounds. 

Cars,  carriages,  and  parts  of 

Cement barrels. 

Chemicals,  drugs,  dyes,  and  medicines 

Coal tons. 

Cocoa  and  chocolate,  prepared 

Cotton,  manufactures  of: 

Cloths yards- 

All  other  manufactures  of 


5,703,251 

90,  653 

236, 213 

337, 299 

143, 171, 261 


1, 069, 231 
"245,084 
"135,518 


28,376,142 


$47, 114 
18, 391 


391, 

340, 

128, 

1,954, 

5, 596, 

179, 

95, 

1,087, 

278, 

625, 

423. 

4o; 


1, 855, 828 
2, 012, 608 


32 


64,376 


156,383 


$37, 271 
1,155 

12,975 


23 


2,711 
25,975 


80, 312 


29, 410 


22,250 
30,579 


TKAlJi:  STATISTICS. 

PORTO  RICO— Cuiitlnuwl. 
Imposts  by  Articles,  Fiscal  Ykae  1910 — Continued. 


529 


Articles. 


Domestic  merchan- 
dise from 
United  Slates. 


McrchandUe  im- 
ported from 
forciRD  countrio5. 


Earthen,  stonf,  and  china  ware 

Explosives 

Fertilizpr tons. . 

Fibers,  vegetable,  and  textile  grasses: 

Cordage pounds. . 

Jute  bags 

Another 

Fish: 

Dried,  smoked,  or  cured pounds . . 

All  other 

Fruits  and  nuts 

Glass  and  glassware 

India  rubber,  manufactures  of 

Instruments  and  apparatus,  scientific 

Iron  and  stocl,  manufactures  of 

Leather,  and  manufactures  of 

Meat  and  dairy  products: 

Meat  products — 

Bacon pounds . . 

Hams  and  shoulders,  cured . .  .do — 

Pork,  pickled do — 

Lard do — 

Lard  compounds do — 

All  other  meat  products 

Dairy  products- 
Butter pounds . 

Cheese do  — 

Condensed  milk do — 

Musical  instruments,  and  parts  of 

Oils: 

Mineral gallons . 

V'egetable 

Paints,  pitciuonts,  and  varnishes 

Paper,  nuiiiufactiucs  of 

Perfumeries,  cosmetics,  and  toilet  prepara- 
tions   

Seeds 

Silk,  manufactures  of 

Soap: 

Toilet  or  fancy 

All  other poimds. 

Spirits,  wines,  and  malt  liquors: 

Malt  liquors gallons. 

Spirits,  distilled proof  galls . 

Wines gallons. 

Champagne dozen  tjuarts. 

Sugar,  refuied pounds . 

Straw  and  palm  leaf,  manufactures  of 

Tobacco,  and  manufactures  of: 

L'nmanufactured pounds. 

All  other  manufactures  of 

Toys 

Vegetables: 

Beans  and  dried  peas bushels . 

Onions do. . . 

Potatoes do... 

AU  other,  canned 

All  other  (including  pickles  and  sauces) . 


37. 725 


810, 416 


,181.795 


499,772 

85,822 

132, 405 

98,371 

551,506 

27,689 

2,601,909 

1,567,251 


39,103 
31,245 


367,353 
3,753,999 
14,891,530 
4,729,010 
6,140,630 


2,709 


874 


797, 786 

974,28.S 

2,089,495 


4, 827, 124 


15, 767, 287 

297,  442 

1,4% 

72,780 


10, 265, 579 
1,764,344 


216,747 
36,131 
252,964 


.56,939 

Sm,  140 

1,5.')2,9R0 

570, 309  I 

61.1,079 

252,729  11,038 

128,031  I   161,111  77,239 

183,655     95,717  17,805 

184,491   1,132,482  99,709 

43,202  2,666 

766,689  111, 298,000  i  212,520 

106,311  154,996 

227,788  i 7,470 

709,102  ! 54,595 


69, 476 


280,503 

51,501 
718,373 

132, 543 

4,806 

35,539 


612,041 
71,836 

285,041 
72,391 
46,860 

795, 276 
43,384 

218, 825 
54,084 
9,835 


40,067 
19,648 


9  819 

8,210 

4,792 

61,634 

314 

5,112 
16,018 
63.540 

5,803 

1,222 

12 

615 

6,471 
34,505 
5,580 

24,427 
32,400 
6,440 
6  012 

174,314 

144297°— 2( 


530  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

PORTO  RICO— Continued. 
Imports  by  Articles,  Fiscal  Year  1916— Continued. 


Articles. 

Domestic  merchan- 
dise from 
United  States. 

Merchandise  im- 
ported from 
foreign  countries. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of: 

Boards,  deals,  planks,  and  scantling,'. 
Mfeet 

23, 974 

$499, 834 
212,526 
460, 108 
187, 247 

2,369,172 

2,572 

Furniture 

$■45, 236 
3,742 
14,484 
8,913 

539, 233 

Another 

Wool,  manufactures  of 

All  other  articles,  including  foreign  merchan- 
dise   

Total  value . 

35, 892, 515 

3, 058, 641 

«fi??nc°f«o^~^^^P*^''*^  °^  domestic  merchandise  in  1916  amounted  to  $66,628,624,  of  which 
$60,906,463  worth  was  sent  to  the  United  States. 

BERMUDA  ISLANDS. 

Imports  and  Exports  by  Countries,  1916  and  1917. 


Imports  from. 

Exports  to. 

1916 

1917 

1916 

1917 

United  Kingdom 

$5.57,637 

398, 153 

44 

12,356 

16, 668 

798 

11,986 

6,341 

608 

102 

1,.523 

414 

$232,599 

701,374 
311 
7,981 
27,340 
2,861 
6,463 
8,897 
15,325 

$5, 655 
12, 117 

$959 
28,313 

British  colonies: 

Canada 

Antigua 

Barbados 

1.5,650 

341 

1,314 

35,676 

24,. 551 

1,115 

Demerara 

Dominica 

Jamaica 

St.  Kitts 

'16 

Trinidad 

Egypt 

India 

268 
1,002 

St.  Lucia 

Total 

448,993 

771, 822 

29,432 

89,655 

Foreign  countries: 

United  States 

2,560,426 

1,626 

219 

2,195 

63 

4,740 

2,274,622 
83 

645,371 

920,274 

France 

Holland 

Teneriffe 

2,910 
311 

St.  Thomas 

Cuba 

Porto  Rico 

73 

Total 

2,569,269 

2,277,999 

645,371             920,274 

Grand  total 

3,575,899 

3,282,420 

'       ' 

TILVDi:   STATISTICS. 

BERMUDA  ISLANDS— Continued. 


531 


Imposts  into  I?i:rmi  da  ky  I'bin<'ipal  Articles  and  Leauino  Coun- 
tries UK  ObIQIN,  1916  AND  1917. 


Ajtri cultural  implements. 

Alcohol 

Barrels,  empty 

Bicycles 

Bicycle  sundries 

Boats 

Books 

Box  material 

Bran 

Brandy 

Bread  ( biscuitj;,  etc.) 

Building  material. 


$1, 

12', 
12, 
C, 
3, 

42: 
54, 
2, 
25, 
12 
Butter !     116, 


Carriages 

Cattle 

Cement 

Cheese 

Clothing 

Coal 

Coffee  and  cocoa 

Confectionery 

Cordials 

Corn 

Cotton  goods 

Dnigs 

Earthenware 

Kfigs 

Klectrical  goods 

Fancy  goods 

Fertlliter 

Fish,  preserved 

Flour 

Fruit: 

Dried 

Fresh 

Fruit  and  meats,  canned 

Furniture 

Gas 

Gasoline  and  naphtha. . . 

Gin 

Glassware 

(iroceries 

ITardware 

nay 

Horses 

Jewelry 

Lard 

Ijoather  manufactures. . . 

Linen  goods 

Liquor,  malt 

Lumber 

Machinery 

Matches 

Meal 

Meats: 

Beef 


439 
Smoked  and  salted :    162, 546 


5, 
126 

12 

30i 
IK?, 

lis 

16, 

27 

2, 

28, 

185, 
42, 
13, 
27 
23, 
51, 
50, 
49, 

171, 

24, 
52, 
116 
37 

2, 

3 

14: 
20: 

81 ; 
79, 
33 
21, 

27, 

26, 

100, 

10, 

89, 

26 

28, 

7, 

199,  < 


$2,891 

$2,798 

4,497 

4,497 

9,840 

4,195 

6,414 

8-12 

4,740 

3,280 

2,642 

78 

4,321 

2,530 

46,407 

15,894 

73,679 

28,133 

1,528 

681 

21,646 

11,373 

8,302 

6,029 

116,971 

92,347 

2,458 

2,361 

142, 140 

139,250 

15,665 

15,665 

38,664 

17,310 

67,177 

58,870 

198,592 

198,592 

15,339 

15,251 

25,603 

24,630 

749 

126 

2.5, 442 

21.972 

131,902 

97,501 

34,367 

26,946 

7,645 

2,526 

15,339 

15,091 

27,175 

18,391 

38,742 

26,780 

89,072 

81,188 

65,123 

24,211 

245,520 

100,844 

19,087 

18,313 

42,937 

26,104 

133,741 

93,247 

19,695 

16,717 

2,161 

1,703 

4,122 

4,122 

4,594 

10,906 

10,341 

73,937 

63,673 

69, 702 

61,975 

25,963 

4,195 

9,592 

5,246 

17,281 

13,208 

30,158 

25,851 

76,944 

70,822 

5,533 

487 

72,039 

20,133 

23,281 

17,149 

13,519 

13,349 

6,667 

6,667 

21,690 

21,583 

170,547 

134,214 

152,443 

151,372 

$88 

$5 

5,645 

5,149 
1,460 

423 

48 
1,562 

2,516 

229 

30,513 

45,546 

847 

311 

9,962 
2,273 

24,624 
97 

2,890 

21,340 
4,224 

14 

4,083 

647 

574 


32,. "m 

4,S.'<6 
4,589 


1,475 

11,023 

4,764 

510 


204 


3, 4r..; 

1,231 


4,594 

497 

2,608 

5,455 


3,518 


4,896 

4,997 

16,103 


326 


88 

1,898 

2,535 

530 

248 

7,309 

784 

3,120 

40,402 

144,676 

570 

8,132 

37,029 

1,479 

458 


68 

7,271 

2,272 

21,768 

4,346 

ssr. 

4,307 
1,226 

49 

35,803 

6, 132 

34 


287 


36,333 

784 


532 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

BERMUDA  ISLANDS— <3ontiiiued. 


Impoets  into  Bermuda  by  Principal  Articles  and  Leading  Coun- 
tries OF  Origin,  1916  and  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 


1916, 
total. 


1917 


Total. 


United 
States. 


United 
Kingdom. 


Canada. 


Metal  manufactures 

Musical  instrunieuts. . . 

Oats 

Oil,  kerosene 

Oilmen's  stores 

Oils  and  paints 

Oleomargarine 

Paper , 

Peas  and  beans 

Perfumery 

Photograph  supplies 

Potatoes 

Poultry  and  meats,  n.  e 

Preserves 

Rice 

Rope 

Rubber  goods 

Rum 

Salt 

Sculpture 

Seeds 

Sheep 

Ship  chandlery 

Silk  goods 

Soap  and  starch 

Sporting  goods 

Stationery 

Straw  goods 

Sugar 

Tea 

Tinware 

Tobacco: 

Leaf 

Cigarettes 

Cigars 

Vegetables 

Whisky 

Wine 

Wooden  ware 

Woolen  goods 


$2, 

91, 
42, 
17, 
19, 
12, 
25, 
20, 
6, 
11, 
So, 

in, 

1-1, 

if), 

y, 

6, 
12, 
3, 
C, 
5, 
11, 

Ifi' 
25, 

4^ 
20, 
12, 
108, 
24, 

2, 

12, 
46, 
22, 
IS, 
91, 
14, 


$3,665 

$3,212 

8,443 

8,069 

00,342 

26,624 

43,954 

43,954 

7,358 

.  3,124 

18,702 

13,135 

19, 782 

19,476 

21,768 

14,123 

22,415 

20,381 

964 

555 

4,287 

4,151 

99,389 

66,861 

3,387 

3,343 

14,293 

6,487 

27,238 

22,035 

7,455 

7,290 

5,246 

2,900 

9,018 

3,616 

3,348 

1,153 

423 

8,949 

5,626 

7,636 

7,636 

6,706 

6,292 

8,502 

1,703 

24, 133 

12,531 

2,901 

1,431 

18, 191 

10,837 

9,733 

4,477 

15, 954 

48,563 

23,369 

14,677 

2,818 

2,735 

9,709 
32,060 

9,947 

8,925 
11,081 
13, 174 

6,137 
25, 213 


6,103 
6,409 
2,292 
6,098 
277 
6,215 
4,38.5 
8,098 


238 
73, 718 


4,078 

2,107 

306 

467 


331 
136 


1,246 
857 

53 
978 
253 

83 


413 


414 

6,799 
11,339 
1,251 
6,254 
4,721 


1,441 
49 

3,596 

23,714 

2,462 


10, 595 
6,365 
1,280 

16,288 


$404 
136 


156 
3,460 


7,178 
1,630 

78 


31,992 

44 

6,370 

3,665 

112 

1,368 


185 
730 


263 

219 

1,080 

306 

31,919 

7,251 

34 

10 
1,830 
200 
2,365 
209 
243 
472 
827 


THADF.   STATISTICS. 

BAHAMA  ISLANDS. 

Imports  and  Kxpokts  uy  CouNxaiEs,   1915  ano  1916. 


533 


Countries. 


ITnited  States 

•  ireat  Hritain 

Canada 

other  British  possessions. 

Cuba 

France 

Netherlands 

All  other  countries 


Imports  from. 


1915 


$1,380,323 

2H6,753 

18,117 

66.765 


1916 


?l,9nO,.'H7 

267, 490 

1(1,390 

91, WB 


Exports  to. 


1915 


21,756 


47,147 


$707,  nnr. 

264,261 
10,R73 
2,  361 

110,994 
44,609 
33,. V5 
13, 107 


Total 1,772,714 


2,317,377       1,187,456 


1916 


$1,0«1,PM 

204,  «0 

26,897 

4.610 

142,. 'A5 

99,6.'a 

6«,.'-.75 

14,272 


1,622,808 


Imports  into  the  Bahamas  by  Articl&s,  1916. 


Articles. 


Alcohol: 

Troof 

Denatured 

Ale,  porter,  and  stout 

A  pples 

IJeans  and  peas 

Bicycles 

Biscuits,  common 

Books  and  pamphlets,  printed. . 

Boots  and  shoes 

Brandy,  proof 

Butter 

Candles: 

Other  than  tallow 

Tallow 

Cattle 

Cement 

Cheese 

Cigars 

Coal 

Coffee: 

Uaw 

Roasted  or  prepared 

Coin 

Confectionery 

Com,  whole  or  cracked 

Corn  meal  and  hominy 

Cotton,  linen,  and  woolen  goods 

Dairy  and  chicken  feed 

Drags  and  druirgists'  sundries. . . 

Dynamite 

Earthenware  and  frla.s?ware 

Electrical  apparatus  and  appli- 
ances   

Fertilizers 

Fislv 

Dried  or  salted 

Fresh 


$$327 
415 
8,024 
1,595 
6,244 
3,415 
4,185 
3,171 

72, 477 
1,829 

33,561 

624 
6.S3 
1,601 
3,951 
8,707 
3,946 
21,195 

8,517 

3,888 

43,414 

11,6.58 

7, 1.32 

10."),  731 

323,0.54 

36, 81.3 

24,439 

976 

10,390 

9,140 
5,956 

2,9.51 
859 


Articles. 


Flour,  rye  or  wheat 

Foodstuffs 

Furniture 

Gasoline 

Gin 

Gunpowder 

Kara  ware  and  tinware 

Hats  and  caps 

Hay 

Hulls  and  materials  of  wrecked 

vessels 

Ice 

Insecticide 

Lard 

Lumber 

Matches 

Machetes 

Machinery 

Meats: 

Cured,  dried,  or  salted 

Fresh 

Metal  celling,  roofing,  and  siding. 

Milk , 

M  otor  boats , 

Motor  cars 

Motor  cycles 

Molasses"  and  cane  sirup 

Movuig-pict ure  film'; 

Musical  instruments 

Nails,  iron 

Oaknm 

Oil: 

Kerosene 

Lard,  olive,  and  sperm 

Allother 

Oleomargarine 

Packages  for  the  exportation  of 
native  produce 


Value. 


$299,  .54& 

81,53t 

25,146 

12,000 

11,902 

190 

165,247 

18, 171 

8,195 

1,429 

7,683 

287 

65,804 

28,292 

7,863 

1,326 

38,841 

73,706 

31,409 

424 

32,609 

11,607 

13.219 

59 

883 

0,732 

5.5,s5 

5,732 

1,341 

19.  .561 

S39 

11,785 

7,097 

27,341 


534  GUIDE   TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

BAHAMA  ISLANDS— Continued. 
Imports  into  the  Bahamas  by  Articles,  1916 — Continued. 


Articles. 


Paints 

Paper  bags,  boxes,  and  wrap- 
ping paper 

Photograpliic  materials 

Plants,  roots,  seeds,  and  bulbs. 

Potatoes  and  onions 

Power  presses 

Printer's  type  and  material 

Railroad  material 

Rice 

Rope  and  canvas 

Rum: 

In  bottles 

In  wood 

Shingles,  cypress: 

4-lnch 

5-inch 

6-inch 

Soap,  common  washing 

Sponge 


Value. 


$26,317 

16,219 

3,  .537 

1,151 

12,278 

317 

1,317 

11,415 

51,087 

43,561 

420 
18,551 

268 

12, 585 

88 

16,058 

1,537 


Articles. 


Starch 

Stationery  and  toys 

Sugar: 

Other  than  white 

White 

Surgical  appliances  and  instru 

ments 

Tea 

Tobacco: 

Unmanufactured 

Manufactured 

I'ine  cut  and  cigarettes 

Trunks  and  valises. 

Turpentine 

Typewriters 

Whisky 

Wines 

Wire  fencing 

Yellow  metal,  in  sheets 


Value. 


$3,P17 
12, 166 

64,936 
40, 273 

829 
5,878 

10,341 

15,  ,536 

13,780 

1,805 

737 

805 

8,030 

13,678 

834 


VIRGIN  ISLANDS. 

Imports  into  St.  Thomas  by  Principal  Articles  and  Cottntbies  of 
Origin,  Fiscal  Year  Ended  March  31,  1914,  and  Calendar  Year 
1916. 


Articles. 


Ammunition 

United  States 

Apparel 

United  Kingdom... 

United  States 

Beverages: 

Coffee 

West  Indies 

United  States 

Tea 

United  Kingdom. 

Germany 

Boats,  etc 

United  States 

Boots  and  shoes 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. . . 
Breadstufls: 

Cereals 

United  States 

Corn 

United  States 

Com  meal 

United  States 


86,718 
6,562 
9,470 
4,388 
3,966 

3,818 
(a) 
112 

883 


861 
2,935 
2,000 
14,632 
13, 751 
283 

1,314 
543 
4,098 
4,094 
7, 437 
7.437 


1916 


$2, 102 
1,919 
5,575 
2,213 
2,764 

2,863 
2,468 
353 
2,2.S0 
1,340 


1,338 

.599 

14,  .504 

11,662 

1,034 

1,634 
1,108 
3,715 
3,415 
10, 153 
10,028 


Articles. 


Breadstufls— Continued. 
Flour- 
Wheat  (practically 
all  from  the  United 

States) 

Rye 

United  States 

Rice 

Germany 

Netherlands 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Another 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Cement 

Denmark 

United  States 

Chinaware,  crockery,  etc. 

Germany ". 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Coal , 

United  States 


$46,336 
2,224 
2,086 
6,247 
4,064 
1,303 
815 


4,848 

2,876 

1,262 

3,671 

2,269 

238 

3,075 

920 

865 

675 

262, 805 

262,805 


$62,301 
3,377 
3,377 
5,420 


4,770 
342 
4,023 
2,439 
1,450 
6,339 
5,626 
31 
1,671 


951 

578 

S3, 214 

82,013 


a  Not  separately  stated. 


I 


TUAlJi:  .STATISTICS. 

VIRGIN  ISLANDS— Contiiiu.Ml. 


635 


lupoRTS  INTO  St.  Thomas  jiy  rRiNciPAi,  Abtici^s  and  Countries  ok 
Origin,  Fiscal  Yeab  Ended  March  31,  1914,  etc. — Continued. 


Articles. 


I 


Confectionery,  chocolate, 

cocoa, etc 

Denmark 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Dairy  producUi: 

Butter 

Denmark 

United  States 

Cheese 

United  Slates 

Germany 

Drugs  and  chemicals. . . . 

I'nited  Stale.s 

United  Kingdom 

Germany 

Fancy  goods 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Fish,  dried,  salted,  etc.... 

United  folates 

Denmark 

Fniits  and  vegetables: 

Beans  and  peas 

Ignited  States 

Other 

Uruted  States 

West  Indies 

Fruits  and  nuts,  dried 

France 

United  Stales 

Glassware 

Germany 

United  States 

Denmark 

Gold,  silver,  and  plated 

ware 

Unite<l  States 

Hats  and  caps,  p.  e.  s 

li^nitod  Kingdom 

Unite<i  Stales 

Lard,  animal  and  vege- 
table  

United  St atfts 

Live  stock  ( West  Indies). . 

Margarine 

I'nited  States 

Meats,  smoked,  salted,  etc 

Denmark 

United  States 

Metals,  and  manutacturcs 
of: 

Machinery 

United  States 

Denmark 

Wire,  pipe?,  platen,  etc. 
United  Kingdom. . . . 

United  States 

Another 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Germany 


1014 


1916 


S4,792 

2,033 
1,217 
1,21)4 

17,982 
14,S71 
1,937 
7,308 
4,041 
2,049 
C,  7;.'5 
3,907 
1,302 
1,204 
ll,Zi7 
0,296 
3,138 
8,C80 
5,349 
2,395 

6,651 
6,4S3 
32,433 
2S,921 
2,279 
2,317 
2,080 


12,799 

10, S31 

1,102 

66 

1,443 

310 

1,420 

1,263 

17 

1,925 
1,705 
14,409 
9,083 
7,212 
1,667 
1,351 


1,765 

1,103 

187 

1?,984 

7,918 

7,791 

21.957 

14,817 

4,749 

1,405 


$5,548 

li3 

1,012 

1,115 

12,979 
10,408 
2, 5tiO 
5,072 
4,4.^7 
129 
4,2H2 
2,.>M 
875 


7,750 
6,625 
1,096 
5,840 
4,475 
1,143 

7,308 
7,230 
12,364 
5,064 
7,300 
1,506 
36 
1,256 
6,800 


3,817 
2,200 

526 
289 
605 
420 
185 

10, 124 

10,122 

12,397 

5,781 

5.043 

7,807 

1.39 

7,652 


789 

274 

474 

10,364 

2,899 
0,741 
8,2.50 
r',787 
2,681 
185 


Articles. 


Oils,  mineral  and  vege- 
table  

United  Stales 

Taints,  colors,  etc 

linited  Stales 

I'nited  Kingdom 

Ve\>eT  andjia[>er  goods. .. 

I  nited  King'lom 

United  States 

P'ranco 

Perfumes,  toilet  soaps,  etc. 

France 

Umted  Kingdom 

United  States 

Preser\'es 

United  Kingdom 

I'nited  Stales 

Soap,  common 

United  States 

I'nited  Kingdom 

Spirits,  wines,  and  liquors: 
Beer,  porter,  and  malt 

extract 

Denmark  

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Brandy 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Germany 

Gin 

Netherlands 

Liqueurs 

trance 

Rum  (West  Indies) 

Whisky  (practically  all 
from  United  Kingdom) 

Wine 

France 

United  States 

Other  spirits 

West  Indies 

Crermany 

Starch 

United  States 

Straw  and  straw  goods 

(hats,  baskets,  etc  )... 

United  Kingdom. . 

Umted  States 

Sugar 

United  States 

Textiles: 

Cotton 

United  Kingdom 
United  States. .. 

Germany 

Woolen 

United  Kingdom 

Silk 

Ignited  Kingdom 

Mixtures 

I'nited  Kingdom 
France 


$21,1.36 

10, 253 

17,223 

10,955 

6,052 

8,996 

2,939 

2,497 

1,446 

7,410 

3,025 

1,413 

l,6f.5 

12,046 

3,81.6 

3,271 

1,341 

1.123 


1914 


15,104 

10, 743 

2,7S3 

223 

I,6.S2 

527 

420 

602 

12,602 

12,109 

1,341 

781 

6,835 

7,101 
11,KII7 
4,342 
63 
23,704 
17,067 
4,403 
3,0.^) 
2,988 

28,986 

5, 173 

297 

38, 232 
6,133 

70,006 
49,8?8 
13, 798 
4,614 
5,949 
6,473 
2.432 
1,231 
3,6.s9 
3,657 


$149, 8.V) 

7,286 
7,291 
1,4.53 
5,4.30 
7,627 
1,178 
3,6S8 

S16 
3,207 
2,UP6 

491 

505 
7,524 
1,.340 
4,262 
7,471 

739 
6,465 


10, 145 
9,353 
683 
107 
1,150 
807 
343 


1916 


10,099 

9,662 

427 

268 

5,848 

3,632 
4,797 
2,526 
401 
20,171 
19,150 


2,029 
2,015 

7,772 
3,-.V12 
744 
4.  l.Sil 
4,023 

39,398 

24.902 

11,517 

101 

C78 

664 

329 

I  SI 

1,670 

639 

992 


536 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

VIRGIN  ISLANDS— Continued. 


Imports  into  St.  Thomas  by  Principal  Articles  and  Countries  of 
Origin,  Fiscal  Year  Ended  March  31,  1914,  etc. — Continued. 


Articles. 

1914 

1916 

Articles. 

1914 

1916 

Tobacco,   and    manufac- 
tures of: 
Unmanufactured 

$7, 194 
5,230 
(a) 
7,776 
4,069 
160 
(a) 
8,851 
1,388 
(a) 

$14,461 
4,027 
10,434 
5,268 
2,577 
45 
2,501 
5,029 
158 
3,926 

Wood,  and  manufactures 
of: 
Lumber 

$34, 783 

28,631 

1,005 

463 

5,090 

265 

1,555 

441 

$4,707 
4,334 
2  224 

United  States 

West  Indies 

United  Slates 

Cigarettes 

Denmark 

772 

United  Kingdom 

Staves 

4,846 
4,213 
3  873 

United  States 

West  Indies 

United  States 

All  other,  n.  e.  s 

United  States 

Cigars     

3' ''92 

United  States 

Wfist  Tndifw 

a  Not  separately  stated. 

GUADELOUPE. 

Imports  by  Countkies,   1916  and  1917. 


Countries. 

1916 

1917 

France .              

$1,717,682 

44, 0li9 

67,083 

255,075 

2,426,055 

296, 392 

$1,964,045 
157,498 

England 

•     8  405 

643,453 
1, 343, 822 

Another.                    -- 

508, 439 

Total  

4,816,356 

7  625  652 

Total  Imports  into  Guadeloupe  and  Imports  from  United  States, 
BY  Articles,  1916  and  1917. 


Articles. 


Alimentary  fats {P^'^^; 

Beer {||E; 

Breadstufls: 

Biscuits {^z^: 

com t^- 

Com  meal te'!; 


Total  imports. 


319,803 

$67,4o2 

11,126 

$8, 132 

653,917 
$48, 452 
375, 974 
$12,803 
31,960 
$1,064 


653, 735 

$168, 572 

13,618 

$16, 405 

754, 107 
$66,'378 
368, 000 
$18,327 
39, 96.5 
$2,346 


Imports  from  United 
States. 


312,319 

362,928 

5,728 

$3, 797 

631,395 
$46, 775 
375,974 
$12,803 
31,960 
$1,064 


1917 


451,885 

$118,760 

8,644 

S9, 418 

502,654 
843,817 
337,279 
$17,090 
38,497 
$2,276 


TRADE  STATISTICS. 

GUADELOUPEi— Continued. 


637 


Total  Imports  into  (iUADfxorPE  and  Impouts  from  United  States, 
BY  Abticles,  191U  AND  11)17 — Continued. 


Total  imports. 


Articles. 


1916 


B  readstufis — Continued . 
Flour 


(pounds. . 
lvalue 

Oats te-- 


Rice. 
Butter... 


(pounds. . 
lvalue  — 
I  pounds. . 
lvalue  — 

Cheese (vahfe.^!: 

„          J  /pounds.. 

Cement '(value.... 

Chemicals:  Sulphuric  acid . .  {^.aUw!!! ! 
„    ,  ./tonso.. 

Coal lvalue. 

_  _^.,,  ftonsa. 

Fertilizers \valuc. 

Fish,  salted: 

.  /pounds. 

coa lvalue... 


Herring. 


Hides. 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures: 

Machinery  and  tools value. . 

All  other do. . . . 

Jewelry do — 

T      ,  /pounds.. 

Lard ivaluc.... 

Matches {?ahfe'!!:'. 

Meat,  salted: 

Beef {^::i;;::^^: 

Pork ■■■{^^■.: 

Oil: 

cottonseed {S'';: 

Mineral— 

defined /PX'^- 

H-y fe- 


Paper. 


[pounds . , 
lvalue 

Perfumery {vXe"!!: 

o  1.  /tonso.. 

Salt ivalue. 

Shoes te: 

s-p fe^: 


1917 


10,2.30,483 

$450,119 

39G, 124 

813,  S57 

9,300,996 

Hoi,  338 

30,516 

$7,990 

26,643 

$9,362 

567,309 

89,717 

96,807 

$6,055 

8,006 

$62,730 

4,164 

$196, 139 

2,687,664 

$245,650 

273,605 

$27,4.51 

47,188 

$20, 339 

$52, 558 
$131,453 
$13,224 
103, 551 
$21,040 
52,846 
$24, 449  I 

281,008  I 
$-36,441 
871,621  I 

$107,885  1 
i 
797,842 

$116, 920 

2,918,959 

$108. 1S6 

:»0, 123 

$10,406 

236,662 

S2 1,299 

25,289 

$4,717 

1,290 

$14,964 

5.5,4.54 

$63,615 

631,620 

$68,777 


10.934,810 

$784,395 

515, 128 

821,033 

7,835,040 

$405,026 

22,842 

$7,670 

24,211 

$15,350 

3,197,015 

$83,963 

36,923 

$2,912 

8,489 

$139, 121 

6,060 

$456,908 

2.. 501, 1.53 

$287,:«)9 

306,088 

$35,2.38 

90,974 

$'V,  278 

$40.5,300 
$181,282 
$73,  .575 
114,241 
$33, 137 
38,764 
$16,747 

191,039 

$29, 2S.i 

790,061 

$133, 774 

771,966 
$156,800 

2,148.880 

$133,3.50 

4.53,616 

$14,577 

447,886 

$.39,565 

48,000 

$12,190 

1,348 

$22,375 

59,161 

888.109 

1,300,727 

$129,285 


Imports  from  United 

States. 


1916 


10,134,834 

$443,001 

396, 124 

$13,. 5.57 

1,838,349 

$06,913 

r2,a?5 

$3,147 

6.329 

$2,2.50 

492,098 

$9,041 

27,013 

$1,810 

7,. 515 

$59,184 

1,290 

$90,011 

1,531,. 522 

$136,053 

267,202 

$26,871 

4,061 

$1,206 

$22,075 
$71,933 
$181 
103,3.57 
$21,003 
47,968 
$22,671 

281,008 
$36,441 
871,474 
$107,855 

797,842 
$116,920 

2,911,730 

$107,6.57 
336,827 
$9, 739 
105,002 
$0,604 
397 
$100 


4,800 
$19, 168 
467,045 
$40,SS7 


1917 


10,177,418 

$737,972 

507,706 

$20,707 

2,043,488 

8163,221 

3,. 373 

$977 

1.5,119 

$11,074 

2,825,000 

$74, 19H 

22,928 

$l,80i 

8,324 

$136,805 

5,637 

$428,421 

895, 478 

$112,661 

288,400 

$32,838 


$277,880 
$160,070 
SI, 864 
U«,790 
$:J0, 448 
36, 574 
$15,797 

175,  .565 
$26,871 
776,027 
$131,725 

731,458 
$149,314 

2,127,603 

$131,318 

442,:$61 

$14,181 

171,704 

$10,396 

408 

$386 


11,142 

$26,130 

1,1:30,917 

$113,638 


a  Ton  of  2,000  pounds 


538 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

GUADELOUPE— Continued. 


Total  Imports  into  Guadeloupe  and  Imports  from  United  States, 
BY  Articles,  1916  and  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 

Total  imports. 

Imports  from  United 
States. 

1916 

1917 

1916 

1917 

Textiles: 

^utebags {PX^- 

All  other value. . . 

Tobacco: 

Cigarettes ^'i- 

i^-f te!:: 

Vegetables: 

Beans l^-^': 

Potatoes {Po-^- 

Another {P^^^;; 

Vehicles:  Automobiles {vXe**^' ' 

Wood,  and  manufactures  of: 

Furniture value 

Lumber- 
Pine— 

White do.... 

Pitch do.... 

Shooks  and  staves do 

All  other  atricles do 

943,962 
$.58,531 
$622,210 

50,634 
$.32,662 
124,398 
$24,237 

386,702 
$45, 932 
610,731 
$26,000 
9.59,914 
$82,327 
52 
$41,784 

$16,944 

$120,870 

$&3, 373 

$316, 297 

$909,015 

1,205,009 
$181,130 
$682, 948 

55,340 
$49,895 
170,088 
$49,583 

(«) 
(°) 

587,. 5.51 

$24,785 

779,042 

$110,305 

114 

$132,012 

$20,387 

$116,254 

$119,061 

$429,232 

$1,823,590 

206,771 
$10,016 

$82,713 

42 

$29 

124,385 

$24,224 

203,008 
$21,974 
312,397 
$13,223 
333,800 
$35, 115 
48 
$37,924 

$13,2.39 

•       $82,404 

$85,373 

$231,947 

$325,229 

238,980 

$27,780 
$109, 1.57 

29 

$26 

160,118 

$46,932 

(a) 
(a) 

192,595 
$8,326 
241,685 
$46,879 
108 
$123,906 

$17,790 

$116,2,54 
$119,061 
$380,879 
$344,775 

Total do.... 

$4,816,356 

$7,625,662 

$2,426,055 

$4,343,822 

a  Included  in  "All  other  vegetables"  for  1917. 

MARTINIQUE. 

Imports  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1916  and  1917. 


Countries  of  origin. 

1916 

1917 

Countries  of  origin. 

1916 

1917 

$5, 558 
5,100 

399,446 
36,808 
700,858 
139,188 

$10,047 
11,385 

597,664 

16,605 

1.460,945 

'  321, 2G4 

38,579 

24, 165 

6,199 

2,0.56,858 

205, 808 

I,  .570 

1,205 

2,226 

Panama 

$4,364 

$6,174 
1  158 

Brazil . 

Peru 

British  Empire: 
Great  Britain 

Porto  Rico 

79, 193 

39, 399 

St.  Croix 

6  677 

St.  Martin 

21, 140 
1,628 
1,607 

11,817 

18, 940 
2,966,884 

97, 566 
2,517 

12,403 

Spain 

1  301 

Chile 

Sweden 

Dominican  Republic 

Switzerland.  . 

6  355 

20,971 

4,342 

1,847,340 

162, 950 

4,200 

456 

930 

St.  Thomas 

6  940 

United  States 

5, 652, 727 

411, 728 

All  other      .       .   . 

18,602 

HaitL 

Total 

Italy 

6,533,803 

10,917,872 

Netherlands 

TILVDE  STATISTICS. 


5.39 


MARTINIQUE    <'(.iitimuvl. 

Impokts  into  Martinique  from  All  Countriks  and  from   Unitkh 
States,  by  Abticles,   1J*17. 


Articles. 


From  United  States. 


Metric  tons.      Value 


From  all  countries. 


Metric  tans.      Value 


Alimentary  fats: 

Tallow 

Lard 

Automobiles 

Bags,  jute: 

New 

Used 

Beer 

Breadstufls: 

Sweet  biscuits 

Ship's  biscuits 

Com 

Com  floiu- 

Flour 

Oats 

Rice 

Snmolina 

Butter 

Cement 

Chemicals: 

Sulphuric  acid 

Soda,  refined 

Mcthylic  alcohol 

Carbide  of  calciiim 

Coal 

Coffee 

Copper 

Cordage,  twine,  and  rope 

Cotton,  and  manufactures: 

Waste  and  flocks : . . . 

Fabrics- 
Unbleached  

Blc:iched 

Dyed 

From  dyed  yam 

Printed 

Clothing 

Fertilizers: 

Guano 

Sodium  nitrate 

SulphiUe  of  ammonia 

Superphosphate 

Fish: 

Codfish 

ilerrings,  salted 

Sardines 

Fruits,  ciumed  and  preserved. 

Glass  and  crystal 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures ; 

Iron  bars 

Hoops 

Sheets,  iron 

Wire,  iron  and  stee! 

Steel  liars , 

Rails,  iron  and  steel 

Straight  axles 

Nails 

Tacks 


8.0 

23.7 

a  286.0 


6  30,406.0 

1.6 

48.3 

418.7 

30.6 

7. 4G5.  4 


585.8 

26.4 

15.7 

2,648.6 

43.4 

.6 

1.9 

13.0 

74, 308. 3 

00.7 

22.6 

28.3 

2.5 

89.9 
99.4 
129.4 
137.9 
208.8 


828.0 

5«')3. 0 

5,410.3 

554.7 

135.5 

.5 

3.1 


171.6 
838.8 
636.2 
45.1 
30.3 
159.7 
15.8 
65.1 
129.5 


$2, 9-18 

7,124 

229,584 

4,314 
9,571 
19, 405 

951 

7,938 

28,868 

2,683 

1,052,858 


59,093 
4,5.58 
9,439 

48,015 

3,538 

73 

547 

1,151 

731,5«.0 
15,9K4 
21,8X2 
19,897 

984 

14,495 
14,002 
1H,043 
19, 278 
67,830 
403 


91,Kt>8 

71,013 

191,537 

129,09t> 

30,413 

313 

1,702 

10, 191 

19, 7S3 
76,306 
105, 704 
5,90s 
4,907 

li,4;''.i 

5,071 
12,621 
15, 5SS 


17.7 

34.4 

o  286.0 


6  52,450.0 

7.8 

81.3 

600.4 

30.7 

7,517.3 

172.7 

1,989.9 

33.8 

27.2 

2,728.8 

45.9 

2.3 

2.9 

13.0 

78, 7ta.  1 

173.0 

29.3 

89.0 

11.0 

168.2 

1,7.50.0 

727.4 

500.8 

1,315.8 


1,057.8 

4,010.5 

8ti7.2 

5,416.3 

2, 487.  5 

138.3 

8.7 

0.7 


202. 9 
965.9 
728.2 
45.3 
38.0 
159.7 
28.0 
71.7 


$7, 124 

15,009 

229,584 

44,303 
25,(,« 
32,414 

4,710 
12,6<-8 
48,439 

2,090 

1,059,1.11 

11,925 

183,520 

5,  .5(.9 
18,318 
50,977 

3,791 

431 

837 

1,1.52 

821,012 

58, 544 

29,406 

47,803 

3,909 

24,890 
149,841 

92,342 

91,786 
188,280 

73,795 

58,113 
413,  is<; 
106, S93 
191, 537 

sao,  4t".i 

31,071 
6,085 
4,326 

37,205 

25,373 
90,050 
116,811 
6,024 
5,526 
ll,4-?0 
8,217 
15,314 
21,477 


a  Number. 


6  Gallons. 


540 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

MARTINIQUE— Continued. 


Imports  into  Martinique  from  All  Countries  and  from  United 
States,  by  Articles,  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 


Jewelry 

Hides  and  skins: 

Tanned  or  tawed 

Curried - .  ■ 

Meats: 

Preserved 

Salted- 
Pork 

Beef,  etc 

Matches 

Molasses 

Musical  instruments: 

Pianos 

Phonographs 

Oils: 

Cottonseed 

Linseed 

Mineral — 

Refined 

Crude 

Heavy    oils    and    residue    of 

petroleum 

Oleomargarine 

Paper 

Paper  cardboard  for  boxes 

Paint 

Pottery 

Salt 


Sewing  machines 

Shoes 

Soap 

Sulphur: 

Not  purified 

Purified 

Tobacco  and  manufactures: 

Tobacco,  leaf 

Cigars 

Vegetables: 

Beans 

Onions 

Potatoes 

Woods  and  manufactures: 

Furnitiu'e 

Lumber — 

Boards  over  35  millimeters 

Boards  less  than  35  millimeters. 

Railway  ties 

Shocks,  barrel 

Staves 

All  other  articles ■ 


Total. 


From  United  States. 


Metric  tons.       Value 


19.  B 


220.3 

58.4 


a  13.0 
a  25.0 

921.6 
47.9 

473.2 
1,372.0 

192.0 

164.0 

82.0 

4.9 


12.0 

a  1,069.0 

3.3 

793.7 

9.2 
15.6 

95.3 
.2 

133.4 
27.5 
123.4 


3,R71.7 
5, 734.  7 
130.3 
3,161.9 
5, 296. 3 


$119 
380 


75, 669 
19, 600 
5,214 


5,356 
402 

317,947 
14, 751 

36. 937 

66. 938 

24,175 

68,367 

21, 6.52 

445 

11,738 

3,640 

517 

7,161 

15, 194 

116, 049 

1,004 
975 

22,512 
373 

35,905 
3,038 
13,784 

19, 071 

104, 644 

142, 507 

4,516 

374, 232 

180, 796 
711,811 


From  all  countries. 


Metric  tons.      Value. 


155.8 


56.2 
1.6 


221.9 
59.2 


9, 583. 0 

a  33.0 
a  SO.  0 

939.8 
57.7 

573.0 
1,381.9 

1,251.2 

243.0 

216.5 

13.0 


1,415,4 

a  1, 079.  0 

25.9 

1,011.2 

32.9 
15.6 

96.0 

1.7 

221.2 

202.9 
400.1 


4, 078. 6 
5, 827. 1 
1,360.0 
3, 181. 1 
5,296.3 


843,218 

94,610 
5,147 

21, 594 

78, 236 

19, 895 

17,  762 

501,393 

11,619 
559 

326,353 
18, 822 

44,440 
67,522 

101,378 

104, 868 

52,288 

1,432 

42,534 

38, 156 

9,955 

7,276 

52, 436 

149, 936 

2,057 
979 


2,964 

55,518 
31,463 
36,353 

32, 192 

96,664 
135, 115 

29,663 

376, 411 

180, 796 

3,047,499 

10.917,872 


o  Number. 


TUADi:   STATISTICS. 

BARBADOS. 

Imports  and  Eipobts  by  Cocntkiks,  1014  and  ini.">. 


541 


Countries. 


Imports  from— 


1915 


Exports  to- 


ld U 


1915 


Argentina 

Brazil 

British  Guiana 

British  West  indies. 

Canada 

Colon 

Dutch  West  Indies.. 

France 

French  West  Indies . 

Germany 

Great  Britain 

Netherlands 

India 

Newfound'and 

Porto  Rico 

Unitpfl  States 

Other  countries 

Coal  bunkf-rs 


Total. 


$123, 

4, 

270, 

307, 

850, 

17, 

60, 

1-1, 
6, 
1^, 
2,409, 
144, 
170, 
155, 

1,6S4, 
86, 


6,326,805 


$75, 178 

2S,.'m 

276, 776 

299,071 

932,191 

16,241 

82,950 

2, 540 

25,440 


2, 14S,312 
:J4,  14S 
M,  6s9 
143,012 
8,  Wo 
1,  944, 166 
SO,  049 


$I,.VJ1 

43, 206 

802,0(59 

2,273,S79 

19,  .3-27 

11,600 

1,606 

23,491 

919 

244,071 

22,  J>70 

19 

201,939 


387, 083 

83,402 

336,257 


6,181,204       4,453,329 


$<ii;: 
(n,r)iH 

852,  !«n.' 

3,082,  i". 

16,217 

28,  K',8 

19 

104,558 


274,5  3 
44,9.0 

282,21)6 


301, 6;W 

48,  '^^a 

626,101 


5, 754, 6S3 


Imports   into   Barbados   from    United   States.    United   Kingdom. 
AND  Canada,  by  Principal  Articles,  1915. 


Articles. 


United 
States. 


United 
Kingdom. 


Canada. 


Animals,  mules 

Apparel 

Bags  and  s;icks 

Books,  nrinted 

Boots,  snoes,  and  slippers 

Butter 

Cars: 

Motor 

Motor  (parts) 

Cycles: 

Motor,  and  parts 

Other  and  parts 

Cattle  and.  other  animal  foods,  oil  meal  and  oil  cake 

Cement 

Coal 

Cocoa 

Coffee 

Cotton: 

Piece  goods 

Other 

Electrical  apparatus 

Fish 

Furniture 

Grain  and  flour: 

Bran  and  pollard 

Com 


$24,527 

15,967 

939 

2,672 

31,603 

5,932 

22,332 
12,259 

1,290 
175 

6fi,68fi 

9,076 

531,008 

1,074 

10,609 

32,688 
15,027 

4,7f-3 
10,385 

8,774 

7,888 
15,831 


$51,935 
10, 7f.4 
35,003 
38,547 
61,858 

672 
7,791 

2,005 
6,729 


6,891 

15,r.32 

7,913 

loij 

227,110 

178,  (m 

10,072 

4,500 

4,388 


$594 
107 

870 
1,129 
1,489 

407 
457 


19 
13,017 


182,273 
4,181 

17,593 


542 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

BARBADOS— Continued. 


Imposts   into   Barbados   from    United    States,   United    Kingdom, 
AND  Canada,  by  Principal  Articles,  1915 — Continued. 


Articles. 


United 
States. 


United 
Kingdom. 


Canada. 


Grain  and  flour — Continued. 

Corn  meal 

Flour 

Oats 

Pulse  (beans  and  peas) 

Rice 

Haberdashery  and  milinery 

Hardware 

Hats  and  bonnets 

Jewelry 

Lard..". 

Leather,  belting,  dressed  and  undressed. 
Machinery: 

Sugar  and  rum 

Other 

Manures 

Meats: 

Bacon  and  ham -. 

Beef ,  salted 

Pork,  salted 

Preserved  and  other 

Medicines  and  drugs 

Metals  and  manufactures 

Milk,  condensed 

Oils: 

Kerosene 

Other 

Oleomargarine 

Paints  and  varnishes 

Paper 

Salt. 


Silk  manufactures 

Soap: 

Common 

Fancy 

Spirits: 

Brandy,  whisky,  liqueurs,  etc. 

Gin 

Sugar,  refined 

Tea 


Tobacco: 

Leaf 

Cigars 

Cigarettes 

Snuff  and  other 

Toys  and  games 

Vegetables: 

Fresh 

Canned  and  preserved . 
Wines: 

Sparkling 

Other  in  bottles 

Other  in  wood 

"Woods  and  manufactiu'es: 

Pitch  pine 

Staves  and  shocks 

Other 

Wool  manufactures 


$115,378 

161,127 

2,701 

804 

827 

2,C57 

49, 590 

345 

1,143 

27,909 

t>,638 

15,262 

7,339 

42,456 

7,577 
36,772 
134,688 
2,200 
18,968 
36,314 
462 

61,310 
24,596 
28, 196 
2,686 
10,638 


1,377 


3,650 
2,243 


21,602 
632 

9,792 

39 

170 

16,614 

2,049 

6,516 
492 


180 
24 

33, 836 

103,250 

5,327 

666 


$1,518 

187, 137 

44,931 

9,368 

32,917 

5.348 

910 

8,365 

65, 571 

9,425 

314,621 

7,562 

5 

29 

839 

16,502 

59,160 

16,488 


13,358 
3,567 
15,306 
12,034 
17,728 
17,880 

128,070 
6,447 

39,778 

4,613 

229 

18,86  7 

14 

1,124 

22,293 

24,267 

5,80o 

4,487 
340 

1,056 
7,183 
11,475 

5 

97 

14,906 

43,728 


S194 

270,672 

78,455 

18,702 


20 

'ii554 


117 
87,954 

39 

1,484 

16,403 

256 

2,594 

6,334 

136 


277 


3,698 
3,187 


102 


5,255 
5 

19 
102 


4,102 

167,362 

10 


TRADK  STATISTICS. 

TRINIDAD  AND  TOBAGO. 


543 


Imports  fkom  Uniteu)  States  and  Unitkii  Kingdom,  by  rRiNrii-Ai. 

ABTICI.es,   1914  AND   1015. 


Articles. 


Animals,  living 

A  pparcl 

Bags  and  sacks 

Beer  and  ale 

Biscuit,  bread,  and  cake 

Blacking  and  polishes 

Books 

Boots  and  shoes 

Bricks  and  tiles 

Brooms  and  brushes 

Bullion  :ind  coin , 

Butter 

Candles 

Carriages,  etc.: 

A  uU>mobiles 

Motorcycles 

Bicviics  and  tricycles 

Another 

Automobile  accessories,  etc. 

Coal  and  coke 

Patent  fuel 

Cattle  food 

Cement 

Cheese 

Chemicals 

China  ware 

Confectionery 

Cordage  and  t\nne 

Cotton  manufactures: 

Piece  goods 

Cloves 

Hosiery 

All  other 

Cutlery 

Electrical  apparatus 

Fish  (all  kinds ) 

Fruits  and  nuts 

Glass  and  glassware 

Grain  and  flour: 

Com  and  onts 

Rice 

Flour 

Mcfll 

Pulse  (beans  and  peas) 

Haberdashery  and  millinery 

I  lard  ware 

IJats  and  bonnets 

Hemp  manufactures 

Hay 

Jams,  jellies,  and  preserves 

Jewelry 

Lard  and  compounds 

Leather 

Linen  manufactures 

Machinery 

Manure,  chemical 


From  United  Kingdom, 


1914 


$243 

176,019 
34, 248 

17(i,0K5 
25,932 
11,119 
37,504 

111,920 
10, 142 
7,(564 

KM,  127 
5S,679 
14,939 

17,058 
7,129 
19, 789 
27,876 
(a) 

115,220 
119,541 
3,994 
31,920 
4,208 
30, 117 
15, 775 
28,115 
39,691 

593,381 

9,931 

26,521 

185, 647 

6,779 

3,154 

92,970 

7,177 

19,789 

3,702 

153,216 

150 

97 

26,705 

131,827 

215,6,^)7 

75,466 

18,657 

2,9(16 

10,206 

49,780 

685 

11,998 

10,259 

235,102 

92,092 


1915 


$107 

137,  206 

64,  133 

174,  289 

28,805 

10,123 

44,207 

66,446 

16,315 

8,277 

83,033 

90,639 

17,316 

4,909 

4,048 

18,502 

622 

11,343 

57, 985 

12ii,613 

1,886 

7,066 

5,876 

43,249 

18,803 

36,670 

39, 230 

602, 426 

7.VS 

12,942 

195, 3.33 

7,803 

1,954 

67,855 

10,731 

21.'J67 


274,532 

1,337 

58 

12,32.5 

129,470 

12.5,048 

81,254 

15,387 


10,430 
58,616 
3,917 
15,989 
9,535 
247,334 
115,167 


From  United  States. 


$38,  w;4 

54,757 

8,888 

31,444 

18,803 

3,839 

8,874 

101,773 

1,443 

5(X» 

354,289 

20,125 

3,124 

48,877 

3,246 

19 

26,885 

(a) 

416,676 

140 

85,429 

22,424 

21,840 

10,439 

1,875 

4, 4.17 

16,392 

117,913 
145 
12,145 
CO,  .528 
1,856 
22,181 
15,210 
4,576 
10,176 

11,421 

4,942 

336,589 

25,981 

4,884 

3,246 

106,677 

55S 

3,965 

8,116 

3,863 

636 

248,642 

16,490 

413 

479,273 

2.872 


1915 


$.59,511 

65, 620 

5. 851 

44,6rj4 

22,7.50 

4,'J67 

9,783 

152,915 

2,513 

4,316 

177,985 

13,263 

12,840 

77,1.53 

2,1.38 

1.36 

2,702 

49,  .548 

505,664 

9,18,5 

127,434 

54,860 

34,a57 

32. 970 

1,322 

6,833 

19,839 

160,283 

243 

28,1,59 

30,o:ot 

2,425 
16  344 
28,893 

6,362 
27,581 

24,650 

73 

273,895 

36,581 

18,322 

3,274 

86,9.5.5 

666 

7,314 

4,ft5.S 

4,. 530 

25,714 

230,, 56S 

23,936 

710 

430,902 

2,066 


o  Not  separately  stated. 


544  GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA, 

TRINIDAD  AND  TOBAGO— Continued. 

Imports  from  United  States  and  United  Kingdom,  by  Pbincipai, 
Articles,  1914  and  1915 — Continued. 


Articles. 


From  United  Kingdom. 


1914 


1915 


From  United  States. 


1914 


1915 


Matches 

Meats 

Medicines  and  drugs 

Metals 

Milk,  condensed 

Musical  instruments 

Oils: 

Edible 

Petroleum 

Gasoline 

All  other 

Painters'  colors  and  materials 

Paper 

Rubber  and  gutta  percha 

Saddlery  and  harness 

Salt 

Silk  manufactures 

Soap 

Spices 

Spirits: 

Brandy,  gin,  rum,  and  whisky 

Perfumed 

Another 

Stationery 

Sugar,  refined 

Tea 

Tobacco  and  manufactures 

Umbrellas  and  parasols 

Vegetables,  n.  e.  s 

Watches 

Wines 

Wood  and  manufactures: 

Unmanufactured 

Manufactm'es,  shocks 

Woolen  manufactures 


$5,282 
37,318 
43,998 
121,318 
154,596 
18,453 

15,882 

379 

753 

28,630 

45,795 

62, 212 

12, 660 

8,091 

8,213 

19,  828 

167,358 

4,213 

80, 141 
3,484 
2,133 

24,742 
7,776 

23,483 

120, 565 

9,754 

12,548 
2,371 

21,048 

3,163 
31, 152 
102, 696 


810,362 
34, 137 
54,553 
157,531 
176,943 
3,715 

22,837 
394 


27,435 
41,524 
55, 230 
18,531 

5,628 
20,398 
37,864 
155, 831 

7,805 

82,586 
5,949 
1,832 

18,998 
3,217 

34,427 

115, 950 

8,476 

11, 606 
1,463 

23,829 

403 
17,624 
104,646 


8340,428 

46,174 

50,249 

465 

3,280 

11,950 

220,692 

27,896 

25,889 

10,769 

20,769 

16,669 

1,419 

277 

1,827 

7,440 

4,096 

2,682 
7,255 

256 
7,489 
8,932 

140 
39,316 


16,480 
1,317 
1,540 

334, 747 
131,428 


S126 

364,880 

55,940 

133,566 

14,167 

6,667 

10,971 
130,726 
27,746 
30,987 

9,185 
35,906 
10,882 

3,144 
15 

2,172 
10, 794 

5,871 

5,871 

8,500 
243 

6,668 
40, 114 

2,469 

51,479 

209 

40,338 

5,283 
67,330 

114,759 

151,890 

3,261 


TILVDi;   STATISTICS. 

CURACAO. 


545 


Imports    into   Curasao    fkonc    Ai.r.  'CorNTRnce    and    from    Umtfj) 
States,   by  Auticlks,   1916  and  1917. 


Article-;. 


1916 


1917 


Total 
Imports. 


From 
I'nitpd 
States. 


Total 
imports. 


From 
United 
States. 


Automobiles 

Bay  rum 

Beans  and  poas 

Beer  ami  malt  extracts. 

Biscuits 

Butter 

Candies  and  chocolates . 

Canned  Roods 

Cattle 

Cement 

Cheese 

Ci^rs 

Cigarettes 

Clothing,  ready-made. . 

Coal,  bunker 

Copper  sheeting 

Com 

Corn  moal 

Drugs  and  cheruicals. . . 

Enampltd  ware 

Farm  implements 

Fish: 

Cod 

Other 

Flour,  wheat  and  rye . . 
Fruit: 

Fresh 

Preserved 

Furniture 

Glass  and  glassware 

Goats 

Gold  and  silver  ware. . . 

Hats,  straw 

Lard 

Leather: 

Sole 

Other 

Liquors: 

Gin 

Rum 

Other 

Lumber: 

Building 

Hardwood 

Machinery: 

Kloctrical 

Agriniltiiral 

Industrial 

Mining 

Strertcar 

Matches 

Manufactures: 

Iron 

Other 


5,070 
16,340 
10,166 
20,438 
29,278 
10,  .500 
48, 270 
16,114 
11,586 
11,734 
10,315 
42,207 

9,766 
98,636 
11, 102 
28,847 
205,494 
21,220 


2,822 

3,888 

177,696 

8,670 

2,352 
12,908 

6,390 
542 

1,074 
10, 510 
34,018 

22, 262 
7,242 

25,486 
45,518 
21, 140 

45,302 
2,844 

5,004 

2,632 

357, 706 

19,640 

642 

4, 436 

8,784 
240, 861 


$23,035 


11,506 
5,286 

16,868 

18, 124 
7,714 

34,568 


11,528 

3,502 

250 

124 

8,294 

97,010 

11,094 

12,621 

203,020 

12,500 


2,672 

166,054' 

1,464 
1,848 

11,116 

4,268 

90 

1,592 

5,780 

34,210 

1,.384 
7,242 


5,946 
208 

35,404 


5,004 

2,604 

325,502 

11,022 

392 

2,151 

7,934 
159,113 


$10,655 

1,260 

11,905 

8,799 

17,279 

23,649 

9,388 

40,382 

18, 452 

18,494 

9,157 

6,549 

37, 187 

6,5.35 

23:i,2.«) 

19, 131 

91,4.36 

131,3.32 

16, 12.5 

5,169 

1,195 

1,816 

4,103 

239,290 

9,1500 
1,748 
13,032 
4,654 
2,038 
4,715 
10,409 
30,631 

21,866 
9,134 

4,324 

30,307 

6,202 

67,932 
12,400 

5,  .348 


305,344 
6,310 
1,684 
5,741 

4,  7.';s 

200,338 


$10,6.55 
1,257 
2,697 
6,670 
1.5,028 
16,7?6 
8,463 
33,701 


17,06.8 

5,160 

1,281 

1,408 

6, 1.57 

225, 133 

19,131 

1,027 

113,275 

14,3.33 

5,086 

1,195 

1,630 


217,068 

1,105 
1,679 
12,7.50 
3,925 


4,6.31 

6,234 

29,817 

1,550 
8,778 

58 
4,180 
2,036 

60,049 
3,320 

5,348 


298,984 
5,207 
1,6.38 
4,971 

4,499 
154,563 


144297°— 2( 


546 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

CURACAO— Continued. 


Imports   into   CuRAgAo   from   All   Countries   and    from    United 
States,  by  Articles,  1916  and  1917 — Continued. 


Articles. 


1916 


Total 
imports. 


From 
United 
States. 


Total 
imports. 


From 

United 
States. 


Meat: 

Dried 

Salt 

Pork  heads 

Naval  stores 

Notions 

Oils: 

Crude 

Gasoline 

Kerosene 

Linseed 

Other 

Oleomargarine 

Onions 

Paints 

Perfume 

Pianos  and  organs 

Potatoes 

Pottepy  and  porcelain . 

Rice 

Roof  tiles 

Rope 

Sacks,  empty.. 

Shoes 


Starch 

Straw  for  hats 

Sugar: 

Brown 

White 

Tea 

Tobacco: 

Manufactured 

Unmanufactured . 

Wine 

All  other  articles 


$2, 167 
9,426 
15, 751 
8.52 
10. 434 


16,686 

21, 454 

3,334 

15,971 

14, 550 

5,952 

6,978 

15, 774 

3,709 

12,898 

4,152 

7,456 

1,936 

13, 408 

42,564 

20,972 

22, 426 

8,241 

38,020 

76,090 
25,150 
3,076 

21,184 

3,018 

11, 276 

298,936 


$9, 232 

15, 251 

852 

8,922 


16,606 
20,896 
1,204 
14,331 
9, 132 
2,246 
1,968 
3,688 
3,540 
8,297 
2,804 
3,772 


12,980 
42,224 
18,680 
14,210 
974 


60 

24,570 

310 

19,881 

2,892 

96 

191,963 


Total. 


2,461,528  I     1,721,607 


87,471 
4,829 
8,749 
1,321 

8,789 

101,198 
35,172 
29,878 

7,030 
24,372 
13,653 

7,604 

7,209 
20,327 

1,287 
14,688 

3,774 
11,105 
966 
19, 467 
39,556 
23,092 
16,770 
11,574 
55,752 

112,456 
20,115 
1,719 

15,502 

4,496 

9,480 

383,601 


S4,474 
7,988 
1,305 
7,808 


35, 150 

29,623 

5,899 

20,695 

10, 741 

3,055 

4,274 

11,688 

1,287 

9,665 

2,276 

8,149 


19,353 
23,621 
22,556 
13,462 
1,238 


72 
17,38"? 
1,351 

14,389 

4,474 

2,484 

295,047 


2, 744, 135 


1,920,199 


TRADK  STATISTICS.  547 

NORTH  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

COLOMBIA. 

Imports   into  Corx)MBiA   »y   Coitntries  of   Origin,    1912-191G. 


Countries. 


United  States 

Knjted  Kingdom... 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Dutch  West  Indies. 

Belgium 

Tiennany 

Other  countries 


Total. 


1912 


$7,612,ft37 
7,838,879 

476, 969 
2,011,886 

596,881 


60,724 

570, 919 

4,201,125 

595,203 


23,964,623 


1914 


$7,629,500 
5, 837, 400 


4,4as,600 
726,100 


499,000 
4,012,100 
5,423,080 


28,535,780 


$6, 486, 749 
0,346,386 

570, 257 
1,249,374 

625, 492 


82, 181 

407,525 

2, 570, 424 

2,640,841 


20,979,229 


1915 


$8,661,781 
5,369,668 
511,706 
478, 4S0 
468,412 
187,347 
58,032 


2,104,864 


17,840,350 


1916  a 


$15,500,000 
8,000,000 
950,000 
900,000 
450,000 
250,000 
150,000 


29,660,137 


a  Segregations  by  countries  are  estimated. 
Exports  from  Colombia  by  Countries  of  Destination,  1912-191G. 


Countries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

United  States 

$15,832,882 

$18,861,800 

$18,272,332 

$21,945,602- 
1,590,779 
3,692,207 
59,550 
253,986 
126,510 
419, 885 
236,269 
97,585 

$27, 293, 608 

1,718,873 
650, 877 

United  Kingdom 

4,376,182 

5,566,000 

5,874,512 

173,726 

457,993 

117,640 

51,996 

21,078 

551,012 

625,199 

797,900 

405,915 

Dutch  West  Indies 

326,815 
195,314 

302,918 

Italy          

174,445 
98,338 

593, 700 
3,216,200 

5,279,652 

76,594 
1,779,393 
2,313,076 

3,494,544 

1,854,211 
9,230,354 

258,349 
2,898,409 

239,080 

-Addition  fur  market  values 
over  customhouse  values, 
coffee  and  bides     

Total  

32, 221, 746 

34,315,252 

32,632,884 

31,579,131 

31  654  277 

a  Consisted  cliiefly  of  coflee  in  transit  through  Maracaibo. 


548  GUIDE   TO   I^TIN   AMERICA. 

COLOMBIA— Continued. 
Imposts  into  Colombia  by  Groups  of  Articles,  1912-1918. 


Articles. 


Textiles 

Metals  and  manufactures . . . 

Foodstuffs  and  condiments . 

Locomotion:  Railway  ears, 
carriages,  wagons,  etc 

Soft    drinks,    wines,    and 
liquors 

Drugs  and  medicines 

Materials  for  the  arts  and 
trades 

Firearms,  accessories,  and 
ammunition 

Paper,   school,   and   office 
supplies 

Lighting  and  fuel 

Crystal,    glass,    porcelain, 
and  earthenware 

Agricultural  and  mining  im- 
plements and  machinery . . 

Hides  and  skins  and  manu- 
factures  

Wood  and  manufactures 

Electrical  material 

Animals 

Oils  and  greases 

Perfumery  and  soap 

Varnish,  colors,  and  ink 

Tobacco 

Rubber,  celluloid,  etc 

Musical  instruments 

Tortoise  shell,  horn,  etc 

Explosives  and   combust- 
ibles  

Plants  and  seeds 

Silver  coin 

Miscellaneous 

Parcel-post  packages 


1912 


10,547,134 
2,916,925 
3,054,953 

1,031,711 

835,772 
838,349 

620,251 

57, 439 

477, 522 
564,003 

503, 579 

381, 588 

459, 607 
317, 402 
175, 639 
26,017 
171,734 
152, 170 
125, 862 


102,358 
69, 623 
75, 600 

94, 116 


365, 209 


Total 23,964,623  28,535,780 


1913 


.?11, 455, 233 
3, 163, 697 
2,817,420 

1, 164, 104 

1,051,412 
947, 189 

904,317 

6a5, 527 

555, 609 
523,502 

520,229 

5a3,875 

485, 326 
359, 392 
320, 261 
289,478 
159, 067 
153, 363 
151, 774 


148, 436 
89, 604 
78, 237 

68, 843 


470, 425 
1,548,400 


1914 


86,78.5,236 
2,670,472 
1,974,469 

1,027,950 

747,657 
770, 700 

461,179 

265,987 

566,417 
554, 897 

495, 110 

897, 190 

380, 776 
249, 480 
222, 566 
184, 084 
200, 092 
115,  .329 
122, 170 
243, 313 
82,994 
70,850 
39, 167 

81, 456 
7,964 


149, 076 
1,612,351 


20, 979,  229 


1915 


S6, 511, 472 
1,435,405 
2,296,935 

660,045 

309,  .544 
818,942 

247,510 

66,154 

508,243 
607,056 

249,047 

891,302 


17, 840, 


$13, 476, 932 
2, 240, 846 
2, 436, 579 

537, 133 

666,351 
1,346,615 

351, 727 

87, 176 

913,503 

681,817 

518,062 

8:50, 622 

315, 387 
192, 302 
216, 495 
.  9,072 
242, 450 
102,067 
199, 145 
204, 046 
144,109 
148,009 
75,299 

91, 157 

6,448 

645,851 

327,356 

2,653,680 


29, 660, 137 


TILVDi:  STATISTICS.  649 

VENEZUELA. 

Impouts  into  Venezuef-a   !!Y  Countrfes  or  Obigin,  1&12-191(5. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom . 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Cuba 

Colombia 

Costa  Rica 

Panama 

Eciuwlor 

Sweden 

Austria-Hungary . 

Belgium 

Germany 

Other  countries.. 


1912 


1913 


S6,R32,43S 

4,t33,473 

926, 445 

2, 010,  400 

720,  639 

1,071,002 

1,193 

1,545 

11,926 


7,316 

142,668 

3,  J99, 389 

4,506 


$6,944,136 
4,296,2".»5 

722,  645 
1,093,6.56 

555,633 
1,586,207 


838 
12,849 


2,032 

228,563 

2,586,986 

2C4 


Total 20,568,940     18,030,104 


1014 


$6,015,445 

2,893,097 

481 ,  687 

777,  638 

547,  528 

1,456,493 

17,  482 

1,833 

14,028 


33,795 
550 


1,435 

156, 488 

1.589,966 


13,887,465 


1915 


1916 


$7.<m:m'H» 

2,yo«'..:.3'j 
6.11 .  r,nsi 

654,530 
484,^26 
788,  433 


6,  l«4 
31,886 


272 


1,324 


$12,9.V..7'..'7 

4,6i<i,.>47 

1,158,110 

993,004 

419, 735 

277,504 

87,458 

67,427 

30,880 

4,161 

3,574 

2,231 


605 


1,051 


13,470,236       20,634,418 


Note.— About  50  per  cent  of  the  imports  enter  through  the  port  of  La  liuiara  and 
25  per  cent  through  Maracaibo. 

EXPOBTS  FROM   VENEZUELA  BY  COUNTRIES  OF  DESTINATION,  1912-1916. 


Coim  tries. 


1912 


1914 


1915 


1916 


United  States 

France 

Netherlands 

Spain 

United  Kingdom 

Italy 

Brazil 

Colombia 

Denmark 

Cuba 

Porto  Rico 

Panama 

Norway 

Sweden 

Austria- Himgary 

Belgium 

Dominican  Republic . 
Germany 


r.»,907,604 

6,914,175 

712, 351 

1,464,377 

1.636,261 

'  212, 501 


$8, 475, 531 
9,98SfM4 

70^,  343 
1,369.421 
2, 207, 738 

252, 507 


$9,378,668   $13,170,113 

6,018,826       2,978,060 


907.636 
l,0',tl.498 
1,426,946 

283,159 


72,247 

1,276 

4,376 

6,171 

834 


415,227 
6,398 
11,386 


100,369 


3,838 
1.930 


561 
832 


Total. 


271 , 260 
114, 766 


395,896 
82. 762 


3,942,709 


5, 563, 768 


1,332 

366,571 

13,173 

1,299 

1,029,6« 


3,199,183 

1.079.943 

2,041.221 

523,632 


45,545 
256,346 

19, 670 
2,132 
1,933 

44,962 

41.687 


25,260,908 


29, 483, 789 


21,520,534  I  23,404,427 


$11,795,771 

4, 458, 288 

2,326,723 

2,029,251 

1,386,279 

466,910 

129,096 

66,057 

27,128 

17,407 

2,760 

730 


22,707,000 


550 


GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

VENEZUELA— Continued. 


Imports  into  Venezuela  by  Articles  and  Principal  Countries  of 

Origin,  1916. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Agricultural  implements . 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Arms  and  accessories. . .  - 

United  States 

Automobiles 

United  States 

Bags,  empty 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. . . . 


United  States 

Beer 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Denmark 

Netherlands 

Belting 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Beverages,  alcoholic 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Netherlands 

Biscuit 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Books,  printed 

United  States 

Spain 

France 

Butter 

United  States 

Denmark 

Netherlands 

Buttons 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Spain 

Canned  and  preserved  foods . 

United  States 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Carbonic  acid  gas 

United  States 

Cartridges 

United  States 

Cement : 

United  States 

Trinidad 

Cheese 

United  States 

Netherlands. 

Italy 


Value. 

J51S9 

158 

112 

859 

57 

5.50 

14 

637 

14 

227 

405 

988 

372 

233 

141 

899 

.57 

5(i0 

60 

939 

4()7 

231 

15 

881 

23 

193 

7 

975 

2 

638 

7 

959 

2 

447 

31 

295 

28 

899 

1 

256 

242 

164 

26 

086 

Zi 

429 

175 

177 

5 

631 

94 

104 

72 

.517 

13 

943 

41 

474 

16 

177 

17 

106 

7 

872 

182 

111 

8H 

293 

77 

020 

13 

337 

53 

613 

11 

799 

2 

057 

16 

542 

40 

5 

937 

10 

377 

190 

0C.2 

144 

609 

13 

210 

5 

493 

10 

4(;9 

13 

()47 

12 

343 

51 

477 

51 

477 

117 

8fi8 

65 

756 

22 

071 

41 

968 

8 

4.55 

27 

241 

1 

319 

Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Coal 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Netherlands 

Confectionery 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Cordage 

United  States 

Cotton  and  manufactures: 

Knit  goods 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Netherlands 

Spain 

Italy 

Canvas  and  duck 

United  States 

Embroidery 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Blankets 

United  States , 

Spain 

Handkerchiefs  and  towels.. 

United  States , 

United  Kingdom 

Spain 

Lace  and  trimmings .  - 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Netherlands 

Thread  and  yarn,  cotton  and 
linen 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Cloths,  etc 

United  States? 

United  Kingdom 

Franco 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Spain 

Cotton,  raw 

United  States 

Disinfectants 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Drugs,   medicines,  and  chem- 
icals  

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 


Value. 


$152,645 
49,420 
78,631 
2,771 
79,583 
32,121 
18,001 
10,100 
12,955 
103, 745 
82,344 

404,582 

98,269 
4,218 

37,765 
5,848 
250,011 
3,501 
a76,.322 
075,336 
o73, 705 

02,278 
c67, 516 
063,321 
044,643 
012,120 
062,825 

ol,50'.i 
053, 526 

05,882 
070,315 
057, 243 

o8, 648 

04,124 

576,  ffle 

35,1.33 

429,395 

5,902 

28,001 

55,786 

4,171,641 

1,310,487 

2,373,414 

38,869 

25,784 

101,445 

64,555 

316,  .3.53 

316,353 

42,668 

22,967 

10,648 

7.38,000 

486, 458 

43,849 

160, 529 


o  Six  months  only.    Not  previously  separated. 


TRADK  STATISTICS. 

VENEZUELA— Cont  liiuo.l. 


561 


IMPOBTS  INTO  Venezuela  by  Articles  and  Princ  ipai.  Cointrtks  ok 
Origin,   1916 — Contlnuetl. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Drugs,  medicines,  and  chem- 
icals— Continued. 

Italy 

Spain 

Earthenware  and  crockery 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. 


Value. 


$22,100 
17,000 
2fi,nlO 
5,  U>0 

_ --     „-- 19,094 

Electrical  ai-paratas i      152, 739 

United  States 

United  Kingdom. 
Electric  li<Tht  bultw... 
United  States. 


Engines,  gas  and  oil  motors. 
United  States. 


United  Kingdom 

Trinidad 

Explosives,  powder,  dynamite, 

and  fuses 

United  States 

Flour,  wheat 

United  States 

Trinidad 

Grain: 

Rice 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Trinidad 


United  States 

Glass: 

Bottles 

United  States 

Manufactures,  n.  c.  s 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Plate  andflat 

United  States 

Gold  coin 

United  States 

Iron: 

Domestic  wares 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Netherlands 

Manufactiu'cs,  n.  e.  s 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Nethcrland."- 

Unfinished  and  structural. . 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Netherlands 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom. 
Nails 

United  States.... 

United  Kingdom. 

Lamps,  lanterns,  etc 

United  States 


164, 452 
2,466 
57,156 
48,212 
8,183 
18,656 
17,642 


133, S92 
4,743 
10, 601 
9,2.52 
109, 796 
9S,  7.32 
16,004 
600 

43,117 

41,^21 

1,201,163 

1,190,963 

10,103 

623,081 
556,959 
45, 437 
12,010 
61,204 
61,284 

48,105 

44,829 

49,509 

39,609 

1,493 

3,348 

11,607 

11,514 

1,774,977 

1,770,996 

184,426 

130,929 

20,886 

22, 601 

129, 938 

93,702 

15,019 

3,883 

139, 439 

123,083 

10,  451 

2  932 

Pipes  and  tu  nos '      m,  S37 


Lard 

United  States 

Leather 

United  States 

France 

Machines  and  machinery,  n.  e.  s. 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Net  licrlands 

Cuba 

Machine  part.s  and  accessories., 

United  States 

Uni  ted  Kingdom 

France 

Spain 

Material  for  hats,  and  unfinished 

hats 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Franco 

Italy 

Spain 

Office  supplies 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Oils: 

Machine 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Gasoline  and  benzine 

United  States 

Cuiacao 

Kero-sene 

United  States 

Linseed 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Olive 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Olives  and  capers 

France 

Spain 

Paints: 

Ordinary 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Netherlands , 

Enamel  and  colors 

United  States 

Paper: 

Printing 

United  States 

Wall 

United  States 

Cigarette 

Spain 


Value. 


$3.55,347 

355,347 

319,719 

261,488 

47,318 

658,167 

507,346 

27,607 

12, 731 


54, 169 

132,030 

105,362 

13,673 

5,062 

2,039 

96,422 
2,503 

12,003 
9,602 

31,935 
4,020 

3.5,351 

26,993 
4,435 
1,349 

46,920 

43,816 

1,668 

205,691 

187,910 

11,403 

151,821 

149, 407 

25,331 

24,061 

1,250 

191, 784 

10,404 

36,662 

126,569 

14,814 

1,252 

9,278 

75,865 
58,054 
9,713 
1,115 
15,445 
15,430 

70,627 
69, 457 
3,921 
3,015 
37,756 
37,756 


552 


GUIDE    TO    LATIN    AMERICA. 

VEN  EZ  UEL  A— Continued. 


Imports  into  Venezuela  by  Articles  and  Principal  Countries  of 
Origin,  1916 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Paper— Continued . 

AH  other 

United  States.... 
United  Kingdom 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Spain 

Paraffin 

United  States 

Perfumery 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Pumps 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Spain 

Railway  materials 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Rubber  tires 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Rubber  manufactures 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Sardines 

United  States 

Netherlands 


Value. 


$213, 635 
164,381 

5,80.5 

3,092 

6,283 

13,636 

19, 422 

73,631 

73,631 

171,325 

48, 756 

15,405 

99,848 

3,208 

18,235 

15,287 

1,142 

1,560 

129, 198 

114,146 

13,341 

67,881 

52, 196 

10,900 

346 

37, 453 

27,059 

4,542 

3,107 

1,093 

136, 200 

23,700 

800 


Articles  and  countries  of  origin. 


Sardines— Continued. 

Spain 

France 

Soda  (except  silicate) 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Spices  and  groceries,  n.  e.  s. 

United  States 

Spain 

Stearin 

United  States 

Tools 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

Toys 

United  States 

Spain 

France 

Wine 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Italy 

Spain 

Wire,  barbed 

United  States 

Wire,  galvanized 

United  States 

Woolen  goods 

United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Spain 


Value. 


$100,468 

5,865 

68,155 

56,125 

11,037 

80, 193 

62, 719 

3,595 

253,890 

253,890 

47,869 

41,216 

5,514 

35,614 

20,006 

9,136 

5,528 

268,868 

11,521 

17,117 

54,530 

36,552 

147, 782 

138,012 

135,944 

46,630 

46, 252 

300,950 

62,490 

219, 313 

14, 726 

3,606 


TRADE  RTATTSTirg. 

BRITISH  GUIANA. 

Import  and  Export  Tkai>k  hy  r'ouNTRiEs,  1915  and  1916. 


553 


Imports  from — 


1915 


Exports  to- 


British  East  Tn.lies... 
British  Wcsit  Indies. . 

Canada 

Denmark 

Dutch  Guiana 

France 

French  Guiana 

Netherlands 

rortup:\  I 

rortuguesc  possession; 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

Venezuela 

All  other  countries. . . 

Total 


$379,044 

218,046 

1,329,057 

37, 733 

50, 955 

72, 102 

0.5,717 

05, 304 

32,200 

30,1.54 

4,237,733 

2,201,470 

22,090 

22,882 


$453,518 

407,371 

1,534,693 

21,507 

32, 205 

80,  r.20 

13,215 

91,303 

21,851 

41,018 

4,Sr.9,,'i71 

3,r.!0, 171 

107,489 

15,369 


$739,815 
5,477,957 


451,143 
1,751,172 

2ao,8--.8 
819 


0,S10,201 

527,985 

2,777 

42,644 


8,796,247 


10,509,931 


10,014,421 


$1,076,480 
6,752,059 


722,471 

1,319,075 

141,484 

21,842 


6,131,249 

1,790,275 

4,205 

78,976 


18,038,716 


DUTCH  GUIANA. 

Import  and   Export  Trade,   1911-1916. 


Years. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1911     .         

S  5, 320,083 
3,012,005 
2,8.59.595 
2,572,739 
2,189,238 
2,376,353 

$3,699,071 

1912 

3,391,019 

191  :j.                             

3,802,0'HO 

1914 

2,601,760 

1915 

2,793,025 

1916 

3,237,709 

FRENCH  GUIANA. 

Import  and  Export  Trade,  1911,  1912,  1915,  and  1916. 


Years. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1911 

$2,173,759 
2,095,208 
1,903,118 
1,870,033 

$2,297,472 

1912 

2,3:^'<,581 

1915 

2,194,770 

1916..   . 

3,131,414 

554  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

WEST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

ECUADOR. 

Imports  into  Ecuador  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


United  States 

United  Kingdom . 

Spain 

France 

Italy 

Peru 

Chile 

Sweden 

Colombia 

Australia 

China 

Netherlands 

Japan 

Panama 

Germany 

British  India 

Belgium 

Other  ccuntries. . . 


Total. 


$2,686,714 
3,058,391 
384,041 
616,053 
492,918 
176,386 
83,324 


$2,817,754 
2,617,926 
235,674 
434, 740 
295,720 
160,160 
63,560 


$2,770,599 
2,414,662 
364,667 
326,770 
389,220 
299, 128 
52,535 


56,723 
(a) 

13,322 

778 

3,459 

101, 804 

2, 105, 372 

68,350 

465, 528 

41,401 


85,376 

62,553 

20, 123 

25 

4,898 

42,144 

1,563,129 

liX),  762 

321,155 

10,990 


34,249 
80, 757 
13,278 
80,410 
17, 884 
34, 456 
1,203,566 
24,655 
278, 230 
37, 701 


$3,203,972 

3,347,444 

330, 286 

216,297 

399,263 

269, 857 

68, 154 

21,389 

55,341 

115,626 

45, 484 

172,085 

11,861 

15,562 

50, 743 

4, 287 

30, 872 

29,620 


10,354,564 


8,836,689 


8,402,767 


8,408,143 


$5,354,270 

2,388,795 

492, 160 

389, 244 

257,317 

153,361 

71, 511 

37, 766 

34, 157 

29,403 

26,439 

24,329 

23,732 

13,005 

6,268 

1,978 

529 

25, 907 


9,330,171 


a  Included  in  "  Other  countries." 
Exports  from  Ecuador  by  Countries  of  Destination,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom. 

France 

Netherlands 

Spain 

Italy 

Clule :. 

Cuba 

Panama 

Peru 

Colombia 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Norway 

Germany 

Argentina 

Austria- Hungary. 

Belgium 

Other  countries . . . 


Total. 


1912 


83,957,306 

2,042,278 

4,096,863 

280, 950 

423,614 

150,207 

632,345 

50,566 

69,301 

145,823 

55,636 

2,114 


1,701 
1,523,356 
13, 784 
171,496 
12,680 
59..  676 

13,689,696 


1913 


$3,833,728 

1,620,092 

5,382,352 

255, 726 

669,983 

336, 162 

521, 549 

86,389 

65,677 

86,076 

43, 275 

4,982 


5,832 
2,027,353 
48, 284 
84,814 
37,025 
80,068 

15,789,367 


$3,588,130 

1, 230, 555 

4,438,226 

1,012,793 

627,570 

282, 504 

334, 700 

41, 747 

28,856 

84,704 

25,123 

189, 759 

30, 132 

19,440 

860,302 

20,092 

145, 508 

52, 589 

48,8.36 

13,061,566 


1915 


$5,678,181 

2,664,479 

1, 176, 335 

980.685 

581^810 

597, 538 

421, 278 

92, 386 

37, 867 

129,448 

65,397 

256,365 

114,356 


42,282 
21, 773 


34, 889 
12,895,069 


1916 


$8,584,890 
3,560,071 
2,177,949 
842,906 
714, 808 
467, 291 
293,740 
225, 490 
203,065 
129,5.^6 
107, 896 
91, 708 
80,676 
55,501 


34, 155 
17,569,691 


TRADE  STATISTICS. 
ECUADOR— Continued. 

I-MPORTS    INTO    KcrADOR    IIY   CLASSE.S    OF    AKTfll.E.S,    1912-1910. 

[Sucre-S0.4S6.] 


555 


Classifications. 


Oils  in  ^en«ral 

Live  animnis 

Arms  and  ammunition 

Alimentary  substances 

Boots,  shoes,  and  findings 

Carriages 

Cement,  earths,  and  stones... 

I/eather 

Drugs  and  medicines 

Vessels 

Ilardware 

Matches 

Cordage 

Musical  instruments 

Jewelry 

Books,  blank  and  printed 

Crockery  and  glassware 

Lumber,  rough  and  finished. . 

Machinery 

Mining;  products 

Paper  in  general 

Perfumery 

Paints  and  varnishes , 

Ready-made  clothing 

Silk  fabric,  pure  or  mixed 

Hats 

Textiles,  other  than  silk 

Vegetables 

Candles 

Wines  and  liquors 

Rubber,  manufactures  of 

Miscellaneous 


Total. 
Money 


Grand  total 

Value  in  United  States  gold. 


1912 


Sucrea. 
230, 1S4 

94,223 

99,043 
3,699,693 
46S,604 
153,619 
112,847 

53,139 
872, 458 

20,795 
1,597,942 

53,834 
.3.32,655 
107,-398 

39,614 

68,270 
322, 203 
189,188 
1,211,108 
412,8.S9 
342, 334 
158,129 

82, 126 
1,249,916 

36,297 
292, 370 
5,  .569, 6^8 
109,798 
311,875 
751,147 


1,662,302 


20,735,688 
570,000 


21,305,688 
810,354,564 


1913 


Sucres. 
160,077 
133,817 
178,692 
2,915,242 
294,006 
209,178 

86,869 
176, 848 
615,551 

67, 773 
1,34.3,599 

45, 219 
352,609 
144,566 

10, 794 

75,989 
204, 777 
1.54,454 
1,21.3,260 
678, 245 
313, 162 
150,827 

71,219 
734,639 

3.5,209 
280,848 
3,927,233 
110,581 
224, 454 
493, 569 


1,549,181 


16,982,487 
1,200.000 


18,182,487 
«8, 836, 689 


1914 


1915 


Sucre*. 
175,570 

40,535 

117,133 

2,749,624 

435,091 

139,459 

72,802 
134,250 
605, 143 

11,269 
1,574,459 

22.993 
353,803 

92,337 

20,113 

81,579 
152,319 

94,032 
762,020 
702,637 
372,045 
294,420 
113,494 
742,001 

41,574 
270,-583 
4,506, S46 
131,761 
299,951 
490,940 


1,067,261 


16,668,644 
621,000 


17,289,644 
$8,402,767 


Siicra. 

152,  SS2 

.56,4.b9 

86,701 

2,582,087 

3S4,.564 

90,210 

96,773 

39,415 

583,959 

36,9.37 

1,194,445 

39,741 

244.404 

64,717 

9,174 

85,117 

86,C57 

76, 678 

570,959 

672,302 

246,518 

409,073 

69,6-59 

619,113 

48,120 

247,586 

3,687,3-80 

175, 744 

337,004 

420,228 

33,375 

943,753 


14,391,764 
2,908,943 


17,300,707 
$8,408,143 


191« 


SUCTM. 

lS-3,267 

IS,  482 
160,266 
2,61.3,854 
741,803 
338,483 
121,826 

39, 141 
957,443 

14,388 
1,260,294 

38,432 
-V45,662 
109,  (Xi5 
212,864 
15.8,454 
214,8^1 

67,-541 
913,019 
548,208 
532,130 
521,431 
115,723 
1,101,477 

80,341 
26**,  255 
4,  .541, 843 
330,768 
442,529 
486,980 

56,313 
743, 781 


18,4.87,884 
710,000 


19,197,884 
$9,330,171 


Note.— Over  90  per  cent  of  the  imports  entered  thi-ough  the  port  of  Guayaquil. 


556  GUIDE   TO    LATIN   AMERICA. 

PERU. 

Impoets  into  Peeu  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1914-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kiagdom . . 

Hongkong 

Chile 

Italy 

Australia 

British  India 

France 

Spain 

Japan 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Ecuador 

Netherlands 

Cuba 

Brazil 

Germany 

Belgium 

Portugal 

Panama 

Colombia 

Uruguay 

Norway 

Salvador 

All  other  countries. 

Total 


S7, 643, 926 
6,514,063 
629,112 
444,475 
981, 243 
910, 366 
271,288 
759, 048 
304,385 
60,647 


55,987 

112,660 

127, 283 

7,872 

3,148,040 

1,335,321 

35,020 

25,880 

6,424 


19,539 
101,943 


23,495,122 


1915 


S7, 242, 490 

3, 224, 280 

885, 445 

465,608 

768, 087 

60,211 

425,376 

433, 443 

219, 642 

89,642 

44,448 

20, 895 

38, 275 

222, 303 

73,500 

23,575 

469,211 

147, 536 

33,030 

12, 164 

4,433 

7,235 

24,158 


129,483 


15,064,470 


1916 


$24,871,030 

7,281,768 

1,469,205 

1,454,955 

1,154,565 

1,145,657 

1,134,741 

955, 123 

827,883 

416,075 

196,007 

187, 833 

177,145 

113,591 

96,581 

77,528 

60,614 

59, 475 

53,028 

43,183 

28, 192 

20,488 

24,019 

13, 478 

388,327 


42,256,551 


Exports  from  Pekxt  by  Countries  of  Destination,  1914-1916. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom . . 

Chile 

Jamaica 

Bolivia 

Australia 

Brazil , 

France 

Argentina 

Norway 

Ecuador 

Barbados 

Japan 

Italy 

Spain 

Colombia 

Panama 

Al  1  other  countries. 


Total. 


$14,827,700 
15,913,455 
6,508,035 


420,880 


5,240 
743,  S20 
139,926 


49,857 
11,870 
39,850 
46, 140 
3,005,165 


1915 


,098,312 
624,634 
870,430 


912,403 
275,781 
591,451 
398,964 
146 
296,769 
296,089 


47,522 
92,880 
,541,863 
37,016 
587, 873 
67,797 


42,668,450    68,729,930 


1916 


$50,632,694 

14,413,803 

8,608,259 

1,868,525 

1,476,749 

724,129 

630, 596 

481,050 

362,350 

215, 150 

141,767 

128, 156 

64, 404 

50,363 

39,512 

14,315 

6,105 

639, 155 


80,497,083 


TRADK  STATISTICS. 

PERU— Continued. 
Imports  into  Pebu  uy  Ahticles,  1916. 


557 


Articles. 


A^cultural    implements    and 

machinery 

Alum 

Amintinition: 

(lunpo  wder 

remission  caps 

Other 

Barley 

Bevefases: 

Alcoholic,  rum,  etc 

Beer 

Bitters,  etc 

Wines 

Boats 

Books,  blank  and  printed 

Bricks,  fire 

Buttons 

Cakes  and  crackers 

Candies 

Candles 

Cement,  Portland 

Chemicals:  Carbonic,  citric,  and 

sulphuric  acids,  etc 

Chinaware,  plain  and  decorated. 

Clnnamou 

Coal 

Copper,  brass,  and  tin  plate  (bars 

and  plates) 

Corks 

Dairy  products: 

Butter 

Cheese 

Milk,  condensed 

Disinfectants,  prepared 

Dyes 

K  lectrical  supplies 

Explosives,  dvnamite 

Felt  (cotton,  flax,  wool,  etc.) 

Fireworks 

Flour,  wheat  and  other 

Fruits,  canned 

Furniture: 

Beds,  cots,  and  dressers 

Benches  and  chairs 

Fuse,  miners' 

Glass: 

Bottles  for  aerated  waters. . . 

Bottles,  crown  caps  for 

Plate,  mirror 

Window 

Other 

Gold  coin 

Guano  and  nitrates 

Hats 

Horses 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures: 

Bolts  and  nuts 

Girders,    "I"    beams,    ex- 
panded metal 

Hoops 

Iron,  sheets  and  bars,  cor- 
rugated   

Ironware,  enameled 


$401, S 12 
20,710 


3.") 
85 
82 
67 

192 
26 
62 

219 
23 

151 
46 
37 
39 

127 
S7 

909 

87 

155 

33 

1,803 

37 

63 

69 
34 

140: 
35 
64 

228; 

755 
29 
30 

248 

152 

60 

77 
31 

63 
56 
16 
.55 
71 
4,617 
155 
197 
38: 

32 

60 
54 

357 

87 


715 
387 
5,55 
164 

908 
566 
471 
941 
072 
343 
976 
127 
0*^8 
5tX) 
SoO 
173 

514 
484 
209 
904 

784 
771 

270 

r>49  I 

306  i 
715 
685  I 
351  I 
811  . 
515  i 
260  I 
700  I 
078 

403 

329  1 

399  1 

771 
296  ' 
658 
721 

703 ; 

651  , 
927  ! 
798  I 
859  I 

206  i 

129  I 
720  I 

454  I 
9S6 


Articles. 


Value. 


Iron  and  steel  manufactures — 
Continued. 

Nails,  wire 

Plpis, large 

Pipiv;,  small,  plumbing 

Rails  and  accessories 

Steel,  sheets  and  bars 

Tools- 
Agricultural 

Mechanics ' 

Ships' 

Wire 

Jewelry,  gold,  silver,  and  plated. i 
lyeather 

Shoes 

Lime  and  Ume  products 

Lumber: 

Crossties 

Other 

Macaroni,  etc 

Machinery,  etc.: 

Beltii:j;,  power 

Boilers,  steam 

Cranes,  derricks 

Foundry  and  smelter 

Locomotive    and    portable 
engines 

Machine  parts 

Printing  presses  and  acces- 
sories 


Pumps,  irrigating  and  min- 
ing  

Scales 

Other 

Meats  and  meat  products: 

Canned  meats  and  fish 

Greases  and  tallow 

Hams 

Lard,  pork 

Medicines,  patent 

Oakum,  packiii',' 

Oils: 

Industrial 

Olive  and  other  edibles 

Opium 

Paints  and  varnishes 

Paper: 

Blank  and  printed 

Bags,  all  kinds 

Knvelopes 

Parallin  and  stearin 

Pepper,  ground  and  grain 

Perfumery 

Pencils 

Pianos 

Pickles 

Potatoes  and  other  vegetables. . . 

Quinine,  and  compoimds  of 

Rice,  hulled 

Rifles,  sporting 

Rubber  manufactures: 

Combs,  metal  trimmed 

Other , 


•04,201 
121,317 
354,188 
311, 30» 
126,792 

327,379 
46,«31 
285,608 
130,709 
48,743 
181,958 
450,000 
104,912 

62,199 

1,388,408 

20,250 

110,893 
101 ; 778 
29, 6.32 
894,613 

112,022 
281,892 

125,716 

75,917 
22,935 
341,443 

228,327 
20,284 
43,545 
510,764 
327,340 
19,578 

1,233,238 

136,067 

29,062 

230,961 

724,627 
36,159 
35,959 

1S9, 787 
34,538 

363,158 
30,610 
69,825 
44,428 
20, 5-27 
90,746 

572,923 
14,069 

17,724 
92,317 


558  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

PERU— Continued. 
Imports  into  Peru  by  Articles,  1916 — Continued. 


Articles. 


Sardines,  canned 

Scientific  instruments 

Slioe  polisii 

Silver,  bars  and  coined. . 
Soap,  laundry  and  toilet 
Soda,  caustic  and  cooking 

Stills 

Straw,  Macra,  for  hats 

Sugar,  refined 

Sulphur 

Tanbark 

Tea 


Textiles: 

Bags 

Cloth,  all  kinds 

Collars,  men's  and  boy's 

Garments 

Handkerchiefs,  cotton 

Hosiery,  cotton 

Laces 

Ribbons, si  Ik 


Articles. 


Textiles — Continued. 

Shawls,  wool  and  silk 

Thread,  linen  and  cotton. .. 

Underwear  and  shirts 

Yam,  wool,  for  knitting 

Tin  and  tinware: 

Bars  and  plates 

Oil  cans,  brass  and  tin 

Tinware,  plain  or  decorated 

Tobacco  and  cigarettes 

Toys  and  games 

Typewriters 

Vehicles,    automobiles,    electric 

railway  cars,  etc 

Watches 

Waters,  aerated 

Wheat 

All  other  articles 

Total 


Value. 


$45,502 

465,529 

234,809 

14,911 

34, 450 
68, 812 
269, 770 
152,964 
56, 685 
71,306 

290, 447 

11,018 

39,311 

3,378,748 

4,072,588 


42,256,551 


BOLIVIA. 

Imports  into  Bolivia  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

United  States 

Chile 

$1,791,916 

1,553,080 

1,474.662 

3,537,111 

1,181,376 

1,002,535 

486, 889 

949,885 

553, 899 

215,268 

81,577,200 

2,168,194 

1,180,045 

4,329,659 

1,286,734 

881,163 

388, 004 

802, 064 

508,248 

240,150 

1,716 

32,993 

SI,  80S, 333 

2,140,045 

1,114,845 

3,045,416 

1,006,137 

899, 466 

308, 340 

412,7.54 

297, 677 

206,084 

5,512 

52, 111 

$1,858,854 

1,315,562 

1,665,695 

1,417,333 

575,589 

360, 495 

324,433 

165, 592 

239, 828 

95, 864 

65,736 

54,961 

18, 880 

208,157 

948 

4,218 

419, 551 

3,320 

861 

947 

7,257 

$3,663,971 
2, 488, 451 

Peru         

1,667,566 

United  Kingdom 

1,617,029 
824, 434 

648, 261 

374,567 

246,428 

Italy 

180,184 

173, 409 

50,357 

9,243 

49, 137 

33.607 

1,444 
5,419 

28,916 
7,835,632 

53,630 

12,305 
5,391 

17,998 

23,. 306 

4,671 

16,699 

6,440,316 

22,713 

4,687 
50,333 
13,223 

1,649 

16,083 

4, 143, 867 

25, 618 

5, 123 

2,408 

15, 408 

19,562 

11,310 

14,829 

10,769 

7,480 

3,273 

Other  countries 

20,374 

Total 

19,308,506 

21,357,505 

15,500,876 

8,804,081 

12,128,304 

TRADK   STATISTICS.  559 

BOLIVIA— Colli  iiiu"(l. 
Exports  from   lioi.iviA   hy   Countriks  ok   r)EHTiNATioN,    1912-1010. 


Countries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

191Q 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

$26,112,023 

152,976 

272,058 

331,347 

2,133,950 

1,622 

372, 183 

22,652 

$29,548,088 

218,195 

358,400 

230,302 

1,783,017 

5,319 

12,722 

38,273 

802 

9,0-14 

239 

3,109,758 

1,237,172 

655 

804 

$20,255,138 

9.56, 476 

345,344 

483,774 

1,030,425 

791 

395, 199 

5,009 

3,715 

3,110 

2,193 

1,439,078 

736, 189 

$25,988,368 

9,757,058 

564,971 

291,418 

318,749 

64,774 

30,912 

9,391 

51,991 

$2.5,746,341 

ll,26«,f«2 

948, 192 

Chile 

893  611 

France 

426,520 
178,836 
80,852 

Brazil 

Peru 

Uruguay 

26,751 
6,299 

1,878 

Italy       

29,392 
25,013 

408 

4,3aS,301 

1,380,063 

789 

1 

032 

Total 

35,147,904 

35,551,390 

25,662,447 

37,132,037 

39,579,072 

Imports  of  Manufactured  Articles  into  Bolivia,  1015  and  191G. 
(Par  value  of  the  boliviano  Is  $0.3893.] 


Soap. 

Candles 

Perfumery  and  cosmetic-; 

Paints  and  varnishes 

Chemical  products 

Proprietary  medicines 

Hides  and  skins,  manufactured , 

Boots  and  shoes , 

Other  manufactures  of  leather  and  skin , 

Te-xtiles: 

Woolen 

Pure  silk 

Silk,  mixed  with  cotton  or  other  material 

Cotton 

Jute,  hemp,  or  linen 

Cassimeres 

Cloth,  other  than  silk  or  silk  mixed,  for  women's  clothing. 

Carpets  of  all  kinds 

I^aces,  embroideries,  trimmings,  etc 

Bonnets  and  caps  and  other  articles,  knitted 

Hats: 

Trimmed,  women's  and  children's 

Men's 

Straw,  un  trimmed 

Bags,  ore 

Linens 


Ready-made  clothing: 

Women's 

Men's 

Other 

Furniture,  wooden 

Other  manufactures  of  wood . 


Bolivianos. 
244,366 
539, 757 
32,711 
53,606 
13,545 
226,229 
59,236 
77,027 
19,454 

245, 474 

12,974 

9,305 

l,a5S,526 

10,010 

131,114 

90,3S9 

53,954 

50,989 

71,509 

26, 435 
23S,376 

32.(Kv2 
106,703 
134,724 

135,322 
38,060 
43, 739 
86,356 

184,743 


Bolivianos. 
364, 101 
579. 160 
64,541 
87,353 
134,734 
160,825 
146,829 
155,056 
53,589 

297,483 

32,523 

33,254 

1,570,098 

36,200 

118,656 

126,398 
58,472 
91,916 

161, 801 

30,607 
338,  .351 

62,006 
173,883 
238,109 

132,816 
41,377 
84,047 
90,299 

267,395 


560 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

BO  LI  VI  A— Continued. 


Imports  of  Manxjtactured  Aeticles  into  Bolivia,  1915  and  1916 — 

Continued. 


Maaafactured  articles. 


Paper: 

Wall 

Print 

Writing 

Other,  and  cardboard 

Boots,  blank,  ruled,  and  music 

Books,  printed 

Other  printed  matter 

Glass 

G  lassware 

Iron  and  steel: 

Sheet 

Manufactures  of 

Copper  and  brass,  manufactures  of 

Jewelry,  imitation 

Machinery: 

E lee trical 

Printing  and  weaving 

Minin  g 

Agricultural 

Photographic,  cinematographic,  and  hoisting 

Steam  engines 

Artisans'  tools 

Desk  supplies 

Household  utensils 

Instruments: 

Scientific ■ 

Musical 

Agricultural  implements 

Clocks  and  watches  and  parts 

Arms,  ammunition,  and  explosives 

Toys 

Railway  coaches  and  cars 

Automobiles 


Bolivianos, 

Bolivianos. 

7,415 

13,931 

51,258 

86, 586 

72,402 

60,059 

110,111 

115,312 

54,587 

67,055 

23, 639 

40.967 

89,202 

29,741 

47,099 
41,641 

99,685 
55,260 

160,282 
1,743,489 

147,475 
3,947,977 

34,800 

59,221 

37,059 

67,620 

197,386 
131, 845 

286, 822 
107, 443 

212,681 

306,975 

16,437 
19, 130 

11,063 
17,913 

327,263 

152,361 

124,119 

200,264 

18,030 

16,712 

18,538 

21,270 

20,409 
39,414 
19,372 

47,230 
81,737 
71,804 

19,539 

46,215 

864,261 

1,338,2.83 

30,549 

2,773 

26,192 

44,290 

10,371 

350, 371 

CHILE. 

Imposts    into    Chile   by    Countries    of    Origin,    1912-1916. 


Coimtries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

United  States      

316,806,341 

38,616,886 

4,817,431 

3,337,633 

7,261,061 

4,101,957 

1,282,137 

3,009,820 

860, 118 

39, 696 

133,465 

36,023 

29,962 

3,019,747 

$20,089,158 

36,109,211 

4,810,370 

3,187,043 

6,623,200 

3,202,654 

1,135,883 

3,176,284 

971,917 

30,408 

141,154 

49,848 

231 

3, 343, 832 

$20, 148, 576 

22,309,086 

5,380,220 

1,979,472 

4,206,107 

i, 164, 939 

905,084 

1,976,513 

725,975 

23,711 

94,401 

153,828 

3,386 

6, 269, 379 

$18,638,455 

13,288,603 

4,762,542 

2,768,640 

1,700,383 

2,456,681 

737,992 

1,732,890 

1,180,948 

492, 239 

349,931 

346,746 

267,288 

1,203,806 

$34,458,956 

United  Kingdom 

Pern          

20,049,544 
5,596,427 

India  

4,551,094 

3,462,373 

2,513,181 

2,032,746 

Italy        

1,752,293 

Brazil          

1,133,853 

717,047 

590, 169 

Norway 

Mexico 

Austrailct 

540, 602 
477,320 
453,565 

v,^  ^; 


TKADK   STATISTICS.  5»)1 

CHILE -(.'oiitlnuetl. 
Imports  into  Chilk  by  C'ountwe8  of  Urigkn,  1013-1916 — Coutlnued. 


CfMintrles. 


1912 


Gemiany $33, 189,070 

Denmark I  8,411 

Netherlands 350,481 

Cuba 22*J,S3S 

Ecuador 302,838 

Switzerland 107,283 

Bolivia 97,255 

UruRijav 555,221 

Cliini 03,120 

PortMiial 211,90<i 

Helijiuni 3,122,0)9 

r.tiatoinala 08,3.'.2 

Aiistria-HunKarv 44,002 

Other  countries." 196, 258 

Total 122,075,994 


1913 


$29,  .578, 138 

3,  .889 

07,211 

188,929 

452,415 

192,801 

53,525 

fi35,7r><; 

103,911 

110,111 

5,071,427 

02,781 

14,225 

171,. 580 


120,274,001 


1914 


$25,889,771 
24,427 
200,4r><i 
109,821 
419,400 
1.35,931 
124,014 

528,  o;  3 

00,  47'< 
104,370 
4,1.51,372 
48,525 
20, 587 
206,574 


98,461,195 


191a 


$.3,  .583,  .589 

440,317  , 

lf,2, 070 

100, 02-^  , 

432,328 

70,2f^1 

I'll, 007  I 

291,072  I 

03,IV»4 

.50,806 

105,015 

9,433 

7,717 

172,958 


55,922,218 


191« 


$4.52,6.38 

440,098 

351,312 

327,029 

237,955 

203,075 

109, 178 

183,  .588 

101,290 

91,146 

07,331 

40,528 

522 

185,  (M2 


81,220,102 


Exi'OKTS    FROM    ChH.E   BY    0>TTNTKIES    OF    DESTINATION,    1912-1016. 


Countries. 


United  States 

United  Kingdom 

France 

Russia 

ATRentina 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Spain 

Denmark 

Japan 

Polynesia 

Australia 

Peru 

Sweden 

Bolivia 

Can Ida 

HKvpt 

Portugal 

Panama 

T/nitniay 

Brazil 

Germany 

Norway , 

Cape  Colony 

Chi^jii 

Mexico 

Belgium , 

Other  countries 

Foreign    merchandise 

cxi>orted 

On  orders 


1912 


$24,514,505 

55,102,0.50 

7,00.8,570 


$3O,413,3<50 

55,.5.»,8,341 

8,847,885 


1,129,061 

4, 235,  .547 

397, 479 

1,834,419 


957, 245 
744,980 
128,080 
913, 191 


580,302 

277, 6ii8 

1,01.5,010 

507, 9,S9 

55,684 

2,717,680 

1,730,977 

28, 000, 095 


Total 


290,318 

4,010,9tiO 

97,477 

2,235,043 


13!),87S,201 


1,034,881 

4, 470, 103 

6,52,032 

987,174 


1,333,481 


22 
933,297 


547, 274 


410,,5(>3 

057 

34,0.50 

424,017 

525,307 

30,772,743 


43, 891 

105,055 

5,674,809 

42,517 

1,851,735 


144,053,312 


$31,434,241 
40,0-11,307 
4,24.5,128 


1,511,508 

3,290,996 

738,493 

3,376 

.508,612 

823,498 


154,778 
35<J,8S2 
832, 450 
289,715 
100, 194 
1,041,704 


61,5,50 

234, 379 

151,829 

,18,078,986 


22, 797 

3,444,-558 

54,302 

1,954,221 


100, 381,. 534 


1915 


$.50, 199, 243 

40,582,411 

3,  .5.54, 002 

1,827,425 

3,509,474 

1,443,628 

1,708,8)6 

1,010,520 

1,517,807 

1,779,029 

920,099 

1,071,5<VJ 

'2:«,005 

397,075 

172,  .508 

46, 084 

2,388,23-4 

700,916 

90,tK.7 

141,. 508 

8,159 


1916 


128,265 
523,976 


125,775 

1,923,528 
2,011,919 


$92,033,507 

48,140,599 

11,08.8,4,59 

0,971.095 

4, 491 ; 903 

2,415,233 

1,. 885, 052 

1,566,730 

1,419,293 

1, -10.8, 870 

1,393,348 

1,177,787 

9-42,076 

859,404 

757,080 

371, 7«3 

329,902 

192,002 

46,045 

30,738 

28,2.84 


2,781,WV7 
4,0.54,971 


119,529,892  j  187,4,58,432 


144297*— 20 36 


562  ■  GUIDE  TO  LATTlSr  AMERICA. 

CHILE— Continued. 

Imports   into  Chile  by  Groups   of  Articles,   1912-1916. 

[Peso=  $0,365.] 


Articles. 


MI>nNG. 


Metallic  minerals 

Non metallic  minerals. 

Nitrate  and  iodine 

Coal  and  mineral  fuels. 


Total . 


FORESTRY,  GAME,  AND 
FISHING. 


Timber 

Other  forest  products. 

Game  products 

Fishing  products 


Total . 


GRAZING. 


Animals,  live 

Wool  and  other  animal  tex- 
tiles  

Hides  and  other  animal 
products 

Bee  products , 


Total . 


AGRICULTURE. 


Plants  and  seeds 

Grains 

Legumes 

Roots 

Fruits 

Coffee,  tea,  etc 

Spices 

Forage 

Textiles,  vegetable 

Vegetable  products,  oleagi- 
nous  

Tobacco 

Other  products 


Total. 


FOOD  PRODUCTS. 


Preserved  meat 

Edible  fats 

Dairy  products 

Edible  oils 

Flour,  meal,  etc 

Foods  and  condiments,  ani- 
mal or  mineral 

Foods  and  condiments, 
vegetable 

Sugar  and  by-products 


Total. 


1912 


Pesos. 

515,887 

747,535 

277 

38,561,978 


39,825,677 


3,942,363 

579,839 

11,093 

495,328 


5,028,623 


10,841,718 

196,892 

452,824 
2,715 


Pesos. 
292,680 
865,452 


43,812,165 


44,970,297 


3,379,902 

527, 561 

11,473 

209,477 


4,128,413 


9,134,117 

376, 197 

124,539 
2,873 


11,494,149       9,637,726 


216, 998 

3,246,295 

6,381 

1,695 

342, 756 

7,212,509 

487,352 

1,200 

951,396 

462,320 

459,864 

.      27,829 


13,416,595 


203,605 
1,025,717 
1,422,277 
3,525,283 

600,057 

1,904,519 

1,355,045 
10,216,459 


20,252,962 


1914 


Pesos. 

364,313 

386, 881 

609 

41,387,200 


42, 139, 003 


2,883,726 

388, 169 

711 

439,568 


3,712,174 


Pesos. 

128, 081 

166, 142 

57 

19,464,448 


19, 758, 728 


1,443.374 

287,837 

349 

178,072 


1,909,632 


5,921,054  j    5,089,614 


607, 082 

384,047 
6,027 


6,918,210 


220, 205 

2,701,271 

10,815 

8,107 

697, 774 

8,036,039 

403,310 

261 

79,995 

608,444 
213,321 
29, 737 


13,009,279 


263,689 
1,246,371 

826, 278 
3,554,834 

477,  r33 

1,573,226 

1,335,805 
9,998,149 


19,275,485 


138, 090 

8,541,327 

7,507 

2,522 

176,966 

5,690,354 

349,687 

822 

60,1% 

781,311 
181,191 
17,365 


15,947,338 


176,806 
1,080,562 
1,142,190 
3,411,490 
1,973,450 

1,241,479 

867,268 
9, 200, 725 


163,954 

166,419 
1,836 


Pesos. 
701,445 
119,818 


26,238,492 


27, 059, 755 


824,322 

574. 261 

1,371 

196,845 


1,596,799 


4,553,976 

379,759 

84,313 
3,251 


5,421,823       5,021,299 


77,717 

4,266,931 

3,976 

5,  ,520 

131,106 

7,558,483 

321,173 

1,880 

92, 749 

543, 130 

262, 716 

5,613 


13,270,994 


91,686 

1,114,857 

631,501 

2,455,616 

8,405,783 

775,200 

494,592 
7,363,914 


308,504 

2,756,068 

7,046 

205 

261,948 

9,345,857 

1,080,776 

117 

203,199 

983,859 

307,846 

21,718 


15,277,143 


19,093,970    21,333,149     17,486,856 


114,366 
l,052,9a5 

528,377 
3,931,746 
1,492,885 

1,014,803 

650, 621 
8,701,153 


TRADE  STATISTICS.  563 

CHILE— Continued. 
Imports  into  Chile  by  (Jroui's  ok  Aktui.ks.  l!H2-imG — Continued. 


Articles. 


1912 


BEVERAGES    AND    LIQUORS.  I 

'       Pe»oit. 

Wines 4,008,047 

Brandies  and  liquors 3,394,790 

Beer  and  cider 134,046 

Mineral  waters,  etc '  1,180,329 


Vdins. 

2,(l37,Ra5 

2,117,165 

248,374 

957, 510 


Total 8,717,812'    5,9H0,944 


Prepared  tobacco 128,000 

Cigars  and  cigarettes 1 ,  292, 740 


110,147 
934,222 


Tot;J 1,420,467  I     1,050,309 


1914 


Pe»o*. 

1,707,.'")70 

1,508,508 

252, 278 

638,143 


4,106,499 


112,175 
646,518 


758,693 


Yarn  and  thread 

Rope  and  twine 

Bags 

Piece  goods 

Passementerie  and  embroi- 
deries   

Wearing  apparel 


Total. 


CHEMICAL   PRODUCTS. 


Chemicals,  organic 

Chemicrls,  inorganic 

Fertilizers,  artiflcitiJ 

Soap  and  candles 

Peruimery  and  pharmaceu- 
tical preparations 

Industrial  oils 

Alcohol  lor  industrial  uses. . 

Paints,  dyes,  and  colors 

Explosives 

Matches 


Totnl. 


4,217,747 

297, 449 

6, 802, 473 

14, 795, 800 


6,254,53.'; 

651,983 

11,893,330 

30,072,583 


7,951,665  1  7,922,114 

408,161  463,601 

9,421,5,13!  8,005,781 

44,302,553  41,406,580 

9tl8,133;  938,933 

15,441,209  I  16,882,165 

78,5.53,274  ,  76,279,240  j  48,134,759  30,870,900  |  58,577,916 


5,302,756 

346,ft89 

5,2.51,41.1 

20,293,854 

597, 743 
10,342,902 


1915 


Peso*. 
909,095 
981,890 
105, 0»i5 
226,258 


1916 


Ptmiii. 

1,135,049 

1,416,678 

69,612 

228,781 


2,222,908  1     2,850,120 


93,192 
489,380 


lai,  295 
915,480 


582,572  1     1,020,775 


2»<6,409  1        573,250 
4,490,89ti  I    8,532,235 


1,491,266 

3,274,344 

93,278 

2,316,967 

3,4.56,517 
8,435,067 
505 
2,230,382 
1,721,825 
277, 178 


1,937,660 

3,150,723 

39,924 

2,527,349 

3,878,356 
8,307,007 
1,199 
2,108,977 
2,528,039 
177,923 


1,737,889 

2,259,111 

18, 568 

2,072,085 

3,104,632 
8,094,024 
704 
1,376,358 
1,575,975 
54,313 


23,303,329  1  24,717,757  |  20,353,059 


10,403,823  I  11,129,101  [    6,660,795 


Iron  and  steel  in  bars  or 

sheets 

Copptr  in  bars  or  sheets 

Other    metals    in    bars    or 

sheets 

Builders'  hardw;u'e 

Manufactures    of  iron   and 

-■^tccl :  18,594,351  i  18,470,076  j  14,874,598 

Manufactures  of  other  metalsi    5,1>47,U;6       4,843,984  |    3,031, OtK) 


651,315  I        891,491  I        845,4.58 
672,010       1,608,809       2,450,435 


1,137,860 

2,252,968 

93,142 

2,595,028 

1,643,819 

5,655,003 

27 

749, 002 

1,544,770 

11,098 


1,640,819 

3, 985, 780 

39,704 

1,164,560 

2,960,787 
10,818,248 
2,473 
1,980,713 
5,107,683 
50,184 


15,t>83,97 


2,076,212 


27,750,903 


4,509,900 


483,^07  1,061,002 

727,r.21  1,278,018 

4,438,682  11,117,480 

1,402,170  1  2,313,914 


Total I  35,669,265     30,943,521  |  27,S02,250  |    9,128,a52     20,330,974 


6&4  GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

CHILE— Continue.l. 
Imports  into  Chile  by  Groups  of  Articles,  1912-1916 — Continued. 


Articles. 


MACHINERY       AND     IMPLE- 
MENTS. 

Mining 

Agricultural 

Manufacturing 

Motor  engines 

Electrical 

Total 

LOCOMOTION. 

Railroad  supplies 

Navigation  supplies 

Carriages,  cars,  automobiles, 
airships,  etc 

Total 

ALL  OTHER  MANUFACTURES. 

Leather  and  fur  manufac- 
tures   

Cardboard  and  paper 

Timber 

Furniture 

Brooms  and  brushes 

Stone  and  earths 

Pottery  and  glass 

Rubber,  celluloid,  etc 

Bone,  hom,  etc 

Arms  and  ammunition 

Jewelry,  watches,  etc 

Art  objects 

Articles  and  instruments  for 
the  arts  and  trades 

Printed  books,  maps,  and 
engravings 

Miscellaneous 

Total 

COINS  XKT>  PREaOUS 

METALS. 


Coined  gold  and  silver . . . 
Uncoined  gold  and  silver . 


Total . 


Total  imports 

Value  in  United  States  gold 


1912 


Pesos. 
3, 486, 766 
5,192,320 
17, 467, 524 
4, 375,  .578 
4, 143, 908 


34, 666, 096 


1913 


Pesos. 
1,715,111 

4,686,920 
14,308,786 
3,071,384 
4,923,158 


1914 


Pesos. 

2,344,844 
2,017,052 
10, 042, 839 
1,289,760 
3.991,062 


28,705,359     19,685,557 


18,3.33,928 
964, 492 

1,650,940 


20, 949, 360 


6, 507, 343 
7,957,856 
1,567,148 
1,798,517 

298,643 
5,911,943 
5,763,031 
1,179,627 

217, 455 
1,292,511 

811,014 
37,235 

3,330,461 

1, 541, 529 
2,930,025 


41,144,338 


12,553 


334, 454, 779 
$122,075,994 


16,823,059 
800, 407 

2,555,861 


20,179,327 


10,244,845 
742,968 

2,042,326 


13, 030, 1.39 


5, 588, 723 
7, 418, 749 
1,625,300 
1,626,893 

333,679 
7, 080, 781 
5,746,407 
1,262,985 

237,935 

1,333,848 

2,517,924 

47,027 

3,385,887 

2,483,335 
3,963,797 


44,6.53,370 


6,724 


6,724 


3,055,292 
5,550,917 

767,830 
1,070,598 

177,862 
4,644,153 
2,918,302 

775, 899 

234, 405 

22,092,929 

1,254,268 

30, 917 

2, 080, 749 

1, 212, 743 

1,-504,265 


47,971,129 


43,313 


43,313 


1915 


Pesos. 
1,060,408 

489, 526 
5, 943, 805 

765, 798 
2, 342, 155 


10,607,692 


1915 


5,094,877 
282,891 

1,314,677 


6,692,445 


1, 463, 781 

4,544,013 

450, 897 

329,967 

80,526 

2,118,323 

761,630 

398, 563 

75,829 

1,482,830 

473,346 

11, 167 

958,661 

682, 229 
861,199 


1,035,721 


1,035,724 


329,517,311  1269,756,699  ,153,211,557 
$120,274,001  $98,461,195  [$55,922,218 


Pesos. 
2,701,440 
1, 179,  794 
5,. 572, 371 
1, 434, 506 
2,975,711 


13,863.822 


4,309,241 
580,392 

4, 323, 452 


9,213,085 


3,659,050 

7,162,622 

827, 450 

391,346 

170,067 

3,170,828 

1,482,156 

869, 717 

187, 535 

370,095 

967,912 

16,202 

1,655,291 

734,952 
769, 549 


22,434,778 


24,816 
5,727 


30,543 

222,520,828 
$8],  220, 102 


TR-VDK  STATISTICS. 

EAST  COAST  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 


605 


ARGENTINA. 

iMI't'BTS  INTO  AUGtNTl.NA  BY  COUNTRIES  Or  URKUN,  lOVJ-lOlG. 


Countries. 


1913 


1914 


United  States...: 

United  Kinj;ili>m 

Italy 

France 

Spain 

Braiil 

Mexico 

British  po.sse--si()ns 

Uruguay 

Netherlands 3,441,6«7 

Sweden 2,290,645 

Paraguay '  2,127,506 

Switrerlaml 2, 183, 40O 

Cuba 1,105,380 

Japan 774,885 

Canada '  2, 266, 257 

Chile 571,412 

Norway •  1, 468, 794 

Bolivia 430, 750 

Denmark 167,930 

Germany 63,941,503 

Peru 2,360 

Belpiiun 20, 370, 530 

Portugal ;  503,082 

China 503,847 

Dutch  possiffisiouf 31,140 

South  .\frica 104,932 

Turkey '  103,501 

Russia 262, 859 

Australia 544, 394 

Austria-Hunuarv '    3, 476.  8(l5 

Other  countrie.*;; !       198.639 


Pesof. 

62,a32,853 

130, 8S«,  587 

34,789,741 

3s,n75,HU 

12,o89,tJ07 

9,259,182 

1,35:^,78.5 

7.763,164 

3,196,403 

4,074,104 

3,123,SS9 

2,271,135 

2,749,682 

1,126,658 

868,240 

1,651,810 

707,998 

2,261,342 

252,024 

204,106 

71,311,628 

1,342 

21,953,910 

585,975 

562,645 

15,899 

78, 90 J 

127,026 

447,845 

1,023, 1K8 

5,933,444 

272,614 


Tot.il 384, 853, 469 

Value  in    Unil*^l    ^'t;!u•! 
gold |$373,.307,S65 


421,352,543 
$408,711,966 


Pfsox. 

36,684,446 

92,474,681 

24,873,105 

22, 393,. 554 

8,603,991 

9,290,258 

1,790,625 

3,285,663 

2,931,792 

2,801,243 

1,884,244 

1,789,486 

l,443,16r> 

1,015,615 

487,094 

482,519 

491,043 

1,472,344 

266,876 

144,336 

39,996,133 

1,214,594 

12,137,524 

320,364 

400, 672 

3,164 

82,825 

77,454 

259,538 

48,459 

2,547,553 

124,539 


1015 


191S 


Poox. 

56,158,904 

67,781,,S07 

21,168,379 

13,310,650 

ll,339,a57 

10.381,501 

15,118,3.59 

S,  ,360, 4  85 

1,879,658 

1,981,156 

2,061,766 

2,259,887 

1,. 5,37, 052 

871,185 

.S17,697 

1,132,1.58 

776,229 

1,368,189 

359,891 

614,844 

5,653,310 

1,280 

853,746 

238,651 

230,859 

7,433 

201,970 

.33, 787 

12,699 

8,416 

264,184 

107,484 


271,817,900 
$263,663,363 


226, 892, 733 
18220,085,951 


Peso». 

63.. 5.32, 368 

f.l,  264,989 

21,338,031 

14,999,061 

13,477,416 

11.897,683 

6,519,982 

5,649,352 

2,458,951 

2,207,7.50 

2,099,611 

2,067,846 

2, 01 8,  ,594 

1,. 323, 019 

1,182,313 

1,126,196 

948,470 

8.32,258 

437,575 

414,599 

350,879 

277,617 

276,461 

274,122 

241,282 

50,104 

25,826 

12,531 

10,429 

10,138 

10,095 

53,774 


217,409,322 
$210, 887,012 


Note.— The  fipure-'?  in  this,  as  in  all  other  table."  of  import-s  and  exports  by  values,  rep- 
resent valnaiioris  according  to  customhouse  apprai.semenls.  These  appraisements  are 
wha  tare  known  as  "fixed"  appraisement,"  and  do  not  repre<;ent  cast  or  real  value.  Accord- 
ing to  e^!imate-s  made  by  the  C'reneralOtVice  of  Statistics  of  Argentina,  true  values  exceed  the 
statistical  values  given  above  by  the  following  percentages:  1912,  16.1  per  cent;  1913,  17.7 
per  cent;  1914,  18.6  per  cent;  1915,  34.6  per  cent;  and  1916,  68.4  per  cent.  Following 
this  estimate,  the  value  of  the  imports  for  the  yeax  1916  was  366,130,671  pesos  ($355,146,654). 


568 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

ARGENTINA  -Continued. 


Percentages  that  Imports  from  Leading  Countries  Bear  to  Totai. 
Imports,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  Kingdom 

Germany 

United  States 

Italy 

France 

Belgiiun 

Brazil 

Spain 


Per  cent. 
30.8 


15.4 

8.5 


5.3 
2.5 
3.1 


Per 


cent. 
31.1 
16.9 
14.7 
8.3 
9.0 
5.2 
2.2 
2.9 


1914 


Per  cent. 
34.0 
14.8 
13.4 
9.2 
8.2 
4.4 
3.5 
3.1 


Per  cent. 
29.9 
2.5 
24.8 
9.3 
5.9 
.,4 
4.6 
5.0 


1916 


Per  cent. 
28.2 
.2 
29.2 
9.8 
6.9 
.1 
5.5 
6.2 


Exports  from  Argentina  dy  Countries  of  Destination,  1912-1916. 


Countries. 


United  Kingdom. . 

United  States 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

Brazil 

Sweden 

Spain 

Uruguay 

Denmark 

Norway 

Paraguay 

Russia 

French  possessions. 

Chile 

Portugal 

Egypt 

Bolivia 

British  possessions.. 

South  Africa 

Cuba 

Mexico 

Australia 

Peru 

Germany 

Belgium 

Austria-Hungary . . 

On  orders 

Other  countries 


Total 480,391,256  |483,504,547 

Value  in    United    States 
gold |$465,979,518  ;$468,999,410 


Pesos. 

121,373,358 

32,391,148 

36,052.009 

16,027,223 

21,147,962 

22, 646,. 362 

1, 496, 050 

3,582,495 

4,714,480 

861,587 

1,. 804,  741 

1,219,925 

376,643 

74, 106 

2,456,280 

567, 019 


930, 384 
568, 994 
147, 128 
782, 741 
400,355 


8,835 

53,995,175 

37,258,225 

2, 896, 798 

114,903,510 

1,  707, 723 


Pesos. 

120,367,811 

22, 894, 809 

37,718,537 

22,623,773 

20, 038, 893 

24,309,114 

1,073,976 

4, 818, 289 

6, 300, 568 

732, 801 

1,078,113 

1,903,804 

607, 951 

306, 972 

1,944,477 

535,973 


1, 131, 594 
696,901 
163,362 
63S,  230 
117,945 


6,024 

57, 915, 813 

32, 731, 869 

3, 245, 869 

117,716,237 

1, 885, 812 


1914 


Pesos. 

102,149,424 

42,866,995 

19,971,629 

11,173,077 

8,548,690 

15,707,656 

1,675,142 

2,405,117 

4,717,573 

774, 742 

1,831,071 

1,215,523 

256, 979 

146, 763 

1, 142, 963 

11,659 


763, 741 
250,282 
53, 120 
339, 188 
136,920 
127,281 


30, 731, 422 

17,505,887 

1,376,847 

82,623,619 

750, 831 


Pesos. 

164,972,021 

89, 842, 833 

40,355,986 

18,831,398 

40,939,402 

21,905,246 

5,021,285 

7,141,642 

7,957,352 

1,539,663 

2, 796, 881 

1,550,316 


158, 520 
1, 730, 742 
1,001,006 


519,301 
931,530 
361,662 
227, 101 
137,619 
4,971,936 
272,355 


1916 


Pe.ms. 

159,7.55,301 

113,488,289 

64,737,625 

27,491,405 

27,148,468 

24,498,226 

10,084,346 

8,563,677 

6,487,619 

6,093,959 

4,128,059 

2, 987, 734 

2,950,182 

2,514,575 

1,541,904 

1,360,324 

913, 705 

845, 785 

790, 172 

261,800 

74, 899 

30,  .301 


143,136,625 
1,978,221 


75,596,240 
1,001,244 


.349,254,141    558,280,643 
$338,776,517  $641,532,224 


543,345,839 
$527,045,463 


Note. — The  statistical  values  given  above,  according  to  the  estimates  of  the  General 
Office  of  Statistics  of  Argentina,  should  be  increased  as  follows:  1912,  4.4  per  cent;  1913, 
7.4  per  cent;  1914,  15.4  per  cent;  1915,  4.3  per  cent;  and  1916,  5.5  per  cent.  Following  this 
estimate,  the  value  of  the  exports  for  the  year  1916  was  572,999,522  pesos  ($555,809,536). 


TR.VDK   ST.VTISTICS. 

ARGENTINA    -(•<iiuiiiu.-.l. 


5G7 


I'KRCENTACE.S    THAT    KxPOUT.S    TO    LEADINO    CorNTRIES    HKAK    TO    ToTAI. 

ExPoBTS,  1012-1916. 


Countries. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

Per  Ofnt. 

25.3 
6.7 

11.3 
7.5 
7.8 
4.7 
3.3 
4.4 

23.9 

Per  cfnt. 

24.9 
4.7 

12.0 
7.8 
6.8 
5.0 
4.7 
4.1 

24.4 

Per  cent. 
29.3 
12.3 
8.8 
5.7 
5.0 
4.5 
3.2 
2.4 
23.7 

Percent. 
29.6 
16.1 

Per  cent. 
29.  i 

United  Slates 

20.9 

France . ". 

7.2 

11. 'J 

Brazil 

3.9 

3.4 

7.3 

25.6 

4.5 

5.1 

Italy 

5.0 

13.9 

.y 


Impokts  into  Argentina  my  Classes  of  Article.s,  191.3-1016. 


Classes. 


Llvo  animals 

Food  products 

Tobacco 

Wines,  liquors,  and  other  beverages. 

Textile-;,  and  manufactures  of 

Oils,  grease,  etc 

Chemicals  and  pharmaceutical  prod- 
ucts  

Paints,  dyes,  etc 

Timber,  woods,  straw,  and  manufac- 
tures of 

Paper,  and  manufactiirps  of 

Hides,  skins,  and  niunufattiircs  of- . . 

Iron,  steel,  and  manufucturos  of 

Other  metals,  and  manufactures  of. . 

Agriculture 

Locomotion:  Railway  cars,  equip- 
ment, carriages,  automobiles,  etc.  - 

Earths,  stone."!,  class,  coal,  etc 

Building  maicrial.s 

Electrical  apparatus 

Miscellaneous 


Total 

Value  in  United  Slates  gold . 


1913 


PeitM. 

1,419,290 
34,933,955 

7,038,055 
14,042,15s 
89,560,214 
23,778,916 

1.^193,6.58 
2,535,437 

10,S2<«,9,39 
9,901,985 

4, 610,  rm 

50,040,305 
14,2.57,919 
"J,  124,632 


37,223,336 
36,577,931 
35, 775,  aSO 
10,110,088 
14,399,584 


421, 3-52,  .542 
?4aS,711,966 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Pesos. 

1,244,271 
23,324,382 

5,908,466 

8,131,073 
52,517,281 
20,053,399 

11,109,655 
1,670,577 

5,861,143 
7,420,912 
2,&52, 159 
35,158,112 
7,648,176 
3, 239, 156 

22,9.58,653 
28, 847, 454 
17,935,161 
7,023,547 
9,114,323 


Pesos. 

1,317,456 
22,555,936 

6,145,212 

6,561,578 
51,934,567 
36,140,287 

10,590,210 
1,443,417 

4, 211,. 560 
5,823,277 
2, 102,  r>io 
18,045,948 
5, 870, 150 
6, 546, 717 

6, 79S,  217 
19,890,457 
11,934,609 
3,756,637 
4,623,963 


271,817,900     226,892,733 
S26.},  663, 363  [8220,085,951 


Pesos. 

2,468,811 
26,007,198 

4,370,1.34 

5,389,1.39 
65,592,071 
15,679,342 

12, 497,  .367 
1,718,519 

9,383,271 
7,237,146 
2, 190, 207 
20,993,488 
7,390,520 
5, 633, 250 

(a) 
19, 308, 790 

(0) 

3,338,039 
8,212,030 

217,409,322 
$210, 887, 042 


a  Reclassified  in  1916. 


568 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

URUGUAY. 


Imports  into  Uruguay  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1913,  1916,   and 

1917. 


Argentina 

Austriar  Hungary. 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Chile 

Cuba 

France 

Germany 

Italy 

Mexico 

Netherlands 

Paraguay 

Spain 

United  Kingdom  . 

United  States 

Other  countries . . 


Total. 


Official  valuation  (fixed). 


1913 


.$3,9.54,541 

406, 006 

3,-527,289 

2, 122, 841 

172, 348 

224,441 

4,238,518 

8, 076, 714 

3,594,512 


279,514 

162, 375 

2, 397, 453 

12, 624, 870 

6, 636, 669 

70, 194 


48, 488, 285 


1916 


36,480,348 


1917 


$8,372,541 


6, 638, 499 

6,583 

209,523 

1,421,028 

106,117 

1,016,647 

763, 186 

85,514 

135, 172 

2, 637, 791 

6, 019, 464 

10, 945, 744 

119,637 


Estimated 
value. 


38,477,446 


$14,651,086 


10, 279, 794 


2,401,088 
i,739,i26 


4, 740, 723 
12,108,030 
20, 177, 054 

2,739,959 


68, 836, 860 


Exports  from  Uruguay  by  Countries  of  Destination. 

1915-1917. 


1913    AND 


Countries. 


1913 


1915 


United  State? 

United  Kingdom. 

France 

Italy 

Argentina 

Spain 

Brazil 

Cuba 

Chile 

Portugal 

Norway 

Netherlands 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Germany 

Austria-Hungary . 

Belgium 

Russia 

Other  countries.. 


Total 

Ships'  supplies . 


$2,880,071 
7,979,000 

12, 380, 7.53 
2,970,517 

10, 802, 853 

842,761 

4,768,826 

2,577,239 

313, 819 

1,477.391 


13, 887, 701 

1,211,721 

8,551,175 

222,284 

165, 790 


$12, 216, 595 

13,735,187 

18,394,688 

15,540,723 

9,299,003 

2,571,613 

1,096,094 

907, 553 

100,510 

311,801 

22,110 

587, 0S6 

587,110 

555, 298 


71,031,901 
204,064 


71,235,965 


$16,493,601 

13,827,770 

12,677,241 

10,601,053 

10,623,806 

3,049,175 

1,370,204 

698,588 

22,291 

289, 791 


135, 582 
'943,990 


17, 138 


46,909 


75,942,509 
279, 789 


70, 780, 101 
294,273 


$26, 218,  746 

19, 358, 161 

16, 180, 680 

14, 733, 877 

12,376,146 

4,686,135 

1, 299, 622 

851, 749 

235, 061 

33, 573 

31,410 

22,3()0 


41,310 


96,068,^0 
148,095 


76,222,298  1      71,074,-374  I        9fi,236,925 


TRADK  STATISTICS.  5()9 

URUGUAY— <\)r)iiiiuc(l. 

ImI'OKTS    IMO    riU(;IAY    liY    (JKoI'I'    ok    AUTMLhX,    HMO    AM*    ISMT. 


Iroiifis  of  nrlic'ps. 


Animals 

Grocers'  products 

Dry  poods  and  notions 

Hardware,  paper,  and  naval  stores 

Electrical  supplies 

Masical  instruments 

Fumitiiro  and  upholstery 

Shoes,  leat  her  Roods,  skills 

Building  material,  etc 

Drugs  and  chemicals 

rharmaceutical  specialties  and  articles 

Perfumery 

Watches,  jewelry,  precious  stones,  etc 

Raw  materials  and  machinery  for  industries 

Total -. 


Official  valuation 
(fixed). 


Estimated 

value. 


191R 


81,7R3,!>23 
13,216.41ft 
S,  451, 971 
4, 702, 303 
353,098 
91,  !'J7 
111,563 
276, 016 
1,680,960 
331,502  I 
187,561  I 
117,202 
107,  166 
8,069,542  I 


$1,792,222 
10,60h,972 
6, 1S7,S22 
6,404,005 

5!>i,  107 

'J^,  780 

i:i7,  457 

301,024 

1,40S, 014 

3iJ',  s.'"Ki 

1('3.  "JN 

I17,„21 

MI,  7" 

10. 12V,  is5 


S,  480, 348  i      38,477,446 


$1,792,234 

20,  S25, 420 
H,774,33« 

11,701,385 
S27,4.'»5 
12.^,302 
213,468 
533,715 
2,872,846 
671.187 
313.  4S1 
181 , S23 
241,021 

19.7.VI,  165 


68,830,860 


PARAGUAY. 


Imports  ami  Expout.s  by  Coi'ntkik.s  ok  Ori(;in  and  I>e.stination 

lt)13-lU17. 
[One  peso=$0.965.] 


rnnn'ries. 


Argentina 

Atistria-Hungarv. 

Belgium 

Brazil 

Chile 

France 

Germany 

Italy 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Switzerlanil 

Spain 

United  Kingdom . 

United  States 

Uruguay 

All  other 


Tota'. 


1913 


Pesos. 

1,090,156 

87,745 

189,931 

46,122 

4,058 

537,098 

2,243,924 

494,797 

30,680 

20,537 

15,709 

430,029 

2,324,033 

418, 328 

60,165 

126, 6<t5 


Pesos. 

930,397 

68,997 

116,878 

23, 9o3 

4,046 

259, 18.5 

1,398,002 

356,316 

9,823 

6,049 

11,68.5 

280,346 

1,173,217 

428, 9.')0 

3S, 127 

4:<,  494 


8,119,997 


ArRentir.a ,    3, 516, 417 

Austria-ll  unwary 10,436 

Belfiium 57,  S66 

Urazil 38,907 

Denmark I 


5, 149, 465 


35, 5.:5 
26,994 


1915 


Pesos. 

789,025 

1,045 

4,601 

9,179 

857 

58,511 

166,669 

174.933 

13, 848 

1,547 

1,660 

117,235 

794,  KS.-? 

216,  :m 

31,072 
24,0(»9 


2,405,888 


3,637,305 


28,280 
59, 874 


1916 


Pesos. 

1,601,102 


2.420 

35,906 

1,824 

72,983 

32,135 

264, 158 

15, 468 

2,730 

11,447 

ISO,  r.23 

1 ,  7W,  n07 

5.S2,  i:<6 

52, 2M1 

2J.K1; 


4,679,033 


3.575.121  I 


1917 


Pern'. 

1,859,193 

10 

864 

184,281 

4,200 

77,108 

17,890 

135,830 

9,345 

3,763 

2,013 

309,724 

1,494,471 

868,043 

««.  e,<*7 

4s,  161 


8,950,751 
""ii,'762 


570 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

PARAGUAY— Continued. 


Imports   and  Exports  by  Countries  of  Origin   and  Dkstination, 
1913-11)17— Continued, 


Countries. 


EXPORTS— continued. 


France 

Germany 

Italy.... 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Spain 

United  Kingdom. 

United  States 

Uruguay  

All  other 


Total 5,630,929 


Pesos. 

34,091 

1,235,7.58 

11,451 


125 

25, 974 

163 


694,662 
5,079 


Pesos. 
50,995 
810, 483 
32, 773 
110,714 


190 

81, 052 

115,548 

1 1, 055 

590, 648 

2,124 


4, 584, 3.58 


1915 


Pesos. 

70, 737 

4,405 

38,  .569 

552, 627 

55,492 

24,057 

65,492 

197, 270 

303, 016 

574,033 

5, 015 


5,616,172 


Pesos. 
129,919 


146, 193 
77,316 


372,  .598 

80,026 

234,317 

229, 284 

1,188 


Pesos. 
321.575 


102,767 
2,520 


1,060,478 

60,776 

370,011 

813,689 

4,683 


4,861,678    0  11,705,012 


o  Export  values  for  1917  are  based  on  estimated  actual  values.  All  other  figures  in  the 
table  are  based  on  specific  valuations  given  in  the  tariff.  Actual  values  of  exports  for  pre- 
ceding years  were  estimated  as  follows:  1914,  5,558,807  pesos;  1915,  8,890,999  pesos;  1916, 
8,851,919  pesos. 

Imports  into  Paraguay  by  Articles  and  Countries  of  Origin,  1917. 


Articles  and  countries. 

Value. 

Articles  and  countries.             Value. 

Animals  on  the  hoof: 

Pesos. 

97, 888 

1,720 

Clothing,  ready-mcde: 
Argentina 

Pesos. 
134  550 

'  36 
1  292 

Total     

99,608 

Italy.. 

o^oeo 

10,331 
11  336 

Beverages,  liquors,  and  wines: 

157,945 

12,037 

8,172 

652 

■     1,746 

18,694 

9, 2,S9 

89 

206 

298 

United  Kingdom 

Argentina 

United  States 

549 
225 

Italy    

Other  countries 

Total 

Portugal 

166  728 

Chemicals,  drugs,  oils,  and  paints: 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

54  821 

Chile 

2;  031 
9  298 

Other  countries 

France 

'  33 

2  759 

Total 

209, 12S 

Italy 

'403 
2  590 

Boots  and  shoes  and  accessories: 

8,884 
2,607 
500 
443 
18,  .565 
551 
228 

Spain 

Argentina  

United  Kingdom 

2ii'  835 

101  009 

Switzerland 

Uruguay 

4  %9 

United  Kingdom 

Other  countries . . 

'379 

United  States 

Total 

Uruguay 

205  187 

China  and  glassv/are:. 

Total 

31,778 

19  ,594 

Belgium 

864 

TRADK   STATISTICS. 
PARAGUAY— ( •oiitiiinoil. 


571 


Imports  into  PARAf;r\Y   ky    Articlem    and  Countbies   ok   Origin, 
1917 — Coutinued. 


Articles  and  countries.         [    Value. 

1 

1 

Articles  and  countries. 

Value. 

China  and  glassware — Contd. 
France 

Pesot. 
336 

Furniture— Continued. 

Italy                                 .     .   - 

Petos. 
Z>4 

8.H 

8 

8,366 

5,430 

2,6»;s 

928 

SO 

Italy 

I'nited  St;ites               

2  016 

'508 

Total        

I'lii'i-.l  states 

6  .562 

Haberdashery,  novelties,  paper 
good.s,  and  perfumery: 

Total 

3S,2S2 

3,288 

1,1% 

2,912 

18 

82, 899 

Carnag*";,  belts,  valises,  tninks. 

Brazil        

2  214 

saddles,  ell-.: 

30,383 

Germany 

Italy      '     

Netherlands 

2,388 

Norwav 

8,907 

7,414 

16,0»» 

United  Kiiifjdoin, 

61,083 

6,023 
468 
689 

i,9a8 

8,046 

3 

407 

United  Slates 

57  2H1 

ing  supplies: 
Argentina 

3,522 

4  2S3 

Total 

Germany 

Hats  and  caps: 

United  Kingdom 

United  States 

11  826 

father  fountri'?-'' ,    . 

France 

'782 

Italy                          

20, 815 
1  982 

Total 

17,SI4 

United  Kingdom. 

1,871 
12  213 

Food    and    grocery    products, 
kerosene: 
Argentina 

951,116 

179,4^1 

2,143 

5,818 

6,738 

3,400 

2,017 

41,  OSS 

29,  .599 

175,908 

22,313 

5,167 

Total    

52, 519 

Brazil 

Hardware,  cutlery,  machinery, 
etc.: 

Chile      

Italy        

German}' 

14,327 

Italv 

Spain  

United  States 

Unicriiav 

1,42.5,331 

6  701 

Total 

Total 

7,200 

SO 

1,120 

23, -230 

499 

5.V)  532 

Firearms  and  ammunition: 

Hides  and  ?kins,  tanned: 

Spain   

8  a57 

United  States 

France      .' 

438 

Other  countries 

Italv 

482 

5,384 
16  934 

Total 

32,129 

470 

Fumitiue: 

3,3.56 

31S 

Total     

32  5G5 

France 

572 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 

PARAGUAY— Coiitiuuecl. 


Imposts  into  I'araguay   by   Articles   and   Countries   of   Origin, 
1917 — Continued. 


Articles  and  countries.              Value. 

Articles  and  countries. 

Value. 

Musical  instruments  and  music: 

Pesos. 

1,643 

1,685 

4,024 

561 

Tobacco:  Cigars,  cigarettes,  and 
snuff: 

Pesos. 

Spain  

2  074 

2' 366 

Other  coumtries     

81 

1  459 

Total        

7,913 

Total 

5  9'-0 

Textiles: 

100, 159 

9,210 

2,291 

77, 764 

6,155 

182,792 

1,260,994 

247,815 

15,421 

17,239 

All  other  articles: 

937 

Germany     

United  States  

770 

Italy 

227 

Total 

Spain 

1  934 

Grand  total 

United  States....'!! 

5,098,681 

Other  countries 

Total 

1,919,840 

BRAZIL. 

IiviPORTS  INTO  Brazil  by  Countries  of  Origin,  1913,  191.5-1917. 


Countries. 


1913 


1916 


1917 


United  States 

United  Kingdom. 

Argentina 

France 

Portugal 

India 

Italy 

Uruguay 

Newfoundland . . . 

Spain 

Sweden 

Norway 

Switzerland 

Canada 

Denmark 

Germany 

Netherlands 

Belgium 

Austria-Himpary. 
Other  countries . . 


Milreis  paper. 

158,301,488 

246,546,320 

74,980,592 

98,579,483 

44,220,884 

8,270,755 

38, 166, 101 

21,751,441 

11,804,723 

9,618,777 

4,412,621 

10,592,237 

11,865,278 

4,109,291 

1,765,321 

176,060,969 

10,917,220 

51,479,924 

15,209,173 

8, 842, 802 


Total 1,007,495.400 


Milreis  paper. 

187,872,954 

127,546,781 

92,575,260 

28,823,195 

28,879,258 

10,829,318 

25,528,167 

8,590,993 

12,373,318 

8,431,710 

5,132,552 

9,626,081 

6,206,495 

4,776,747 

2,  .554, 887 

8,810,030 

:i,  993, 923 

1,004,059 

759, 2S7 

8,681,081 


Milreis  'paper. 

317,661,10j2 

165,281,248 

114,018,837 

42, 157, 352 

37,704,353 

13,149,889 

28,302,738 

12,061,3.35 

13,979,969 

9,421,803 

10,524,255. 

8,268,308 

10,289,541 

5,503,714 

4,595,577 

359, 111 

4,a31,201 

1,157,232 

6,295 

11,485,112 


Milrds  paper. 

394,890,411 

150,854,320 

109,305,764 

33,824,068 

27,242,177 

18,254,100 

16,608,511 

16, 193, 140 

14,291,106 

11,305,476 

7,471,793 

6,854,157 

6, 638, 777 

4,531:324 

1,528,977 

911.489 

ms;  197 

408,769 

1,617 

15,756,778 


582,996,096       810,758,972 


837,737,951 


Note.— The  vahie  of  the  paper  milreis  in  United  States  gold,  as  computed  (the  average 
for  the  year)  by  the  Brazilian  statistical  office,  was  as  follows:  1913,  32.4  cents;  1914,  28.2 
cents;  1915, 24.8  cents;  1916,  24  cents;  1917, 25.6 cents. 


TRADE  STATI.STTCS. 
BRAZIL— ("out  iiiue<l. 


573 


I  *i;RrENT.\(!K.S      TH.\T      I.MPOKTN      HIOM      LKAOrNO      COUNTRIES      HK.MI      To 

Total  Impobth,  1913-1917. 


Countries. 


1913 


United  States.  . . 
United  Kingdi  \.\ . 

Portugal 

France 

Gennanj  . . 


/'<  r  ant. 

15.71 

24.47 

4.39 

9.77 
17   17 


1914 


Per  cent. 

17.54 

23.78 

5.10 

7.  SO 

n;.  12 


1915 

1 
1916      1 

Percent. 

Percent. 

32.08 

39.24 

21.94 

20.39 

4.95 

4.63 

4.94 

6.11 

1.54 

.04 

1917 


Per  cent. 

47.25 

18.01 

3.25 

4.04 

.11 


HXVOKTS      KKOM      I'lKN/lI.      I'.Y      f'OUNTRTKS 

ini.^»-i9i7. 


Dkstin.vtion.    If)]."!, 


Countries. 


.\rilrfi.<i  paper 

United  States 316, 5,52,  Ml 

Frai«;o 119,399, 879 

f'nltod  Kingdom 128,709,306 

Argontina 45, 828, 576 

Ttalv 12, 553, 316 

Uruguay 15, 9 16, 269 

Spain . ." 5, 236, 103 

Netherlands 71, 767, 594 

Norway i,48.<<,4r)6 

Egypt 1,1^50,006 

Portugal 4, 896, 953 

Denmark 2,2r>4,145 

Chile 2, 095, 103 

Sweden 9, 859, 308 

Greece 240,092 

Germany 137,013, 612 

Austria-Hungary 46, 982, 145 

Belgium 24,979, 732 

Other  countries 24,  CC.7, 680 

Total 972,730,616 


^^h(ill  paper. 

427,863,538 

116,501,187 

12.3,634,815 

51,754,528 

.12, 126, 105 

17,663,ns«; 

6,00fi,8*>3 

63,951,980 

30,782,7(7 

5,028,449 

9,291,346 

23,530,226 

'2,867,727 

92,64-1,668 

3,818,197 

3S7 


15,168,216 


1,022,634,105 


1916 


-Ui7r(i>  i>apcr . 

520,498,933 

178,r>,53,936 

131,116,010 

67,902,473 

68,102,405 

54, 4-23, 4  >9 

8,093,108 

3.3,763,120 

6,102,623 

1,852,207 

6,261,043 

8,468,292 

3, 08.3,  .576 

31,275,896 

98,486 


16.222.678 


1,136,888,335 


1917 


Mi}n\t  paper. 

523,9.50,638 

1.57,  OS"),  070 

143,:iv.t,  163 

102,615,817 

91,81)2,775 

52,5'>2,y90 

15,685,542 

5,987,7H5 

5,567,350 

5,342,705 

5,243,355 

3,073,229 

2,850,691 

1.528.804 


19,884,861 


1,136,454,775 


I'EBCK.VT.VtiK.S   Th.VT    K.XPOBTS    TO    LEADING    COUNTBIES    BEAB   TO    TOTAL 

ExPORT.s,  1913-1917. 


Countries. 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

United  States 

f>ance 

Per  cent. 
32.54 
12.27 
13.25 
1.20 
7.72 
14.08 

Percent. 
40.83 
8.23 
14.50 
2.99 
5.78 
9.96 

Percent. 

41.82 

11.38 

12.09 

3.14 

6.40 

Percent. 
46.95 
16.15i 
11.6.5 
6.18 
3.06 

Per  cent. 
46.19 
13  82 

United  Kingdoip 

12.60 

Italy 

S.  07 

Netherlands 
German  V . 

574  GUIDE   TO   LATIN   AMERICA. 

BRAZILr-Continued. 
Imports  Into  Brazil  by  Classes  of  Articles,  1913,  1915-1917. 


Classes. 

1913 

1915 

1916 

1917 

Class  I:  Live  animals 

Class  II:  Primary    materials 
and  materials  used  in  the 
arts  and  sciences 

Milreis  paper. 
5,350,712 

210,943,556 
565,279,295 

225,921,837 

Milreis  paper. 
830, 753 

153,776,540 
209,054,260 

219,334,543 

Milreis  paper. 
2,131,580 

239,738,652 
343,090,152 

225,798,588 

Milreis  paper. 
1,434,525 

252,543,965 
386,942,094 

196,817,367 

Class  III :  Manufactures 

Class  IV:  Alimentary      sub- 
stances  

Total 

1,007,495,400 

582,996,096 

810,758,972 

837, 737, 951 

Imports    of    "  Manufactures  "    Into    Brazil    by    Articles,    1913, 

191.5-1917. 


Manufactures. 


Of  cotton,  mixed  or  not 

Of  aluminum 

Arms  and  ammunition 

Of  rubber 

Of  bristles  and  hair 

Of  cane,  bamboo,  etc 

Carriages  and  other  vehicles 

Of  lead,  tin,  zinc,  and  alloys 

Of  copper  and  alloys 

Of  iron  and  steel 

Musical  and  like  instruments 

Surgical  and  dental  instruments  and 
material 

Mathematical,  physical,  and  optical 
instruments  and  material 

Of  wool,  mixed  ornot 

Of  linen,  mixed  or  not 

Of  jute 

Of  hemp 

Earthenware,  porcelain,  and  glass 

Engines,  machinory,  tools,  and  hard- 
ware   

Of  wood 

Of  ivory,  mother-of-pearl,  coral,  tortoise 
shell ,  etc 

Of  nickel 

Of  gold,  silver,  and  platinum 

Of  strav/,  esparto,  pita,  etc 

Of  paper 

Of  earths,  stones,  and  like  substances... 

Of  leather 

Perfumery,  paints,  inks,  etc 

Chemicals, "drugs,  and  pharmaceutical 
specialties 

Of  silk,  mLxed  or  not 

Miscellaneous 


Total 365, 279, 295 


1913 


Milreis 

paper. 

58,715,320 

241,279 

20,683,614 

5,476,582 

964,040 

148,018 

46,340,347 

1.956,477 

n;  926, 351 

120,683,880 

4,360,649 

2,045,090 

1,813,812 
11, 020,  .530 

6,428,483 

}  1,244,970 
16,257,894 

107,455,3.57 
6,076,494 

158,147 
5,820 
1,016,871 
1,687,305 
22,630,789 
9,621,373 
5,632,358 
8,946,021 

21,094,548 
2,483,300 
68,117,576 


1915 


Milreis 

paper. 

25, 195, 725 

41,162 

2,297,577 

3,794,511 

446,153 

36, 461 

2,219,595 

364,810 

4,456,546 

33,242,871 

727,113 

1,248,925 

435, 184 

2,808,320 

2,947,576 

f      115,448 

[      563,732 

6,021,961 

23,788,969 
2,220,037 

69,519 

13, 466 

311,138 

699,022 

18,573,944 

2,538,188 

2,301,205 

4,604,594 

20,921,769 

1,503,205 

44,545,-534 


209,054,260 


Milreis 

paper. 

49,332,964 

100,520 

4,300,008 

6,, 598, 956 

763, 462 

60,406 

3,175,454 

508, 481 

7,084,766 

51,170,305 

1,235,433 

1,963,070 

716,062 

6,238,393 

4,671,850 

175,361 

652,329 

9,530,884 

38,880,019 
2,757,120 

99,347 

21,228 

613, 103 

1,424,480 

33,167,602 

2,079,774 

3,048,277 

8,158,685 

35,527,972 

2,331,618 

66,702,223 


.343, 090, 152 


Milrris 

paper. 

52,472,686 

352,080 

3,296,398 

6,587,710 

725,238 

71,438 

7,147,186 

671,400 

10,180,032 

67,393,913 

1,308,142 

1,725,009 

616,931 

8,845,469 

4,662,433 

214,286 

808, 431 

9,475,837 

53,275,880 
2,185,901 

53,332 

80,525 
777, 172 
1,765,874 
33,861,839 
2,304,551 
2,795,059 
7,144,028 

32,573,286 
2,573,755 
70,995,273 


386,942,094 


Appendix  II.— UNITED  STATES  CONSULAR  OFFICERS 
IN  UTIN  AMERICA. 


[Corrected  to  January  1,  1920.] 


ABOEMTINA. 


Ross  ITazcltine 

\Villiam  II.  Robertson, 
l.ouis  A.  Clausel. 


./ 


Bahia  Blanca 

Buenos  Aire-s 

Do 

Do AVilUam  K.  Padden 

Do ;  Harold  G.  Waters 

Do I  Peter  J.  Iloiilahan 

Rosario I  Wilbert  L.  Bonney I  Consul. 

Do '  Samuel  R.  Thompson Vice  consul. 

Do 1  Thomas  B .  Van  iJorne Do. 


Consul. 

Consul  general. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


BOLIVIA.  1 

La  Paz V>'.  Duval  Brown j  Consul. 

Do Nelson  R.Park Vice  consul. 

Oruro J  uliau  C.  Greenup Do. 


BRAZIL. 

Bahia Thomas  H.  Bevan 

Do 3  iseph  H.  White,  jr 

Para Ctori^e  H.  Pickerell 

Do !•  ward  C.  Holden 

Do j  Jolin  D.  Long 

Ceara i  (icorpe  L.  MacMaster 

Manaos Kdward  B.  Kirk 

Maranhao loaquim  M.  A.  dos  Santos. 

Pernambuco |  .'\  rminius  T.  Hael)erle 

Do I  Idward  Power 

Porto  Alegre i  Samuel  T.  Lee 

Do .^iseph  E.  Agan 

Do .\ rchie  William  Childs 

Rio  Grande ]  .Vrdery  Hudgens 

Rio  de  Janeiro 


Augustus  I.  HasskarL 

Louis  B.  Pate 

Joseph  T.  Walmsley.. 
Swain  Smith. 


Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Victoria ,  .\  damaster  Vergueiro  de  Cruz . 


Do 

William  H.  Lawrence 

Do 

Arthur  G.  Parsloe 

Do 

BRITISH  GULVNA. 


Georgetown .Tohn  N.  McCunn. 

Do !  Willis  O.  Harry... 

Paiauiaribo,  Dutch  Guiaua..    James  S.  Lawton. 


BRITISH   HONDURAS. 


Belize. . 
Do. 


William  W.  Karly . 
John  ILBiddle.... 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Agent. 

Consul  general. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 

Do 

Do. 
Agent. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Consul. 
\'ice  consul. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Agent. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 


575 


576 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 


Office. 


BRITISH  WEST  INDIES. 


Barbados 

Roseau,  Dominica 

St.  Lucia 

Hamilton,  Bennuda 

Do 

St.  Georges,  Bermuda 

Trinidad,  West  Indies 

Do 

Brighton,  Island  of  Trinidad . 

Grenada,  W.  I 


CHILE. 


Antofagastn 

Do 

Arica 

Caldera 

Chuquieamata . 

Coneepcion 

Iquique 

Punta  Arenas 

Do 

Valparaiso 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Coquimbo 

Cruz  Grande... 
Talcaliuano  — 


C.  Ludlow  Livingston Consul. 

Henry  A.  Frampton Agent. 

WilUam  Peter 1         Do. 

Albert  W.  Swalm Consul. 

William  L.  Padgett Vice  consul. 

Frederick  Joseph  Robertsoi; Agent. 

Henry  D.  Baker !  Consul. 

Edward  Swan  Darea Vice  consul. 

William  E.  Daly Agent. 

P.  J.  Dean Do. 


Thomas  W.  Voetter Consul. 

Ben  C.  Matthews Vice  consul. 

George  P.  Finlayson Agent. 


John  Thomas  Moron;; 
Thomas  W.  Palmer,  jr . 
Dale  C.  McDonough... 

C.  Inness  Brown 

Austin  C.  Brady 


Carl  F.  Deichman 

John  T.  Garvin 

Thomas  N.  Molanphy. 
Clarence  H.  Doughty. 
Goodsil  F.  Arms 


Joseph  O.  Smith. 


COLO-MBI.i. 


Barranquilla 

Do 

Buenaventura. 

Medellin 

Santa  Marta. . . 

Cartauena 

Do 


Claude  E.  Guyant. 


Henry  H.  Leonard . . 
Harold  B.  Maynhan. 
Leroy  R.  Sawyer... 


Samuel  J.  Fletcher. 


COST.V  RICA. 


Port  Limon... 

Do 

San  Jose 

Do 

Puntarenas . 


Stewart  E.  McMillin 

Edmund  B.  Montgomery 
Benjamin  F.  Chase 


John  Saxe. 


Cienfuegos 

Do 

Caibarien 

Sagua la  Grand' 

Habana 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Matanzas 

Nueva  Gerona,  Isle  of  Pines 

Nuevitas 

Do 

Santiago  de  Cuba 

Do 

Antilla 

Caimanera 

ManzaniUo 


Frank  Bohr 

George  B.  Starbuck. . . 

P.  B.  Anderson 

John  F.  Jova 

Heaton  W.  Harris 

Raoul  F.  Washington. 
Joseph  A.  Springer. . . 
Hernan  C.  Vogenitz. . . 

Charles  B.  Hosmer 

Thomas  McEnelly 

Charles  Forman 


Irwin  D.  Arter 

Harold  D.  Clum 

JohnL,  Griffith 

Joseph  F.  Buck 

Wallace  B.  Houston. 
Francis  B.  Bertot 


Do. 
Do. 

Consul. 

Do. 

Do. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul  general. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 

Do. 
.\gent. 

Do. 

Do. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Agent. 
Do. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Mce  consul. 


Consul. 
Mce  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Agent. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Agent. 

Do. 
Consul  general. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Consul. 

Do. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  c-onsuL 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 


U.  S.  COXaifLAR  OP'FICKRS  IN    LATIN  AMKUUJA. 


577 


Office. 


Officer. 


Rank. 


IX'MINMCV.V   KKPUBI.tr. 


Puerto  Plata 

Do 

Sanchez. , 

Santo  Domingo. 
Do. 


Aziia 1  KiiKpnioChoisne. 

La  Romana Clarence  I.  MatJiew.- 

San  Pedro  de  Macoris Victor  A.  Ramirez 


William  A.  Bickers I  Constil. 

Morris  A.  Peters Vice  consul. 

J.  iCnriqno  Lerou.x A(cent. 

, Coasiil. 

(!porj,'o  .\.  Makinson I  Vice  consul. 


Agent. 
Do. 
Do. 


/ 


DtJTCII  WEST  INDIES. 

Curacao ■  William  Bardel Consul. 

Do James  C.  McNaJIy Vice  consul. 


Guavaciuil Frederic  W.  OodinR '  Consul  general 

Do Frederic  F.  Schrader,  jr Vice  consul. 

Do William   W.  Morse Do. 

Bahia  de  Caraquez Allicrto  Santos -\Kent. 

Ksmeraldas Ocorgo  D.  lledian I         Do. 

FRKNCn  WXST  I.N'DIES.  1 

Guadeloupe John  S.  Calvert ',  Consul. 

Do K.  St.  Georpre  Lough I  Vicecoixsul. 

M.irtinique Thomas  R.  Wallace 1  Consul. 

Do Maurice  V.  Genton ;  \'ico  consul. 


OUATEMAI.V. 

Guatemala Kzra  >[.  Lawton Consul. 

Do llcrndon  W.  Goforlh Vice  consul. 


Livingston 

Puerto  Barrios. 


Edward  Reod. 
Wallace  C.  Hutchinson. 


Do. 
Do. 


San  Jose  de  Guatemala '  Agent. 


Cap.5  Haitien Consul. 

Do Clarence  C.  Woolard Vice  consul. 

Gonaives [  J  William  Woel !  Agent. 

Port  au  Prince .lohn  H.  Torres Consul. 

Do '  Ralph  A.  Boernstoin Vice  consul. 

Jacmel I  Loins  Vital ,  .\gent. 

Jeremie St.  Charlos  Vi  lledrouin Do. 

St.  Marc John  II.  Keefe Do. 


HONDUR.\S. 

Ceiba [  William  P.  Garretj' i  Consul. 

Do ;  Derrill  11.  McCollough Vice  consul. 

Bonacca :  Sandy  Kirkcormf  II Agent. 

Roatan Oliver  L.  Ilardgrave Do. 

Tela RohertC.  Pnrdv Do. 

Puerto  Cortes Consul. 

Do I  C.  Cletus  Miller \ico  consul. 

San  PpdroSula J.  M.  Mitchell,  jr Agent. 

Tegucigalpa George  K.  Donald Consul. 

Oo I Vice  consuL 

Amapala '  Lawrence  Coon -Vgent. 


Kingston Charles  L.  Latham Consul. 

Do '  H.  Merle  Cochran Vice  consul. 


144297°— 20- 


-37 


578 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 


Office. 


Rank. 


Acapulco,  Guerrero 

Do 

Aguascalientes,  Aguascalientes 

Do 

Chihuahua,  Cliihuahua 

Do 

Pairal 

Ciudad Juarez,  Cliihuahua... 

Do 

Do 

Ensenadu.  Lower  CaUfornia. . 

Do.... 

Frontera,  Tabasco 

Do 

Guadalajara,  Jalisco 

Do 

G  ua\iiias,  Sonora 

Do 

Manzanillo,  Colima 

Matamoros,  Tamaulipas 

Do 

Do 

Mazatlan ,  Sinaloa 

Do 

Los  Mochis 

Mexicali,  Lower  California 

Do 

Mexlcx)  City 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Oaxaca,  Oaxaca 

Puebla,  Puebla 

Monterey,  Nuevo  Leon 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Nogales,  Sonora 

Do 

Do 

Agua  Prieta 

Cananea 

Nuevo  Laredo,  Tamaulipas... 

Do 

Do 

Piedras  Negras,  Coahuila 

Do. 

Do 

Progreso,  Yucatan 

Salina  Cruz,  Oaxaca 

Do 

Saltillo,  Coahuila 

Do 

Ran  Luis  Potosi,  San  Luis 
I'otosi 

Do 

Tampico,  Tamaulipas 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Lobos,  Vera  Cruz 

Tuxpam ■  - 

Torreon 

Do 


John  A.  Gamon 

Harry  K.  Panslinrn... 
Luther  K.  Zabriskie... 
Harold  O.  Bretherton. 

James  B.  Stewart 

Thomas  Dickinson  . . . 


Edward  A.  Dow 

Stephen  E.  Aguirre. 

Oscar  C.  Harper 

William  C.  Burdett. 


Lee  Pt.  Blohm 

Clarence  Paul  Riindell. 
Andrew  J.  McCormico.. 

Anthony  Sherman 

Bartley  F.  Yost 

John  A.  McPherson 

Harry  L.  Walsh 

Gilbert  R.  Willson 

Stanley  L.  Willdnson. . 

Henry  G.  Krausse 

William  E.  Chapman. . 

Zeddie  E.  Jones 

Harold  Frederic  Jones. 

Walter  F.  Boyle 

William  A.  Smale 


Cornelius  Ferris,  ji 

Cassius  C.  Shanks 

Laurence  P.  Sours 

Charles  H.  Arthur 

William  O.  Jenkins 

Thomas  D.  Bowman 

George  D.  Fitz  Simmons. 

T.  A  yres  Robertson 

Hans  P.  L.  Beck 

Francis  J.  Dyer ,. 

Charles  W.  Doherty 

Richard  S.  Kendrick 

William  W.  Edwards 

Jeptha  M.  Gibbs 


Edwin B.  Adams... 
Earl  Wilbert  Eaton. 


William  P.  Blocker. 

Francis  M.  Sack 

O.  Gaylord  Marsh. . . 
Herman  E.  Gimlcr. . 
Lloyd  Burlingham. . 

Wilbcr  Barker 

Harold  Playter 

Harry  C.  Morgan 


Knox  Alexander 

Claude  I.  Dawson 

Clarence  A.  Miller 

Thomas  Finley  Robinson . 

Richard  P.  Cornelison 

Donald  A.  Mathers 

Albert  J.  Hoskins 

Chester  Donaldson 

Edward  S.  Lathrop 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Agent. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 

Do. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Agent. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul  general. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 
Consul. 
\"ice  ConsuL 

Do. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do. 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 
Consul. 
Vice  consul. 


U.  S.  CONWlLAi:  i»Kri(  IKS   IN  LATIN   AMKRICA. 


579 


omce. 


omcer. 


MEXICO— coiitiniiefl. 


Vera  Cruz,  Vera  Cruz . 

Do 

Do.....'.-.i 

Do 


raiiin.  F(fclcT 

M:iurico  Bru\ay 

Forrest  K.  Saunders. 
■Willys  A.Myers.... 


NICARACl'A. 


Itlucficlds John  O.  Sande"^. 

Po I  Harry  C.  S vnn . . 

CorinU) 


I>o. 
Do. 
M  alagSilpa . 


Colon 

Do 

Biicas  del  Tore. 
I'anama 

Do 


Ca^isius  A.  Hush 

Henry  S.  Waterman. 
W.  ir.  De  Pangny... 


Julius  I>.  Drebrr 

Thooiloro  M.  Fisher. 
AVilliam  J.  Burke... 
Allian  O.  Snyiicr 


Rank. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 

Do, 

Do. 


Con-sul 
Vice  consul. 
Consul. 
N'lce  consul. 

Do. 
Agent. 


Gjnsul. 
Vice  consul. 
A  pent. 

Ciinsulgereral. 
Vice  consul. 


PARAGUAY. 


,\snndon. 
Do... 


PERU. 


William  W.  Ilandlcv. 

Jamos  II.  Roth 

Jamos  J.  Downev 

Louis  S.  Blai.sdell 

Henry  D.  Perraiilt  — 
Thomas  Orams 

I'-ita J  Charlc:!  B.  (J.Wilson. 

Salaverry ' 


rnllao-Lima 

Do 

Do 

Aregiiipa 

Cerro  de  Pasco . 
MoUondo. 


1  fpnry  H.  Balch C  -nsul. 

( leorge  Edward  Seltzer I  ^■ico  consul. 


Montevideo 1  David  J.  D.  Myers.. 

Do Sherwood  H.  Avery. 

r>o James  ^■.  Whitfleld. 


VENEZUELA. 

I.a  Uiiaira 

Do 

Caracas 

Ciudad  Bolivar 

Maraeaiix) 

Do 

l>o •.... 

l'uert(j  Cabello 

Do 

Do 


Consul  general. 
Vice  conauL 

Do. 
Agent. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Consul. 
Vice  consul. 
Do. 


Henry  C.  von  Struve Consul. 

Vice  consul. 

Homer  Brett Agent. 

Jame,s  R.  Daly Do. 

Dudley  G.  Dwyre Consul. 

Ralph  W.  Tarkiiisoii Nice  consul. 

Chester  E.  Da%-is ,         Do. 

I  Consul. 

Jolui  11.  ti.  Meyer j  Vice  consul. 

George  R.  Pheum '         Do. 


Appendix  III.— BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


WORKS  ON  LATIN  AMERICA,  BY  COUNTRIES. 

ARGENTINA. 

Official : 

Estadlstica  General  d<4   Comercio  Exterior  de  la  Reptiblipa   Argentina. 

Annual.     Buenos  Aires. 
Intercambio    Kconomica    de    la    Reptiblica    Argentina.     Direccion    (Jen- 
era!  de  Estadfstiea  de  la  Nacion.     Buenos  Aires.     1916. 
Tercer   Censo   Nacional    de   la   Reptiblica   Argentina,   de  Jnnio   1,    1914. 

Ten  volumes.      Buenos  Aires.      1917. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  : 

Advertising    Methods    in    Argentina,    Uruguay,    and    Brazil,    by    J.    W. 

Sanger.     Special  Agents   Serie.s  No.    190.      1920.     Price,   80  cent.s. 
Argentine    Market    for    Motor    Vehicles,    by    David    Beecroft.    Miscel- 
laneous Serie.s  No.  02.     1917.     Price,  5  cents. 
Banking  and  Credit  in   Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  and   Peru,   by   E.   N 

Hurley.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  90.     1914.     Price,    10  cents. 
Boots    and    Shoes,    Leather   and    Supplies    in    Argentina,    Uruguay,    and 

Paraguay,   by    Herman   G.   Brock.      Special   Agents    Series   No.    177. 

1919.     Price,  25  cents. 
Construction    Materials   and    Machinery    in    Argentina   and    Bolivia,    by 

W.  W.  Ewing.    Special  Agents  Series  No.  188.     1920.     Price,  20  cents. 
Electrical    Goods    in    Argentina,    Uruguay,    and    Brazil,    by    Philip    S. 

Smith.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  184.     1919.       Price,  20  cents. 
Furniture    Markets   of   Argentina.    Uruguay,    Paraguay,    and    Brazil,    by 

Harold    E.    Everley.     Special    Agents    Series    No.    183.     1919.     Price, 

20  cents. 
Import    Duties    on    Textiles    in    South    America :    Part    I — Argentina. 

Tariff  Series  No.  32.     1916.     Price,  5  cents. 
Markets  for  Agricultural   Implements  and   Machinery  in  Argentina,  by 

Frank   H.   von  Motz.     Six'cial   Agents  Series   No.    12.5.     1916.     Price, 

10  cents. 
Markets  for  American  Hardware  in  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay, 

by    Albert    Hale.     Miscellaneous    Series    No.    43.     1916.     Price,    10 

cents. 
Markets    for    Machinery    and    Machine    Tools    in    Argentina,    by    .1.    A. 

Massel.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  116.     1916.     Price,  20  cents. 
Paper,  Paper  Products,  and  I'rinting  Machinery  in  Argentina,  Uruguay, 

and   Paraguay,  by   R.    S.   Barrett.      Special   Agents    Series   No.    163. 

1917.     Price,   20  cents. 
Textile  Markets  of  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay,  by  L.  S.  Garry. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.   194.      1920.     Price,  20  cents. 
Wearing  Apparel  in  Argentina,  by  Lew  B.  Clark.     Miscellaneous  Series 

No.  68.     1918.     Price,  20  cents. 
Other  publications : 

Argentina,  by  W.  A.   Hirst.     London.     1914. 

Argentina,   by   George  .T.   Mills.     I).   Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.     191."j. 

Argentina  in  the  Twentieth  Century,  by  A.  B.  Martinez  and  M.  Lewan- 

dowski.     Cbas.   Scriljuer's  Sons,   New  York.      1915. 
Argentina,   Past  and   Present,   by  W.    H.   Koebel.     Dodd,   Mead   &  Co., 

New   York.     1911. 
Argentina  and  Uruguay,  by  G.  Ross.     Macmillan  Co.,  New  York.     1916. 
Argentina  Yearbook.      R.  Grant  &  Co.,  Buenos  Aires. 
Baedeker   of  the   Argentine   Republic,   by   Albert   B.   Martinez.     D.    Ap- 
pleton &  Co.,  New  York.      191.5. 
Guide    to   the    Law    and    Legal    Literature    of    Argentina,    Brazil,    and 

Chile,  by  E.  M.  Borchard.     Government  Printing  Office.     1917. 
Modern  Argentina,  by  W.   H.  Koebel.     Page  &  Co.,  Boston.     1912. 
Real  Argentina,  by  W.  H.  Hammerton.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     1915. 
South    American    Tour,    by    Annie    S.    Peck.     G.    H.    Doran   Co.,    New 

York.     1916. 

580 


BIBLKKSKArilV.  681 

BOLIVIA. 

Official : 

Aiiuario  I-.'slaflfstico  y  (i(^  Inforinafi-m.     La  Taz.     Annual. 
rubli<  iitlons  of  the  Hiireaii  of  Foroinn  iind   Poniestlc  ronimercp : 

Advoxtisinf;    Methods    in    Chile,    IVni,    and    Bolivin,    by    .1.    W.    Santror. 

Spcti.il   .\KtMits   Sorios   No.    IH."!.      l'.)l!>.      IMiot',    lo   ronts. 
Construction  iMatorlals  and  Machinery  In  Argentina  and  Bolivia,  by  W. 

\\.  Kwink'.      Special  .\Kcnts  Scrit  s  N<>.  18H.      l!t20.      I'ricc.  lio  c.-iii.-. 
Eloctiical    <;oods    in    Bolivia    and    Chile,    by    I'hilip    S.    Smith.     Sjiecial 

Agents   i>eries   No.    1G7.      lt)18.      I'licr,    liO   centR. 
Furniture    Maikets   of    Clille,    reru,    Uolivi.u    and    l'<undor,   by    Harold 

E.   Everley.      Si)ociaI   .\;;cnts  Series  No.   ITfi.      101'.».    •  Trice,   -ii  cent.s. 
Jewelry  and  SilviMware  in  (.Hiile.  Bolivia,  and  I'eiTJ,  by  S.  W.  Rosi'ntbal. 

Special  .\f;ents  Series  .\o.   187.      1919.     Price,  2i>  cents. 
Markets   for    Aiuei-icau    Hardware    in    Chile   and    Bolivia,    by    Verne    L. 

Havens.     Miscellaneous   Series   No.   41.      11H<).      Trice,    25   cents. 
Market  for  Boot.s  and  Shoes  in  Chile  and  Bolivia,  by  Herman  G.  Bro.k. 

Special   ARents  Series  No.    171.      lOlS.      Trice,   i;."   cents. 
Paper,   TajKr   Troduets,  and   I'rinlinir  Machinery   in   Peru,  Bolivia,  and 

Ecuador,    by    R.    S.    Barrett.      Special    Af^ents   Scries   No.    Ho.      1917. 

Trice,  10  cents. 
Textile    Markets    of    Bolivia,    Ecuador,    and    Peru,    by    W.    A.    Tucker. 

Special  ARcnts  Series  No.   LIS.     101 S.     Price,   1,5  centH. 
Wearing  Apparel   in    Bolivia,   bv   William    B.    Montavon.     Miscellaneous 

Series   No.  (JO.      lOTS.      Trice,   10  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Bolivia,  by  Taul  Walle.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York.      1914. 
Bolivia,   by    Mary   Uobertson  Wright.     C.   Barrie  &  Sons,    Thiladelphia. 

1907. 
Bolivian  Andes,  by  W.  Martin  Conway.      Harper  Bros..   New   York. 

BRAZIL. 

Official  : 

Comercio   Exterior   do   T.i-azil.      Kio  de  .laueiro.      Annual. 

What    Brazil    Buys    aJid    Sells.      Tublished    by    the    Ministry    of    -Xgri- 

culture,    Industrj'.    and   Conimerc<'.      Kio    de  .Janeiro.      1918. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Koiuestic  Commerce: 

Advertising    Methods    in    .\rgehtina,    Uruguay,    and    Brazil,    by    J.    W. 

Sanger.      Special  .\geuts  Series  .No.   ]!>(».      l!t20.      Trice,  .'.0  cents. 
Banking   and    Cre<lit   in    ArgeJitina.    Brazil,   Chile,    and    Peru,    by    E.    N. 

Hurley.     Special  Auents  Series  No.  00.     1914.      Price,   10  cents. 
Boots  and  Shoes,  Leather  and  Supplies  in  Brazil,  by  Herman  G.  Brock. 

Si>ecial   Agents  Series  No.  170.      1919.     I'rice,  r,  cent.s. 
Brazil  :  Economic  Conditions  Since  1913.     Miscellaneous  Series  No.   86. 

1919.      Trice,   L")   cents. 
Brazilian    Markets    for    American    Hardware,    by    Lincoln    Hutchinson. 

Miscelliineons  Series  No.  47.     1910.     l>i'ice,   1.5  cents. 
Brazilian  Markets  for  TajK-r,   Taix>r  Troducts,   and   Trinting  Machinerv. 

by  R.   S.   Barrett.     Sp<Hial  Agents  Series  No.   171.     1918.     Price.   10 

cents. 
Construction    Materials    and    Machinery    in    Brazil,    by    W.    W.    Ewlng. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.  189.      19i:o.     Trice.  ir>  ceiits. 
Electrical  Goods  in  Argentina,  Urugiiay,  and  Brazil,  by  Thilip  S.  Smith. 

Special   Agents   Scries   No.    1S4.      1919.      Trice,    :.'0   ci'Uis. 
Furniture   Markets   of   Argentina,    T'ruguay,    I'araguav.   and    Brazil,    by 

Ha. old    E.   Everley.     Special    Agents   Series   No.    18.3.     1919.     Price, 

20  cents. 
Market.s    for    Agricultural    Implements    and    Machinerv    in    Brazil,    by 

Frank   II.  von  Motz.     Special   Agents  Series  No.   14l).     1917.     Price 

10  cents. 
W^caring  Apparel  in  Brazil,  bv  William  A.  Downs.     Miscellaneous  Series 

No.   71.      T918.     I'rice,   10  cent>-. 
Other  publications  : 

Almanach    Commercial    Brazileiro,    191R.      Olegario    Ribeiro   &    Co.,    Sao 

Paulo. 
Brazil,  by  Pierre  Denis.     Charles  Sci-ibner's  Sons.   Ni^w   York.      1911. 
Brazil,  by  .T.  C.   Oakenfull.      Butler  &  Tanner    London. 
Brazil  and  Brazilians,  by  G.  J.  Bruce.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,   New  York 

1914. 
Brazil :    To-day    and    To-morrow,    by    L.    Elwvn    Elliott,    F.    R.    G.    S 

Macmillan  &  Co.,  New  York.     1917. 


582  GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 

Other  publications — Continued. 

Giiidt'    to    the    Law    and    Legal    Literature"  of    Argentina,    Brazil,    and 

Chile,    by    B.    M.    Boicbard.      Government    Printing   Office.      1917. 
North  Brazil,   by   E.   C.   Buley.      D.   Appleton   &  Co.      New   York.      1914. 
South   Brazil,   by  E.   C.   Buley.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     New  York.     1914. 
The    Brazilians    and    Their    Country,     bv     Clayton     Sedgwick     Cooper. 

F.   Stokes  Co.      1917 
The    New    Brazil,    by    Marie    Wright     G.    Barrie    &    Sons,    I'hiladelphia. 

1008. 
The  River  Amazon,  by  Paul  Fountain.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,   Nevv-  York. 

1914. 
The   Sea  and  the  Jungle,   by   H.   M.   Tomlinson.     E.    I'.   Dutton   &   Co., 

New   York.     1913. 
Uniteil    States  of  Brazil,  bv   Charles  W.   Domville-Fife.     .1.   I'ott   &   Co. 

1911. 
Upper    Reaches    of   the    Amazon,    by    .Toseph    F.    Woodroffi\      Macmillan 

Co.,  New  York.      1914. 

BRITISH   HONDURAS. 

Official : 

Colonial  Reports.      London.      Annual. 
Other  publications  : 

Pocket  Guide  to  the  West  Indies.  British  Guiana,  British  Honduras, 
the  Bermudas,  the  Spanish  Main,  and  the  Panama  Canal,  by  Alger- 
non B.  Aspinall.  Rand,  McNallv  &  Co.,  Chicago  and  New  York. 
1914. 

BRITISH  WEST  INDIES  OTHER  THAN  JAMAICA. 

Official : 

Colonial  Reports.     London.     Annual. 

Statistical    Abstract   for   the    Colonies.     London.     Annual. 
The  Official  Gazette  of  Barbados. 
Other  publications  : 

All    about    Bermuda,    by    John    J.    Bushell.     Bermuda.     1911. 
Barbados    Handbook,     by    E.    Goulburn    Sinckler.     Duckworth    &    Co., 

London.     Annual. 
British  West  Indies,  Their  History,   Resources  and  Progress,  by  A.   E. 

Aspinall.      Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  Boston.      1912. 
Development  of  the  British  West  Indies,  1700-1763,  by  F.  W.  Pitman. 

Yale  University  Press.     1917. 
Guide  to  the  West  Indies,  Bermuda  and  Panama,  by  Frederick  A.  01)er. 

Dodd,  Meade  &  Co.,  New  York.     1914. 
Pocket   Guide   to   the  West   Indies,    British   Guiana,    British    ITondtiras, 

the  Bermudas,  the  Spanish   Main,  and  the  Panama   Canal,   by  A.   E. 

Aspinall.     Rand.   McNally   «&   Co.,    Chicago   and    New    York.      1914. 
Handbook  of  Trinidad   and  Tobago,   by   Lieut.   J.    II.   Collens.     Port   of 

Spain.     Government  Printing  Office.     1912, 
Trinidad    and    Tobago    Yearbook,    by    J.    II.    Collens.     Port    of    Spain. 

Government  Printing  Office.     Annual. 

CHILE. 

Official  : 

Annuario    Estadfstico    de    la    Republica    de    Chile.      Santiago.     .Vnnual. 
Estadfstica  Comercial  de  la   Repflblica  de  Chile.     Valparaiso.     Annual. 
Synopsis  Estadlstica  y  GeogrSphica  de  Chile.     Santiago.     Annual. 
Publications   of  the   Bureau   of  Foreign    and   Domestic   Commerce  : 

Advertising    Methods    in    Chile,    Peru     and    Bolivia,    by    J.    W.    Sanger. 

Special  Agents   Series   No.    185.     1919.     Price,    10   cents. 
Banking   and    Credit   in   Argentina,    Brazil,    Chile,   and   Peru,   by   E.    N. 

Hurley.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  90.     1914.     I'rice,  10  cents. 
Chilean    Market   for    Paper,   Paper   Products,    and    Printing   Machinery, 

by  R.   S.  Barrett.     Special  Agents   Series  No.   153.     1917.     Price,   1") 

cents. 
Construction    Materials   and    Machinery    in    Chile,    Peru,    and    Ecuador, 

by  W.  W.  Ewing.     Special  Agents   Series  No.   175.     1919.     Price,   20 

Customs  Tariff  of  Chile.      Tariff  series  No.  36.      1917.      Price,  15  cents. 
Electrical    Goods    in    Bolivia    and    Chile,    by    Philip    S.    Smith.     Special 
Agents  Series  No.  167.     1918.     Price,  20  cents. 


BIBLIOOKAIHY.  583 

Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  noniestic  romnieri"«»^Contiiiii<-"l. 
Furniune  Mark<-ts  ot  Cbih-,   I'.mu.  i:<>livlii.  mid   Kruiwtor.  by   Ilnrold   K. 

Evi-rley.      SpiMJal    A;;cii(s    S.-ri.  s    .\i>.    17«">.      I'Jllt.      I'rin-,    2't   cents. 
Jewelry  and  Silvirwnre  in  ('lillc,  Itollvin,  nnd  Peru,  l>v  S.  W.  RoHoniiial. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.    187.      I'.HU.      Price.  L'O  cents. 
Marlti'ts    for    Ai;ncultnral    Iniplenients    and    Miicliinerv    in    Peru    and 

Cliili-,  l)y  Fiauli  II.  von  Motz.      Spi-cial  Ajrents  S«  lies  No.  142.      1917. 

Pric>,  5  cents. 
Mai  kits    for    Aniorjcan    llardwaie    in    Chilf    and    I'.olivia.    by    Verne    L. 

Havens.      MiscellaniHins   Series   No.  41.      IJlltJ.      Price.   :j.">  "cents. 
Marki  I   for  Boots  and  Slioes  in  Chile  and  Bolivia,  by  Herman  G.  Brock. 

Special   .\;;ents  Series  No.   174.      1J>1N.      Price,  25  cents. 
Textile  Markets  of  (,'lille,  by  W.  A.  Tucker.      Special  Ai?eiits  Series  No. 

164.      191S.      Price.  10  cents. 
We.irinj,'    Appani    In    Chile,    by    W.    A.    Tucker.     Special    Ai;entH    Scri.-s 

No.    Iti.'^.      IIHJS.      I'rlce.  10  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Chile,  by  George  J.  Mills.      D.  Appleton  &  Co..  New  York.      191.5. 
Chile   and    Her    Pco|)ie   of  To-day,    l>v    Nevin    O.    Winter.      Vase   t*.   Co.. 

Boston,    nn-2. 

Chile.    Its    History    and    Development,    by   O.    P.    Scott-KlHott.     Charles 

Scriliner's-   Sons,   New    York. 
Guide    to    the    Laws    and    I.etral    Literature    of    .Vrirentina.    Brazil,    and 

Chile,  bv   i:.  M.  P.orcbard.      (;overnmint  Printin;;  Office.      1917. 
Modern   Chile,    hv    W.    II.    Koebel.      Macmlllan    Co..    New    York.      191". 
Nitrate  Industry,  by  Sr.  Enrique  Cuevas.     New  York. 
Visitors'  Guide  to  Santiago.     Mackenzie  &  Co.,  Santiago,  Chile. 

COLOMBIA. 

Official  : 

Anales  l)iplouiaticos  y  Consulares  de  Colombia.     Bo.trola. 
Tiifoiinc  del   inspector  (teneral  de  Kstadfstica  Nacionjil.     Bogota.      ]9ir,. 
I'ubllcations  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  (^mimerce: 

Colombian    Markets    for    American    Furniture,    by    Harold    E.    Everley. 

Special   .\gents   Series  No.    1tj2.      1918.     Price.  ".">   cents. 
Markets    for    I'onstniction    Materials    and    Macliinerv    in    Colombia,    bv 

\V.    W.    Kwing.      Special    .\gents    Series    .No.    1(!0.      1918.     Price,    lo 

cents.  . 
Other  publications  : 

Blue   Book    of    t'oioinbia    ( Libro    .\zui   de   I'olombiai,    by   .Torge    Posada 

(.'alle/.as.      Knglisli  and  Spanish.     .1.  .T.   Little  &  Ives.  New  York. 
Colombia,    l>v    Phanor    .T.    lOder.     Charles    Scribuer's    Sons.    New    York. 

19i:^. 
Colombia,  by  V.  Levine.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.      1914. 
Colombian     and    Venezuelan     Uopublics,     by    W.     L.     Scruggs.     Little. 

Brown  &  Co.,  New  York.     1905. 
Quito  to  Bogota,  l>v  .\rthur  Clifford  Veach.     G.   M.   Doran   &  Co..   New 

York.      1917. 
The  Kipiil'lic  of  Colombia,  bv   V.  Loraine  Petre.      E.   Stanford,   Loudon. 

1906. 
ITp   to   Oilnoco   and    I)ov,n    the    Magdalena.   by    H.    J.    Mozans.     D.   Ap- 

pleton  &  Co.     1910. 

COSTA  RIC.\. 

OfRcial : 

Anuario   Esta(ifstico.      San   .lose.     Annual. 
Other  publications  : 

Centr.Ml    America,    bv    W.    IL     Koobcl.      Charles    Scrlbner's    Sons.     New 
York.      1017. 

La  IJepiibliiine  de  Costa  Rica,  by  Compte  M.-iurice  de  P<?rigny. 

Republic  of  Costa  Rica,  by  Joaquin   Bernardo  Calvo. 

CUBA. 

Official : 

Anuario   Estadfstico   de  la   Repdblica   de   Cuba.     ITahana.     .Annual. 
Culwi  :    What    Sbe    Ila.s    to    Offer    to    the    Investor   or    the    Ilomeseeker. 

Habana.      1915. 
Estadfstica   fJeneral  :   Comerclo  Exterior.     Habana.     Quarterly  and  .An- 
nual. 
Informe  Bianual    Sanltarlo   y   Demogrftflco.      Habana. 


584  GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

rublicationsof  the  Bureau  of  Foi'eif?n  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Advertising  in  Cuba,  by  J.  W.  Sanger.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  178. 

1919.     Price,  10  cents. 
Cane  Sugar  Industry.      Miscellaneous  Series   No.   03.      1917.      I'l-ice,   50 

cents. 
Cuba  As  a  Buyer  and   Seller,   by  A.  G.  Robinson.     Special   Agents  Se- 
ries No.  61.      1912.     Price,  5   cents. 
Customs    Tariff    of    Cuba.     Tariff    Series     No.     27.      1911.     Price,     10 

cents.     Also,    Supplement    27b.      1914.     Price,    5   cents. 
Electric    Goods   in    Cuba,    by    Philip    S.    Smith.     Special   Agents    Series 

No.   128.     1917.     Price.  5  cents. 
Jewelry  and  Silverware  in  Cuba,  by   S.   W.   Rosenthal.     Special  Agents 

Series  No.   181.      1919.     Price,   15  cents. 
Maritet   for  Boots  and   Shoes   in   Cuba,   by   Herman   G.   Brock.     Special 

Agents   Series  No.   183.     1917.     Price,   5   cents. 
Markets  for  Construction  Materials  and  Machinery  in  Cuba,  by  W.  W. 

Ewing.     Special  AgeJits  Series  No.   139.     1917.     Price.  10  cents. 
Textiles   in   Cuba,   by    W.    A.    Tucker.     Special    Airents    Series   No.    126. 

1917.     Price,   10  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Cuba  and  Her  People  of  To-day,  by  C  U.  Porbes-Lindsav.     Page  &  Co., 

Boston.      1911. 
Cuba  and  Porio  Rico  and  Other  Islands  of  the  West  Indies,  by  R.  T. 

Hill.     Century   Co.,   New    York.     1909. 
Cuba,  Old  and  New,  by  A.  G.  Robinson.     New  York.     1915. 

CURAQAO. 

Official : 

Jaarcijfers  voor  het  Koninkrijk  der  Ncderlanden  Kolonien  (Annual 
Report  for  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands  Colonies).  Annual 
series. 

DOMINICAN  REPUBLIC. 
Official  : 

Dominican    Customs    Receivership.     Bureau    of    Insular    Affairs,    Wash- 
ington, D.  C.     Annual  report. 
Other  publications  : 

Porto   Rico,   Past   and   Present,   and    Santo   Domingo   of   To-day,-  hv   A. 

Hyatt   Ven-ill.     Dodd,   Mead   &   Co.,   New  York.     1914. 
Santo  Domingo,   by   Otto  Schoenrich.     Macmillan  Co.     1918. 
Santo   Domingo :    Past   and   Present,   by    S.    Hazard.     Harper   Brothers, 
New  York. 

ECUADOR. 

Official  : 

Boletin  Estadfstico  Comercial  y  de  la  Hacienda  Publica. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce : 

Construction  Materials  and  Machinery  in  Chile,  Peru,  and  Ecuador,  by 

W.    W.    Ewing.     Special    Agents    Series    No.    175.     1919.     Price,    20 

cents. 
Furniture  Markets  of  Chile,  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Ecuador,  by  Harold  E. 

Everley.     Special   Agents   Series   No.   176.     1919.     Price.   25   cents. 
Markets  for  Electrical  (ioods  in  Ecuador  and  Peru,  by  Philip  S.  Smith. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.  154.     1917.     Price,  10  cents. 
Paper,  Paper   Products,  and  Printing  Machinery   in  Peru,  Bolivia,  and 

Ecuador,   by   R.    S.    Barrett.      Special    Agents    Series   No.    143.     1917. 

Price,  10  cents. 
Textile    Markets    of    Bolivia,    Ecuador,    and    Peru,    by    W.    A.    Tucket. 

Special   Agents    Series   No.    158.     1918.     Price,   15   cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Ecuador,   by   C. '  Reginiild   Enock.      Cbj;r!cs    Scribner's    Sons,    New   York. 

1914. 
Quito   to   Bogota,   bv   Arthur   Clifford    Vtafc-b.     G.    H.    Doran   Co.,    New 

York.     1917. 

GUADELOUPE  AND  MARTINIQUE. 

Official : 

Annuaire  de  la   Guadeloupe  e  Dependences.      Basse-Terre. 

Annuaii-e  de  la  Martinique.     Fort  de  France. 
Other  publications : 

Guide  to  the  West  Indies  and  Bermudas,  by  F.  A.  Ober.  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.,  New  York.     1908. 


i;!HI.I(k:!:ai  iiY.  585 

Other  pnlilicatlons — Coutliiui'd. 

Our   Wost    Indian    Nelt?hbors,   Ivy   F.    A.    f)hir.      Janies   Pott   &.  Cu.,   Now 

Voik.      lf)<»4. 
The  Auiprlcan  Moditerriifieau,  by  Stephen  BoDiial.      Moffat,  Yard  &  Co., 
Ni-w   York       1012. 

GUATEMALA. 

Official  : 

Informo  do  In  Dirpcoi'm  d"''  Ksfadfsticn.      C;uat"m::':.i.      Aiii>  lal. 

Mcmorln  do  IlMciciida  .v  f'rpdifo  Piihllro.      (inatcmala.      Annual. 

Movimientrt   do    I'ohlacion    Ilabido    en    los    Pufblos    d<'    la    Rpp^ibllca   do 
Guati'nialn.     Giiat'Tual;;.      .\nniia!. 
Other  publirations  : 

Central  Amorica,  by  W.  II.  Koebol.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  Now  York. 
1917. 

Five  Republics  of  Central  .Vmrrica,  by  I>ana  G.  Monn..  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press,  Now  Yorlv.      1918. 

Guatemala  and  Ilcr  Poojile  of  To-day,  by  Xevin  O.  Winter,  L.  C.  Pace 
&  Co.,  P.o^ton.     1909. 

Guatemala  and  the  States  of  Central  America,  by  C.  W.  Poravllle-Fife. 
James  Pott  &  Co.,  New  York.     191.'{. 

GUIANA. 

Official : 

British     Guiana  :     Blue    Book     of    the    Colony    and     Colonial     Report- 
London.      Annn.-il. 
I»iitch     <'}uiana  :     .Taarcijfers     voor     het     KoniTikrijk     der     NfMlcrlanden 
Kolonlen     (Annual    Report    (or    the    Kingdom    of    the    Netherland.s 
Colonies).      Annual  series. 
French    Guiana  :    Statistiques    du    Commerce    des    Colonics    Prancaiscs. 
Annual. 
Other  publications  : 

British  Guiana  Handbook,  bv  Allevne  Leechman.  Bulau  &  Co.,  Lon- 
don,    ini.s. 

G\iiana,  British,  Dutch,  and  French,  bv  .T.  Rodwav.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  New  York.      1912. 

Pocket  (Uiide  to  the  West  Indies,  British  <^:uiana.  British  Honduras, 
the  Bermudas,  the  Spanish  Main,  and  the  Panama  Canal,  by  Alger- 
non E.  Aspinall.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  Chicago  and  New  York, 
1914, 

HONDITRAS. 

Official : 

(JacPta   Oficial  do  Honduras. 
Other  publications : 

C<'n'ral  .America,  bv  W,  IT.  Koebel.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  Now 
York.      1917. 

Honduras,   a   Commercial   Directory.      Pan   American   Union.      1911. 

JAMAICA. 

Official  : 

Jamaica  Gazette. 

Statistical    Abstract   for   the  Colonies.     London.      Annual. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce: 

Market  for  Boots  .and  Shoes  in  Jamaica,  by  Horm.Tn  O.  Bro<k.      Special 

Agents   Series   No.    14.5.      1917.      I'rice,   fi   cents. 
Textiles    in    Porto    Rico    and    Jamaica,    by    W.     .\.    Tuikir.       Special 
Agents  Series  No.   1.^7.      1917.      Price,  5   cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Handbook  of  Jamaica.     E.   Stanford,  London.     .■Vnnnal. 

History   of  Jamaica    to   1S72,   bv    W.   J.    Gardner.      T*.    Appleton    &   Co., 

New'  York.      1909. 
Jamaica    in    1912 — A    Handbook    of    Information,    ly    Frank    Cundall, 

l\  S.   A.  S.      Soutbeni  l^c  Co..  London. 
The    British    West    Indies,    by    A.    E.    .\spinal1.     LUtle,    Brown    &    Co., 
Boston.     1912. 

MEXICO. 

Official  : 

Division   Territorial    de    los    Estados    Unidos    Mixicanos.     Mexho    City. 

1913.  „      ^ 

Mexican  Yearbook.  I.ssued  by  the  Dopjii  tment  of  Finance,  2a  Puente 
de  Alvarado  53.  Mexico  City. 


586 


GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 


Other  publications  : 

Mexico   from  Cortez  to  Oarranza,   l>v   Louise   E 

ton  &  Co..  New  York.     1918. 
Mexico,   the   Wonderland    of   the   South,   bv  W.    E.   Carson.     Macmillan 

Co.,  New  York.      1914. 
Mexico :    To-day    and    To-morrow,    by    Edward    D. 

millan  Co.      1919. 
Modern    Mexico,   by   R.   J.   MacHugh. 

1914. 
Terry'si    Mexico,    bv    T.    Philip    Teri-v 
1909. 

NICARAGUA. 
Official : 

Boletin  de  Estadfstica  de  la  Repfil>lica  de  Nicaragua.     Managua. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  : 

Cu.stoms    Tariff    of    Nicaragua.     Tariff    Series    No.    40.     1919.     Price, 
10  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Central    America,    by    W.    H.    Koebel.     Charles    Scribner's    Sons,    New 

Yoi-k.      3  917. 
Nicara.t;ua,  Land  of  Enchanted  Vistas,  by   H.  M.  Wright 
can  Union.      191S. 

PANAMA. 
Official  : 

Boletin  de  Estadfstica.      I'anama.     Annual. 
Compendio    Estadfstico    Descriptivo    de    la    Repfiblica    de 
los    Datos    Sinopticos    del    Comercio    Internacional    de 
Panama.     1917. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  : 

Paper  and  Printing  Machinery  in  Cuba  and  Panama,  by  R.  S.  Barrett. 
Special  Agents  Series  No.   132.     1917.     Price,  5  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Central    America,    by    W.    H.    Koebel.     Charles    Scribner's    Sons,    New 

York.     1917. 
Guide  to  the  West  Indies,  Bermuda,  and  Panama,  bv  Frederick  A.  Ober. 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co..   New  York.      1014. 
Panama  and  the  Canal  To-day,  by  C.  H.  Forbes-Lindsay.     Page  &  Co., 
Boston.     1912. 

The    Canal,    the    Country,    the    People,    by    Albert    Edwards. 

1914. 
About  Panama,  by  G.  A.  Miller.  Abingdon  Press,  New  York. 


Hasbrouck.     D.   Apple 


Trowbridge.  Mac- 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  New  York. 
Houghton,    Mifflin    Co.,    Boston. 

1908. 


Pan  Ameri- 


Panama    con 
1909    a    1916. 


Panama 
London. 

Prowlins 
1919. 


PARAGUAY. 

Official : 

Anuario  Estadfstico  de  la  Repfiblica  del  Paraguay.     Asuncion.     Annual. 
Publications   of  the  Bureau   of  Foreign  and   Domestic  Commerce  : 

Boots   and    Shoes,   Leather,   and    Supplies    in    Argentina,   Uruguay,    and 

Paraguay,    by    Herman    G.    Brock.     Special    Agents    Series"  No.    177. 
Furniture   Markets    of   Argentina,    Uruguay,    Paraguay,   and    Brazil,    by 

Harold  E.  Everley.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  18.S.     1919.     Price,  20 

cents. 
Markets  for  American  Hardware  in  Argentina,  Uruguav.  and  Paraguay. 

by    Albert    Hale.     Miscellaneous    Series    No.    43.     1916.     Price,    lo 

cents. 
Paper,  Paper  Products,  and  Printing  Machinery  in  Argentina,  Uruguay, 

and    Paraguay,    by    R.    S.    Barrett.     Special '  Agents    Series    No.    163. 

1918.     Price,  20  cents. 
Textile  markets  of  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay,  by  L,  S.  Garrv. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.   194.     1920.     Price,   20  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

In  .Tesuit  Land,  by  W.  H    Koebel,      Stanley  Paul  &  Co.,  London. 
Pai'.iguay,  by  W.  H.  Koebel.    Charle.s  So-ibner's  Sons,  New  York.    1917. 
Picturesque   Paraguay,   by   A.   K.    MacDonald.     London.     1911. 

PERU. 

Official : 

Estadfstica  del  Comercio  Especial  del  Peru.     Lima. 
Publications  of  the  Burenu  of  Foreign  and   Dome.stic  Commerce: 

Advertising   Methods    in    Chile,    Peru,    and    Bolivia,    by    J.    W.    Sanger. 
Special   Agents   Series  No.   185.     1919.     Price,   10  cents. 


HIIU.UXiKAJ'llV.  587 

I'ublicatiouB  of  thi-  Liureau  of  foreign  au4i  I>i>iuestic-  fonmien:*? — 4Jontiiiu>-tJ. 
Hanking   nnd    Ci-prlit    in    ArK<'iitiiiH,    lirazil,    t'liile,    anil    I'cru,    by    K.    N. 

Iluili-y.      Spcrial   A;riMils   s.ric«   No.   SHI.      1U14.      Priic,    10   it-nts. 
l.'ou.•^lnlt•ti^>Ii    M;il<'rials    ui:<l    Mai  liiut'O     in    (Jhilf,    I'lTU.    uud    Kcuailor, 

by    \\.    W.    KwiiiK.      Spetiul    Agents    Serira    No.    175.      lUlD.      ITice. 

20  fents. 
Furuiluif    Marliits   i>(   Cliile,    I'eni,    Bolivia,    and    Kiimdor,    by    Harold 

L.  Evcrli-y.      Spt-iial  Agent.s  St-rie.s  No.   170.      191i>.      Price,  25  cents. 
Jewelry   and    Silverware  -in   Chile,   Bolivia,  and    I'eni,   by    S.    W.    Kowu 

liial."      Sn.tlal    .\:,'.'iils    Scrii-s    .So.    IsT.      1!»l".i.      I'riee,    l'()    cents. 
Markits    lor    AK'ri'Ultural    Implements    and    Maehiuery    in    I'eru    and 

Chilf,    by    Fraiilx     li.    von    Motz.      Special    Agents    Series    No.     14"_'. 

191".      I'ricc,  G  (ent.x. 
Market    for   I'.ools  an.l    Shoes   in    I'eni,   by    Flerman   •!.    Broclc.     Special 

Agents  Series  No.    152.      1917.      I'rice,    15  cents. 
Marltets    for    Electrical    fio.id.s    in    Ecuador    and    Peru,    by    Philip    .S. 

Smith.      SiH'<'ial  Agents  S-ries  .No.   1.'4.      1017.      Price,   10  cents. 
Paper,   Paper  I'roducts,  and   Printing  Machinery   in   Peru,   Bolivia,   au^l 

Ecuador,    by   R.    S.    Barrett.     Special    A>;ents    Series   No.    14.'!.     1!>17. 

I'rice,  10  cents. 
Peruvian    Markets    for    American    llai'dware.     Miscellaneous    Series    No. 

o!>.      I'.iHi.      Price,   in  cents. 
Te.stile    Markets    of    Bolivia,    Ecuador,    and    Peru,    by    W.    A.    Tucker. 

Special    Agents    Series    No.     158.      1918.      Price,     15    <ents. 
Wearing    Apparel    in    I'cru.    bv    William    F.    Montavon.       Miscellaneous 

Series   No.   74.      11!!.^.      Price,    10  .ent.s. 
Other  publications  : 

History  of  P'Tu.  by  *'.   1<.  Markhani. 

Vld   and    New    Peru,    bv    .M.    K.    Wriulil.      George    P.arrie   i;    Sons,    Lon- 
don.     lOOS. 
Peru.    1)V    »'.    ItoL'iD.-ilil    Enock.     Charles    Scribner's    Sons.    New    York. 

1008.  ' 
Peru,  Ijy   E.   C  Vivian.     D.   .Vppleton  &  Co.,    New  York.     1914. 
Peru    of    tlu'   Tweutietli    ("enfuiy    l»y    P.    F.    Martin.      Longman.s,    Crw^n 

&  Co.,   New  York.     1011. 
Peruvian   Fabrics,   bv  M.   D.   Crawford.     American   Museum  of  Natural 

History.      1018. 
I'eruviau  Textiles,   bv  M.    1  >.   Crawford.      .\nierle:in   Museum   i>f  Natural 

History.      1918.    . 

PORTO  RICO. 
OfRclnl  : 

.Vnnual   Reports,  (iovernor  of  Porto  Rico. 

Monthly    Summary    of    Commerce    and    Finance    of    the    I'nited    States. 

W'ashin^on. 
I'ublications  of  t!ie  Bureau   of  Forei^xn   .ind    Domestic  Commerce; 

Cane  Suv'ar  Industry.     Miscellaneous   Series   No.  53.      1917.      Price,   .%0 

cents. 
Commerce    and    Indu.stries    <r    Ala.ska.    Hawaii,     Porto    Uico.    and    tie' 

Philipjiine    Islands,    bv    .V.    (J.    Robinson.     Special    Agents    Series   No. 

(!7.      101:H.      Price.    10   cents. 
Electrical    Goods    in    Porto    Rico,    by    Philip    S.    Smith.      Special    Agents 

Series  No.    K^4.     1917.     I'rice.  5  cents. 
Markets    for    Boots    and    Shi.«"s    in    I'or-to    Rico,    by    Hernial'    •!.    Bmck. 

Special   .\gents   Series  No.   l"r>.      1917.     Price,  5   cents. 
Textiles     in     Porto    Ri<-o    and    .Jamaica,    by     W.    A.     Tucker.      Sp)ecial 

A.eents  Series  No.  ]."?7.     1017.     Price,  fi  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Cuba    and    Porto   Rico,   liv   U.   T,    Hill.      Century   Co..    New   York.      I'loO. 
Porto   Rico  ;    Past    and    t'repent.    and    Santo   Domingo  of   To-dnv.    bv    .V. 

llyatr  Verrill.      l>odd.  Mead  &  Co      New  York,      1014. 
Social    Problems  in   Porto   Rico,   bv   I''.   K.   I'lonirle.      Tt.   C.    M.^mMi   ,v    i-.-).^ 

Boston.    1017. 

SALVADOR. 
Official : 

.Vnuario   Estadtstico.      San    Salvador,      .\nnnal. 
CJther  publications: 

Central    .\merica.    bv    W.     H.     Koebel.      Charles    S.-ribner's    Sons,    New 

York.      1017. 
El  Salvador  al  \'uelo,  by  .\lejandro  Bermides. 
Five  Republics  of  Central   Amerlcn,   by    Dana   G.   Munro.     Oxford    Tni- 

versity   Press.   New   York.     1918. 


588  GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMERICA. 

Other  publications — Continued. 
Salvauor  Blue  Book. 

Salvador    of    the    Twentieth    Century,    bv    P.    F.    Martin,     Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.,  New  York.     1911. 

URUGUAY. 

Official : 

Auuario    Estudistica    de    la    Kepubiica    Ouitiiital    del    Uruguay.     Monte- 
video.    Annual. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  : 

Advertising    Methods    in    Argentina,    Uruguay,    and    Brazil,    by    J.    W. 

Sanger.     Si.ecial  Agents  Series  No.  190.     1920.     Pi'ice,  30  cents. 
Boots   and    Shoes,   Leather,    and    Supplies   in    Argentina,    Uruguay,   and 

Paraguay,    by    Herman    G.    Brock.      Special    Agents    Series    No.    177. 

1919.      Price,  25  cents. 
Construction  Materials  in  Uruguay,  by  W.   W.   Ewing.     Special  .\gents 

Series  No.  1S9.      1920.      Price,   15  cents. 
Electrical    Goods    in    .Argentina,    Uruguay,    and    Brazil,    by    Philip    S. 

Smith.      Special  Agents   Series   No.    184.     1919.     Price,    20  cents. 
Furniture   Markets   of   Argentina,    UrugTiay,    Paraguay,    and    Brazil,    by 

Harold   E.    Everley.      Special   Agents    Series    No.    183.     1919.     Price, 

20  cents. 
Markets    for   American    Hardware    in    Argentina,    Ui'uguay,    and    Para- 
guay,  by   Albert   Hale.     Miscellaneous   Series    No.   43.     1916.     Price, 

10  cents. 
Paper,  Paper  Products,  and  Printing  Machinery  in  Argentina,  Uruguay, 

and   Paraguay,    by    R.    S.    Barrett.     Special    Agents    Series    No.    163. 

1918.      Price,    20   cents. 
Textile  Markets  of  Argentina,  Uruguay,  and  Paraguay,  by  L.  S.  Garry. 

Special  Agents  Series   No.   194.      1920.     I'rice,  20  cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Argentina  and  Uruguay,  by  G.  Ross.     Macmillan  Co.,  New  York.     1916. 
The   Real   Argentine,    by    W.    H.    Hammerton.      (Contains   one   chapter 

on   Uruguay.)      Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,   New   York.     1915. 
Uruguay,  by  W.  H.  Koebel.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York.     1911. 

VENEZUELA. 

Official : 

Boletin  de  Estadfstica  de  los  Estados  Unidos  de  Venezuela.     Monthly. 
Anuario  Bstadfstico  de  Venezuela.     Annual. 
Estadfstica  Mercantil  y  Maritima. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau   of  Foreign   and   Domestic   Commerce : 

Customs  Tariff   of   Venezuela.     Tariff   Series   No.   33.     1916.     Price,   10 

cents. 
Markets   for   Construction    Materials    and    Machinery    in    Venezuela,    by 
W.    W.    Ewing.      Special    Agents    Series    No.    144.     1917.     Price,    10 
cents. 
Other  publications  : 

The   Colombian   and   Venezuelan    Republics,   by   W.   L.    Scruggs.     Little, 

Brown  &  Co.,  Boston.     1905. 
Venezuela,  by  L.  V.  Dalton.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York.     1912. 

VIRGIN  ISLANDS. 

Official : 

Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs  to  the  Secretary 
of  War.     Washington.     Annual. 
Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce  : 

The  Danish  West  Indies,   by   H.  G.   Brock,  P.   S.   Smith,  W.   A.  Tucker. 
Special  Agents  Series  No.  129.     1917.     Price.  15  cents. 
Other  publications : 

Danish  West  Indies,  by  W.  C.  Westergaard.     Macmillan  Co.,  New  York. 

1917. 
Virgin   Islands,  bv  Tbrodor:    II.   N.  de  Booy  and  John  T.  Faris.     J.  B. 

Lippincott  Co.,  Philadelphia.      1918. 
Virgin   Islands   of   the   United    States   of   America,   by   L.    K.    Zabriskie. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York.     1918. 


BmiJ()<;i{Ai'nv.  589 

WORKS  ON  LATIN  AMERICA  IN  GENERAL. 

Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  uiul  Dom)>stic  Comm(*r<-"  : 

Itaiiliin);  Opportunities  in  SduIIi  America,  by  William  II.  Lounli.     Spe-ial 

Agents  Series  No.  106.      lOlO.      I'rui;  2U  cints. 
Centrnl    America    as    an     Kx|«>rt     Field,     liy    (iarrurd     IIurriH.      Special 

Agents  Series  No.lia.      1!>16.      I'rice,  30  centH. 
Cocoa  I'roduction  and  Trade.      Special  Consular  Reports  No.  50.      191J. 

I'ri.'c,  5  cents. 
Commercial  Travelers   In   Latin   America.     Tariff   Series   No.   35.     191 H. 

Price  10  cents. 
Consular  Regulations  of  Foreign  Countries  :  Canada  and  Latin  America 

(with    supplements    issued    in    1910    and    1917).     Tariff    Series    N<>. 

i;4.      19ir>.      Price.  10  cents. 
Cooking    Fats    in    South    America.      Special    Consular    Reports    No.    67. 

1915.  Price,  5  cents. 

Cottonseed    Industry    in    Foreign    Countries,    hy    Thomas    II.    Norton. 

Special  Agents  Series  No.  99.     1915.      Price,    10  cents. 
Financial    Developments    in    South    American    Countrli's,    by   William    H. 

Lough.     Special   Agejits  Series  No.   103.      191.").      Price.   5  cents. 
Foreign  Credits,  by  Archiljald  .1.  Wolff.      Si)ecial  Agents  Series  No.   62. 

1912.     Price,  ;'.0  cents. 
Foreign    Import    Duties    on    Motor    Vehicles    and    .Xccessorles.     TarifT 

Series    No.    .^0.     1914.     Price,    10   cents.     Also   Supplement.   No.    30a. 

1917.      Price,  5  cents. 
Foreign    Import    Duties    on    Office    .Vppliances.     Tariff    Series    No.    29. 

1914.     Price,  5  cents. 
Foreign    Marliets    for    Cotton    Linters,    Patting,    and    Waste.     Special 

Consular  Reports  No.  80.     191.S.     Price.  10  cents. 
r()reign    Markets    for    Motor    Vehicles.      Special    Consular    Reports    No. 

53.      1912.      Price.  10  cents.       , 
Foreign    Markets   for    Railway   Supplies   and    Equipment.     Special    Con- 
sular Reports  No.  60.      191. S.      Price.  25  cents. 
Foreign    Trade    in    Buttons.      Special    Consular    Reports    No.    75.     1916. 

Price,   20   cents. 
Foreign   Trade  in   Musical   Instruments.     Special   Consular   Reports  No. 

55.      1912.      Price.    10    cents. 
Foreign    Trade    in    I'aints    and    Varnishes.     Special    Consular    Reports 

No.   56.      1912.      Price,    10   cents. 
Investments  in    Latin  America   and   the  British   West   Indies,  by   Fred 

eric   M.    Halsey.     Special   Agents    Series   No.    169.     1918.     Price,    50 

cents. 
International    Trade    in    Cement,    bv    Edward    Whitnev.      Miscellaneous 

Series    No.    79.     1919.      Price,    10    cents. 
International    'J'rade    in     Footwear    Other    Than    Rubber,    by    Edward 

Whitney.     Miscellaneous   Series    No.    76.      1019.     Price,    1-^    cents. 
Lumber   Markets   of  the    East   Coast    of  South    Ann-rica,   by   R.    E.    Sim 

mons.     Special  Agents  Series  No.  112.      1916.     Price,  25  cents. 
Lumber  Markets  of  the  West  and   North   Coasts  of  South   America,  by 

H.    E.    Simmons.     Special    Agents    Series    No.    117.      1916.     Price,    25 

cents. 
Machine   Tools   in   Latin   America.      Special   Consular  Reports  No.    58. 

1912.     Price,    5    cejits. 
Paper  and    Stationery   Trade  of  th"   World.     Special    Consular   Reports 

No.    73.      1915.     Price,    50    cents. 
IJegistration   of  Trade-marks   in   T..atin   America.     TarilT   Series   No.    31. 

1916.  I->ee. 

South    -America    as   an    Export    Field,   by   Otto    Wilson.     Special   Agents 

Series  No.   81.     1911.      Price.    5   cents. 
South  American  M;irkets  for  Dried   Fruits,   by  Walter  Fischer.      Special 

Agents    Series    No.    148.      1917.      Pric<  .    5    cents. 
South   .American  Markets  for   Drug  Products,    Patent   and    Proprietary 

Medicines.      Surgical    Instruments    and    Dental    Supplies,    by    E.    A. 

'Ihayer.     Special  Agents  Series  No.   85.      1914.     Price,   10  cents. 
South  American  Markets  for  Fresh  Fruits,  by  Walter  I'^scher.     Special 

.Agents    Series    No.    131.      1917.      Price.    25    cents. 
South   .American   Markets  for  Soap.     Special  Consular   Reports   No.  6<>. 

191.").     Price.    5   cents. 
Tanning  Materials  in   Latin    Aineric.i.   by  Thomas    H.    Norton.     Special 

Agents  Series  No.  165.     191S.     Price.  5  cents. 


590  GUIDE  TO  LATIN  AMKRICA. 

Publications  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Commerce — Continued. 
Tariff    Systems    of    Soutli    American    Countries.     Tariff    Series    No.    34. 

1916.     Price,   lio   eentf;. 
Tobacco  Trade  of  the  World.     Special  Consular  Reports  No.  68.     1915. 

Price,   5   cents. 
Trade  of   the  United   States  with   the    World,    1914   and   191.5.     Miscel- 
laneous   Series    No.    38.     1916.     Price,    20    cents. 
Trade   of   the    United    States    with    the    World,    1916    and    1917.     Part 

I— Imports ;  Part   II — Exports.     Miscellaneous   Series   No.  63.     1918. 

I'rice,  I'art  I,  10  cents;  Part  II,  20  cents. 
Trade   of    the    United    States    with    the    World.    1917    and    1918.     Part 

I- — Imports  ;   I'art  II — Exports.     Miscellaneous   Series   No.   78.     1919. 

Price,  Part  I,   10   cents;   Part   II,   25  cents. 
West   Indies   as  an   Export   Field,   by   Garrard   Harris.     Special   Agents 

Series    No.    141.     1917.     Price,    50    cents. 
Other  publications  : 

Across    South    America,    by    Hiram    Bingham.     Houghton,    Mifflin    Co., 

Bo.ston.     1911. 
Across   the   Andes,    by    Charles   Johnson   Post.     Outing-   Publishing   Co., 

New  York.     1912. 
America's    Foreign    Relations,    by    Willis    Fletcher    Johnson.     Century 

Co.,  New  York.     1916. 
Bibliography   of   Books    in    English,    Spanish,    and    Portuguese   Relating 

to  the  Latin  American  Republics,  by  Peter  J.  Goldsmith.     Macmillan 

Co..  New  York.     1916. 
British    Exploits    in    South    America,    by    W.    II.    Koebel.     Century    Co., 

New  York.     1917. 
Caribbean  Interests  of  the  United  States,  by  Chester  Lloyd  Jones.     D. 

Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.      1916. 
Central    and    South    American    Trade    Conditions    of   To-day,   by    A.    H. 

Verrill.     Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  New  York.      1919. 
Conquest  of  the  Tropics,   by  Frederick  U.  Adams.     Doubleday,  Page  & 

Co.,  Now  York.     1914. 
Encyclopedia  of  Latin  America.     Encyclopedia* Americana  Corporation, 

New  York.     1917. 
Geography  of  the  World's   Agriculture.     U.    S.   Department   of  Agricul- 
ture. 
History    of    Latin    America,    by    W.    W.    Sweet,      .\bingdon    Press,    New 

York.     1919. 
History  of  South  America,  by  C.  E.  Akers.     E.  1'.  Dutton  &  Co.     1908. 
In  the  Wilds  of  South  America,  by  Leo  E.   Miller.     Charles  Scribner's 

Sons.  New  York.      1918. 
liUtin   America,  by   F.   Garcia   Calderon.     Charles   Scribner's   Sons,  New 

York.     1913. 
Latin   America   and  the  Monroe  Doctrine,   by    II.    Bingham.     Yale   Uni- 
versity Press.     1914. 
Latin   America   and   the  United   States,   by   Elihu    Root.     Harvard   Uni- 
versity Press,  Cambridge,  Mass.     1917. 
Life  of  "Pizarro,  by  Arthur   Helps.     Macmillan   Co.,   New   York. 
Literary  History  of  Spanish  America,  by  Alfred  Lester  Coester.     Mac- 
millan Co.,  New  Y'ork.      1916. 
Modernizing  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  by  C.  H.   Sherill.     Houghton,  Mifflin 

Co.,  Boston.      1916. 
Panama   to   Patagonia,   by   Charles   M.   Pepper.     A.    C.    McClurg   &   Co., 

New  York. 
Rise  of  the  Spanish-American  Republics,  by  William   Spence  Robertson. 

D.  Appleton  «&  Co.,  New  York.     1918. 
Rise  of  the   Spanish  Empire  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New    (4  vols.), 

by  R.  B.  Merriman.     Macmillan  Co.,  New  York.     1918. 
Selling  Latin  America,  by  W.  E.  Aughinbaugh.     Small,  Maynard  &  Co., 

Boston.     1915. 
Simon  Bolivar,  by  F.  L.  Petre.     John  Lane  Co.,   New  York.     1910. 
South  America,   by   W.   H.   Koebel   and  A.   S.   Forrest.     A.   &  C.    Black, 

London.      1912. 
South  America,  by  N.  B.  Allen.     Ginn  &  Co.,  New  York.     1918. 
South  America  :  An  Industrial  and  Commercial  Field,  by  W.  H.  Koebel. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York.     1918. 
South    America   and   the   War,   by   F.   A.   Kirkpatrick.     G.   P.    Putnam's 

Sons,  New  York.      1918. 
South   America  :   Making  of  the   Nations,   by  W.   H.   Koebel.     A.   &  C. 

Black,  London.     1918. 


HlRI.KKiUArHY.  501 

Other  publications — Continued. 

South   America  :   ObxiTvations  and   InipreaslonK,  by  Jamps  Bryc^.     Mac- 

millan  Co.,  Now   York.      1914. 
South    .\niiTlcim    History    Ucader,    by    K.    W.    Supple.     Macmlllan    Co., 

Now  Y(uk.      1917. 
South    .Vinori<aM    K<i)ublics,   by    T.    C.    Dawson.      (2    vols.)      <;.    P.    I'ut- 

nam'.s  .Soils.      1'M)H. 
South    American    Study    Rufrpestionu,    bv    Harry    Irwin    Kard.      !►.    C. 

Hesith  &  Co..   Boston.      1010. 
Soutli  .\iiiorican  Tour,  hv  Annie  S.  Peck.      (i.   II.  I)oran  Co..  Now  York. 

191t5. 
South  Amprlcan   Yoarbook.     Intornationnl   Rook  Co.,   Now  York.     1915. 
South  of  Panama,  by   K.  A.   Koss.      Cntury  Co.,  Now  York.      191.'». 
Spanish-Amorican    Llfo.    l)v    K.    L.    C.    Morso.      Scott,    p'orcsman    &    Co., 

.Now   York.      1017. 
Spanish  l>aily  Iwfe,  by  R.  H.  Bonilla.      Newson  &  Co.,  New  York.     1907. 
Staiosnian's   Yearbook.      Macniillan   Co.,   Now    York. 
Tlio    South    Americans,    by    W.    U.    Koebel.     Dodd,    Mead    &    Co.,    New 

York.      1915. 
The    Tropics,    by    C.    R.    Enock.     Charles    Scribner's    Sons,    New    York. 

191«i. 
The  Two  Amerlca.s,  by   Gen.   Rafael   Reves.     F.   A.   Stokes  &   Co.,   Now 

York.     1913. 
Trio    to    Latin    America,    bv    V.    Fuentos    and    V.    K.    Francois.      FTenry 

llolt  &  Co..  New  York.      1917. 
Tropical  America,  by  I.  N.  Ford.     Charles  Scribner's  Sods,  New  York. 
Untlei'standinj?    Soutli    America,    by    Clayton    Sedjrwiok    Cooi)er.      (j.    H. 

Doran  Co..  New  York.      lOls. 
Up  the  Orinoco  and  Down  the  Magdalma,  by  II.  .1.  Mozans.     D.  Applo- 

ton  Co..  Now  York.     1911. 
Viajando  por  Sud  .\merica,  liy  E.  Albc-.s.      Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  New  York. 

1917. 
Young  Man's  Chances  in   South   and   Central   America,   by   W.   A.   Reid. 

Southern  Commercial  Congress,  Washington,  D.   C.      1914. 

BOOKS  ON  LANGUAGES  USED  IN  LATIN  AMERICA. 

Portuguese : 

A    Brief    (irammar    of    the    Portugne.so    Language,    by    .T.    C.    Branner. 

Henry  IToIt  &  Co.,  Now  York. 
Dictionary   of  tlio  Portuguoso   Lan.cruage,  by   A.   Elwes.     D.   Appleton  & 

Co.,  New  York. 
Ensino   dos    Idiomos   Moderaos — Parte    Portugiieza,    by    M.    D.    Berlitz. 

1917. 
I'itman's    International  Mercantile  Letters — English-Portuguese.      I.  I'it- 

man  &  Sons,  Now  York. 
Portuguese  Conversational   Grammar,  by   L.   Ey.     G.   E.  Stechert  &  Co., 

New   York.     1916. 
Spanish  : 

Appleton's   Now   Spanish-English    and    English-Spanish   Dictionary.     D. 

Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.      1918. 
Commercial    Spanish,    by    C.    F.    McHale.     D.    C.    Heath    &    Co.,    New 

York.     1918. 
Commercial   Spanish  (Jrammar,  by  C.  A.  Toledano.     I.  Pitman  &  Sons, 

Now  York.     1916. 
Dictionary  of  English   and   Spanish   Technical   and   Commercial   Terms, 

by  W.  .lackson.      K.  &  K.   N.  Spon    (Ltd.).  London.      I'.ill. 
Dictionary    of    Railway    Terms — English-Spanish    and    Spanish-English, 

by   Andres    Garcia.     Van    Nostrand    Co.,    New    York.     1913. 
Klomeutarv    Spanish-.Xmorican    Reader,    bv    F.    B.    Luquiens.      Macmillan 

Co.,  New  York.     1917. 
First  Spanish    Book   and   Reader,   bv  \V.    F".   (Jies<'.      D.    Appleton   &  Co., 

New  York,  1918. 
First    Sixinish,  Course,    by    Hills   and    Ford.      1>.    C.    Heath   &   Co.,    New 

Y'ork. 
Lecturas  Modernas,  by  C.  A.  Downer  and  Alfredo  Ellas.     D.  C.  Heath 

&  Co..  Now  York.      1914. 
Manual    of   Spanish    Correspondence,   by   G.    R.    MacDonald.      1.    Pitman 

&  Sons,  Now  York. 
Nelson's  Spanish-American  Reader.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.,   New  York. 


592  GUIDE  TO  LATIN   AMERICA. 

Spanish — Continued. 

New   Pronouncing  Dictionary   of   the   English   and    Spanish   Languages, 

by    Mariano    Velazquez    de    la    Cadena.     D.    Appleton    &    Co.,    New 

York.     1912. 
Pitman's  Spanish  Business  Conversations  and   Interviews.     I.   Pitman 

&  Sons,  New  York. 
Pitman's   Spanish  Commercial   Phrases.     I.  Pitman   &  Sons,   New   York. 
Pitman's  Spanish  Commercial  Reader,  by  G.  B.  MacDonald.     I.  Pitman 

&  Sons,  New  York. 
Practical   Method  of  Learning  Spanish,  by  A.  Ybarra.     D.  C.   Heath  & 

Co.,  New  York. 
Spanish  Anecdotes,  by  W.  F.  Giese  and  C.  D.  Coo).     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co., 

New  York. 
Spanish    Commercial    Correspondence,   by    A.    F.    Whittem    and    Manuel 

Andrade.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.,  New  York.     1916. 
Spanish  Composition,  by  Alfred  Remy.     D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.,  New  York. 

1908. 
Spanish-English  and   English-Spanish  Commercial  Dictionary,  by  G.  R. 

MacDoiJuUl.     I.   Pitman  &  Sons,  New   York.     1915. 
Spanish-English    Dictionary    of    Miuin.i:    Terms,    by    F.    Lucas.     Tech- 
nological  Institute,   London.      1905. 
Spanish   Grammar,  bv   I.  C.   Hills  and   J.   D.   M.   Ford.     D.  C.  Heath  & 

Co.,  New  York.     1904. 
Spanish  Reader,  by   Carlos  Bransby.     D.   C.   Heath  &  Co.,  New  York. 

1907. 
Spanish  Reader  for  Beginners,  by  M.  A.  DeVitis.     Allyn  &  Bacon,  Chi- 

ca.^0.     1916. 
Spanish    Short    Stories,    by   E.    C.    Hills  and   Louise   Reinhardt.     D.    C. 

Heath  &  Co.,  New  York. 

BOOKS  RELATING  TO  EXPORT  IN  GENERAL. 

Commercial  Laws  of  the  'World.     The  Boston  Book  Co.,  Boston. 
Exporter's  Encyclopedia.     Bxpoi'ter's  Encyclopedia  Co.,  New  York. 
Exporter's   Handbook,   by    F.    M.    Dudeney.     I.    Pitman   &   Sons,   New    York. 

1916. 
Exporting   to    Latin   America,    by   Ernst    B.    Filsinger.     D.   Appleton   &   Co., 

New  York.     1919. 
Foreign  Trader's  Correspondence   Handbook.     Macmillan    Co.,    New   York. 
Foreign  Trader's  Dictionary     of    Terms     and     Phrases — English,     Spanish, 

French,  -and  German,  bv  James  Graham  and  G.  A.  S.  Oliver.     Macmillan 

Co.,  New  York.     1906. 
Import   and    Export    Trade :    Or,    Modern    Commercial    Practice,    by    James 

Graham.     Macmillan  Co.,  New  York.     1912. 
Practical    Exporting,    by    B.    Olney    Hough.     The    American    Exporter,    New 

York. 
Spanish    Commercial    Practice    Connected    with    Export    and    Import    Trade 

(also   written   for   Latin   America),    by   James    Graham,    G.    A.    S.    Oliver, 

and  F.  Hooper.     Two  volumes.     Macmillan  Co.,  Now  York. 
Trading  with  Latin  America,  by  Ernst  B.  Filsinger.      Irving  National  Bank, 

New  York.     1917. 
Training   for   Foreign   Trade,   by    R.    S.    MacElwee  and    F.    G.    Nichols.    Bu- 
reau  of  Foreign  and   Domestic  Commerce,   Miscellaneous   Series   No.   97. 

Price,  15  cents. 


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